Effect of Prebiotic on Broiler Performance: A Meta-Analysis
Effect of Prebiotic on Broiler Performance:
A Meta-Analysis
Bayu Sesarahardian
Department of Feed Technology, PT. Sinta Prima Feedmill,
Jl. Sulaiman 27 A, Slipi, West Jakarta, 11480, Indonesia
e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
A meta-analysis of results from broiler chicken trials was conducted from
several countries between 2003-2012 to demonstrate the effects of dietary prebiotic
versus basal diets on feed consumption, weight gain, body weight gain and feed
conversion of broiler chicken. A number of thirty seven references (peer reviewed
papers) was collected to analyse by using statistical meta-analysis. Criteria for
selecting studies were : 1) pen trial, 2) prebiotic dosage, 3) negative and/or positive
control, 4) antibiotic inclusion, 5) replication, 6) result and discussion. Results
were averaged “by treatment” using paired T-test to compare the use of dietary
prebiotic on broiler performance. Compared with negative control, the final body
weight and body weight gain of broiler chicken with the inclusion of prebiotic give
significan effects (P0.05) 1.974 % feed
intake and 1.153 % feed conversion. Comparisons between this present of metaanalysis and those done previously on another prebiotic trial suggest that dietary
prebiotic may improve broiler performance.
Keywords: broiler, chicken, meta-analysis, prebiotic
Introducton
A prebotc compound s defned as a nondgestble food ngredent that can
be utlzed by ntestnal mcroflora, whch benefcally affects the host (Gbson and
Roberfrod, 1995). Olgosacchardes as prebotcs are carbohydrates composed of
short chan of monosacchardes. Some are thought to enhance the growth of benefcal
organsms n the gut and others are thought to functon by competng wth pathogenc
bactera for attachment stes n the lumen (Km et al., 2011). Olgosacchardes are
carbohdrates that yeld 2 to 10 monosacchardes upon hydrolyss (Bentes et al.,
2008).
188
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
However, certan olgosacchardes such as fructo-olgosacchardes, galactoolgosacchardes and mannan-olgosacchardes due to ther unque chemcal
structures, are resstant to dgestve enzymes n the upper dgestve tract of a host
enter n the hndgut, fermented by the ntestnal mcroflora and transt unchanged nto
the large ntestne (Rehman et al., 2007). Prebotcs have ndrect favorable effects
on the host mmunty. They stmulate the growth of lactc acd-producng bactera.
These bactera can nfluence the mmune system by producng mmunostmulatng
compounds (Houshmand et al., 2012). Mannan-olgosacchardes (MOS) are present
n the cell wall of yeast and have been shown to alter mcrobal populatons n
lvestock (Bggs et al., 2007). MOS have unque functons as a compettve bndng
ste, the bactera bnd to t and are carred out of the gut rather than bndng to the
ntestne (Grggs and Jacob, 2005). Inuln, a prebotc polyfructan, extracted from
chcory (Chicorium intybus) that contains β (2 → 1) glycosidic bond and resistant
to host-derved dgestve enzymes (Rehman et al., 2007). But, the major prebotcs
of nterest as poultry feed addtves are fructo-olgosaccharde and mannanolgosaccharde (Shanmugasundaram and Selvaraj, 2012).
However, there were nconsstency and nconclusve data of the applcaton
of prebotcs on broler performance (Grggs and Jacob, 2005). An alternatve to
fnd out ths problem s the meta-analyss approach that allows ntegratng dfferent
varables and establshng systematc responses adjusted to the dversty of avalable
expermental publcatons (Andrette et al., 2012). Therefore, ths study was performed
usng meta-analyss to nvestgate the relatonshp of several prebotcs on broler
chckens performance.
Materals and Methods
Literature Preparation
Indexed publcatons wth n vvo expermental results on broler feed supplemented wth prebotcs were selected. The search strategy to select the publcatons
was to consult dfferent onlne data sources wth key words n Englsh. The man
crtera for selectng publcatons were a) dets wth prebotcs comparng wthout
prebotcs, b) research wth no challenge treatment, c) effects of prebotcs on broler
chcken performance. After the selecton of the publcatons, the performance varables such as feed ntake, body weght, body weght gan and feed converson were
tabulated to permt the descrprve analyss of studes ncluded n the database.
Description of the Database
The database composed from 37 artcles publsed (peer revewed journal) between 2003 and 2012. The most frequent preodcals n the database were Journal of
Poultry Scence (32.43 % of the papers), Brtsh Poultry Scence (29.73 %), Journal
of Anmal Physology and Anmal Nutrton (10.81 %), South Afrcan Journal of
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
189
Anmal Scence (8,11 %), Journal of Appled Poultry Research (5.41 %), Internatonal Journal of Poultry Scence (5.41 %), Australan-Asan Journal of Anmal Scence (5.41 %), Brazlan Journal of Poultry Scence (5.41 %) and Journal of Anmal
and Veternary Advances (5.41 %). Most of the experments were conducted n European (43.24 % of the papers), Australan (24.32 % of the papers) and Amercan
(18.92 % of the papers) nsttutons.
The studes ncluded n the database total 13,928 brolers, wth an average of
376 brolers per paper. The genetcs were descrbed n 86.49 % of the papers (40.54
% Cobb and 35.14 % Ross). Most (59.46 %) of the papers used male brolers, 13.51
% used mxed lots and 27.03 % dd not descrbe broler sex n the study. The facltes used ncluded floor (32.43 %) and cages (51.35 %) and 16.22 % of the authors
dd not present the nstallaton type. Average temperature n expermental facltes
was 28.18 oC (rangng from 18 - 35 oC). No nformaton about stress caused by envronmental condtons (heat, cold or humdty) or santary challenge was presented n
database papers. Vaccnaton (for Mareks, Coccvac, ND, IB or IBD) was descrbed
n 7 studes under analyss. However, only data from anmals vaccnated n the pretral perod were consdered for analyss. The other papers dd not descrbe the procedures for anmal vaccnaton. Corn and soybean meal were the man ngredents
(70.27 %), where wheat based dets (18.92 %) also used for broler dets.
Statistical analysis
The meta analyss consdered only the prebotc that was evaluated n two or
more than two ndependent studes. The effect sze was calculated for each study :
effect = mean of the group fed prebotc – mean of control group/mean of control
group (Fara-Flho et al., 2006). Statstcal analyss was performed usng 47 pars data
on lteratures for each of parameters and conductng pared t-tests and probablty of
statstcal sgnfcance.
Results and Dscusson
Fourty seven expermental data from thrty seven artcles (2003-2012) was
collected and dvded nto 4 prebotcs, FOS, GOS, MOS and Inuln. Some of artcles
whch conductng research usng chto-olgosacchardes, Aspergillus prebotcs,
somalto-olgosacchardes, stachyose dd not used as meta-analyss data because
nsuffcent artcles that report the effect of those prebotcs on broler chcken.
No sgnfcant dfferences was seen of meta-analyss of the use of prebotcs
on feed ntake of broler chckens comparng wth control det. Table 1 showed that
average feed ntake was 2634.46 g/brds n the basal dets versus 2686.48 g/brds n
the basal dets and prebotc addton. The use of prebotc gve 1.974% mprovement
compared wth basal det wthout any supplementaton of prebotcs but dd not gve
any sgnfcant effect (P>0.05) on feed ntake of broler chckens. It was reported
190
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
Table 1. Meta-analyss of the effect of prebotcs on feed ntake of broler chcken
Statstcal
Analyss
Overall
average
Dfference
(%)
t-value
(Pared test)
Feed Intake
Body Weght
BWG
FCR
Wthout
Wth
Wthout
Wth
Wthout
Wth
Wthout
Wth
2634.46
2686.47
2035.78
2080.93
891.94
917.15
1.69
1.67
1.974
2.22
2.83
1.153
P>0.05
P
A Meta-Analysis
Bayu Sesarahardian
Department of Feed Technology, PT. Sinta Prima Feedmill,
Jl. Sulaiman 27 A, Slipi, West Jakarta, 11480, Indonesia
e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
A meta-analysis of results from broiler chicken trials was conducted from
several countries between 2003-2012 to demonstrate the effects of dietary prebiotic
versus basal diets on feed consumption, weight gain, body weight gain and feed
conversion of broiler chicken. A number of thirty seven references (peer reviewed
papers) was collected to analyse by using statistical meta-analysis. Criteria for
selecting studies were : 1) pen trial, 2) prebiotic dosage, 3) negative and/or positive
control, 4) antibiotic inclusion, 5) replication, 6) result and discussion. Results
were averaged “by treatment” using paired T-test to compare the use of dietary
prebiotic on broiler performance. Compared with negative control, the final body
weight and body weight gain of broiler chicken with the inclusion of prebiotic give
significan effects (P0.05) 1.974 % feed
intake and 1.153 % feed conversion. Comparisons between this present of metaanalysis and those done previously on another prebiotic trial suggest that dietary
prebiotic may improve broiler performance.
Keywords: broiler, chicken, meta-analysis, prebiotic
Introducton
A prebotc compound s defned as a nondgestble food ngredent that can
be utlzed by ntestnal mcroflora, whch benefcally affects the host (Gbson and
Roberfrod, 1995). Olgosacchardes as prebotcs are carbohydrates composed of
short chan of monosacchardes. Some are thought to enhance the growth of benefcal
organsms n the gut and others are thought to functon by competng wth pathogenc
bactera for attachment stes n the lumen (Km et al., 2011). Olgosacchardes are
carbohdrates that yeld 2 to 10 monosacchardes upon hydrolyss (Bentes et al.,
2008).
188
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
However, certan olgosacchardes such as fructo-olgosacchardes, galactoolgosacchardes and mannan-olgosacchardes due to ther unque chemcal
structures, are resstant to dgestve enzymes n the upper dgestve tract of a host
enter n the hndgut, fermented by the ntestnal mcroflora and transt unchanged nto
the large ntestne (Rehman et al., 2007). Prebotcs have ndrect favorable effects
on the host mmunty. They stmulate the growth of lactc acd-producng bactera.
These bactera can nfluence the mmune system by producng mmunostmulatng
compounds (Houshmand et al., 2012). Mannan-olgosacchardes (MOS) are present
n the cell wall of yeast and have been shown to alter mcrobal populatons n
lvestock (Bggs et al., 2007). MOS have unque functons as a compettve bndng
ste, the bactera bnd to t and are carred out of the gut rather than bndng to the
ntestne (Grggs and Jacob, 2005). Inuln, a prebotc polyfructan, extracted from
chcory (Chicorium intybus) that contains β (2 → 1) glycosidic bond and resistant
to host-derved dgestve enzymes (Rehman et al., 2007). But, the major prebotcs
of nterest as poultry feed addtves are fructo-olgosaccharde and mannanolgosaccharde (Shanmugasundaram and Selvaraj, 2012).
However, there were nconsstency and nconclusve data of the applcaton
of prebotcs on broler performance (Grggs and Jacob, 2005). An alternatve to
fnd out ths problem s the meta-analyss approach that allows ntegratng dfferent
varables and establshng systematc responses adjusted to the dversty of avalable
expermental publcatons (Andrette et al., 2012). Therefore, ths study was performed
usng meta-analyss to nvestgate the relatonshp of several prebotcs on broler
chckens performance.
Materals and Methods
Literature Preparation
Indexed publcatons wth n vvo expermental results on broler feed supplemented wth prebotcs were selected. The search strategy to select the publcatons
was to consult dfferent onlne data sources wth key words n Englsh. The man
crtera for selectng publcatons were a) dets wth prebotcs comparng wthout
prebotcs, b) research wth no challenge treatment, c) effects of prebotcs on broler
chcken performance. After the selecton of the publcatons, the performance varables such as feed ntake, body weght, body weght gan and feed converson were
tabulated to permt the descrprve analyss of studes ncluded n the database.
Description of the Database
The database composed from 37 artcles publsed (peer revewed journal) between 2003 and 2012. The most frequent preodcals n the database were Journal of
Poultry Scence (32.43 % of the papers), Brtsh Poultry Scence (29.73 %), Journal
of Anmal Physology and Anmal Nutrton (10.81 %), South Afrcan Journal of
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
189
Anmal Scence (8,11 %), Journal of Appled Poultry Research (5.41 %), Internatonal Journal of Poultry Scence (5.41 %), Australan-Asan Journal of Anmal Scence (5.41 %), Brazlan Journal of Poultry Scence (5.41 %) and Journal of Anmal
and Veternary Advances (5.41 %). Most of the experments were conducted n European (43.24 % of the papers), Australan (24.32 % of the papers) and Amercan
(18.92 % of the papers) nsttutons.
The studes ncluded n the database total 13,928 brolers, wth an average of
376 brolers per paper. The genetcs were descrbed n 86.49 % of the papers (40.54
% Cobb and 35.14 % Ross). Most (59.46 %) of the papers used male brolers, 13.51
% used mxed lots and 27.03 % dd not descrbe broler sex n the study. The facltes used ncluded floor (32.43 %) and cages (51.35 %) and 16.22 % of the authors
dd not present the nstallaton type. Average temperature n expermental facltes
was 28.18 oC (rangng from 18 - 35 oC). No nformaton about stress caused by envronmental condtons (heat, cold or humdty) or santary challenge was presented n
database papers. Vaccnaton (for Mareks, Coccvac, ND, IB or IBD) was descrbed
n 7 studes under analyss. However, only data from anmals vaccnated n the pretral perod were consdered for analyss. The other papers dd not descrbe the procedures for anmal vaccnaton. Corn and soybean meal were the man ngredents
(70.27 %), where wheat based dets (18.92 %) also used for broler dets.
Statistical analysis
The meta analyss consdered only the prebotc that was evaluated n two or
more than two ndependent studes. The effect sze was calculated for each study :
effect = mean of the group fed prebotc – mean of control group/mean of control
group (Fara-Flho et al., 2006). Statstcal analyss was performed usng 47 pars data
on lteratures for each of parameters and conductng pared t-tests and probablty of
statstcal sgnfcance.
Results and Dscusson
Fourty seven expermental data from thrty seven artcles (2003-2012) was
collected and dvded nto 4 prebotcs, FOS, GOS, MOS and Inuln. Some of artcles
whch conductng research usng chto-olgosacchardes, Aspergillus prebotcs,
somalto-olgosacchardes, stachyose dd not used as meta-analyss data because
nsuffcent artcles that report the effect of those prebotcs on broler chcken.
No sgnfcant dfferences was seen of meta-analyss of the use of prebotcs
on feed ntake of broler chckens comparng wth control det. Table 1 showed that
average feed ntake was 2634.46 g/brds n the basal dets versus 2686.48 g/brds n
the basal dets and prebotc addton. The use of prebotc gve 1.974% mprovement
compared wth basal det wthout any supplementaton of prebotcs but dd not gve
any sgnfcant effect (P>0.05) on feed ntake of broler chckens. It was reported
190
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
Table 1. Meta-analyss of the effect of prebotcs on feed ntake of broler chcken
Statstcal
Analyss
Overall
average
Dfference
(%)
t-value
(Pared test)
Feed Intake
Body Weght
BWG
FCR
Wthout
Wth
Wthout
Wth
Wthout
Wth
Wthout
Wth
2634.46
2686.47
2035.78
2080.93
891.94
917.15
1.69
1.67
1.974
2.22
2.83
1.153
P>0.05
P