Development Of Boost Converter For Photovoltaic Application.
111
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I am thankful to Allah for making this possible for me,
and helped me through my life all these while. And salaam to Prophet Muhammad
Secondly, I would like to thank my mother, Noridah binti Ahmad and my
father, Ad.nan bin Ibrahim who love me so much. Thank you for every sacrifices and
love given to me. No matter what, I appreciate it. To my sisters and brother, you
three are important in my life.
Special gratitude to my supervisor, Mr. Azziddin bin Mohamad Razali.
Thank you for your guidance for me and for your willingness to share your precious
knowledge with me. Thank you to panel Mr. Mohd. Luqman bin Mohd. Jamil and
Mr. Fazlli bin Patkar.
To my colleagues Muna, Nina and Kak. Intan, a lot of thanks for helping me
out during the PSM. Also to my housemates who were there for me. Last but not
least, to all who helped and supported me directly or indirectly.
IV
ABSTRACT
This project is about the development of a boost converter for the use in
photovoltaic applications. The Boost converter changes the voltage level of a 12V de
voltage from supply to 24 V de output voltage. The designing of the boost converter
requires basic elements such as an inductor, a capacitor, a diode, a switch and a load.
All those elements have important roles in a boost converter. A gate drive is also
needed to drive the switch, and UC3843 is chosen because of minimum external
components and other beneficial characteristics can help in obtaining a better output.
Simulation using OrCad Pspice shows the expected values and waveforms for the
converter, and can be used as a guideline in hardware implementation.
v
ABSTRAK
Projek ini adalah mengenai pembangunan sebuah boost converter untuk
kegunaan fotovoltan. Boost converter menukarkan aras voltan dari 12V arus terus
bekalan ke 24V arus terus voltan keluaran. Rekabentuk boost converter memerlukan
elemen asas seperti induktor, kapasitor, diode, suis clan beban. Kesemua elemen
tersebut mempunyai peranan penting dalam sebuah boost converter. Sebuah gate
drive diperlukan untuk memacu suis, dan UC3843 dipilih kerana bilangan komponen
luaran yang minimum clan mempunyai ciri-ciri lain yang berguna untuk
menghasilkan output yang lebih baik. Simulasi menggunakan OrCad Pspice
menunjukkan nilai-nilai clan bentuk waveform yang bertindak sebagai panduan dalam
membina converter ini.
V1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
TITLES
PAGES
TITLE PAGE
1
2
ACQUISITION
ll
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ll1
ABTSRACT
iv
ABTSRAK
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
V1
LIST OF TABLES
VllJ
LIST OF FIGURES
ix
LIST OF APPENDICES
XI
PROJECT OVERVIEW
1.1 Introduction
1
1.2 Project Objectives
2
1.3 Project Scope
2
1.4 Problems Statements
2
1.5 Project Methodology
3
1.6 Step of Progress
4
1.7 Project Contribution
5
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Boost Converter
6
2.2 Microcontroller UC3843
9
2.3 Pulse Width Modulation
11
2.4 MOSFET
16
2.5 Schottky Diode
21
vu
3
CALCULATION
4
SIMULATION AND DISCUSSION
5
5
25
4. 1 The Circuit Diagram
28
4.2. The Simulation Results Waveforms
29
4.3 Analysis of Results
30
IMPLEMENTING PROJECT HARDWARES AND ANALYSIS
5.1 General Description ofHardware
31
5.2 Laboratory Testing Results
33
5.3 Analysis of Results
34
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SUGGESTIONS
FOR IMPROVEMENTS
36
7
REFERENCES
38
8
APPENDICES
40
Vlll
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
TITLE
PAGE
NO.
5.1
The Values of Electronic Components
32
7.1
The Cost of Components
39
lX
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
TITLE
PAGE
NO.
l.1
Flow Chart of Methodology.
3
2.1
Basic design of a boost converter.
6
2.2
Mode l of boost converter.
7
2.3
Mode 2 of boost converter.
8
2.4
Internal Block Diagram of MOSFET' s gate
driver, UC3843.
9
2.5
The pin connections ofminidip UC3843.
9
2.6
The values of Ct and Rt determines the
switching frequency.
2.7
10
The output voltage waveform is the
combination of a triangle wave with a sine wave.
11
2.8
The method to generate a PWM wave.
12
2.9 (a)
PWM signals at 10% duty cycle.
14
2.9 (b)
PWM signals at 50% duty cycle.
14
2.9 (c)
PWM signals at 90% duty cycle.
14
2.10
A simple PWM circuit.
14
2.11
The symbol of a Power MOSFET.
16
2.12(a)
n-Channel enhancement-type MOSFET
17
2.12 (b)
p-Channel enhancement-type MOSFET
17
2.13
Enhancement-type MOSFET general transfer
2.14
characteristic curve.
20
The symbol of a Schottky diode.
21
x
2.15
Point contact Schottky diode
22
2.16
Deposited metal Schottky diode
22
2.17
Deposited metal and oxide film Schottky diode.
23
2.18
Junction of lightly doped n-type semiconductor with
a metal electrode.
23
4. 1
The circuit diagram in simulation using OrCad.
28
4.2
Simulation of Input voltage of 12V DC.
29
4.3
From top; Output current, Inductor current and
Output voltage waveforms.
5. 1
29
The circuit diagram of Boost converter of this
project.
31
5.2
The real circuit of Boost converter implemented.
32
5.3
The voltage waveform at UC3843 output.
33
5.4
The voltage waveform at output resistor.
33
5.5
Voltage waveform at gate MOSFET.
34
5.6
Voltage waveform at the input of inductor.
34
Xl
LIST OF APPENDICES
t\PPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
The cost of components
39
B
Datasheet for the MOSFET used
40
c
Datasheet for Microcontroller UC3843
48
CHAPTER I
PROJECT OVERVIEW
1.1
INTRODUCTION
Photovoltaic (PV) means the change of light to electricity directly.
Photovoltaic systems use energy from sunlight to power ordinary electrical
equipment such as lighting. And this is where photovoltaic applications are. A PV
cell consists of two or more thin layers of a semi-conducting material, which is
silicone usually. When the material is hit by sunlight, electrical charges are
generated. Electrical output that could be generated from a single cell is very small,
so a lot of cells are connected together to form a panel or called PV array.
The advantages of PV applications is that it reqwres only a minimal
maintenance, almost maintenance-free. This is because of no moving parts present. It
operates silently. Typical PV modules have a rated output power of 75-120 Watts
peak each. Most PV modules are able to deliver a direct current (DC) electricity at 12
volts. So a Boost converter is very useful to add up the voltage value for the use in
many PV applications.
PV power is used in various applications. In lighting and small appliances,
PV can be used to light homes, operate televisions and radios. Remote residential can
benefit from PV since there may be no conventional electric grid
2
1.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this project is;
a) To develop a Boost converter with an output value of24V de
b) To study the operation of a Boost converter and its requirements
c) To obtain a Boost converter that has minimum output ripple and preferably
quite high in efficiency.
1.3 PROJECT SCOPE
The work scope of this project is to simulate the output waveforms using
OrCad Pspice, and to build a Boost converter, that is de to de type and obtaining the
values and possible waveforms of the Boost converter using function generator and
oscilloscope.
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENTS
The output voltage from a PV array is usually low in voltage, that is only 12V
de, so it is very important to have a converter that could increase the voltage level so
it will become usable for any PV applications. The PV output is also high in ripple
and unstable.
3
1.5 PROJECT METHODOLOGY
Information Searching
Find Out Scope, Objectives, Problems Statements
Study Circuit Operations
Identify Suitable Circuit Components
Implementing Project Hardware
OK
Project Realization
Figure 1.1: Flow Chart of Methodology
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I am thankful to Allah for making this possible for me,
and helped me through my life all these while. And salaam to Prophet Muhammad
Secondly, I would like to thank my mother, Noridah binti Ahmad and my
father, Ad.nan bin Ibrahim who love me so much. Thank you for every sacrifices and
love given to me. No matter what, I appreciate it. To my sisters and brother, you
three are important in my life.
Special gratitude to my supervisor, Mr. Azziddin bin Mohamad Razali.
Thank you for your guidance for me and for your willingness to share your precious
knowledge with me. Thank you to panel Mr. Mohd. Luqman bin Mohd. Jamil and
Mr. Fazlli bin Patkar.
To my colleagues Muna, Nina and Kak. Intan, a lot of thanks for helping me
out during the PSM. Also to my housemates who were there for me. Last but not
least, to all who helped and supported me directly or indirectly.
IV
ABSTRACT
This project is about the development of a boost converter for the use in
photovoltaic applications. The Boost converter changes the voltage level of a 12V de
voltage from supply to 24 V de output voltage. The designing of the boost converter
requires basic elements such as an inductor, a capacitor, a diode, a switch and a load.
All those elements have important roles in a boost converter. A gate drive is also
needed to drive the switch, and UC3843 is chosen because of minimum external
components and other beneficial characteristics can help in obtaining a better output.
Simulation using OrCad Pspice shows the expected values and waveforms for the
converter, and can be used as a guideline in hardware implementation.
v
ABSTRAK
Projek ini adalah mengenai pembangunan sebuah boost converter untuk
kegunaan fotovoltan. Boost converter menukarkan aras voltan dari 12V arus terus
bekalan ke 24V arus terus voltan keluaran. Rekabentuk boost converter memerlukan
elemen asas seperti induktor, kapasitor, diode, suis clan beban. Kesemua elemen
tersebut mempunyai peranan penting dalam sebuah boost converter. Sebuah gate
drive diperlukan untuk memacu suis, dan UC3843 dipilih kerana bilangan komponen
luaran yang minimum clan mempunyai ciri-ciri lain yang berguna untuk
menghasilkan output yang lebih baik. Simulasi menggunakan OrCad Pspice
menunjukkan nilai-nilai clan bentuk waveform yang bertindak sebagai panduan dalam
membina converter ini.
V1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
TITLES
PAGES
TITLE PAGE
1
2
ACQUISITION
ll
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ll1
ABTSRACT
iv
ABTSRAK
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
V1
LIST OF TABLES
VllJ
LIST OF FIGURES
ix
LIST OF APPENDICES
XI
PROJECT OVERVIEW
1.1 Introduction
1
1.2 Project Objectives
2
1.3 Project Scope
2
1.4 Problems Statements
2
1.5 Project Methodology
3
1.6 Step of Progress
4
1.7 Project Contribution
5
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Boost Converter
6
2.2 Microcontroller UC3843
9
2.3 Pulse Width Modulation
11
2.4 MOSFET
16
2.5 Schottky Diode
21
vu
3
CALCULATION
4
SIMULATION AND DISCUSSION
5
5
25
4. 1 The Circuit Diagram
28
4.2. The Simulation Results Waveforms
29
4.3 Analysis of Results
30
IMPLEMENTING PROJECT HARDWARES AND ANALYSIS
5.1 General Description ofHardware
31
5.2 Laboratory Testing Results
33
5.3 Analysis of Results
34
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SUGGESTIONS
FOR IMPROVEMENTS
36
7
REFERENCES
38
8
APPENDICES
40
Vlll
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
TITLE
PAGE
NO.
5.1
The Values of Electronic Components
32
7.1
The Cost of Components
39
lX
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
TITLE
PAGE
NO.
l.1
Flow Chart of Methodology.
3
2.1
Basic design of a boost converter.
6
2.2
Mode l of boost converter.
7
2.3
Mode 2 of boost converter.
8
2.4
Internal Block Diagram of MOSFET' s gate
driver, UC3843.
9
2.5
The pin connections ofminidip UC3843.
9
2.6
The values of Ct and Rt determines the
switching frequency.
2.7
10
The output voltage waveform is the
combination of a triangle wave with a sine wave.
11
2.8
The method to generate a PWM wave.
12
2.9 (a)
PWM signals at 10% duty cycle.
14
2.9 (b)
PWM signals at 50% duty cycle.
14
2.9 (c)
PWM signals at 90% duty cycle.
14
2.10
A simple PWM circuit.
14
2.11
The symbol of a Power MOSFET.
16
2.12(a)
n-Channel enhancement-type MOSFET
17
2.12 (b)
p-Channel enhancement-type MOSFET
17
2.13
Enhancement-type MOSFET general transfer
2.14
characteristic curve.
20
The symbol of a Schottky diode.
21
x
2.15
Point contact Schottky diode
22
2.16
Deposited metal Schottky diode
22
2.17
Deposited metal and oxide film Schottky diode.
23
2.18
Junction of lightly doped n-type semiconductor with
a metal electrode.
23
4. 1
The circuit diagram in simulation using OrCad.
28
4.2
Simulation of Input voltage of 12V DC.
29
4.3
From top; Output current, Inductor current and
Output voltage waveforms.
5. 1
29
The circuit diagram of Boost converter of this
project.
31
5.2
The real circuit of Boost converter implemented.
32
5.3
The voltage waveform at UC3843 output.
33
5.4
The voltage waveform at output resistor.
33
5.5
Voltage waveform at gate MOSFET.
34
5.6
Voltage waveform at the input of inductor.
34
Xl
LIST OF APPENDICES
t\PPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
The cost of components
39
B
Datasheet for the MOSFET used
40
c
Datasheet for Microcontroller UC3843
48
CHAPTER I
PROJECT OVERVIEW
1.1
INTRODUCTION
Photovoltaic (PV) means the change of light to electricity directly.
Photovoltaic systems use energy from sunlight to power ordinary electrical
equipment such as lighting. And this is where photovoltaic applications are. A PV
cell consists of two or more thin layers of a semi-conducting material, which is
silicone usually. When the material is hit by sunlight, electrical charges are
generated. Electrical output that could be generated from a single cell is very small,
so a lot of cells are connected together to form a panel or called PV array.
The advantages of PV applications is that it reqwres only a minimal
maintenance, almost maintenance-free. This is because of no moving parts present. It
operates silently. Typical PV modules have a rated output power of 75-120 Watts
peak each. Most PV modules are able to deliver a direct current (DC) electricity at 12
volts. So a Boost converter is very useful to add up the voltage value for the use in
many PV applications.
PV power is used in various applications. In lighting and small appliances,
PV can be used to light homes, operate televisions and radios. Remote residential can
benefit from PV since there may be no conventional electric grid
2
1.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this project is;
a) To develop a Boost converter with an output value of24V de
b) To study the operation of a Boost converter and its requirements
c) To obtain a Boost converter that has minimum output ripple and preferably
quite high in efficiency.
1.3 PROJECT SCOPE
The work scope of this project is to simulate the output waveforms using
OrCad Pspice, and to build a Boost converter, that is de to de type and obtaining the
values and possible waveforms of the Boost converter using function generator and
oscilloscope.
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENTS
The output voltage from a PV array is usually low in voltage, that is only 12V
de, so it is very important to have a converter that could increase the voltage level so
it will become usable for any PV applications. The PV output is also high in ripple
and unstable.
3
1.5 PROJECT METHODOLOGY
Information Searching
Find Out Scope, Objectives, Problems Statements
Study Circuit Operations
Identify Suitable Circuit Components
Implementing Project Hardware
OK
Project Realization
Figure 1.1: Flow Chart of Methodology