Assessment On The Impact Of Distributed Generation (Dg) Penetration On Grid Protection System.

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UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

ASSESSMENT ON THE IMPACT OF DISTRIBUTED

GENERATION (DG) PENETRATION ON GRID PROTECTION

SYSTEM

This report submitted in accordance with requirement of the Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for the Bachelor Degree of Electrical Engineering

Technology (Industrial Power) (Hons.)

FAZLIANA BINTI AHMAD BUDERI B071210145

911227-06-5018

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY 2015

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UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA TAJUK: Assessment on the Impact of Distributed Generation (DG) on Grid Protection System

SESI PENGAJIAN: 2014/15 Semester 2 Saya FAZLIANA BINTI AHMAD BUDERI

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DECLARATION

I hereby, declared this report entitled “Assessment on the Impact of Distributed Generation (DG) on Grid Protection System” is the results of my own research

except as cited in references.

Signature :………

Name : FAZLIANA BINTI AHMAD BUDERI Date : ………

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APPROVAL

This report is submitted to the Faculty of Engineering Technology of UTeM as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Electrical Engineering Technology (Industrial Power) (Hons.). The member of the supervisory is as follow:

………. (Project Supervisor)

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ABSTRACT

Distributed Generation (DG) is the generation of electricity from multiple renewable energy sources and is located closer to the user, or load. These days the DGs is developing rapidly because of the advantages it could bring into the system such as enhance the transmission efficiency energy as well as reduction of climate change. However, the penetration of a DG to the existing distribution system potentially may contributes too many impacts, with the power system protection being one of the major issues. This is because renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind-power generating systems produce intermittent electrical energy that is not fully compatible with existing electrical grid protection systems. The introduction of a DG into a distribution system brings about a change in the fault current level of the system and causes many impacts in the protection system, such as false tripping of protective devices, protection blinding, an increase and decrease in short circuit levels, undesirable network islanding and out of synchronism reclosers. The main goal of this assessment is to investigate the possible impacts that may occur on the grid protection system with the presence of the DG. In this assessment, different cases of simulation have been developed in the Power System Computer Aided Design (PSCAD) regarding to the distribution network without and with the presence of DG on the system and the results from this both cases have been compared. Based on the results from this assessment, penetration of DG increases the level of the fault current eventually causes the affect towards the unit and non-unit protection in the system. This condition leads to two main problems in protection system which are protection blinding and loss of coordination or sympathetic tripping. In the future works, author intended to find a suitable solution in order to mitigate either blinding of protection or loss of coordination/sympathetic tripping problems that arise when the DG is penetrated to the distribution network.

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vii

ABSTRAK

Penjanaan Teragih merupakan salah satu penjanaan elektrik yang dihasilkan daripada sumber tenaga boleh diperbaharui dan ditempatkan berhampiran dengan pengguna atau beban. Pada masa kini, pembangunan Penjanaan Teragih berada pada tahap yang tinggi memandangkan ia telah mendatangkan banyak kebaikan kepada sistem kuasa itu sendiri. Antaranya ialah dapat mengurangkan beban permintaan daripada pengguna selain dapat meningkatkan kecekapan talian penghantaran. Namun begitu, kehadiran Penjanaan Teragih telah mendatangkan pelbagai kesan teknikal terutamanya terhadap sistem perlindungan di dalam sistem kuasa. Ini kerana tenaga boleh diperbaharui menghasilkan tenaga yang tidak stabil di mana ia tidak sesuai digunakan untuk sistem perlindungan grid konvensional. Selain itu, Penjanaan Teragih juga telah menyebabkan perubahan tahap arus ketika kerosakan di dalam sistem perlindungan dan ia memberikan kesan terhadap penyelarasan alat perlindungan arus lebihan. Oleh yang demikian, melalui pembelajaran ini beberapa simulasi berdasarkan beberapa senario yang berbeza telah dilakukan di dalam perisian “Power System Computer Aided Design (PSCAD)”. Simulasi ini dilakukan berdasarkan talian pengagihan tanpa kehadiran Penjanaan Teragih dan juga dengan kehadiran Penjanaan Teragih seterusnya analisis akan dijalankan berdasarkan keputusan yang telah diperolehi melalui simulasi ini. Analisis ini akan menentukan beberapa kesan yang jelas terhadap sistem perlindungan apabila Penjanaan Teragih ini diletakkan di dalam sistem kuasa. Berdasarkan kepada keputusan simulasi tersebut, pemasangan Penjanaan Teragih di atas talian penghantaran telah menyebabkan arus ketika kerosakan meningkat dan telah membawa dua implikasi terhadap sistem perlindungan iaitu “Blinding of Protection” dan “Loss of Coordination/Sympathetic Tripping”.

Pada masa hadapan, penulis bercadang untuk mencari beberapa solusi yang sesuai untuk mengatasi masalah “Blinding of Protection” dan “Loss of Coordination/Sympathetic Tripping” ini.

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DEDICATIONS

To my beloved parents Late Mother

Noriah Binti Hj Abd Rahman Father

Ahmad Buderi Bin Hj Nipah Siblings

Mohd Hafifi Farahanim

Fahira Mohd Hafizam Muhammad Hafizul Helmi

Farahanum Fathin Hanani

Farisyawati

For the love.

For the prayers, supports and encouragement. Thank you very much.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First and foremost, I would like to express my appreciation and gratefulness to Allah SWT for His blessing and giving the opportunity to conduct this case study. Never be the last, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my family, especially to my late mother who motivated me a lot to complete this Bachelor Degree Project. Besides that, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my respected supervisor, Mr Adlan Bin Ali, for his most precious and valuable supervision, advice and constructive criticism from the very early stage of this Bachelor Degree Project as well as giving me extraordinary knowledges and experiences throughout the learning period. Above all and the most needed, he provided me with unflinching encouragement and support in many ways. In addition, I would like to seize the opportunity to thank to all parties who have been participating and contribute during this Bachelor Degree Project. Not to be forgotten, I would like to offer my earnest gratitude to Faculty of Engineering Technology for giving me opportunity to participate in this project. Without their guidance and persistent help, this Bachelor Degree Project program would not have been possible to accomplish effectively. Those directly and indirectly support, guidance and encouragement from all parties will always be an unforgettable experiences and it would be very useful for my future upon the completion of my Bachelor Degree Project.

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DECLARATION ... iv

APPROVAL ... v

ABSTRACT ... vi

ABSTRAK ... vii

DEDICATIONS ... viii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... x

LIST OF FIGURES ... xiv

LIST OF TABLE ... xvi

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS ... xvii

CHAPTER 1 ... 1

1.0 Background of Project ... 1

1.1 Problem Statement ... 2

1.2 Objectives of Project ... 3

1.3 Scope of Project ... 3

1.4 Organization of Report ... 4

1.5 Summary ... 4

CHAPTER 2 ... 5

2.0 Introduction ... 5

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2.1.2 Final Energy Demand by Sectors ... 7

2.2 Renewable Energy in Malaysia ... 9

2.2.1 Renewable Energy Policies and Action Plan ... 9

2.2.2 Feed-in-Tariff and Smart Grid Technologies ... 12

2.3 Introduction to Distributed Generation (DG) ... 14

2.3.1 Types of Distributed Generation (DG) ... 16

2.3.1.1 Photovoltaic Systems ... 16

2.3.1.2 Wind Turbine ... 18

2.3.1.3 Micro-Turbines ... 19

2.3.1.4 Fuel Cells ... 20

2.3.2 Impacts of Distributed Generation (DG) on Grid Protection System .. 22

2.3.2.1 Relay Under-Reach ... 22

2.3.2.2 Relay Over-Reach ... 24

2.3.2.3 Sympathetic or False Tripping ... 24

2.3.2.4 Fuse-saving Disruption ... 25

2.3.2.5 Protection Blinding ... 25

2.3.2.6 Unwanted Islanding ... 26

2.3.2.7 Unsynchronized Reclosing ... 26

2.4 Power System Protection ... 27

2.4.1 Performance Criteria of Protection System ... 28

2.4.2 Distribution Protection System ... 29

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xii

2.4.4 Protection Coordination of Over-Current Relay ... 33

2.5 Summary ... 34

CHAPTER 3 ... 35

3.0 Introduction ... 35

3.1 Methods of Research ... 35

3.2 Process Flow Chart ... 37

3.3 Theoretical Modelling of an Over-Current Protection System ... 39

3.4 Simulation ... 42

3.4.1 Simulation of Distribution Network without DG ... 43

3.4.2 Simulation of Distribution Network with DG ... 43

3.5 Summary ... 44

CHAPTER 4 ... 45

4.0 Introduction ... 45

4.1 Simulation Results for Distribution Network without DG ... 45

4.2 Simulation Results for Distribution Network with DG ... 48

4.3 Analysis on the Simulation Results ... 50

4.3.1 Analysis on the Distribution Network with DG at bus B ... 50

4.3.2 Analysis on the Distribution Network with DG at bus C ... 53

4.4 Summary ... 55

CHAPTER 5 ... 56

5.0 Introduction ... 56

5.1 Summary of Research ... 56

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xiii

5.4 Suggestion for Future Work ... 59

APPENDIX A ... 61

APPENDIX B ... 63

APPENDIX C ... 76

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xiv

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1.1a Malaysia Installed Generation Capacity (in ktoe) 5 Figure 2..1.1b Malaysia Input Share of Generation (in %) 6 Figure 2.1.2 Graph of Final Energy Demand by Sectors (ktoe) 8 Figure 2.2.1a Figure 2.2.1b Figure 2.2.2 Figure 2.3a Figure 2.3b Figure 2.3.1.1a Figure 2.3.1.1b Figure 2.3.1.2 Figure 2.3.1.3 Figure 2.3.1.4 Figure 2.3.2.1 Figure 2.3.2.3 Figure 2.3.2.5 Figure 2.4.2 Figure 2.4.3 Figure 2.4.4

RE Installed Capacity Target in MW towards 2030 Total RE Installed Capacity Target

Smart Grid Technologies On-Grid Distributed Generation Off-Grid Distributed Generation

Schematic diagram of the generation of carrier charges in the semiconductor layer of a photovoltaic cell

Major Photovoltaic System Components Main Parts of Utility-Scale Wind Turbine Schematic Diagram of Micro-Turbine Schematic Diagram of Fuel Cell Under-reach and Over-Reach Relay Sympathetic Tripping

Protection Blinding

Protective Device Coordination

Inverse Time Over-Current Relay Characteristics A Simple Radial Feeder with Over-Current Relay

11 11 12 15 15 17 17 18 20 21 22 24 25 29 32 34 Figure 3.1 Figure 3.2

Example of Application in PSCAD Flow Chart of Project Activities

37 38 Figure 3.3 Application of IDMT Over-Current Relay on a

Distribution Feeder without DG

39 Figure 3.4

Figure 3.4.1 Figure 3.4.2

Model of Radial Distribution Feeder Complete with IDMT Over-Current Relay without DG

Fault location on Distribution Network without DG Fault location on Distribution Network with DG

42 43 44

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xv Figure 4.1b

Figure 4.3.1a Figure 4.3.1b Figure 4.3.1c Figure 4.3.1d Figure 4.3.2a Figure 4.3.2b Figure 4.3.2c

Over-current Relay Coordination without DG

Relay A Fault Current vs Fault Location (DG at bus B) Relay B Fault Current vs Fault Location at B1 and B2 (DG at bus B)

Relay A Fault Current vs Fault Location at B1 and B2 (DG at bus B)

Relay A and B Operating Time vs Fault Current (DG at bus B)

Relay A and B Operating Time vs Fault Current (DG at bus C)

Relay B Fault Current vs Fault Location at A1 and A2 (DG at bus C)

Relay A and B Operating Time vs Various Fault Location (DG at bus C)

46 50 51 51 52 53 53 54

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xvi

LIST OF TABLE

Table 2.1.2 Final Energy Demand by Sectors 7

Table 2.2.1 Table 2.3

Target of RE Installed Capacity Size of Distributed Generation

10 16

Table 3.3a Setting of IDMT Relays 40

Table 3.3b Parameter for Distribution Network without DG 40 Table 3.3c Parameter for Distribution Network with DG 41 Table 4.1

Table 4.2a Table 4.2b

Simulation Results for Distribution Network without DG Simulation Results for Distribution Network with DGat bus B

Simulation Results for Distribution Network with DGat bus C

45 48 49

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xvii AC = Alternating Current

CH4 = Methane

CO2 = Carbon Dioxide

DC = Direct Current

DG = Distributed Generation

EC = Energy Commission

GHG = Green House Gases

IDMT = Inverse Definite Minimum Time

kV = Kilo-volt

MVA = Mega Voltage-Ampere

N2O = Nitrous Oxide

PSCAD = Power System Computer Aided Design

RE = Renewable Energy

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.0 Background of Project

In the past hundred years, the fossil fuel was the only sources of energy that could hit the spot of user’s electricity and energy demand. However, the depletion of fuel reserve and towards maintaining electrical supply security for next generation has made certain countries changing their direction to Renewable Energy (RE). In Malaysia, the contribution of RE into the energy mix help to reduce the reliance on the imported fuels and this option also help to boost the energy security in our country. On the hand, the mitigation of climate change made the Malaysia Government to take several initiative towards the usage of clean generator based on the RE sources in order to reduce the greenhouse gases (GHG) such as Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4)

and Nitrous Oxide (N2O) on the nature.

Renewable generation connected on the distribution network or Distributed Generation (DG) is believed to be the best possible way to supply electricity and at the same time reducing the climate change effect. When DG has been widely promoted in terms of generating electricity for the customers, careful considerations need to be taken to generate and supply the electricity to the customer securely and reliably. Initially power systems purpose is to provide electricity in a way to be economically and reliably but need not to forget, supply security and reliability is the priority, therefore it leads to power system investment becoming expensive due to huge investment in protection systems. This shows a direct relationship between power systems and protection system, therefore the impact of DG to protection systems when it is connected to the main grid especially at distribution level need to be assessed and investigated before further steps to be taken. Further in this report explained about some important details about protection systems and several potential impacts that could take place on a network with DG connected.

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2 1.1 Problem Statement

Yadav and Srivastava (2014) suggested that Distributed Generation (DG) is the generation of electricity from small scale of generation and is located closer to the user, or customer which is commonly at the distribution level. These days DG technology is developing rapidly because of the advantages it could bring into the system such as enhance the transmission efficiency energy as well as reduction of climate change. However, the penetration of a DG to the existing distribution system potentially may contribute too many impacts, with the power system protection being one of the major issues. According to the study response by Gevorkian (2011), renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind-power generating systems produce intermittent electrical energy that is not fully compatible with existing electrical grid protection systems. Moreover, the intermittent sources of DG also contributes to vary the value of source impedance on the network (George et al.(2013)).

According to Javadian (2010), the level of fault current in the system could change as the penetration of DG on the system eventually causes several impacts to the protection system, such as false tripping of protective devices, protection blinding, loss of coordination of the protective devices, undesirable network islanding and unsynchronized reclosing.

Nevertheless, some problems will arise when the new generation is integrated in the power distribution network, because the distribution system is not supplied by a single main power source and it is no longer radial in nature. Hence, it will affects the coordination of over-current protection as the increasing of fault current contribution on the system (Mashau (2011)). With DG in a distribution network, the final becomes active and causes the power flows and fault currents may have new directions (Kumpulainen and Kauhaniemi (2004)). Thus, in order to ensure safe and selective protection devices coordination, the impact of DG to the system need to be considered when planning the interconnection of DG on the grid system.

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3 1.2 Objectives of Project

In the assessment of the impact of DG penetration on the grid protection system, the specific objectives could be:

 To calculate and simulate the magnitude of fault current without presence of DG on the grid system using Power System Computer Aided Design (PSCAD) software.

 To calculate and simulate the magnitude of fault current with presence of DG on the grid system using Power System Computer Aided Design (PSCAD) software.

 To investigate the potential problems that may occur on the grid protection system with the presence of the distributed generation.

1.3 Scope of Project

This assessment would be focusing on the renewable energy (RE) and impact of on-grid distributed generation (DG) protection system. In order to assess this condition, several models are going to develop in Power System Computer Aided Design (PSCAD) software. The simulations are based on two main cases; firstly in Case 1, the test system is analyzed without the presence of Distributed Generation (DG) on the distribution network and the Case 2, the test system is analyzed with the presence of Distributed Generation (DG) on the distribution network. The simulation results then will be compared with the calculation results based on the developed model.

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In this project report, the first chapter discussing about the background of a project, problem statement, objectives of project and scope of the project. In chapter two, the literature review which acts as the references of the project to be reviewed. The architecture and description of flow chart explained in the third chapter. However, in chapter four the results of the project are presented along with its discussion and analysis. Lastly in the chapter five, the assessment have come out with a conclusion and the recommendation are presented for the future planning.

1.5 Summary

This chapter is about the background of the project and the problem statement which encouraged this project to be conducted. The aims of this assessment also discussed in this chapter. In addition, the scope also discussed in order to ensure this assessment was conducted systematically according to its objectives.

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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

In this chapter, the purposes of literature review are to discuss about the renewable energy in Malaysia, different types of DG technologies and their application in power system. Besides that, this chapter discuss the property of scheme protection criteria in power system. The information obtained through the researches are used to conduct this assessment.

2.1 Generation and Demands Scenarios in Malaysia

2.1.1 Power Supply Generation Trends

Figure 2.1.1(a) and Figure 2.1.1(b) shows the generation trends of energy supply in Malaysia for the period from 1990 to 2012. According to the graph, coal’s share indicates slightly increment from 46.6 percent in 2011 to 48.3 percent in 2012. Then, it was followed by the natural gas which is slightly increased from 39.3 percent to 39.4 percent, hydro at 7.3 percent, diesel 2.8 percent, fuel oil 1.9 percent and 0.2 percent for renewable energy. The increase of the electricity generation is due to the higher growth of energy consumption in our country. As the result, strong growth of energy supply and demand was recorded in the end of year 2012. According to National Energy Balance (2012), total primary energy supply and final energy consumption recorded a growth of 5.9 percent and 7.5 percent.

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Figure 2.1.1(a): Malaysia Installed Generation Capacity (in ktoe) (Source: National Energy Balance 2012)

Figure 2.1.1(b): Malaysia Input Share of Generation (in %) (Source: National Energy Balance 2012)

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7 2.1.2 Final Energy Demand by Sectors

According to Malaysia Energy Statistics Handbook (2014) and National Energy Balance (2012) provided by Energy Commission (EC), Table 2.1.2 below summarized the energy consumption by sectors in Malaysia for the period from 1990 to 2012.

Table 2.1.2: Final Energy Demand by Sectors (Source: National Energy Balance 2012)

Year Final Energy Demand by Sectors (ktoe)

Industrial Transport Agriculture Non-Energy Residential and

Commercial

1990 5,300 5,386 0 838 1,622

1991 5,835 5,806 130 1,071 1,721

1992 6,455 6,226 391 1,222 1,891

1993 7,012 6,558 62 2,027 2,069

1994 7,486 7,262 422 1,817 2,300

1995 8,341 7,827 446 2,994 2,556

1996 9,838 8,951 486 1,744 3,162

1997 10,106 10,201 490 2,298 3,072

1998 10,121 9,793 307 2,023 3,314

1999 10,277 11,393 106 1,799 3,653

2000 11,406 12,071 104 2,250 3,868

2001 11,852 13,138 98 2,378 4,049

2002 12,854 13,442 96 2,511 4,387

2003 13,472 14,271 98 2,345 4,400

2004 14,913 15,385 87 2,183 4,754

2005 15,492 15,384 101 2,173 5,134

2006 15,248 14,825 253 2,809 5,429

2007 16,454 15,717 281 2,958 6,196

2008 16,205 16,395 287 2,876 6,205

2009 14,312 16,119 211 3,868 6,336

2010 12,928 16,828 1,074 3,696 6,951

2011 12,100 17,070 916 6,377 6,993

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Figure 2.1.2: Graph of Final Energy Demand by Sectors (ktoe) (Source: National Energy Balance 2012)

Figure 2.1.2 above shows total final energy consumption recorded a higher growth of 7.5 percent in 2012. This was the highest growth experienced since 2007 when a growth of 7.9 percent was recorded. As the final results, the energy consumption growth was experienced by all sectors, especially the non-energy sector which increase by 17.5 percent and the industry sector by 15.0 percent. The sectors which resulted to the highest energy consumption was consumed by the transport for 36.8 percent and the industry for 29.8 percent (National Energy Balance, 2012). In a nutshell, the statistics clearly illustrates that the demands of energy for every sector in our country was increasing year by year which encouraged Malaysia Government to take some initiatives in order to ensure the security of energy supplies. In order to surmount this challenge, in 9th_{Malaysia Plan (2006-2010) Malaysia has targeted the}

Renewable Energy (RE) capacity to be connected to power utility for 300MW in Peninsular Malaysia and 50MW in Sabah. Unfortunately, the RE targeted set out under the 9th_{Malaysia Plan was not achieved and was continued to the 10}th_{Malaysia Plan}

(2011-2015) which target for renewable energy to account for 985MW or 5.5% in 2015 and 2,080MW or 11% towards 2020 of the country’s total capacity mix.

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3 1.2 Objectives of Project

In the assessment of the impact of DG penetration on the grid protection system, the specific objectives could be:

 To calculate and simulate the magnitude of fault current without presence of DG on the grid system using Power System Computer Aided Design (PSCAD) software.

 To calculate and simulate the magnitude of fault current with presence of DG on the grid system using Power System Computer Aided Design (PSCAD) software.

 To investigate the potential problems that may occur on the grid protection system with the presence of the distributed generation.

1.3 Scope of Project

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4 1.4 Organization of Report

1.5 Summary

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

2.1 Generation and Demands Scenarios in Malaysia 2.1.1 Power Supply Generation Trends

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Figure 2.1.1(a): Malaysia Installed Generation Capacity (in ktoe) (Source: National Energy Balance 2012)

Figure 2.1.1(b): Malaysia Input Share of Generation (in %) (Source: National Energy Balance 2012)

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7 2.1.2 Final Energy Demand by Sectors

Table 2.1.2: Final Energy Demand by Sectors (Source: National Energy Balance 2012)

Year Final Energy Demand by Sectors (ktoe)

Industrial Transport Agriculture Non-Energy Residential and

Commercial

1990 5,300 5,386 0 838 1,622

1991 5,835 5,806 130 1,071 1,721

1992 6,455 6,226 391 1,222 1,891

1993 7,012 6,558 62 2,027 2,069

1994 7,486 7,262 422 1,817 2,300

1995 8,341 7,827 446 2,994 2,556

1996 9,838 8,951 486 1,744 3,162

1997 10,106 10,201 490 2,298 3,072

1998 10,121 9,793 307 2,023 3,314

1999 10,277 11,393 106 1,799 3,653

2000 11,406 12,071 104 2,250 3,868

2001 11,852 13,138 98 2,378 4,049

2002 12,854 13,442 96 2,511 4,387

2003 13,472 14,271 98 2,345 4,400

2004 14,913 15,385 87 2,183 4,754

2005 15,492 15,384 101 2,173 5,134

2006 15,248 14,825 253 2,809 5,429

2007 16,454 15,717 281 2,958 6,196

2008 16,205 16,395 287 2,876 6,205

2009 14,312 16,119 211 3,868 6,336

2010 12,928 16,828 1,074 3,696 6,951

2011 12,100 17,070 916 6,377 6,993

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Figure 2.1.2: Graph of Final Energy Demand by Sectors (ktoe) (Source: National Energy Balance 2012)

(2011-2015) which target for renewable energy to account for 985MW or 5.5% in 2015 and 2,080MW or 11% towards 2020 of the country’s total capacity mix.

Assessment On The Impact Of Distributed Generation (Dg) Penetration On Grid Protection System.

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA