A New Class Of Microwave Filter With Defected Microstrip Structure (DMS).

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A NEW CLASS OF MICROWAVE FILTER WITH DEFECTED MICROSTRIP STRUCTURE (DMS)

MEGAT MUHAMMAD NAZREEN BIN MEGAT ARIF FADILLAH

This report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Electronic Engineering (Telecommunications Electronics) With

Honours

Faculty of Electronics and Computer Engineering Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka

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UNIVERSTI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRONIK DAN KEJURUTERAAN KOMPUTER

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA II

Tajuk Projek : A NEW CLASS OF MICROWAVE FILTER WITH DEFECTED MICROSTRIP STRUCTURE (DMS)

………

Sesi

Pengajian : 1 3 / 1 4

Saya MEGAT MUHAMMAD NAZREEN BIN MEGAT ARIF FADILLAH

……….. (HURUF BESAR)

mengaku membenarkan Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

1. Laporan adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.

2. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.

3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.

4. Sila tandakan ( √ ) :

SULIT* *(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)

TERHAD** **(Mengandungi maklumat terhad yang telah ditentukan oleh _{organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)}

TIDAK TERHAD

Disahkan oleh:

__________________________ ___________________________________ (TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (COP DAN TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)

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DECLARATION

I hereby, declared this report entitle “A NEW CLASS OF MICROWAVE FILTER WITH DEFECTED MICROSTRIP STRUCTURE (DMS)” is the results of my own research except as cited in the references

Signature :

Author: MEGAT MUHAMMAD NAZREEN BIN MEGAT ARIF FADILLAH Date :

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iii

APPROVAL

“I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinion this report is sufficient in terms of the scope and quality for the award of Bachelor of Electronic

Engineering (Telecommunication Electronics) With Honors”

Signature :

Supervisor’s Name : DR. ZAHRILADHA BIN ZAKARIA Date :

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DEDICATION

“In the Name of Allah, the most Beneficent, the Most Merciful”

Special dedication to my beloved parents,

Megat Arif Fadillah Bin Megat Abdul Aziz & Roshidah Binti Mohamed

My supporting siblings:

Puteri Anis Arina Binti Megat Arif Fadillah Megat Muhammad Heikal Bin Megat Arif Fadillah

Puteri Aleeya Binti Megat Arif Fadillah Puteri Aleena Binti Megat Arif Fadillah

To my supervisor

Dr Zahriladha b. Zakaria,

My friends and my fellow lecturers

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First of all, I thank God for giving me all kinds of opportunities in completing this project. Without a long life, wisdom is able to function as well as the spirit given; I may not be able to complete this project well. I have taken all my efforts to complete this thesis. However, it cannot been done without the full help and kind support from many individuals. Thus, I would like to extent my sincere to all of them who are being helping and guiding me in completing this thesis. Not least for my respectful and experienced supervisor, Dr Zahriladha bin Zakaria, I highly indebted to him for the constant supervision and guidance in completing this thesis and giving me the opportunity to be your student supervision. Lastly, I am thankful to student master Mr Ariffin Mutallib, Mr Sam Weng Yik and Miss Nur Aishah Zainuddin for facilitate my work during completing this thesis and make everyone generous to help me nicely.

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ABSTRACT

A compact ultra-wideband (UWB) band-pass filter suitable for a short distance and high-rate such as UWB radar systems for military, medical and civilian is presented. However, undesired radio signal such as Wireless LAN and WiMAX in the range UWB band that can interfere UWB signal. Thus, this project is to design and developed five order band-pass filter by using optimum distributed high-pass integrated with Defected Micro-strip Structure (DMS) been used to produce a band reject characteristics simultaneously in UWB response. This design is simulated by ADS software and using Roger Duroid 4350 with a dielectric constant 3.48, thickness of substrate 0.508 mm and loss tangent 0.0019. The proposed UWB filters are verified by experiments and fabricated. Measurement for UWB filter implemented using the Agilent Vector Network Analyzer. The filter exhibits an ultra-wideband response from 2.238 to 9.842GHz with a return loss S11 better than 10 dB and insertion loss S21 less than 1 dB respectively, and the DMS exhibit a band rejects response better than 20dB at a frequency of 5.6 GHz. The proposed filter has better performance and is attractive for UWB application and able to reject undesired frequency in UWB communication.

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vii

ABSTRAK

Sebuah ultra luas jalur penapis laluan jalur yang padat sesuai dengan aplikasi jarak pendek dan ketinggian kedar data seperti UWB system radar untuk ketentaraan, perubatan dan awam dipersembahkan. Namun begitu, isyarat radio yang tidak diingin seperti LAN tanpa wayar dan WiMAX berada di dalam jarak ultra luas alur yang boleh menyebabkan gangguan pada isyarat ultra luas jalur. Dengan itu, reka bentuk dan penghasilan sebuah lima perintah penapis laluan jalur dengan menggunakan optimum diedarkan jalur tinggi bersepadu bersama dengan kecacatan struktur mikro-strip yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan jalur menolak yang bercirikan serentak didalam respon ultra luas jalur. Reka bentuk ini disimulasikan dengan perisian ADS dan menggunakan Roger Duriod 4350 dengan pemalar dielektrik 3.48, ketebalan substrat 0.508mm dan kehilangan tanjen 0.0019. Penapis UWB yang dicadangkan adalah disahkan oleh eksperimen dan dibina. Pengukuran untuk penapis UWB dilaksanakan menggunakan Agilent Vector Network Analyzer. Penapis mempamerkan ultra luas jalur respon dari 2.338 sehinnga 9.842 GHz dengan kehilangan pulangan S11 baik daripada 10dB dan kehilangan masukkan S21 kurang daripada 1 dB dan DMS mempamerkan respon jalur menolak baik daripada 20 dB pada kekerapan 5.6 GHz. Penapis yang dicadangkan mempunyai prestasi yang lebih baik dan menarik untuk aplikasi UWB dan mampu untuk menolak frekuensi yang tidak diingini dalam komunikasi UWB.

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viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER CONTENT PAGES

TITLE i

DECLARATION ii

APPROVAL iii DEDICATION iv ACKNOWLEDGMENT v

ABSTRACT vi

ABSTRAK vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS viii

LIST OF FIGURES xi

LIST OF TABLES xv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvi

LIST OF APPENDICES xvii

1 INTRODUCTIONS

1.1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES 2

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT 2

1.4 SCOPE OF WORK 3

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2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 ULTRA-WIDEBAND (UWB) 5

2.1.1 UWB RF SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS 6

2.2 INTRODUCTION OF FILTER 7

2.3 TYPE OF FILTER 8

2.4 MICRO-STRIP 8

2.4.1 CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE OF 9 MICRO-STRIP LINE

2.5 MICRO-STRIP FILTER 9

2.5.1 PARALLEL-COUPLED FILTER 10

2.5.2HAIRPIN FILTER 10

2.5.3INTER-DIGITAL FILTER 11

2.5.4COMB-LINE FILTER 11

2.5.5SHUNT SHORT-CIRCUITED STUBS FILTER 12 2.5.6OPTIMUM DISTRIBUTED HIGH-PASS FILTER 13

2.6 NOTCH RESPONSE 13

2.6.1DEFECTED GROUND STRUCTURE 14 2.6.2 DEFECTED MICRO-STRIP STRUCTURE 15

2.7RELATED RESEARCH 16

3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 METHODOLOGY 20

3.2 DESIGNING UWB BAND-PASS 22

3.2.1 FILTER SPECIFICATION 23

3.2.2 CALCULATION UWB BAND-PASS FILTER 24

3.2.3 MODELLING PROCESS 26

3.2.4 MICROSTRIP UWB BAND-PASS FILTER 27

3.2.5 LAYOUT STRUCTURE 28

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3.3.1 PARAMETRIC STUDY 29

3.4 INTEGRATED BAND-PASS FILTER WITH DMS 29

3.5 FABRICATION AND MEASUREMENT 30

4 RESULT & DISCUSSION

4.1 UWB BAND-PASS IDEAL STRUCTURE 32

4.2 MICROSTRIP UWB BAND-PASS FILTER 33 4.2.1 MICROSTRIP UWB BAND-PASS WITH 35 T-JUNCTION AND VIA HOLE

4.2.2 SYMMETRIC WIDTH AND LENGTH 38 MICROSTRIP UWB BAND-PASS FILTER

4.3 PHYSICAL MICROSTRIP UWB BAND-PASS FILTER 40 4.4 PARAMETRIC STUDIES DEFECTED MICROSTRIP 42 STRUCTURE

4.5 UWB BAND-PASS INTEGRATED DMS 44

4.6 PHYSICAL MICROSTRIP UWB BAND-PASS FILTER 46 INTEGRATED WITH DMS

5 CONCLUSION

5.1 CONCLUSION 48

5.2 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 49

5.3 COMMERCIALIZATION 50

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REFERENCE 51

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xii

LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 2.1: FCC Frequency Mask for UWB Applications 6 Figure 2.2: Basic Filter Responses [1] (a) Low Pass (b) High Pass 8

Figure 2.3 Microstrip structure 9

Figure 2.4: Parallel coupled filter 10

Figure 2.5: Interdigital filter 11

Figure 2.6: Structure of comb-line filter 12

Figure 2.7: Transmission line band-pass filter with 12 quarter-wavelength short-circuited stubs

Figure 2.8: Optimum distributed high-pass filter 13

Figure 2.9: Notch response 14

Figure 2.10: Defected ground structure U-shape 15 Figure 2.11: Defected microstrip structure 15 Figure 2.12: Structure of the UWB Bandpass Filter with DGS 17 Figure 2.13: (a) Fabrication UWB BPF (b) UWB with notch band result 18 Figure 2.14: (a) UWB BPF structure (b) UWB with notch band result 18 Figure 2.15: (a) Geometry of the proposed UWB notch filter 19 (b) Simulated S-parameter

Figure 2.16: (a) Fabrication of the proposed UWB notch filter 19 (b) Simulated S-parameter

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xiii Figure 3.2: Flow chart designing UWB band-pass filter 22 Figure 3.3: Modelling ideal an UWB band-pass 26

Figure 3.4: Line-Calc 27

Figure 3.5: Micro-strip UWB band-pass filter 28

Figure 3.6: Layout Structure 28

Figure 3.7: Defected micro-strip structure 29 Figure 3.8: band-pass filter without defaced 30

Figure 3.9: band-pass filter with defaced 30

Figure 3.10: Transformation of layout structure into CorelDraw software 30 Figure 3.11: Network analyzer and fabricated BPF under testing 31

Figure 4.1: Ideal structure 33

Figure 4.2: Simulation result for ideal structure 33 Figure 4.3: Microstrip schematic for UWB band-pass filter 34 Figure 4.4: Simulation result for microstrip UWB band-pass schematic 34 Figure 4.5: Layout UWB band-pass filter structure 34 Figure 4.6: Simulation result for microstrip UWB band-pass layout 35 Figure 4.7: Microstrip schematic for UWB band-pass filter with 35 T-junction and via-hole

Figure 4.8: Simulation result for microstrip UWB band-pass filter with 37 T-junction and via hole

Figure 4.9: Layout UWB band-pass filter structure with T-junction and via-hole 37 Figure 4.10: Simulation result for microstrip UWB band-pass filter with 37 T-junction and via-hole layout

Figure 4.11: Comparison simulation layout between structure with and 38 without T-junction and via-hole

Figure 4.12: Microstrip schematic for UWB band-pass filter 39 Figure 4.13: Simulation result for microstrip UWB band-pass filter 39 schematic with symmetric width and length

Figure 4.14: Layout UWB band-pass filter structure layout 40 Figure 4.15: Simulation result of microstrip UWB band-pass filter layout 40

with symmetric width and length

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xiv Figure 4.17: Measurement result of the fabricated UWB BPF 41 Figure 4.18: Comparison measurement and simulation result of UWB BPF 42

Figure 4.19: C-shape DMS 42

Figure 4.20: U-shape DMS 42

Figure 4.21: Resonance frequency C-shape 43

Figure 4.22: Resonance frequency U-shape 43

Figure 4.23: Layout UWB band-pass integrated 44 C-shape DMS

Figure 4.24: Simulation result UWB band-pass 44 integrated C-shape DMS

Figure 4.25: Layout UWB band-pass integrated U-shape DMS 45 Figure 4.26: Simulation result UWB band-pass integrated U-shape DMS 45 Figure 4.27 Photograph of the fabricated UWB BPF 46 integrated with U-shape DMS

Figure 4.28: Measurement result of the fabricated UWB band-pass filter 47 with U-shape DMS

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1: Filter specification 23

Table 3.2: Roger Duriod 4350 properties 23

Table 3.3: Element values of UWB transmission filter with 25 short-circuited stub with passband ripple 0.1dB

Table 3.4: Value impedance and micro-strip band-pass filter structure 27

Table 3.5: DMS specification 29

Table 4.1 Value of width and length micro-structure microstrip 36 band-pass filter after through tuning process

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xvi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

UWB - Ultra wide-band

BPF - Band-pass filter

DMS - Defected Microstrip Structure

DGS - Defected Ground Structure

EBG - Electromagnetic band gap

WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network

WiMAX - Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

ADS - Advance Design System

RF - Radio Frequency

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xvii

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGES

A INOTEK EXHIBITION 2014 POSTER 55

B INOTEK 2014 AWARD 56

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

In 2002, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approved the use of ultra-wideband (UWB) (range of 3.1-10.6 GHz) for commercial purposes [2]. Ultra-wide band (UWB) systems have been receiving Ultra-wide attention from both academia and industry for the prominent advantages, such as high speed data rate, extremely low spectral power density and high precision ranging[3].Recently, the development of new UWB filters has increased via different methods and structures[4]. Sharp selectivity and capabilities to avoid interference from existing radio signals are highly demanded to the UWB BPF within the range defined by the FCC [3].Recently there is a much interest in developing of high-performance microwave components using slow-wave structure, such as electromagnetic band gap (EBG), structures defected ground structures (DGS) and detected microstrip structures. They have attracted the

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2 interest of many researchers, due to their interesting properties in terms of size miniaturization, suppression of surface wave and arbitrary stop bands [3].

DMS is made by etching certain slot patterns in the microstrip line, and it exhibits the properties of slow-wave, rejecting microwaves in certain frequencies that are similar to the defected ground structure (DGS) but without any manipulation of the ground plane. It is possible to design UWB filter integrated with defected microstrip structure (DMS) resonator to produce band pass and notch response simultaneously.

1.2 Problem statement

The UWB radios typically communicate with short pulses or cycles on the order of nanoseconds, spreading their energy over a wide swath of bandwidth, as opposed to modulated sinusoids whose energy is localized around a single frequency [6]. In 2002, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approved the use of ultra-wide band (UWB) for commercial communication applications. Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) is a promising technology with a large bandwidth, good ratio of transmission data low power cost with short distance application such as medical application [5]. However, radio signals such as the Wi-MAX (3.5-GHz band), wireless local-area network (WLAN) (5.2 and 5.8 GHz bands), and 6.8 GHz RF identification (RFID) communication in the range UWB band [5]. Thus, the signal interference in UWB communication will occur and cause the accuracy of the data reception will decrease.

1.3 Objective of project

The objectives of this project are to design a UWB band-pass filter integrated with the notch response using a circuit theoretic and parametric study. This theoretical method is used for calculating the transmission line and resonance line to achieve

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3 accuracy of UWB frequency response. A notch response where it involves the DMS to reconfigure at any desired resonant frequencies. To implement it, the capabilities of DMS to reconfigure at an arbitrary frequency have been investigated. This project has potential to be applied in the UWB application such to remove the undesired frequencies that interfere the UWB systems.

1.4 Scope of project

This project involves the synthesis technique for microwave filters to be applied in designing the band-pass filter. The research processes are based on the review studies of Ultra-Wideband filter and DMS technology. The simulation process includes the design of layout, simulation and optimizes the frequency response that already targeted. The simulation part is carried out using the Advance Design System (ADS) to simulate the synthesis technique of band-pass filter. The band-pass filter will be simulated in term of its return loss level, insertion loss level, bandwidth and it provides ultra wideband frequency from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz with minimum stop-band insertion loss of -15dB. The DMS technology is carried out using a parametric study to provide the shape and better performance in term of selectivity and designed at a frequency of 5.6 GHz with a band reject response better than 20 dB with a 700 MHz bandwidth characteristic using the Advance Design System (ADS) software. Then fabrication and valuation process of band-pass filter integrated with notch response.

1.5 Chapter Review

Chapter 1 describes the general overview of this project. This chapter presents the objectives, problem statement and review of all chapters of this thesis. Chapter 2 describes the introductions to the filter and detected microstrip structure is presented. This chapter will explain the basic concept of the filter response. Then the introduction

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4 of the type of filter and design will be introduced. This chapter also gives the information about the parameter and synthesis technique involved in this filter design project.

The design process in this project presented in Chapter 3 knows as methodology. The methodology involves the procedure of designing UWB filter and DMS design. Tuning and optimization process that involved in this project. The results are presented in chapter 4 where it involves the calculation, parametric study of filter and DMS, the theoretical, simulated and experimental result are also shown in this chapter.

Chapter 5 will present the conclusion of this project. After all the theoretical, simulated and experimental result is achieved, the conclusion comes to conclude the overall project achievement and also the future work involved.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

In this chapter, it describes findings on a literature review of the project. Overall, it covers related research from UWB application. The chapter starts with the basic theory and fundamental of the filter. The basic understanding of the parameters and the basics of microwave filter must be clearly made before continuing on understanding the project. The most important part of this chapter is emphasizing literature on different technique designing band-pass filter. Hence, all the information related to this project has been put in this chapter.

2.1 Ultra-Wideband (UWB)

The ability to transmitting data over a huge spectrum of frequency bands for short distances with very low power and high data rates in wireless technology are using Ultra-wideband system. The operation of sending and receiving extremely short bursts of RF energy to be use it. For high data transmission rates of up to 1 G-bps can be realized by UWB technology. Furthermore, the UWB wave capable of operating in good condition although there are barriers in spaces. Advantages of UWB systems in

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6 terms of huge bandwidth, immunity to multipath and low cost equipment makes the system can overcome the narrowband systems as well as high data rates. The use of the low noise amplifier (LNA), microwave filters, antennas and components matching used in the RF front end with the required bandwidth for RF hardware. In RF hardware and digital included in one of the UWB transceiver system. In 2002, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approved the use of ultra-wide band (UWB) from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz for commercial communication applications. According to the FCC indoor limit that is seen in Fig 2.1, the FCC Frequency Mask mainly requires the following rejection specs for an UWB filter design in -10 dB minimum rejection at 3.1 GHz and 10.6 GHz [32].

Figure 2.1: FCC Frequency Mask for UWB Applications [32]

2.1.1 UWB RF Systems and Application

The UWB radios typically communicate with short pulses or cycles on the order of nanoseconds, spreading their energy over a wide swath of bandwidth, as opposed to modulated sinusoids whose energy is localized around a single frequency [6]. For short-range data transmission in wireless connectivity between computing devices can be implemented effectively using UWB technology. Many applications in wireless technology have been focused on narrowband implementations. Technology requirements of UWB systems present differences from the narrow band ones.

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

In 2002, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approved the use of ultra-wideband (UWB) (range of 3.1-10.6 GHz) for commercial purposes [2]. Ultra-wide band (UWB) systems have been receiving Ultra-wide attention from both academia and industry for the prominent advantages, such as high speed data rate, extremely low spectral power density and high precision ranging[3].Recently, the development of new UWB filters has increased via different methods and structures[4]. Sharp selectivity and capabilities to avoid interference from existing radio signals are highly demanded to the UWB BPF within the range defined by the FCC [3]. Recently there is a much interest in developing of high-performance microwave components using slow-wave structure, such as electromagnetic band gap (EBG), structures defected ground structures (DGS) and detected microstrip structures. They have attracted the

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interest of many researchers, due to their interesting properties in terms of size miniaturization, suppression of surface wave and arbitrary stop bands [3].

1.2 Problem statement

1.3 Objective of project

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accuracy of UWB frequency response. A notch response where it involves the DMS to reconfigure at any desired resonant frequencies. To implement it, the capabilities of DMS to reconfigure at an arbitrary frequency have been investigated. This project has potential to be applied in the UWB application such to remove the undesired frequencies that interfere the UWB systems.

1.4 Scope of project

1.5 Chapter Review

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of the type of filter and design will be introduced. This chapter also gives the information about the parameter and synthesis technique involved in this filter design project.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Ultra-Wideband (UWB)

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terms of huge bandwidth, immunity to multipath and low cost equipment makes the system can overcome the narrowband systems as well as high data rates. The use of the low noise amplifier (LNA), microwave filters, antennas and components matching used in the RF front end with the required bandwidth for RF hardware. In RF hardware and digital included in one of the UWB transceiver system. In 2002, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approved the use of ultra-wide band (UWB) from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz for commercial communication applications. According to the FCC indoor limit that is seen in Fig 2.1, the FCC Frequency Mask mainly requires the following rejection specs for an UWB filter design in -10 dB minimum rejection at 3.1 GHz and 10.6 GHz [32].

Figure 2.1: FCC Frequency Mask for UWB Applications [32]

2.1.1 UWB RF Systems and Application

The UWB radios typically communicate with short pulses or cycles on the order of nanoseconds, spreading their energy over a wide swath of bandwidth, as opposed to modulated sinusoids whose energy is localized around a single frequency [6]. For short-range data transmission in wireless connectivity between computing devices can be implemented effectively using UWB technology. Many applications in wireless technology have been focused on narrowband implementations. Technology requirements of UWB systems present differences from the narrow band ones.

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