To Study, Design & Develop A Small Scale Prototype Of Micro Hydro System With Automatic Valve Control.
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA (UTeM)
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK (FKE)
PROJEK SARJANA MUDA
BEKU 4933
TO STUDY, DESIGN & DEVELOP A SMALL SCALE PROTOTYPE
OF MICRO HYDRO SYSTEM WITH AUTOMATIC VALVE CONTROL
Tie Chin Ho
Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Industrial Power)
July 2012
“I hereby declare that I have read through this report entitle “To Study, Design &
Develop A Small Scale Prototype Of Micro Hydro System With Automatic Valve Control”
and found that it has comply the partial fulfilment for awarding the degree of Bachelor of
Electrical Engineering (Industrial Power)”
Signature :
Supervisor’s name :
Date :
Khairul Anwar Bin Ibrahim
11 June 2012
TO STUDY, DESIGN & DEVELOP A SMALL SCALE PROTOTYPE OF MICRO
HYDRO SYSTEM WITH AUTOMATIC VALVE CONTROL
TIE CHIN HO
A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of Electrical Engineering (Industrial Power)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
2012
I declare that this report entitle “To Study, Design & Develop a Small Scale Prototype of
Micro Hydro System with Automatic Valve Control” is the result of my own research
except as cited in the references. The report has not been accepted for any degree and is not
concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.
Signature :
Name :
Date :
Tie Chin Ho
11 June 2012
To My Beloved Mother and Father
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Mr. Khairul Anwar Bin
Ibrahim for guiding me in this project. The success of this PSM is highly influenced by his
information, suggestions and ideas. His willingness to assist me through his guidance,
advices, and continued support has been a great motivation for me to excel in my project.
My fellow undergraduate students should also be recognized for their support. My
sincere appreciation also extends to all my colleagues and others who have provided
assistance at various occasions. Their views and tips are useful indeed.
Last but not least, I would like to say a word thanks to my family members, especially
my parents for their constant supports and encouragement throughout the years.
ii
ABSTRACT
Micro hydropower system is one of the most environmental friendly energy
conversion methods. Unlike large scale hydropower plant, it will not bring big impact to the
environment [3]. Micro hydro power plant (MHPP) can continuously supply electrical power
and can help to supply much needed electricity to small communities and villages which
transmission line is expensive to reach there. Loads that connected to generator need uniform,
stable and uninterrupted supply energy. However, characteristic of micro hydro power plant
change with the consumption. So, the output supply voltage MHPP need to be controlled in
order to maintain the output supply voltage at the rated voltage [3]. This project is to study
micro hydro power plant and finally design & develop a small scale prototype of micro hydro
system with automatic valve control.The fundamentals and parameters of the micro
hydropower plant are being studied in this project. The micro hydropower plant consists of
penstock, pipeline, turbine and generator. Electric motor is used to act as governor in order to
regulate the flow rate to maintain the output supply of the generator at the rated voltage. One
prototype with the automatic valve is built and testing is carried out. The maximum
efficiency of this prototype is 6.6% and the automatic valve take 10 to 18 seconds to regulate
the flow rate of the water.
iii
ABSTRAK
Sistem mikro hidro adalah sejenis penukaran tenaga mesra alam sekitar. Tidak seperti
loji hidro yang besar, ia tidak membawa kesan yang besar kepada alam sekitar. Sistem mikro
hidro boleh menghasil kuasa elektrik secara berterusan dan menghasil elektrik kepada
komuniti yang kecil atau kampung-kampung di mana talian penghantaran mahal di bina.
Beban yang disambung kepada penjana elektrik memerlukan bekalan elektrik yang seragam,
stabil dan tidak diganggu. Akan tetapi, ciri-ciri loji kuasa mikro hidro berubah dengan
perubahan penggunaan elektrik. Jadi, voltan yang dihasilkan oleh system mikro hidro
hendaklah dikawal supaya sentiasa berada pada voltan diberi nilai. Projek ini adalah untuk
mengaji loji elektrik mikro hidro dan akhirnya mereka dan membina suatu prototaip mikro
hidro yang mempuyai injap automatic. Asas dan parameter sistem mikro hidro telah dikenali
dalam projek ini. Loji mikro hidro terdiri daripada penstock, talian paip, turbin dan penjana
elektrik. Akan tetapi, ciri-ciri loji kuasa mikro hidro berubah dengan perubahan penggunaan
elektrik. Jadi, motor elektrik telah digunakan untuk bertindak sebagai gabenor yang akan
mengawal aliran air, seterusnya mengawal hasil voltan dari penjana elektrik kekal pada
voltan tertentu. Satu prototaip mikro hidro telah dibuat dalam projek ini. Analisis terhadap
sistem ini telah diadakan. Kecekapan maksimum prototaip ini adalah 6.6% dan injap
automatik memerlukan 10-18 saat untuk mengawal kadar aliran air untuk menghasilkan
voltan yang diperlukan.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
i
ABSTRACT
ii
ABSTRAK
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
iv
LIST OF TABLE
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
viii
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Project Background
1
1.2
Problem Statement
2
1.3
Project objective
2
1.4
Scope of the Project
3
LITERATURE REVIEW
4
2.1
Micro Hydropower
4
2.2
Potential of MHPP in West Malaysia
5
2.3
Operation Principles Of Micro Hydropower
6
Generation
2.4
Elements of Micro Hydropower Plant
8
2.4.1
Site Layouts
9
2.4.2
Types of Micro Hydropower Plants’
10
Turbines
2.5
Electrical System in Micro Hydropower Plant
12
2.5.1
Regulation on Voltage and frequency in the system
13
v
3
4
METHODOLOGY
15
3.1
Introduction
15
3.2
Literature Review
16
3.3
Design and Prototyping
16
3.3.1
Water source
16
3.3.2
Turbine
18
3.3.3
Generator
19
3.3.4
Governor System
21
3.4
Testing
30
3.5
Discussion on Result
31
3.6
Report Writing
31
RESULT & DISCUSSION
4.1
4.2
5
REFERENCE
Result
32
32
4.1.1
Pump performance
32
4.1.2
Generator
35
4.1.3
Generator Load Performance
39
4.1.4
Governor performance
41
Discussion
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION
43
45
5.1
Conclusion
45
5.2
Recommendation
46
47
vi
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Micro Hydro Potential Sites by State
5
2.2
Different type of turbine
11
2.3
Comparison between conventional governor controller and electronic
14
load controller
3.1
Electrical specification of Ginlong GL-PMG-500A
19
3.2
Mechanical specification of Ginlong GL-PMG-500A
19
4.1
Flow rate of water and cross section area for different numbers of nozzle
32
4.2
Summary of hydraulic power produced with different number of nozzle
34
4.3
Open circuit voltage of generator with 1 nozzle
35
4.4
Open circuit voltage of generator with 2 nozzles
37
4.5
Open circuit voltage of generator with 3 nozzles
38
4.6
The electrical performance of the generator by using 1 nozzle
40
4.7
The electrical performance of the generator by using 2 nozzles
40
4.8
The electrical performance of the generator by using 3 nozzles
40
4.9
Overall system efficiency
43
vii
LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Energy conversion of micro hydropower generation
6
2.2
Basic scheme of a micro hydropower plant
8
2.3
Four most common layouts for MHPP
9
2.4
Pelton Propeller
10
2.5
2 example of Francis propeller; (a) open-flume francis, (b) spiral-
11
case francis
2.6
Submersible-propeller turbine
11
2.7
Typical micro-hydropower plant’s electric components
12
3.1
Flow Chart Of Methodology
15
3.2
Centrifugal pump and pressure tank
16
3.3
Water flow system
17
3.4
The piping system of the project
17
3.5
Impulse turbine
18
3.6
Voltage (V) vs Rotation Speed (RPM) of Ginlong GL-PMG-
19
500A
3.7
Physical appearance of the Ginlong GL-PMG-500A
20
3.8
Water pump system + Generator + Turbine
20
3.9
Close-Loop System Of The Governor System
21
3.10
Flow chart of operation of governor system
22
3.11
Layout of PIC16F877A
23
3.12
Circuit for signal process before feed in to PIC 16F877A
23
3.13
DC geared motor with the valve
24
3.14
Pulley system to trigger the limit switch
24
3.15
Actual view of pulley system
25
viii
3.16
Circuit diagram of motor controlled by relays
25
3.17
Overall circuit of the governor system
26
3.18
Program that written by MikroC and burnt in PIC16F877A
27
3.19
Circuit of governor system
29
3.20
Appearance of the controller of governor system
29
3.21
The testing load circuit
30
3.22
Fluke 43B power quality analyser
30
4.1
Pressure of water when the pump operate
33
4.2
Hydraulic power produced (W) Vs Number of nozzles
35
4.3
Open circuit voltage of generator with 1 nozzle
38
4.4
Open circuit voltage of generator with 2 nozzles
37
4.5
Open circuit voltage of generator with 3 nozzles
38
4.6
Summary of open circuit voltage versus the RPM with different
39
numbers of nozzle
4.7
The testing load circuit
39
4.8
Power supported vs number of bulb connected
41
4.9
Response of governor system when the load varying (1 nozzle)
41
4.10
Response of governor system when the load varying (2 nozzle)
42
4.11
Response of governor system when the load varying (3 nozzle)
42
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Project Background
Renewable energy has become a hot issue now in nowadays due to climate
change concerns, coupled with high oil prices increasing government support. Renewable
energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, water, tides,
and geothermal heat, which can naturally replenished [1].
Water has been used as an energy source for thousands of years, since ancient
civilizations using water to drive mills through the use of water wheels. Technology has
been improved from time to time, and the potential for water as a power source continues
to be important. Large-scale example such as the Three Gorges Dam in China is used to
power large-scale projects [2].
Modern times are calling for a clean, efficient renewable energy source. One of the
possible solutions is the implementation of micro hydro power systems. Micro hydropower
systems used in harvesting the kinetic energy of steaming waters that produce electrical
energy on a small scale. Micro hydro power systems are able to generate electricity by
using the movement of water from small streams to rotate a turbine in order to spin a shaft
which used to power an alternator to generate electricity [2].
2
1.2
Problem Statement
Normally, micro hydro system is designed with the fixed flow water to push the
turbine of the alternator. However, this design will cause problem when few situation
happen:
When the load in system increases, the speed of alternator will drop, causing the
voltage and frequency of the power supply to also drop.
During raining day, the flow or pressure of water to the turbine will increase. This
cause the voltage and frequency of the alternator will increase. This will damage
the device in the system as well. Current solution is to switch on the dumping load
when higher voltage produced is noticed.
1.3
Project Objective
To study, to design a micro hydro system and the parameter that need to be
considered to make the system to success.
To develop a small scale prototype of micro hydro system with automatic valve
control.
To carry out simulation on the automatic valve system.
3
1.4
Scope of The Project
Develop a small scale prototype of micro hydro system with automatic valve
control which can control the flow rate of the water that entering to the turbine.
The system should supply 12V alternating current (ac) constantly even though the
load of the generator is varying.
4
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Micro Hydropower
Micro hydropower is a renewable energy which harvests the kinetic energy from
streaming waters, then converts to electrical energy on a small scale. Generally, a moving
stream of water turns turbine blades which are connected to a shaft that spins a generator to
produce electricity [4]. It is a green energy with zero carbon emission during the operation.
MHPP convert potential energy from falling water into electric energy. Water is
channelized from a higher level to a lower level which the resulting potential energy of
water is used to do work. The water head is used to move a mechanical component (turbine)
then that movement involves the conversion of the potential energy of the water into
kinetic energy to spin the turbine. The turbine is connected to a shaft that spins a generator
[5].
MHPP operate in isolated mode and supplying the electricity in the local rural area
where the population is very small and the extension of grid system is a high cost
investment for transmission line [6].Micro hydropower plants can be defined as hydro
power plant with capacity less than 100 kilowatts (kW) [6].
5
2.2
Potential of MHPP in West Malaysia
Malaysia is a tropical country with average rainfall of 2540 millimetre (mm) in
Peninsula and blessed with richly supplied streams and rivers flowing from the highland
areas [7]. Some researches had been done and found out that West Malaysia has the
potential to implement micro hydropower plant to generate electricity with total estimated
available power is 20407.3 kW [7] . Table 2.1 show about potential micro hydropower
plant side by state:
Table 2.1: Micro Hydro Potential Sites by State[7]
6
2.3
Operation Principles Of Micro Hydropower Generation
Basically, micro hydropower generation is converting one form of energy to
electrical energy. The most common convertion of energy at micro hydropower plant is as
shown in Figure 2.1:
Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy
Electric Energy
Figure 2.1: Energy conversion of micro hydropower generation
The potential energy is the energy stored in the water due to its position. When the
water flows from higher position to lower position, the energy is converted from the
potential energy to kinetic energy. When the water hit the turbine and spins the generator,
the generator converts the kinetic energy to electric energy. The equation of the energy
conversion is as per Equation 2.1:
E (energy release in joules) = mgh [4]
(2.1)
m = mass of the water
g = gravitational acceleration = 9.81m/s2
h = vertical distance h, or the head
Head, h is defined as the elevation difference between the water source and the
turbine. The mass of the water, m also can be defined as water density, r times its volume v,
where the water density is 1000 kg/m3. When substituted to Eq. 2.1, the energy release
equals to as Equation 2.2:
E (joules) = vrgh[4]
(2.2)
7
Power, P is defined as energy per second (P = E/s), the energy of water entering the
hydroelectric turbine is as per Equation 2.3:
P (J/s) = rvgh/s W (J/s = W) [4]
(2.3)
R = 1000 kg/m3
v/s = flow rate, Q
Flow is the volumetric measure of moving water, in cubic meter per second. One
method which can measure water flow is called the container method, in which water is
collected in a bucket for certain duration of time. The amount of collected water in the
container is divided by the time it takes to fill the bucket [4]. So, energy contain in the flow
of water is as per Equation 2.4
Pnet = e × Q × 9.8×h kW [4]
(2.4)
Where, e = efficiency
For practical purposes, the formula applied becomes as in Equation 2.5
Pnet = 0.5 × Q × 10 × h kW [4]
where the efficiency, e is 50%.
(2.5)
8
2.4
Elements of Micro Hydropower Plant
The scheme of a micro hydropower plant is shown in Figure 2.2 can be summarised
as follows [8]:
Water is taken from the river by through an intake at a weir.
Before water flow to the turbine, the water passes through a forebay tank where the
water is slowed down sufficiently for suspended particles to be filtered out.
Penstock will convey the water from the forebay tank to the turbine, which is
enclosed in the powerhouse together with the generator and control equipment.
Finally, the water will release back to the river.
Figure 2.2: Basic scheme of a micro hydropower plant
9
2.4.1
Site Layouts
In practice, sites for micro hydropower plant vary greatly depend on the landscape.
They might need to build at mountain area where there are fast-flowing mountain streams
or lowland areas with wide rivers. The four most common layouts for a micro hydropower
plant are shown in Figure 2.3:
Figure 2.3: Four most common layouts for MHPP
10
2.4.2
Types of Micro Hydropower Plants’ Turbines
Turbines are used to convert the energy contained in a continuous flow of fluid into
rotational mechanical energy of a shaft. In micro hydropower plant, turbines are used to
connect with the shaft of the generator to spin to generate electricity. There are few types
of turbines use in micro hydropower plant, which are impulse-type turbine, reaction-type
turbine and submersible-propeller turbines [4].
For impulse-type turbine, which is shown in Figure 2.4, water strikes the turbine
runner and pushes it to rotate like the water mills. These types of water-propelled electrical
generators work best in sites with high head. The best known impulse-type propeller is
called Pelton propeller [4]. Impulse-type propeller will be used as turbine in this project.
Figure 2.4: Pelton Propeller[8]
Reaction-type turbine is suitable used at water source that have low head but high
flow rate. The runner of reaction-type turbine is immersed in water, where the water exits
the housing through the turbine, turning the generator as it drops through the runner blades.
The best known impulse-type propeller is called Francis propeller [4] which is shown at
Figure 2.5.
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK (FKE)
PROJEK SARJANA MUDA
BEKU 4933
TO STUDY, DESIGN & DEVELOP A SMALL SCALE PROTOTYPE
OF MICRO HYDRO SYSTEM WITH AUTOMATIC VALVE CONTROL
Tie Chin Ho
Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Industrial Power)
July 2012
“I hereby declare that I have read through this report entitle “To Study, Design &
Develop A Small Scale Prototype Of Micro Hydro System With Automatic Valve Control”
and found that it has comply the partial fulfilment for awarding the degree of Bachelor of
Electrical Engineering (Industrial Power)”
Signature :
Supervisor’s name :
Date :
Khairul Anwar Bin Ibrahim
11 June 2012
TO STUDY, DESIGN & DEVELOP A SMALL SCALE PROTOTYPE OF MICRO
HYDRO SYSTEM WITH AUTOMATIC VALVE CONTROL
TIE CHIN HO
A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of Electrical Engineering (Industrial Power)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
2012
I declare that this report entitle “To Study, Design & Develop a Small Scale Prototype of
Micro Hydro System with Automatic Valve Control” is the result of my own research
except as cited in the references. The report has not been accepted for any degree and is not
concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.
Signature :
Name :
Date :
Tie Chin Ho
11 June 2012
To My Beloved Mother and Father
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Mr. Khairul Anwar Bin
Ibrahim for guiding me in this project. The success of this PSM is highly influenced by his
information, suggestions and ideas. His willingness to assist me through his guidance,
advices, and continued support has been a great motivation for me to excel in my project.
My fellow undergraduate students should also be recognized for their support. My
sincere appreciation also extends to all my colleagues and others who have provided
assistance at various occasions. Their views and tips are useful indeed.
Last but not least, I would like to say a word thanks to my family members, especially
my parents for their constant supports and encouragement throughout the years.
ii
ABSTRACT
Micro hydropower system is one of the most environmental friendly energy
conversion methods. Unlike large scale hydropower plant, it will not bring big impact to the
environment [3]. Micro hydro power plant (MHPP) can continuously supply electrical power
and can help to supply much needed electricity to small communities and villages which
transmission line is expensive to reach there. Loads that connected to generator need uniform,
stable and uninterrupted supply energy. However, characteristic of micro hydro power plant
change with the consumption. So, the output supply voltage MHPP need to be controlled in
order to maintain the output supply voltage at the rated voltage [3]. This project is to study
micro hydro power plant and finally design & develop a small scale prototype of micro hydro
system with automatic valve control.The fundamentals and parameters of the micro
hydropower plant are being studied in this project. The micro hydropower plant consists of
penstock, pipeline, turbine and generator. Electric motor is used to act as governor in order to
regulate the flow rate to maintain the output supply of the generator at the rated voltage. One
prototype with the automatic valve is built and testing is carried out. The maximum
efficiency of this prototype is 6.6% and the automatic valve take 10 to 18 seconds to regulate
the flow rate of the water.
iii
ABSTRAK
Sistem mikro hidro adalah sejenis penukaran tenaga mesra alam sekitar. Tidak seperti
loji hidro yang besar, ia tidak membawa kesan yang besar kepada alam sekitar. Sistem mikro
hidro boleh menghasil kuasa elektrik secara berterusan dan menghasil elektrik kepada
komuniti yang kecil atau kampung-kampung di mana talian penghantaran mahal di bina.
Beban yang disambung kepada penjana elektrik memerlukan bekalan elektrik yang seragam,
stabil dan tidak diganggu. Akan tetapi, ciri-ciri loji kuasa mikro hidro berubah dengan
perubahan penggunaan elektrik. Jadi, voltan yang dihasilkan oleh system mikro hidro
hendaklah dikawal supaya sentiasa berada pada voltan diberi nilai. Projek ini adalah untuk
mengaji loji elektrik mikro hidro dan akhirnya mereka dan membina suatu prototaip mikro
hidro yang mempuyai injap automatic. Asas dan parameter sistem mikro hidro telah dikenali
dalam projek ini. Loji mikro hidro terdiri daripada penstock, talian paip, turbin dan penjana
elektrik. Akan tetapi, ciri-ciri loji kuasa mikro hidro berubah dengan perubahan penggunaan
elektrik. Jadi, motor elektrik telah digunakan untuk bertindak sebagai gabenor yang akan
mengawal aliran air, seterusnya mengawal hasil voltan dari penjana elektrik kekal pada
voltan tertentu. Satu prototaip mikro hidro telah dibuat dalam projek ini. Analisis terhadap
sistem ini telah diadakan. Kecekapan maksimum prototaip ini adalah 6.6% dan injap
automatik memerlukan 10-18 saat untuk mengawal kadar aliran air untuk menghasilkan
voltan yang diperlukan.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
i
ABSTRACT
ii
ABSTRAK
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
iv
LIST OF TABLE
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
viii
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Project Background
1
1.2
Problem Statement
2
1.3
Project objective
2
1.4
Scope of the Project
3
LITERATURE REVIEW
4
2.1
Micro Hydropower
4
2.2
Potential of MHPP in West Malaysia
5
2.3
Operation Principles Of Micro Hydropower
6
Generation
2.4
Elements of Micro Hydropower Plant
8
2.4.1
Site Layouts
9
2.4.2
Types of Micro Hydropower Plants’
10
Turbines
2.5
Electrical System in Micro Hydropower Plant
12
2.5.1
Regulation on Voltage and frequency in the system
13
v
3
4
METHODOLOGY
15
3.1
Introduction
15
3.2
Literature Review
16
3.3
Design and Prototyping
16
3.3.1
Water source
16
3.3.2
Turbine
18
3.3.3
Generator
19
3.3.4
Governor System
21
3.4
Testing
30
3.5
Discussion on Result
31
3.6
Report Writing
31
RESULT & DISCUSSION
4.1
4.2
5
REFERENCE
Result
32
32
4.1.1
Pump performance
32
4.1.2
Generator
35
4.1.3
Generator Load Performance
39
4.1.4
Governor performance
41
Discussion
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION
43
45
5.1
Conclusion
45
5.2
Recommendation
46
47
vi
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Micro Hydro Potential Sites by State
5
2.2
Different type of turbine
11
2.3
Comparison between conventional governor controller and electronic
14
load controller
3.1
Electrical specification of Ginlong GL-PMG-500A
19
3.2
Mechanical specification of Ginlong GL-PMG-500A
19
4.1
Flow rate of water and cross section area for different numbers of nozzle
32
4.2
Summary of hydraulic power produced with different number of nozzle
34
4.3
Open circuit voltage of generator with 1 nozzle
35
4.4
Open circuit voltage of generator with 2 nozzles
37
4.5
Open circuit voltage of generator with 3 nozzles
38
4.6
The electrical performance of the generator by using 1 nozzle
40
4.7
The electrical performance of the generator by using 2 nozzles
40
4.8
The electrical performance of the generator by using 3 nozzles
40
4.9
Overall system efficiency
43
vii
LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Energy conversion of micro hydropower generation
6
2.2
Basic scheme of a micro hydropower plant
8
2.3
Four most common layouts for MHPP
9
2.4
Pelton Propeller
10
2.5
2 example of Francis propeller; (a) open-flume francis, (b) spiral-
11
case francis
2.6
Submersible-propeller turbine
11
2.7
Typical micro-hydropower plant’s electric components
12
3.1
Flow Chart Of Methodology
15
3.2
Centrifugal pump and pressure tank
16
3.3
Water flow system
17
3.4
The piping system of the project
17
3.5
Impulse turbine
18
3.6
Voltage (V) vs Rotation Speed (RPM) of Ginlong GL-PMG-
19
500A
3.7
Physical appearance of the Ginlong GL-PMG-500A
20
3.8
Water pump system + Generator + Turbine
20
3.9
Close-Loop System Of The Governor System
21
3.10
Flow chart of operation of governor system
22
3.11
Layout of PIC16F877A
23
3.12
Circuit for signal process before feed in to PIC 16F877A
23
3.13
DC geared motor with the valve
24
3.14
Pulley system to trigger the limit switch
24
3.15
Actual view of pulley system
25
viii
3.16
Circuit diagram of motor controlled by relays
25
3.17
Overall circuit of the governor system
26
3.18
Program that written by MikroC and burnt in PIC16F877A
27
3.19
Circuit of governor system
29
3.20
Appearance of the controller of governor system
29
3.21
The testing load circuit
30
3.22
Fluke 43B power quality analyser
30
4.1
Pressure of water when the pump operate
33
4.2
Hydraulic power produced (W) Vs Number of nozzles
35
4.3
Open circuit voltage of generator with 1 nozzle
38
4.4
Open circuit voltage of generator with 2 nozzles
37
4.5
Open circuit voltage of generator with 3 nozzles
38
4.6
Summary of open circuit voltage versus the RPM with different
39
numbers of nozzle
4.7
The testing load circuit
39
4.8
Power supported vs number of bulb connected
41
4.9
Response of governor system when the load varying (1 nozzle)
41
4.10
Response of governor system when the load varying (2 nozzle)
42
4.11
Response of governor system when the load varying (3 nozzle)
42
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Project Background
Renewable energy has become a hot issue now in nowadays due to climate
change concerns, coupled with high oil prices increasing government support. Renewable
energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, water, tides,
and geothermal heat, which can naturally replenished [1].
Water has been used as an energy source for thousands of years, since ancient
civilizations using water to drive mills through the use of water wheels. Technology has
been improved from time to time, and the potential for water as a power source continues
to be important. Large-scale example such as the Three Gorges Dam in China is used to
power large-scale projects [2].
Modern times are calling for a clean, efficient renewable energy source. One of the
possible solutions is the implementation of micro hydro power systems. Micro hydropower
systems used in harvesting the kinetic energy of steaming waters that produce electrical
energy on a small scale. Micro hydro power systems are able to generate electricity by
using the movement of water from small streams to rotate a turbine in order to spin a shaft
which used to power an alternator to generate electricity [2].
2
1.2
Problem Statement
Normally, micro hydro system is designed with the fixed flow water to push the
turbine of the alternator. However, this design will cause problem when few situation
happen:
When the load in system increases, the speed of alternator will drop, causing the
voltage and frequency of the power supply to also drop.
During raining day, the flow or pressure of water to the turbine will increase. This
cause the voltage and frequency of the alternator will increase. This will damage
the device in the system as well. Current solution is to switch on the dumping load
when higher voltage produced is noticed.
1.3
Project Objective
To study, to design a micro hydro system and the parameter that need to be
considered to make the system to success.
To develop a small scale prototype of micro hydro system with automatic valve
control.
To carry out simulation on the automatic valve system.
3
1.4
Scope of The Project
Develop a small scale prototype of micro hydro system with automatic valve
control which can control the flow rate of the water that entering to the turbine.
The system should supply 12V alternating current (ac) constantly even though the
load of the generator is varying.
4
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Micro Hydropower
Micro hydropower is a renewable energy which harvests the kinetic energy from
streaming waters, then converts to electrical energy on a small scale. Generally, a moving
stream of water turns turbine blades which are connected to a shaft that spins a generator to
produce electricity [4]. It is a green energy with zero carbon emission during the operation.
MHPP convert potential energy from falling water into electric energy. Water is
channelized from a higher level to a lower level which the resulting potential energy of
water is used to do work. The water head is used to move a mechanical component (turbine)
then that movement involves the conversion of the potential energy of the water into
kinetic energy to spin the turbine. The turbine is connected to a shaft that spins a generator
[5].
MHPP operate in isolated mode and supplying the electricity in the local rural area
where the population is very small and the extension of grid system is a high cost
investment for transmission line [6].Micro hydropower plants can be defined as hydro
power plant with capacity less than 100 kilowatts (kW) [6].
5
2.2
Potential of MHPP in West Malaysia
Malaysia is a tropical country with average rainfall of 2540 millimetre (mm) in
Peninsula and blessed with richly supplied streams and rivers flowing from the highland
areas [7]. Some researches had been done and found out that West Malaysia has the
potential to implement micro hydropower plant to generate electricity with total estimated
available power is 20407.3 kW [7] . Table 2.1 show about potential micro hydropower
plant side by state:
Table 2.1: Micro Hydro Potential Sites by State[7]
6
2.3
Operation Principles Of Micro Hydropower Generation
Basically, micro hydropower generation is converting one form of energy to
electrical energy. The most common convertion of energy at micro hydropower plant is as
shown in Figure 2.1:
Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy
Electric Energy
Figure 2.1: Energy conversion of micro hydropower generation
The potential energy is the energy stored in the water due to its position. When the
water flows from higher position to lower position, the energy is converted from the
potential energy to kinetic energy. When the water hit the turbine and spins the generator,
the generator converts the kinetic energy to electric energy. The equation of the energy
conversion is as per Equation 2.1:
E (energy release in joules) = mgh [4]
(2.1)
m = mass of the water
g = gravitational acceleration = 9.81m/s2
h = vertical distance h, or the head
Head, h is defined as the elevation difference between the water source and the
turbine. The mass of the water, m also can be defined as water density, r times its volume v,
where the water density is 1000 kg/m3. When substituted to Eq. 2.1, the energy release
equals to as Equation 2.2:
E (joules) = vrgh[4]
(2.2)
7
Power, P is defined as energy per second (P = E/s), the energy of water entering the
hydroelectric turbine is as per Equation 2.3:
P (J/s) = rvgh/s W (J/s = W) [4]
(2.3)
R = 1000 kg/m3
v/s = flow rate, Q
Flow is the volumetric measure of moving water, in cubic meter per second. One
method which can measure water flow is called the container method, in which water is
collected in a bucket for certain duration of time. The amount of collected water in the
container is divided by the time it takes to fill the bucket [4]. So, energy contain in the flow
of water is as per Equation 2.4
Pnet = e × Q × 9.8×h kW [4]
(2.4)
Where, e = efficiency
For practical purposes, the formula applied becomes as in Equation 2.5
Pnet = 0.5 × Q × 10 × h kW [4]
where the efficiency, e is 50%.
(2.5)
8
2.4
Elements of Micro Hydropower Plant
The scheme of a micro hydropower plant is shown in Figure 2.2 can be summarised
as follows [8]:
Water is taken from the river by through an intake at a weir.
Before water flow to the turbine, the water passes through a forebay tank where the
water is slowed down sufficiently for suspended particles to be filtered out.
Penstock will convey the water from the forebay tank to the turbine, which is
enclosed in the powerhouse together with the generator and control equipment.
Finally, the water will release back to the river.
Figure 2.2: Basic scheme of a micro hydropower plant
9
2.4.1
Site Layouts
In practice, sites for micro hydropower plant vary greatly depend on the landscape.
They might need to build at mountain area where there are fast-flowing mountain streams
or lowland areas with wide rivers. The four most common layouts for a micro hydropower
plant are shown in Figure 2.3:
Figure 2.3: Four most common layouts for MHPP
10
2.4.2
Types of Micro Hydropower Plants’ Turbines
Turbines are used to convert the energy contained in a continuous flow of fluid into
rotational mechanical energy of a shaft. In micro hydropower plant, turbines are used to
connect with the shaft of the generator to spin to generate electricity. There are few types
of turbines use in micro hydropower plant, which are impulse-type turbine, reaction-type
turbine and submersible-propeller turbines [4].
For impulse-type turbine, which is shown in Figure 2.4, water strikes the turbine
runner and pushes it to rotate like the water mills. These types of water-propelled electrical
generators work best in sites with high head. The best known impulse-type propeller is
called Pelton propeller [4]. Impulse-type propeller will be used as turbine in this project.
Figure 2.4: Pelton Propeller[8]
Reaction-type turbine is suitable used at water source that have low head but high
flow rate. The runner of reaction-type turbine is immersed in water, where the water exits
the housing through the turbine, turning the generator as it drops through the runner blades.
The best known impulse-type propeller is called Francis propeller [4] which is shown at
Figure 2.5.