Green Cycling Helmet With Adjustable Light ''Be Safe Be Seen''.
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
GREEN CYCLING HELMET WITH ADJUSTABLE LIGHT
“BE SAFE BE SEEN”
This report submitted in accordance with requirement of the Universiti Teknikal
Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for the Bachelor Degree of Engineering Technology
In Product Design (Hons)
by
AHMAD FATHUL HAKIM BIN ROSLI
B071210396
901122-08-6243
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNLOGYs
2015
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA
TAJUK: MACHINABILITY STUDY UTILIZING VORTEX MACHINING APPROACH
- DELCAM SOFTWARE
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2014/2015 SEMESTER 2
Saya
NUR EZZY FAZYRA BINTI MD.YUNUS
mengaku membenarkan Laporan PSM ini disimpan di Perpustakaan Universiti
Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Laporan PSM adalah hak milik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dan penulis.
2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dibenarkan membuat salinan
untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja dengan izin penulis.
3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan PSM ini sebagai bahan
pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
4. **Sila tandakan ( )
(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan
SULIT
oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
TERHAD
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan
atau kepentingan Malaysia sebagaimana yang termaktub
dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh:
NUR EZZY FAZYRA BINTI MD.YUNUS
Alamat Tetap:
LOT 1696, JLN TANJUNG
LORONG NIPAH, KG TELUK
Cop Rasmi:
MENEGUN, SHAH ALAM, SELANGOR
** Jika
Laporan
PSM ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi
Tarikh:
________________________
berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh laporan PSM ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai
SULIT atau TERHAD.
DECLARATION
I hereby, declared this report entitled SMART CYCLING HELMET WITH
ADJUSTABLE LIGHT is the results of my own research except as cited in
references.
Signature
: …………………………………………………………………………
Author’s
: AHMAD FATHUL HAKIM BIN ROSLI
Name
Date
:
i
APPROVAL DECLARATION
A report entitled “SMART CYCLING HELMET WITH ADJUSTABLE LIGHT"
has been submitted, checked and certified as meeting the requirements and need
Writing Project as specified.
Checked By:
Supervisor Name
: MR. SYAHRUL AZWAN BIN SUANDI @
SUNDI
Supervisor Signature
:
………………………………………………………………
Date
:
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Assalammualaikum wbt. Firstly, I want infinite gratitude to the Almighty for His
divine grace and mercy. Bachelor Degree Project (BETU 3764) on title "Green
Cycling Helmet with Adjustable Light" is accomplished with criteria required and in
a timely manner.
I would like to express my gratitude to the Vice-Chancellor of the Universiti
Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Head of the Department of Engineering
Technology Faculty, Project Supervisor, Mr. Syahrul Azwan Bin Suandi @ Sundi
and Co Supervisor of Mr. Syafik Bin Jumali. Because of their support, I can set up
this Bachelor Degree Project with smoothly.
I would once again like to thank goes to any of the parties involved directly or
indirectly. A lot of love to my parents Mr. Rosli Bin Mohd Ghaus and Mrs. Rapitah
Binti Mohd Shariff who have a lot of encouragement and gave words of
encouragement to progress and continued success in this project So, the speech
ended
with
wabillahitaufik
walhidayah
warahmatullahiwabarakatuh.
iii
wassalamualikum
ABSTRACT
The Green Cycling Helmet is a new invention which strongly believed could give
impact in current industry especially green technology. This main focus in this
project is on the development of electronic circuit with electronic device such as
voltage booster, solar panel, rechargeable battery, USB port device and electronic
components. The casing was fabricated by using rapid prototyping machine. The
illumination light let the rider clearly visible in the night time which from supported
voltage from 12V to 30V. Super Flux LEDs 12V were used to increase the
illumination distance which could be used for recreation purpose or cycling activity
especially in night time. The functional prototype was fabricated based on the
research, ideation and proposed mechanism. There were few analysis carried on in
this project in order to validate the function of prototype to ensure the functionality
of the solar panel. In the result, the USB Port Device and solar panel was received
electric power source. The power from the sources is stored in the rechargeable
battery. As the conclusion, the development of a prototype of Green Cycling Helmet
is successful. In addition, research on the internet and thesis has been reviews relates
on this project. The idea, objective, scope of study and problem statement is
highlight to make the project is demand on the market.
.
iv
ABSTRAK
Green Cycling Helmet adalah ciptaan baru yang amat percaya dapat memberikan
impak dalam industri semasa teknologi terutamanya hijau. Tumpuan utama dalam
projek ini adalah kepada pembangunan litar elektronik dengan peranti elektronik
seperti booster voltan, panel solar, bateri boleh dicas semula, peranti port USB dan
komponen elektronik. Perumah utama dihasilkan menggunakan mesin pembentukan
pantas. Pencahayaan membolehkan penunggang dapat dilihat dengan jelas di waktu
malam yang disokong oleh kuasa voltan dari 12V hingga 30V. Super Flux LED 12V
digunakan untuk meningkatkan jarak pencahayaan yang boleh digunakan untuk
tujuan rekreasi atau aktiviti berbasikal terutama di waktu malam. Prototaip berfungsi
berdasarkan kepada penyelidikan, penjanaan idea dan mekanisme yang dicadangkan.
Terdapat beberapa analisis yang dijalankan dalam projek ini bagi mengesahkan
fungsi prototaip untuk memastikan fungsi panel solar. Dalam keputusan itu, USB
Peranti Port dan panel solar telah diterima sumber kuasa elektrik. Penjanaan kuasa
daripada sumber-sumber yang disimpan di dalam bateri boleh dicas semula. Sebagai
kesimpulan, pembangunan prototaip Green Cycling Helmet adalah berjaya. Di
samping itu, penyelidikan di internet dan tesis telah ulasan berkaitan dalam projek
ini. Idea, objektif, skop kajian dan permasalahan adalah kemuncak untuk membuat
projek yang permintaan di pasaran.
v
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER
1.0
2.0
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
i
APPROVAL DECLARATION
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iii
ABSTRACT
iv
ABSTRAK
v
List of Figure
x
List of Table
xiv
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction of a Project
1
1.2
Scope of Study
2
1.3
Problem Statement and Objective
3
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
4
2.2
Definition of Bicycle Helmet
4
2.2.1 Types of Helmet
5
Case Study (Internet and Journal)
6
2.3
2.3.1 Solar Power
7
2.3.1.1
8
Type of solar panels
2.3.1.2 Size of solar panel
11
2.3.2 Eye Vision
11
2.3.3 Green Technology
12
2.3.4 Health Awareness and Safety
14
2.3.5 Survey (Recreation)
24
2.3.6 Bicycle Sales
30
2.3.7 Cycling Participation
36
2.3.8 The Future in Bicycle
37
vi
3.0
METHODOLOGY
3.1
Project Criteria
39
3.2
Flow Chart Process
41
3.2.1 Brief Explanation from Flow Chart Process
42
3.2.1.1 Research and Methods
42
3.2.1.2 Design Process
42
3.2.1.3 Design Output
43
3.2.1.4 Development Process
44
3.2.1.5 Testing and Analysing
44
3.3
Conceptual Design of Green Cycling Helmet
44
3.4
Pugh Method
47
3.5
Material Selection
48
3.5.1
48
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
Material
3.5.2
3.6.
3.7
VisiJet® M3 Crystal
49
Rapid Prototyping Technologies (Fabrication)
50
3.6.1
ProJet™ HD 3500 3D Printers
50
3.6.2
BFB 3D Printer Machine
51
3.6.3
Advantages
52
Electronic Components Selection
53
3.7.1
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
53
3.7.2
3-LED Short Light Bar
56
3.7.3
Resistor
57
3.7.4
Capacitor
58
3.7.5
Printed Circuit Board
58
3.7.6
Two Pin Jumper Cap
59
3.7.7
Diode
60
3.7.8
Switches
60
3.7.9
Terminal Block
61
vii
3.8
3.9
Electronic Device Selection
62
3.8.1
Boost Converter
62
3.8.2
Solar Panel
63
3.8.3
USB Port Device
63
3.8.4
Rechargeable Battery (3.7V)
64
Circuit Development
65
3.9.1
Sketching the Idea
65
3.9.2
Designing circuit diagram in software
66
3.9.3
Process of Development Circuit
67
3.9.4
Printed Circuit Board (PCB)
68
3.9.4.1Component Connection by Ratsnest
68
and Auto Router
3.9.5
3.10
3.11
4.0
Assembly stage
69
Product Development and Assembly
70
3.10.1 Generate ideation and Concept Screening
70
3.10.2 Detailed Design
71
3.10.3 Assembly and Fabrication
72
3.10.4
74
Final Touch-Up
3.10.5 Finishing and Painting Stage
77
Bill of Material
79
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1
Actual Prototype
80
4.2
Weight of each Assembly Parts
82
4.3
Designing Phase Utilizing Solidwork 2014/2015
CAD Sofware
4.3.1
4.3.2
83
Front parts
83
4.3.1.1 Drawing of Front Parts
85
Side Parts
86
4.3.2.1 Drawing of Front Parts
88
viii
4.3.3
4.4
4.5
Rear parts
90
4.3.3.1 Drawing of Rear parts
92
Assembly
93
4.4.1
Assembly of Front Parts
93
4.4.2
Assembly of Side Parts
94
4.4.3
Assembly of Rear Parts
94
Validation and Analyses Phase
95
4.5.1
Battery Charging Testing
96
4.5.1.1 Charging by Solar Power
96
4.5.1.2 Charging by USB Powered Electrical
99
Battery Reliability Testing
101
4.5.2.1 Only front LED light switched on.
102
4.5.2.2 Only rear LED light switched on.
103
4.5.2.3 Rear and Front LED Lights were
104
4.5.2
switched on
4.5.3
4.6
5.0
4.5.2.4 Charging Hand Phone
106
Illumination testing
108
Discussion
111
4.6.1
Discussion in Selection Components
112
4.6.2
Discussion in Development Prototype
113
CONCLUSION AND IMPROVEMENT FOR FUTURE
WORK
5.1
Conclusion
5.2
Improvement for Future Work
5.2.1
Improvement on Design and
Prototyping.
114
115
115
REFERENCE
118
APPENDIX A : GANTT CHART
121
APPENDIX B : APPLICATION FORM 1
124
APPENDIX C : APPLICATION FORM 2
125
ix
LIST OF FIGURE
No. of Figure
Figure
Page
Figure 1
: Complete System of Solar Mechanism……………………..
8
Figure 2
: Type of solar panels………………………………………...
8
Figure 3
: Various size of solar panel………………………………….
11
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
: Western Australia Head Injury Trends……………………..
: New Passenger Car and Bicycle Sales On 2012……………
: European Bicycle Sales in 2000-2011……………………...
: European Bicycle Production in 2011……………………...
: Flow Chart Process…………………………………………
28
31
34
35
41
43
Figure 10
: Flow Design Process……………………………………….
Figure 11
: Concept Design 1…………………………………………..
45
Figure 12
: Concept Design 2…………………………………………..
45
Figure 13
: Concept Design 3…………………………………………..
46
Figure 14
: Mechanism System and Assemblies Part Concept…………
49
Figure 15
: ABS Materials……………………………………………...
50
Figure 16
Figure 17
Figure 18
Figure 19
Figure 20
: ProJet™ HD 3500 3D Printers……………………………..
: BFB 3D Printer Machine…………………………………..
: Super Bright Light Emitting Diode (White LED) physical
size………………………………………………………….
: Bright Light Emitting Diode (Red LED) Physical size…….
45
51
54
55
55
57
Figure 21
: Light Emitting Diode (Green) Physical Size……………….
Figure 22
: 3-LED Short Light Bar……………………………………..
58
Figure 23
: Resistor 470 Ohm…………………………………………..
58
Figure 24
: Diagram of Resistor………………………………………...
59
Figure 25
: Capacitor 10uF 50V………………………………………...
59
Figure 26
: Printed Circuit Board……………………………………….
60
Figure 27
: Pin Jumper Cap……………………………………………..
61
Figure 28
Figure 29
: Diode………………………………………………………..
x
57
61
62
Figure 30
: Rocket Switch………………………………………………
62
Figure 31
: Power Toggle Switch………………………………………
63
Figure 32
: Terminal Block……………………………………………..
64
Figure 33
: Boost Converter…………………………………………….
64
Figure 34
Figure 35
Figure 36
Figure 37
Figure 38
Figure 39
Figure 40
Figure 41
Figure 42
: Solar Panel………………………………………………….
: USB Port Device……………………………………………
: USB Port Device……………………………………………
: Sketching of Complete Circuit Diagram…………………...
: Sub Schematic diagram (ISIS Sofware)……………………
: Full Schematic diagram (ISIS Sofware)……………………
: Completed Printed Circuit Board…………………………..
: Front Part Assembly………………………………………..
65
66
67
68
70
71
72
73
73
Figure 43
: Concept Selection…………………………………………..
Figure 44
: 3D Parts Assembly…………………………………………
75
Figure 45
: Result ( HD3500 Printer Machine )………………………...
75
Figure 46
: Melting Process…………………………………………….
76
Figure 47
: BFB 3D Printer Machine Parts……………………………..
76
Figure 48
: Front Part Assembly………………………………………..
77
Figure 49
Figure 50
Figure 51
Figure 52
Figure 53
Figure 54
: Acrylic and Aluminium Foil………………………………..
: Rear Part Components……………………………………...
: Rear Part Assembly………………………………………...
: Rear Part Assembly Connection……………………………
: Painting Stage (Front)………………………………………
74
77
78
78
80
81
81
Figure 55
: Painting Stage (Front)………………………………………
Figure 56
: Painting Stage (Rear)……………………………………….
82
Figure 57
: Actual Prototype (Side)…………………………………….
83
Figure 58
: Actual Prototype (Top)……………………………………..
83
Figure 59
: Actual Prototype (Back)……………………………………
83
Figure 60
: Actual Prototype (Front)……………………………………
84
Figure 61
Figure 62
: Actual Prototype (Isometric View)…………………………
xi
82
84
85
Figure 63
: Front Part Concept………………………………………….
85
Figure 64
: Front Part 1 (Isometric View)………………………………
86
Figure 65
: Front Part 2 (Isometric View)………………………………
86
Figure 66
Figure 67
Figure 68
Figure 69
Figure 70
Figure 71
Figure 72
: Front Part 3 (Isometric View)………………………………
: Actual Front Part……………………………………………
: Drawing of Front Part 1…………………………………….
: Drawing of Front Part 2…………………………………….
: Drawing of Front Part 3…………………………………….
: Side Part Concept…………………………………………..
87
87
87
88
88
89
89
Figure 73
: Side Part 1(Isometric View)………………………………..
Figure 74
: Side Part 2 (Isometric View)……………………………….
90
Figure 75
: Side Part 3 (Isometric View)……………………………….
90
Figure 76
: Actual Side Part…………………………………………….
91
Figure 77
: Drawing of Side Part 1……………………………………..
92
Figure 78
: Drawing of Side Part 2……………………………………..
91
Figure 79
Figure 80
Figure 81
Figure 82
Figure 83
Figure 84
: Drawing of Side Part 3……………………………………..
: Rear Part Concept…………………………………………..
: Side Part 1(Isometric View)………………………………..
: Side Part 2(Isometric View)………………………………..
: Side Part 3(Isometric View)………………………………..
Figure 85
: Actual Rear Part 1…………………………………………..
Figure 86
: Actual Rear Part 2…………………………………………..
Figure 87
: Drawing of Rear Part 1……………………………………..
: Drawing of Rear Part 2……………………………………..
Figure 88
Figure 89
Figure 90
Figure 91
Figure 92
Figure 93
90
92
92
93
93
94
94
95
96
97
: Drawing of Rear Part 3……………………………………..
: Assembly of Front Parts……………………………………
100
: Assembly of Side Parts……………………………………..
100
: Assembly of Rear Parts…………………………………….
: GDM-394 Multimeter………………………………………
: Laser Thermometer…………………………………………
xii
102
104
105
107
Figure 94
: Charging by Solar Power ( Battery Voltage and Current
Input)……………………………………………………......
Figure 95
Figure 96
Figure 97
: Charging by USB Powered (Percentage of Battery vs
Time)………………………………………………………..
: Charging by USB Powered (Voltage and Current)………...
: Battery Usage Testing (Percentage of Battery)…………….
: Battery Usage Testing (Rear Light)………………………..
: Battery Usage Testing (Percentage vs Voltage)……………
: Charging Handfone (Time vs Percentage of Battery)……...
: Charging Handfone (Battery Voltage vs Total Battery
Input)……………………………………………………….
: LEDs 3V……………………………………………………
: Comparison Size of Actual Battery and Improvement
Battery………………………………………………………
: Comparison Actual Solar Panel And Improvement Solar
Panel………………………………………………………...
xiii
107
112
116
116
LIST OF TABLE
No. of Table
Table
Page
Table 1
: Types of Helmet………………………………………………
5
Table 2
: Types of Usage………………………………………………..
6
Table 3
: Solar System Design…………………………………………..
9
Table 4
: Advantages and disadvantages solar system design…………..
10
Table 5
: Health Benefit…………………………………………………
21
Table 6
: Recreation Activities by Gender (Men)……………………….
24
Table 7
: Recreation Activities by Gender (Women)…………………...
25
Table 8
: Percent and number of people 16 years and older in the U.S
participating in 12 types of outdoor recreational activities,
1999-2003……………………………………………………..
25
Table 9
: Injury savings predicted by case-control studies……………...
26
Table 10
: The bicycle unit sales from 2000-2013……………………….
32
Table 11
: Specialty Bicycle Sales By Year, Units, 2005-2012………….
33
Table 12
: European Bicycle Sales Data in 2000-2011…………………..
34
Table 13
: European Bicycle Production Data in 2011…………………..
35
Table 14
: Pugh Evaluation Method (Decision Matrix Method)…………
47
Table 15
: Properties of VisiJet® M3 Crystal……………………………
49
Table 16
: Technical Specification and Description of BFB 3D Printer
Machine……………………………………………………….
51
Table 17
: Advantages of 3D Printer……………………………………..
52
Table 18
: Super Bright Light Emitting Diode (White LED) Properties…
54
Table 19
: Bright Light Emitting Diode (Red LED) Properties………….
55
Table 20
: Bill of Material………………………………………………..
79
Table 21
: Weight of Each Assembly Parts………………………………
82
Table 22
: Charging by Solar Power……………………………………..
95
Table 23
: Charging by USB Powered Electrical………………………...
97
Table 24
: Analysis Testing 1(Front LED’s)……………………………..
102
xiv
Table 25
: Analysis Testing 2 (Rear LED’s)……………………………..
103
Table 26
: Analysis Testing 3 (Front and Rear LED’s)………………….
104
Table 27
: Analysis Testing 4 (Charging Handfone)…………………….
106
Table 28
: Illumination Testing 1 (Outside House/Front Light)…………
109
Table 29
: Illumination Testing 2 (Outside House/Rear Light)………….
109
Table 30
: Illumination Testing 3 (Recreation Park/Front Light)………..
110
Table 31
: Illumination Testing 4 (Recreation Park/RearLight)………….
110
Table 32
: Illumination Testing 5 (Dark Place/Front Light)……………...
111
Table 33
: Illumination Testing 6 (Dark Place/Rear Light)………………
111
xv
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction of a Project
In the present of era global competition through modernization and use of
advanced technology is rapid growing. Correspondingly, this competition also leads
to the impression that covers every corner of life aspects involving the upgrading of a
country. For this reason, economic stability and development can make a life be
more organized. In other words, the higher economy of country, the higher will be
seen by other countries in different perspective. Thus, the creation and renewal is
also an important skill that must be possessed by every individual, especially the
designer to produce forms in accordance with the concept of a product. Generally
speaking, the combination of technical skills and knowledge will produce a new
creation and produce a profitable business opportunity.
Process, creation and developments of design are a methods used in solving
problems that exists in everyday of life. So, the life can be more perfect pose. In the
context of the process as well as design, technology is an important element in
making project design. It will be more dynamic, creativity and efficient in
1
production. Scope designing is very important process in the production of a product.
Normally, this process takes time. The process of designing is the process where
rough ideas about a product which merged and formed an ergonomic and best
products.
To meet the challenges in the design, this project is design and develops
Green Cycling Helmet with Adjustable Light for cycling activity and recreation
purposes. This helmet gain power rather than absorb solar energy by solar panels and
electric power via USB. The power source is stored in the rechargeable battery.
Therefore, Green Cycling Helmet with Adjustable Light is a new platform that will
create from early stage of design until fabricates the prototype. For early design,
there are few combination parts and components is attach into this project to
accomplish the mechanism system on this project. In order to make sure this project
is implemented in right way, there is more research on how this project can be made
with successful in literature review and methodology.
In addition, Green Cycling Helmet with Adjustable Light is reflects to the full
system integrated to the design which is hoping to assists the user to be seen at the
night time with clear vision and the brightness of LEDs can lights up the dark area.
Furthermore, the mechanism system consist white LEDs and red LEDs mounted on
the front and rear helmet’s which light up the front vision and rear attention. Besides
that, the mechanism system required a solar powers panel, high intensity LEDs Light
system, electronics components such as relay and switch. Equally important, the
system will be created and to be adapted is a set of switch to turn ON or turn OFF.
Apart from its usefulness, in the day time the helmet being worn as safety for user on
the same time the solar powered battery can be recharged.
1.2
Scope of Study
Scope of this project covers on peoples in variety of age and gender. This
project is categorized into two phases which is the functionality and the mechanism
2
of the system. For functionality, this project is make the cycler or user use it at the
night time with clear vision and the brightness of LED can lights up the dark area.
The rechargeable battery is gain the power (volt) from the energy by harvested solar
panel and electric power. The solar panel is harvest the energy from the sunlight.
Other than that, electric power is gain through via USB. On the other hand,
the mechanism that we used involves LED high intensity, rechargeable battery and
electronic circuit system. The selection of material is also very important in
fabricating the casing and the adjustable part.
1.3
Problem Statement and Objectives
The main concept of Green Cycling Helmet was to increase the level of
community awareness towards their health by involving in doing recreational
activities either in the day or night time. Indirectly, this method can help people care
about their health and facilitates people during the activity. Since there were who are
not really aware about the concept of green technology towards the top and health
awareness in their health care. Therefore, the objectives of this project are as follow:
1. To design a complete functioning mechanism with system applying green
concept such as solar pad for alternative energy.
2. To develop a complete prototype with integrated LEDs light front and rear of
cycle helmet.
3. To validate the prototype by carrying out a few analyses such as battery
reliability testing, battery charging, time observation illumination intensity
testing.
3
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
To generate a Green Cycling Helmet with Adjustable Light project, reading
study was conducted to determine the type of materials to be used with appropriate
restraint systems. Various aspects need to be considered in this study. Every aspect
studied carefully to ensure the project runs smoothly. Additionally, this study can
reduce the overall cost of expenses. For the most part, this study examined the
technical and theoretical concepts that are related to mechanical and electronic
technologies used in the present. Overall, this study is to facilitate the launch of the
project during the manufacturing work plan schedule. Every study done must be
adopted in accordance with predetermined specifications to ensure that the project is
generated can be beneficial to consumers.
2.2
Definition of Bicycle Helmet
According from literature by Reeves and Christopher (August 06, 2014),
bicycle helmets are designed to protect the head and while minimizing side effects
such as irritation of peripheral vision. Under those circumstances, bicycle helmets
should generally be lighter in weight and with adequate ventilation. Equally
4
important, helmet is a kind of safety helmets used by cyclists. The main goal of a
helmet is to protect the cycler's head from bumps, although many helmets provide
additional facilities. Furthermore, bicycle helmets are constructed from plastic, often
comes with fabrics and foam on the inside for comfort and protection.
2.2.1
Types of Helmet
According from review journal by Liu BC, Ivers R, Norton R et al published
in The Cochrane Library (2009), these are descriptions the popular types of bicycle
helmet category. Table 1 shows the types of helmet and their description while Table
2 shows the types of usage.
Table 1 : Types of Helmet
Types
Description
Figure
The original bike helmets were made
for bicycling on roads and road
Road
Helmet
racing. As they have evolved, they
mostly had an elongated shape,
always with vents, and are usually
made with EPS foam covered by a
thin plastic shell.
The term coined by Bell in 2004
when they introduced their Metro
model. It has come to mean a helmet
with a rounded shape, rather than the
Commuter
elongated road style. Has vents, and is
usually made with EPS foam covered
by a thin plastic shell. It sometimes
has accessories such as mirrors,
winter ear flaps and rear blinkers that
are useful for commuting.
5
Table 2 : Types of Usage
Types
Description
Usually a small or medium road or mountain helmet, designed for
Youth
riders from about 10 to 15. Graphics usually reflect youthful themes.
Has vents and is usually made with EPS foam covered by a thin
plastic shell.
It is focus on children between the ages of 5 and 10. Can be just a
Child
smaller youth model, resembling a road helmet, or can have a rounder
shape like a toddler helmet. It is tested under the CPSC standard with
exactly the same head form weight and drops as an adult helmet.
2.3
Case Study (Internet and Journal)
A case study is one of the research methods to review the previous history in
order to get the idea, project concept development, project methods and so on. In
other words, case study is one of the mechanisms for our references to grab and get
more knowledge about some research or product or what else that has done by
previous researcher. It viewed the scientific process and concept based on their
experimental. Usually, it comes out like journal, books, article and so on. The
component of case study is the actual research where they use the fact and logical
concept that nobody can argue their research.
The case studies made via the internet and certain reference materials.
However, the study is primarily made through the internet for a variety of
information can be obtained without limits. Via the internet, reading and facts listed
on the web site also helps get the problem statement. Internet is one of the studies
carried out to obtain a variety of information quickly and easily. Through this
medium, various theories can be attributed to this project.
6
2.3.1
Solar Power
Nowadays, there are a phenomenon discovered where a solar panel was
generate an electricity using the photovoltaic effect. Stated from Solar Electricity
Handbook 2012 Edition, Michael Boxwell, (2012), the phenomenon was found by a
scientist who observed that certain materials produced an electric current when
exposed to light. In addition, solar transfer the energy to electricity could be a
wonderful concept where it can take power from the sun to generate power to
electrical equipment.
According from review from internet (http://sciencelearn.org.nz) on title
Science Stories Harnessing the Sun Photovoltaic, sunlight can be converted into
useable electricity by using photovoltaic cells. ‘Photo’ means light and ‘voltaic’
means relating to electricity. In general, a solar cell is a device that converts the
energy of sunlight directly into electricity or energy by the photovoltaic effect.
Sometimes the term solar cell is reserved for devices intended specifically to capture
energy from sunlight. Assemblies of cells are used to make solar panels, solar
modules, or photovoltaic arrays. Henceforth, photovoltaic is the field of technology
and research related to the application of solar cells in producing electricity for
practical use. The energy generated this way is an example of solar energy.
In engineering, dozens of solar cells that connected together it can make a
larger energy can be generated by the solar panel. But, the efficiency of solar power
system still poor compare to other sources. There are several factors that affect the
efficiency of this system which is solar cell efficiency, intensity of source radiation
and storage technique. The output power has to be maximized in order to increase the
efficiency instead of the aesthetic value in design of solar panel. There are several
ways to generate this energy but the best way is by using solar cells packaged in a
PV module. PV modules are the basic element of each PV system that is consists of
many jointly connected solar cells. Figure 1 shows the complete mechanism system
is solar powered.
7
GREEN CYCLING HELMET WITH ADJUSTABLE LIGHT
“BE SAFE BE SEEN”
This report submitted in accordance with requirement of the Universiti Teknikal
Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for the Bachelor Degree of Engineering Technology
In Product Design (Hons)
by
AHMAD FATHUL HAKIM BIN ROSLI
B071210396
901122-08-6243
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNLOGYs
2015
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA
TAJUK: MACHINABILITY STUDY UTILIZING VORTEX MACHINING APPROACH
- DELCAM SOFTWARE
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2014/2015 SEMESTER 2
Saya
NUR EZZY FAZYRA BINTI MD.YUNUS
mengaku membenarkan Laporan PSM ini disimpan di Perpustakaan Universiti
Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Laporan PSM adalah hak milik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dan penulis.
2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dibenarkan membuat salinan
untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja dengan izin penulis.
3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan PSM ini sebagai bahan
pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
4. **Sila tandakan ( )
(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan
SULIT
oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
TERHAD
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan
atau kepentingan Malaysia sebagaimana yang termaktub
dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh:
NUR EZZY FAZYRA BINTI MD.YUNUS
Alamat Tetap:
LOT 1696, JLN TANJUNG
LORONG NIPAH, KG TELUK
Cop Rasmi:
MENEGUN, SHAH ALAM, SELANGOR
** Jika
Laporan
PSM ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi
Tarikh:
________________________
berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh laporan PSM ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai
SULIT atau TERHAD.
DECLARATION
I hereby, declared this report entitled SMART CYCLING HELMET WITH
ADJUSTABLE LIGHT is the results of my own research except as cited in
references.
Signature
: …………………………………………………………………………
Author’s
: AHMAD FATHUL HAKIM BIN ROSLI
Name
Date
:
i
APPROVAL DECLARATION
A report entitled “SMART CYCLING HELMET WITH ADJUSTABLE LIGHT"
has been submitted, checked and certified as meeting the requirements and need
Writing Project as specified.
Checked By:
Supervisor Name
: MR. SYAHRUL AZWAN BIN SUANDI @
SUNDI
Supervisor Signature
:
………………………………………………………………
Date
:
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Assalammualaikum wbt. Firstly, I want infinite gratitude to the Almighty for His
divine grace and mercy. Bachelor Degree Project (BETU 3764) on title "Green
Cycling Helmet with Adjustable Light" is accomplished with criteria required and in
a timely manner.
I would like to express my gratitude to the Vice-Chancellor of the Universiti
Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Head of the Department of Engineering
Technology Faculty, Project Supervisor, Mr. Syahrul Azwan Bin Suandi @ Sundi
and Co Supervisor of Mr. Syafik Bin Jumali. Because of their support, I can set up
this Bachelor Degree Project with smoothly.
I would once again like to thank goes to any of the parties involved directly or
indirectly. A lot of love to my parents Mr. Rosli Bin Mohd Ghaus and Mrs. Rapitah
Binti Mohd Shariff who have a lot of encouragement and gave words of
encouragement to progress and continued success in this project So, the speech
ended
with
wabillahitaufik
walhidayah
warahmatullahiwabarakatuh.
iii
wassalamualikum
ABSTRACT
The Green Cycling Helmet is a new invention which strongly believed could give
impact in current industry especially green technology. This main focus in this
project is on the development of electronic circuit with electronic device such as
voltage booster, solar panel, rechargeable battery, USB port device and electronic
components. The casing was fabricated by using rapid prototyping machine. The
illumination light let the rider clearly visible in the night time which from supported
voltage from 12V to 30V. Super Flux LEDs 12V were used to increase the
illumination distance which could be used for recreation purpose or cycling activity
especially in night time. The functional prototype was fabricated based on the
research, ideation and proposed mechanism. There were few analysis carried on in
this project in order to validate the function of prototype to ensure the functionality
of the solar panel. In the result, the USB Port Device and solar panel was received
electric power source. The power from the sources is stored in the rechargeable
battery. As the conclusion, the development of a prototype of Green Cycling Helmet
is successful. In addition, research on the internet and thesis has been reviews relates
on this project. The idea, objective, scope of study and problem statement is
highlight to make the project is demand on the market.
.
iv
ABSTRAK
Green Cycling Helmet adalah ciptaan baru yang amat percaya dapat memberikan
impak dalam industri semasa teknologi terutamanya hijau. Tumpuan utama dalam
projek ini adalah kepada pembangunan litar elektronik dengan peranti elektronik
seperti booster voltan, panel solar, bateri boleh dicas semula, peranti port USB dan
komponen elektronik. Perumah utama dihasilkan menggunakan mesin pembentukan
pantas. Pencahayaan membolehkan penunggang dapat dilihat dengan jelas di waktu
malam yang disokong oleh kuasa voltan dari 12V hingga 30V. Super Flux LED 12V
digunakan untuk meningkatkan jarak pencahayaan yang boleh digunakan untuk
tujuan rekreasi atau aktiviti berbasikal terutama di waktu malam. Prototaip berfungsi
berdasarkan kepada penyelidikan, penjanaan idea dan mekanisme yang dicadangkan.
Terdapat beberapa analisis yang dijalankan dalam projek ini bagi mengesahkan
fungsi prototaip untuk memastikan fungsi panel solar. Dalam keputusan itu, USB
Peranti Port dan panel solar telah diterima sumber kuasa elektrik. Penjanaan kuasa
daripada sumber-sumber yang disimpan di dalam bateri boleh dicas semula. Sebagai
kesimpulan, pembangunan prototaip Green Cycling Helmet adalah berjaya. Di
samping itu, penyelidikan di internet dan tesis telah ulasan berkaitan dalam projek
ini. Idea, objektif, skop kajian dan permasalahan adalah kemuncak untuk membuat
projek yang permintaan di pasaran.
v
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER
1.0
2.0
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
i
APPROVAL DECLARATION
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iii
ABSTRACT
iv
ABSTRAK
v
List of Figure
x
List of Table
xiv
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction of a Project
1
1.2
Scope of Study
2
1.3
Problem Statement and Objective
3
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
4
2.2
Definition of Bicycle Helmet
4
2.2.1 Types of Helmet
5
Case Study (Internet and Journal)
6
2.3
2.3.1 Solar Power
7
2.3.1.1
8
Type of solar panels
2.3.1.2 Size of solar panel
11
2.3.2 Eye Vision
11
2.3.3 Green Technology
12
2.3.4 Health Awareness and Safety
14
2.3.5 Survey (Recreation)
24
2.3.6 Bicycle Sales
30
2.3.7 Cycling Participation
36
2.3.8 The Future in Bicycle
37
vi
3.0
METHODOLOGY
3.1
Project Criteria
39
3.2
Flow Chart Process
41
3.2.1 Brief Explanation from Flow Chart Process
42
3.2.1.1 Research and Methods
42
3.2.1.2 Design Process
42
3.2.1.3 Design Output
43
3.2.1.4 Development Process
44
3.2.1.5 Testing and Analysing
44
3.3
Conceptual Design of Green Cycling Helmet
44
3.4
Pugh Method
47
3.5
Material Selection
48
3.5.1
48
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
Material
3.5.2
3.6.
3.7
VisiJet® M3 Crystal
49
Rapid Prototyping Technologies (Fabrication)
50
3.6.1
ProJet™ HD 3500 3D Printers
50
3.6.2
BFB 3D Printer Machine
51
3.6.3
Advantages
52
Electronic Components Selection
53
3.7.1
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
53
3.7.2
3-LED Short Light Bar
56
3.7.3
Resistor
57
3.7.4
Capacitor
58
3.7.5
Printed Circuit Board
58
3.7.6
Two Pin Jumper Cap
59
3.7.7
Diode
60
3.7.8
Switches
60
3.7.9
Terminal Block
61
vii
3.8
3.9
Electronic Device Selection
62
3.8.1
Boost Converter
62
3.8.2
Solar Panel
63
3.8.3
USB Port Device
63
3.8.4
Rechargeable Battery (3.7V)
64
Circuit Development
65
3.9.1
Sketching the Idea
65
3.9.2
Designing circuit diagram in software
66
3.9.3
Process of Development Circuit
67
3.9.4
Printed Circuit Board (PCB)
68
3.9.4.1Component Connection by Ratsnest
68
and Auto Router
3.9.5
3.10
3.11
4.0
Assembly stage
69
Product Development and Assembly
70
3.10.1 Generate ideation and Concept Screening
70
3.10.2 Detailed Design
71
3.10.3 Assembly and Fabrication
72
3.10.4
74
Final Touch-Up
3.10.5 Finishing and Painting Stage
77
Bill of Material
79
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1
Actual Prototype
80
4.2
Weight of each Assembly Parts
82
4.3
Designing Phase Utilizing Solidwork 2014/2015
CAD Sofware
4.3.1
4.3.2
83
Front parts
83
4.3.1.1 Drawing of Front Parts
85
Side Parts
86
4.3.2.1 Drawing of Front Parts
88
viii
4.3.3
4.4
4.5
Rear parts
90
4.3.3.1 Drawing of Rear parts
92
Assembly
93
4.4.1
Assembly of Front Parts
93
4.4.2
Assembly of Side Parts
94
4.4.3
Assembly of Rear Parts
94
Validation and Analyses Phase
95
4.5.1
Battery Charging Testing
96
4.5.1.1 Charging by Solar Power
96
4.5.1.2 Charging by USB Powered Electrical
99
Battery Reliability Testing
101
4.5.2.1 Only front LED light switched on.
102
4.5.2.2 Only rear LED light switched on.
103
4.5.2.3 Rear and Front LED Lights were
104
4.5.2
switched on
4.5.3
4.6
5.0
4.5.2.4 Charging Hand Phone
106
Illumination testing
108
Discussion
111
4.6.1
Discussion in Selection Components
112
4.6.2
Discussion in Development Prototype
113
CONCLUSION AND IMPROVEMENT FOR FUTURE
WORK
5.1
Conclusion
5.2
Improvement for Future Work
5.2.1
Improvement on Design and
Prototyping.
114
115
115
REFERENCE
118
APPENDIX A : GANTT CHART
121
APPENDIX B : APPLICATION FORM 1
124
APPENDIX C : APPLICATION FORM 2
125
ix
LIST OF FIGURE
No. of Figure
Figure
Page
Figure 1
: Complete System of Solar Mechanism……………………..
8
Figure 2
: Type of solar panels………………………………………...
8
Figure 3
: Various size of solar panel………………………………….
11
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
: Western Australia Head Injury Trends……………………..
: New Passenger Car and Bicycle Sales On 2012……………
: European Bicycle Sales in 2000-2011……………………...
: European Bicycle Production in 2011……………………...
: Flow Chart Process…………………………………………
28
31
34
35
41
43
Figure 10
: Flow Design Process……………………………………….
Figure 11
: Concept Design 1…………………………………………..
45
Figure 12
: Concept Design 2…………………………………………..
45
Figure 13
: Concept Design 3…………………………………………..
46
Figure 14
: Mechanism System and Assemblies Part Concept…………
49
Figure 15
: ABS Materials……………………………………………...
50
Figure 16
Figure 17
Figure 18
Figure 19
Figure 20
: ProJet™ HD 3500 3D Printers……………………………..
: BFB 3D Printer Machine…………………………………..
: Super Bright Light Emitting Diode (White LED) physical
size………………………………………………………….
: Bright Light Emitting Diode (Red LED) Physical size…….
45
51
54
55
55
57
Figure 21
: Light Emitting Diode (Green) Physical Size……………….
Figure 22
: 3-LED Short Light Bar……………………………………..
58
Figure 23
: Resistor 470 Ohm…………………………………………..
58
Figure 24
: Diagram of Resistor………………………………………...
59
Figure 25
: Capacitor 10uF 50V………………………………………...
59
Figure 26
: Printed Circuit Board……………………………………….
60
Figure 27
: Pin Jumper Cap……………………………………………..
61
Figure 28
Figure 29
: Diode………………………………………………………..
x
57
61
62
Figure 30
: Rocket Switch………………………………………………
62
Figure 31
: Power Toggle Switch………………………………………
63
Figure 32
: Terminal Block……………………………………………..
64
Figure 33
: Boost Converter…………………………………………….
64
Figure 34
Figure 35
Figure 36
Figure 37
Figure 38
Figure 39
Figure 40
Figure 41
Figure 42
: Solar Panel………………………………………………….
: USB Port Device……………………………………………
: USB Port Device……………………………………………
: Sketching of Complete Circuit Diagram…………………...
: Sub Schematic diagram (ISIS Sofware)……………………
: Full Schematic diagram (ISIS Sofware)……………………
: Completed Printed Circuit Board…………………………..
: Front Part Assembly………………………………………..
65
66
67
68
70
71
72
73
73
Figure 43
: Concept Selection…………………………………………..
Figure 44
: 3D Parts Assembly…………………………………………
75
Figure 45
: Result ( HD3500 Printer Machine )………………………...
75
Figure 46
: Melting Process…………………………………………….
76
Figure 47
: BFB 3D Printer Machine Parts……………………………..
76
Figure 48
: Front Part Assembly………………………………………..
77
Figure 49
Figure 50
Figure 51
Figure 52
Figure 53
Figure 54
: Acrylic and Aluminium Foil………………………………..
: Rear Part Components……………………………………...
: Rear Part Assembly………………………………………...
: Rear Part Assembly Connection……………………………
: Painting Stage (Front)………………………………………
74
77
78
78
80
81
81
Figure 55
: Painting Stage (Front)………………………………………
Figure 56
: Painting Stage (Rear)……………………………………….
82
Figure 57
: Actual Prototype (Side)…………………………………….
83
Figure 58
: Actual Prototype (Top)……………………………………..
83
Figure 59
: Actual Prototype (Back)……………………………………
83
Figure 60
: Actual Prototype (Front)……………………………………
84
Figure 61
Figure 62
: Actual Prototype (Isometric View)…………………………
xi
82
84
85
Figure 63
: Front Part Concept………………………………………….
85
Figure 64
: Front Part 1 (Isometric View)………………………………
86
Figure 65
: Front Part 2 (Isometric View)………………………………
86
Figure 66
Figure 67
Figure 68
Figure 69
Figure 70
Figure 71
Figure 72
: Front Part 3 (Isometric View)………………………………
: Actual Front Part……………………………………………
: Drawing of Front Part 1…………………………………….
: Drawing of Front Part 2…………………………………….
: Drawing of Front Part 3…………………………………….
: Side Part Concept…………………………………………..
87
87
87
88
88
89
89
Figure 73
: Side Part 1(Isometric View)………………………………..
Figure 74
: Side Part 2 (Isometric View)……………………………….
90
Figure 75
: Side Part 3 (Isometric View)……………………………….
90
Figure 76
: Actual Side Part…………………………………………….
91
Figure 77
: Drawing of Side Part 1……………………………………..
92
Figure 78
: Drawing of Side Part 2……………………………………..
91
Figure 79
Figure 80
Figure 81
Figure 82
Figure 83
Figure 84
: Drawing of Side Part 3……………………………………..
: Rear Part Concept…………………………………………..
: Side Part 1(Isometric View)………………………………..
: Side Part 2(Isometric View)………………………………..
: Side Part 3(Isometric View)………………………………..
Figure 85
: Actual Rear Part 1…………………………………………..
Figure 86
: Actual Rear Part 2…………………………………………..
Figure 87
: Drawing of Rear Part 1……………………………………..
: Drawing of Rear Part 2……………………………………..
Figure 88
Figure 89
Figure 90
Figure 91
Figure 92
Figure 93
90
92
92
93
93
94
94
95
96
97
: Drawing of Rear Part 3……………………………………..
: Assembly of Front Parts……………………………………
100
: Assembly of Side Parts……………………………………..
100
: Assembly of Rear Parts…………………………………….
: GDM-394 Multimeter………………………………………
: Laser Thermometer…………………………………………
xii
102
104
105
107
Figure 94
: Charging by Solar Power ( Battery Voltage and Current
Input)……………………………………………………......
Figure 95
Figure 96
Figure 97
: Charging by USB Powered (Percentage of Battery vs
Time)………………………………………………………..
: Charging by USB Powered (Voltage and Current)………...
: Battery Usage Testing (Percentage of Battery)…………….
: Battery Usage Testing (Rear Light)………………………..
: Battery Usage Testing (Percentage vs Voltage)……………
: Charging Handfone (Time vs Percentage of Battery)……...
: Charging Handfone (Battery Voltage vs Total Battery
Input)……………………………………………………….
: LEDs 3V……………………………………………………
: Comparison Size of Actual Battery and Improvement
Battery………………………………………………………
: Comparison Actual Solar Panel And Improvement Solar
Panel………………………………………………………...
xiii
107
112
116
116
LIST OF TABLE
No. of Table
Table
Page
Table 1
: Types of Helmet………………………………………………
5
Table 2
: Types of Usage………………………………………………..
6
Table 3
: Solar System Design…………………………………………..
9
Table 4
: Advantages and disadvantages solar system design…………..
10
Table 5
: Health Benefit…………………………………………………
21
Table 6
: Recreation Activities by Gender (Men)……………………….
24
Table 7
: Recreation Activities by Gender (Women)…………………...
25
Table 8
: Percent and number of people 16 years and older in the U.S
participating in 12 types of outdoor recreational activities,
1999-2003……………………………………………………..
25
Table 9
: Injury savings predicted by case-control studies……………...
26
Table 10
: The bicycle unit sales from 2000-2013……………………….
32
Table 11
: Specialty Bicycle Sales By Year, Units, 2005-2012………….
33
Table 12
: European Bicycle Sales Data in 2000-2011…………………..
34
Table 13
: European Bicycle Production Data in 2011…………………..
35
Table 14
: Pugh Evaluation Method (Decision Matrix Method)…………
47
Table 15
: Properties of VisiJet® M3 Crystal……………………………
49
Table 16
: Technical Specification and Description of BFB 3D Printer
Machine……………………………………………………….
51
Table 17
: Advantages of 3D Printer……………………………………..
52
Table 18
: Super Bright Light Emitting Diode (White LED) Properties…
54
Table 19
: Bright Light Emitting Diode (Red LED) Properties………….
55
Table 20
: Bill of Material………………………………………………..
79
Table 21
: Weight of Each Assembly Parts………………………………
82
Table 22
: Charging by Solar Power……………………………………..
95
Table 23
: Charging by USB Powered Electrical………………………...
97
Table 24
: Analysis Testing 1(Front LED’s)……………………………..
102
xiv
Table 25
: Analysis Testing 2 (Rear LED’s)……………………………..
103
Table 26
: Analysis Testing 3 (Front and Rear LED’s)………………….
104
Table 27
: Analysis Testing 4 (Charging Handfone)…………………….
106
Table 28
: Illumination Testing 1 (Outside House/Front Light)…………
109
Table 29
: Illumination Testing 2 (Outside House/Rear Light)………….
109
Table 30
: Illumination Testing 3 (Recreation Park/Front Light)………..
110
Table 31
: Illumination Testing 4 (Recreation Park/RearLight)………….
110
Table 32
: Illumination Testing 5 (Dark Place/Front Light)……………...
111
Table 33
: Illumination Testing 6 (Dark Place/Rear Light)………………
111
xv
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction of a Project
In the present of era global competition through modernization and use of
advanced technology is rapid growing. Correspondingly, this competition also leads
to the impression that covers every corner of life aspects involving the upgrading of a
country. For this reason, economic stability and development can make a life be
more organized. In other words, the higher economy of country, the higher will be
seen by other countries in different perspective. Thus, the creation and renewal is
also an important skill that must be possessed by every individual, especially the
designer to produce forms in accordance with the concept of a product. Generally
speaking, the combination of technical skills and knowledge will produce a new
creation and produce a profitable business opportunity.
Process, creation and developments of design are a methods used in solving
problems that exists in everyday of life. So, the life can be more perfect pose. In the
context of the process as well as design, technology is an important element in
making project design. It will be more dynamic, creativity and efficient in
1
production. Scope designing is very important process in the production of a product.
Normally, this process takes time. The process of designing is the process where
rough ideas about a product which merged and formed an ergonomic and best
products.
To meet the challenges in the design, this project is design and develops
Green Cycling Helmet with Adjustable Light for cycling activity and recreation
purposes. This helmet gain power rather than absorb solar energy by solar panels and
electric power via USB. The power source is stored in the rechargeable battery.
Therefore, Green Cycling Helmet with Adjustable Light is a new platform that will
create from early stage of design until fabricates the prototype. For early design,
there are few combination parts and components is attach into this project to
accomplish the mechanism system on this project. In order to make sure this project
is implemented in right way, there is more research on how this project can be made
with successful in literature review and methodology.
In addition, Green Cycling Helmet with Adjustable Light is reflects to the full
system integrated to the design which is hoping to assists the user to be seen at the
night time with clear vision and the brightness of LEDs can lights up the dark area.
Furthermore, the mechanism system consist white LEDs and red LEDs mounted on
the front and rear helmet’s which light up the front vision and rear attention. Besides
that, the mechanism system required a solar powers panel, high intensity LEDs Light
system, electronics components such as relay and switch. Equally important, the
system will be created and to be adapted is a set of switch to turn ON or turn OFF.
Apart from its usefulness, in the day time the helmet being worn as safety for user on
the same time the solar powered battery can be recharged.
1.2
Scope of Study
Scope of this project covers on peoples in variety of age and gender. This
project is categorized into two phases which is the functionality and the mechanism
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of the system. For functionality, this project is make the cycler or user use it at the
night time with clear vision and the brightness of LED can lights up the dark area.
The rechargeable battery is gain the power (volt) from the energy by harvested solar
panel and electric power. The solar panel is harvest the energy from the sunlight.
Other than that, electric power is gain through via USB. On the other hand,
the mechanism that we used involves LED high intensity, rechargeable battery and
electronic circuit system. The selection of material is also very important in
fabricating the casing and the adjustable part.
1.3
Problem Statement and Objectives
The main concept of Green Cycling Helmet was to increase the level of
community awareness towards their health by involving in doing recreational
activities either in the day or night time. Indirectly, this method can help people care
about their health and facilitates people during the activity. Since there were who are
not really aware about the concept of green technology towards the top and health
awareness in their health care. Therefore, the objectives of this project are as follow:
1. To design a complete functioning mechanism with system applying green
concept such as solar pad for alternative energy.
2. To develop a complete prototype with integrated LEDs light front and rear of
cycle helmet.
3. To validate the prototype by carrying out a few analyses such as battery
reliability testing, battery charging, time observation illumination intensity
testing.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
To generate a Green Cycling Helmet with Adjustable Light project, reading
study was conducted to determine the type of materials to be used with appropriate
restraint systems. Various aspects need to be considered in this study. Every aspect
studied carefully to ensure the project runs smoothly. Additionally, this study can
reduce the overall cost of expenses. For the most part, this study examined the
technical and theoretical concepts that are related to mechanical and electronic
technologies used in the present. Overall, this study is to facilitate the launch of the
project during the manufacturing work plan schedule. Every study done must be
adopted in accordance with predetermined specifications to ensure that the project is
generated can be beneficial to consumers.
2.2
Definition of Bicycle Helmet
According from literature by Reeves and Christopher (August 06, 2014),
bicycle helmets are designed to protect the head and while minimizing side effects
such as irritation of peripheral vision. Under those circumstances, bicycle helmets
should generally be lighter in weight and with adequate ventilation. Equally
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important, helmet is a kind of safety helmets used by cyclists. The main goal of a
helmet is to protect the cycler's head from bumps, although many helmets provide
additional facilities. Furthermore, bicycle helmets are constructed from plastic, often
comes with fabrics and foam on the inside for comfort and protection.
2.2.1
Types of Helmet
According from review journal by Liu BC, Ivers R, Norton R et al published
in The Cochrane Library (2009), these are descriptions the popular types of bicycle
helmet category. Table 1 shows the types of helmet and their description while Table
2 shows the types of usage.
Table 1 : Types of Helmet
Types
Description
Figure
The original bike helmets were made
for bicycling on roads and road
Road
Helmet
racing. As they have evolved, they
mostly had an elongated shape,
always with vents, and are usually
made with EPS foam covered by a
thin plastic shell.
The term coined by Bell in 2004
when they introduced their Metro
model. It has come to mean a helmet
with a rounded shape, rather than the
Commuter
elongated road style. Has vents, and is
usually made with EPS foam covered
by a thin plastic shell. It sometimes
has accessories such as mirrors,
winter ear flaps and rear blinkers that
are useful for commuting.
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Table 2 : Types of Usage
Types
Description
Usually a small or medium road or mountain helmet, designed for
Youth
riders from about 10 to 15. Graphics usually reflect youthful themes.
Has vents and is usually made with EPS foam covered by a thin
plastic shell.
It is focus on children between the ages of 5 and 10. Can be just a
Child
smaller youth model, resembling a road helmet, or can have a rounder
shape like a toddler helmet. It is tested under the CPSC standard with
exactly the same head form weight and drops as an adult helmet.
2.3
Case Study (Internet and Journal)
A case study is one of the research methods to review the previous history in
order to get the idea, project concept development, project methods and so on. In
other words, case study is one of the mechanisms for our references to grab and get
more knowledge about some research or product or what else that has done by
previous researcher. It viewed the scientific process and concept based on their
experimental. Usually, it comes out like journal, books, article and so on. The
component of case study is the actual research where they use the fact and logical
concept that nobody can argue their research.
The case studies made via the internet and certain reference materials.
However, the study is primarily made through the internet for a variety of
information can be obtained without limits. Via the internet, reading and facts listed
on the web site also helps get the problem statement. Internet is one of the studies
carried out to obtain a variety of information quickly and easily. Through this
medium, various theories can be attributed to this project.
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2.3.1
Solar Power
Nowadays, there are a phenomenon discovered where a solar panel was
generate an electricity using the photovoltaic effect. Stated from Solar Electricity
Handbook 2012 Edition, Michael Boxwell, (2012), the phenomenon was found by a
scientist who observed that certain materials produced an electric current when
exposed to light. In addition, solar transfer the energy to electricity could be a
wonderful concept where it can take power from the sun to generate power to
electrical equipment.
According from review from internet (http://sciencelearn.org.nz) on title
Science Stories Harnessing the Sun Photovoltaic, sunlight can be converted into
useable electricity by using photovoltaic cells. ‘Photo’ means light and ‘voltaic’
means relating to electricity. In general, a solar cell is a device that converts the
energy of sunlight directly into electricity or energy by the photovoltaic effect.
Sometimes the term solar cell is reserved for devices intended specifically to capture
energy from sunlight. Assemblies of cells are used to make solar panels, solar
modules, or photovoltaic arrays. Henceforth, photovoltaic is the field of technology
and research related to the application of solar cells in producing electricity for
practical use. The energy generated this way is an example of solar energy.
In engineering, dozens of solar cells that connected together it can make a
larger energy can be generated by the solar panel. But, the efficiency of solar power
system still poor compare to other sources. There are several factors that affect the
efficiency of this system which is solar cell efficiency, intensity of source radiation
and storage technique. The output power has to be maximized in order to increase the
efficiency instead of the aesthetic value in design of solar panel. There are several
ways to generate this energy but the best way is by using solar cells packaged in a
PV module. PV modules are the basic element of each PV system that is consists of
many jointly connected solar cells. Figure 1 shows the complete mechanism system
is solar powered.
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