Frequency Of People With Left-Handed Preference And Their Creativity In Bogor West Java
FREQUENCY OF PEOPLE WITH LEFT-HANDED
PREFERENCE AND THEIR CREATIVITY IN BOGOR
WEST JAVA
WINATI NURHAYU
DEPARTEMEN BIOLOGI
FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM
INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR
BOGOR
2015
iii
PERNYATAAN MENGENAI SKRIPSI DAN
SUMBER INFORMASI SERTA PELIMPAHAN HAK CIPTA*
Dengan ini saya menyatakan bahwa skripsi berjudul Frequency of People
with Left-handed Preference and Their Creativity in Bogor West Java adalah
benar karya saya dengan arahan dari komisi pembimbing dan belum diajukan
dalam bentuk apa pun kepada perguruan tinggi mana pun. Sumber informasi yang
berasal atau dikutip dari karya yang diterbitkan maupun tidak diterbitkan dari
penulis lain telah disebutkan dalam teks dan dicantumkan dalam Daftar Pustaka di
bagian akhir skripsi ini.
Dengan ini saya melimpahkan hak cipta dari karya tulis saya kepada Institut
Pertanian Bogor.
Bogor, Maret 2015
Winati Nurhayu
NIM G34110030
iv
ABSTRACT
WINATI NURHAYU. Frequency of People with Left-handed Preference
and Their Creativity in Bogor West Java. Supervised by KANTHI ARUM
WIDAYATI and BAMBANG SURYOBROTO.
Individual human shows a preference for using one hand than the other
hand. Handedness is influenced by genetic, developmental, and cultural factor.
Approximately 10% of humans are left-handed. Most manual activities can be
classified into precision and power grips. However, there is no research on the
precision and power-grip task of people with left-handed preference. Some
suggest that the structure of the brain of sinistral (left-handed) has a larger corpus
callosum. It is predicted that the left-handed success reflects their superior
divergent thinking. The subjects were 267 female students and 226 male students
in Bogor, West Java. Age range of subjects was 6 until 21 years old. In
determining left-handed preference, subjects were measured with Rife methods,
precision grip, and power grip. In determining of creativity, subjects were
measured with Adjective Check List. Male brains are exposed to substantially
higher testosterone levels than female brains during prenatal development, so that
a sex effect for handedness may be expected. Total frequency of left-handed was
7.3%. Percentage of creative right-handed both females and males was not
different, while creative percentage of left-handed females was higher than lefthanded males. The activities and environment impact for creativity is discussed.
Keywords: bogor, creativity, handedness, left-handed
ABSTRAK
WINATI NURHAYU. Frekuensi Orang Kidal dan Kreativitasnya di Bogor
Jawa Barat. Dibimbing oleh KANTHI ARUM WIDAYATI dan BAMBANG
SURYOBROTO.
Setiap manusia lebih menyukai menggunakan salah satu tangan dari pada
tangan lainnya. Kebiasaan penggunaan tangan ini dipengaruhi oleh faktor genetik,
pertumbuhan dan perkembangan, dan faktor lingkungan. Kurang lebih 10% dari
manusia berpreferensi kidal. Mayoritas aktivitas manual dapat diklasifikasikan
menjadi ketelitian dan kekuatan tangan. Namun, masih belum ada penelitian
mengenai ketelitian dan kekuatan tangan pada orang kidal. Beberapa peneliti
menyimpulkan bahwa struktur otak orang kidal memiliki corpus callosum yang
lebih besar. Maka dari itu, diprediksikan bahwa kesuksesan orang kidal
mencerminkan cara berfikir divergen mereka yang superior. Subjek penelitian ini
berjumlah 267 pelajar perempuan dan 226 pelajar laki-laki di Bogor, Jawa Barat.
Rentang umur dari subjek yaitu dari umur 6 tahun sampai umur 21 tahun.
Preferensi tangan responden diuji dengan metode Rife, uji ketelitian tangan, dan
uji kekuatan tangan. Responden juga diukur kreativitasnya dengan daftar kata sifat.
Otak laki-laki terpapar testosteron yang lebih tinggi daripada otak perempuan saat
perkembangan janin, sehingga diduga ada efek jenis kelamin terhadap kebiasaan
penggunaan tangan. Frekuensi total orang kidal 7.3%. Persentase kreativitas orang
yang tidak kidal baik perempuan maupun laki-laki tidak berbeda, sedangkan
v
persentase kreativitas perempuan kidal lebih tinggi daripada laki-laki kidal.
Dampak aktivitas dan lingkungan bagi kreativitas didiskusikan.
Kata kunci: bogor, penggunaan tangan, kidal, kreativitas
FREQUENCY OF PEOPLE WITH LEFT-HANDED
PREFERENCE AND THEIR CREATIVITY IN BOGOR
WEST JAVA
WINATI NURHAYU
Skripsi
sebagai salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar
Sarjana Sains
pada
Departemen Biologi
DEPARTEMEN BIOLOGI
FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM
INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR
BOGOR
2015
viii
x
PRAKATA
Puji dan syukur penulis panjatkan kepada Allah SWT atas segala rahmat
dan karunia-Nya sehingga karya ilmiah ini dapat diselesaikan. Skripsi ini disusun
berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang berjudul Frequency of People with Left-handed
Preference and Their Creativity in Bogor West Java yang dilaksanakan sejak
Desember 2014 sampai Febuari 2015.
Terimakasih kepada Dr Kanthi Arum Widayati dan Dr Bambang Suryobroto
sebagai dosen pembimbing atas bimbingan dan saran yang diberikan. Terimakasih
kepada Kantor Kesatuan Bangsa dan Politik serta Dinas Pendidikan Kota Bogor
yang telah memberikan izin pengambilan data. Terimakasih banyak kepada Papa,
Mama, Roro, Bilal Ibnu Wahid, Kak Au, Dian, Citra, teman-teman Biologi 48,
Jakarta Community 48, dan Zoo Corner family untuk bantuan dan dukungannya
selama ini.
Semoga karya ilmiah ini bermanfaat.
Bogor, Maret 2015
Winati Nurhayu
xi
DAFTAR ISI
DAFTAR TABEL
xii
DAFTAR GAMBAR
xii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
xii
INTRODUCTION
1
Background
1
Aim
2
MATERIALS AND METHOD
2
Time and place
2
Subjects
2
Collecting Personal Data
2
Left-handed Preference
2
Determination of Creativity
4
RESULT
4
Frequency of left-handed people
4
Creativity
7
DISCUSSION
8
CONCLUSION
9
REFERENCES
9
APPENDIX
11
RIWAYAT HIDUP
15
xii
DAFTAR TABEL
1 Percentages people of self-confessed about handedness in Bogor
2 Percentages people of handedness based on age
3 Percentage people of hand preference in unimanual activities
4 Percentage people of precision grip of left-handed
5 Percentage people of power grip of left-handed
6 Percentages people with creativity based on handedness and gender
4
5
5
6
6
8
DAFTAR GAMBAR
1 Tools for precisian grip measure
2 Precision grip measure
3 Power grip-D device
4 Power grip measure
5 Numbers of people with left-handed preference based on Rife method
total score in females and males
6 Numbers of left-handed people with creativity
7 Numbers of right-handed people with creativity
3
3
3
3
6
7
7
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
1 Research questionnaire
2 Handedness questionnaire
3 Creativity determination
4 Positive and negative items on ACL
11
12
13
14
INTRODUCTION
Background
Individual human shows a preference for using one hand than the other hand
(Llaurens et al. 2009). Handedness corresponds with cerebral asymmetry and
right-handedness indicates a dominance of the left hemisphere for motor function
(Scerri et al. 2011). Left-handedness is related with reductions or reversals of
brain asymmetries. Approximately 10% of humans are left-handed (Fauri et al.
2005). A study in Padang, West Sumatra had found that left-handed frequency is
20% (Sari 2014).
Handedness is influenced by genetic, developmental, and cultural factor
(Llaurens et al. 2009). So far, only two specific genes have been suggested as a
candidates for handedness, such as LRRTM1 (Leucine-rich repeat transmembrane
neuronal) and PCSK6 (Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 6). LRRTM1 is
identified as the X-linked androgen receptor. PCSK6 is known as key role in
regulating both the anteroposterior and left–right axes, so it become a highly
attractive candidate gene for involvement in handedness (Scerri et al. 2011).
Cerebral lateralization theory of Geschwind-Galaburda posits that high
testosterone intrauterine levels promote the development of left-handedness, for
left brain hemisphere maturation is delayed (Tran et al. 2014). Moreover, early
brain insult may cause the individual to switch to the opposite hand for unimanual
activities. Cultural factors could change hand preference in three ways. First,
changing the hand used for some activities (e.g. writing, eating). Second, reducing
the degree of hand preference, when weak pressure applies to all unimanual
activity. Third, changing the overall preferred hand, when strong pressure applies
to all unimanual activity (Llaurens et al. 2009).
Most manual activities can be classified into precision and power grips
(Napier 1956). The precision grip is the manipulation of small objects with the
flexor aspects of the finger and the opposing thumb. Many right hemisphere nodes
are more active in the precision-grip task. It means that they are located in the
hemisphere ipsilateral to the operating hand. The power grip is a palmar
opposition grasp in which all fingers are flexed around the object, counter
pressure being applied by the thumb lying more or less in the plane of the palm.
The power-grip tasks are associated predominately with contralateral primary
sensory and motor cortex (Ehrsson et al. 2000). However, there is no research on
the precision- and power-grip task of people with left-handed preference.
Neuropsychological explanations of the left-hander advantages on creative
qualities are still fairly speculative. Some suggest that the structure of the brain of
sinistral (left-handed) and dextral persons might differ, for a larger corpus
callosum in those who are left-handed. The clinical evidence suggesting that those
who are left- and mixed-handed are more likely to have bilateral or diffuse
representation of cognitive functions. This would improve processing between
areas of the brain, which could speed up and simplify the exchange of information.
One possible outcome of this exchange might be faster access to wider range of
memories and associations. This would be one of particular advantage when the
2
individual utilizes this advantage in divergent thinking, which moves outward
from conventional knowledge into unexplored association. It is predicted that the
left-handed people success in this field reflects their superior divergent thinking
(Coren 1995).
Aim
The aim of this study is to collect the data and to determine frequency of
people with left-handed preference and their creativity in Indonesia, specifically in
Bogor, West Java.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Time and place
The research was held on December 2014 until February 2015 in Bogor,
West Java. Sampling was conducted in six senior high schools and six junior high
schools which are located in six different sub districts. Sampling was also
conducted door to door visits to find elementary students. Data was analyzed at
Biosystematics and Ecology of Animals, Department of Biology, Bogor
Agricultural University.
Subjects
The subjects were 493 individuals consisted of 267 female students and
226 male students in Bogor, West Java. Age range of subjects was 6 until 21 years
old. Subjects were elementary students, junior high school students, and senior
high school students.
Collecting Personal Data
Respondents were asked personal information such as name, address,
gender, and self-confessed about handedness (Appendix 1).
Left-handed Preference
In determining left-handed preference, respondents were asked to checklist
what hand they prefer to throw a ball, use a spoon, saw, sew, shoot marbles,
bowling or playing tennis, cut with a knife, cut with scissors, hammer, and write
(Appendix 2). If they routinely use the left hand or either hand for any number of
these 10 tasks, they are designated left-handed preference (Rife 1940).
Determining specific classification of left-handed preference used estimation total
score of the Rife method. In scoring Rife method, -1 point is given each time left
3
hand is checked, -0.5 point is given each time either hand is checked, and 0 point
is given each time right hand is checked.
Respondents were measured precision grip and power grip of either hand.
The precision grip measure used tweezers, 6 pegs, and board with 21 holes
(Figure 1). Respondents were asked to move the pegs with tweezers from the first
hole to the next hole one by one until the pegs were moved to the last hole (Figure
2). This movement was done with one hand and was repeated 3 times. The value
of precision grip is the summary of movement duration. The power grip measure
used power grip-D device (Figure 3). Respondents were asked to grip the device
lever as strong as they can four times with one hand (Figure 4). The value of
power grip is an average of four times grip.
(A)
(B)
(C)
Figure 1 Tools for precisian grip
measure
(A) Tweezers, (B) 6 pegs, and (C)
board with 21 holes
Figure 2 Precision grip measure
Respondents were asked to move the pegs
with tweezers one by one
(A)
Figure 3 Power grip-D device
(A) Device lever
Figure 4 Power grip measure
Respondents were asked to grip the
device lever as strong as they can
four times with one hand
4
Determining the score of grip used estimation index which is from
percentage either grip toward right grip. In scoring power grip, right grip average
minus left grip average, then divide with right grip average. In scoring precision
grip, left grip average minus right grip average, then divide with right grip average.
Thus, the equation results three indexes. Negative index means the left hand is
more powerful or more precise. Neutral index means the left hand and right hand
are equal. Positive index means the right hand is more powerful or more precise.
Determination of Creativity
Determination of creativity used the Adjective Check List (Gough 1979).
Respondents were given a questionnaire containing 30 adjectives and were asked
to checklist adjectives that describe themselves (Appendix 3). In the Adjective
Check List (ACL), there are 30 adjectives that consist of 18 positive items and 12
negative items (Appendix 4). In scoring Adjective Check List, 1 point is given
each time one of 18 positive items is checked, and -1 point is given each time one
of 12 negative items is checked. The theoretical range of scores is therefore -12 to
+18. If respondents had score ≤ 3 they are categorized as not creative, while had
score > 3 are categorized as creative (Gough 1979).
RESULT
Percentage of left-handed people
Percentages people of self-confessed about handedness are shown in Table 1.
Total frequency of left-handed people was 7.3%. Frequency of left-handed
females was 5.6% whereas frequency of left-handed males was 9.3%.
Table 1 Percentages people of self-confessed about handedness in Bogor
Handedness
Female
Male
Left-handed
Right-handed
Total
5.6 %(15)
94.4%(252)
100%(267)
9.3%(21)
90.7%(205)
100%(226)
Total
frequency
handedness
7.3%(36)
92.7%(457)
100%(493)
of
( ): Number of respondents
The respondents who conducted door to door visits elementary level were
6-10 years old. The respondents who conducted in junior high school level were
11-15 years old. The respondents who conducted in senior high school level were
15-21 years old. Percentages people of handedness based on age are shown in
Table 2. Highest percentage people of left-handed was age range 11-15 years old.
5
Table 2 Percentages people of handedness based on age
Handedness
Left-handed
Right-handed
Total
Age (years)
11-15
8%(24)
92%(278)
100%(302)
6-10
4%(1)
96%(27)
100%(28)
16-21
6%(11)
94%(162)
100%(173)
( ): Number of respondents
Percentages people of hand preference are shown in Table 3. Lowest
percentage people of left hand preference in both females and males was use a
spoon. Highest percentage people of both hand preference in both females and
males were throw a ball. Percentages people of right hand preference in both
females and males were almost equal for each activity.
Table 3 Percentage people of hand preference in unimanual activities
Female
Task
Left
Both
Throw a ball
6.0%
14.6%
Use a spoon
2.6%
3.7%
Saw
5.2%
0.4%
Sew
4.9%
1.9%
Shoot
marbles
4.5%
3.0%
Bowling or
playing
tennis
4.5%
1.9%
Cut with a
knife
4.9%
0.7%
Cut
with
4.9%
4.1%
scissors
Hammer
5.2%
2.6%
Write
5.6%
0.4%
Frequency of hand
preference
27%
Male
Right
79.4%
93.6%
94.4%
93.3%
Left
8.4%
2.7%
7.5%
9.3%
Both
7.5%
1.8%
2.7%
0.4%
Right
84.1%
95.6%
89.8%
90.3%
92.5%
6.2%
2.7%
91.2%
93.6%
8.8%
4.0%
87.2%
94.4%
8.4%
1.3%
90.3%
91%
92.1%
94%
8.4%
7.5%
8.0%
3.5%
2.2%
1.3%
88.1%
90.3%
90.7%
73%
24.8%
75.2%
The numbers of people with left-handed preference based on Rife method
total score are shown in Figure 5. Highest number of total score Rife method in
females was -9, while in males was -9 and -8. Females are designated left-handed
if they use left hand for 5 activities or more, while males use left hand for 2
activities or more.
6
Number of respondents
-3.5
-9.5
Rife method total score
Figure 5 Numbers of people with left-handed preference based on Rife method
total score in females and males
Percentages people of precision grip of left-handed are shown in Table 4.
All of left-handed females had negative index which means their left hand was
more precise. On the other hand, one left-handed male had positive scale which
means their right hand was more precise. The other left-handed males had
negative scale of precision grip.
Table 4 Percentage people of precision grip of left-handed
Scale of precision grip
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Total
Female
100%
0%
0%
100%
Male
95.2%
0%
4.8%
100%
Percentages people of power grip of left-handed are shown in Table 5. All
of left-handed females had negative scale which means their left hand was more
powerful. On the other hand, one left-handed male had neutral scale which means
their left and right hand were same powerful. Six other left-handed males had
positive scale which means their right hand was equal. The other left-handed
males have negative scale of power grip.
Table 5 Percentage people of power grip of left-handed
Scale of power grip
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Total
Female
100%
0%
0%
100%
Male
66,7%
4.8%
28.6%
100%
7
Creativity
Numbers of left-handed people with creativity are shown in Figure 6. ACL
scores ranged from -4 to +10. Highest number of ACL score is +2 and +3.
Percentage of creative left-handed people (ACL >3) was 25%.
Number of respondents
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 12
ACL score
Figure 6 Numbers of left-handed people with creativity
Numbers of right-handed people with creativity are shown in Figure 7. ACL
scores ranged from -7 to +12. Highest number of ACL score is +3. Percentage of
creative right-handed people (ACL >3) was 42.5%.
Number of respondents
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
0
1
2
3
4
5
ACL score
Figure 7 Numbers of right-handed people with creativity
6
7
8
9 10 12
8
ACL scores ranged from -7 to +12. Percentages people with creativity
based on handedness and gender are shown in Table 6. The creative left-handed
females were 40% while creative left-handed males were 14.3%. The creative
right-handed females were 40.1% and creative right-handed males were 45.4%.
This result showed that percentage of creative females with left-handed preference
was higher than males, while creativity in females and males with right-handed
preference was not different.
Table 6 Percentages people with creativity based on handedness and gender
Handedness
Left-handed
Righthanded
Female
Creative
40%
40.1%
Total
Not
creative
60%
59.9%
100%
100%
Male
Creative
Not
creative
14.3%
85.7%
45.4%
54.6%
Total
100%
100%
DISCUSSION
Frequency of left-handed people in Bogor, West Java was 7.3%. Frequency
of left-handed females was 5.6% while frequency of left-handed males was 9.3%.
The result showed frequency of left-handed males is higher than females. Male
brains are exposed to substantially higher testosterone levels than female brains
during prenatal development. The cerebral lateralization theory of GeschwindGalaburda (Tran et al. 2014) posits that high intrauterine levels of testosterone
promote the development of left-handedness because of left brain hemisphere
maturation is delayed, so that a sex effect for handedness may be expected (Tran
et al. 2014).
Highest percentage of Rife method total score in females was -9, while in
males was -9 and -8. Females were designated left-handed when they use left
hand for 5 activities or more, while males use left hand for 2 activities or more.
This result showed left-handed males were more adaptable to use right hand than
left-handed females. Males are apt to have the greatest growth in the planum
temporale or any other affected areas of the brain due to male fetuses are more
likely to be exposed to the higher levels of testosterone. This means that any
benefit derived from changes in the normal pattern of neurological development
would be expected to be more visible in males than females (Coren 1995).
Almost all of left-handed both females and males had negative index for
precision grip. All of left-handed females had negative index for power grip,
while one left-handed male had neutral index and six other left-handed males had
positive index. Precision grip correlates with finer motor control than power grip
with more gross motor actions. These are mostly precision grip skills like draw,
write, sew, or comb which most claimed to always use one hand. Power grip acts
like picking up a suitcase or carrying a heavy object are normally done by either
hand (Marchant et al. 1995). Thus, precision grip measure was better to
determining handedness.
9
Left-handers live in a world above the usual challenges afforded to righthanded. These challenges require left-handers to make special adaptations in
dealing with the environment that may foster creative behavior (Newland 1981).
However, the result showed the right-handers were more creative than lefthanders. Because of the respondents were the school students, their creativity still
developing due to their activities at school. Many of right-handed students often
did their hobby such as drawing, singing, dancing, or playing music instrument.
These kinds of hobby may foster creativity (Fleith 2000). Creativity was a result
of the interaction between person and environment. Classroom characteristics
which inhibit creativity such as: the use of one right answer, no mistakes, ignored
ideas, competition, evaluation, discipline, drill work, emphasis on curriculum, and
lack of time (Fleith 2000). So it is predicted that classroom characteristic made
creativity of students both left- and right-handed did not develop. The result of
this research showed that percentage of creative females and males with righthanded preference is not different, while percentage of creative left-handed
females is higher than of males. Perhaps females tend to elaborate more than
males, which elaborate is one of creativity subscales (Newland 1981).
CONCLUSION
Frequency of left-handed males in Bogor, West Java was higher than
females. The right-handers were more creative than left-handers. Percentage of
creative right-handed both females and males was not different, while creative
percentage of left-handed females was higher than left-handed males.
REFERENCES
Coren S. 1995. Differences in divergent thinking as a function of handedness and
sex. The American Journal of Psychology 108(3): 311-325.
Ehrsson HH, Fagergren A, Jonsson T, Westling G, Johansson RS, Forssberg H.
2000. Cortical activity in precision- versus power-grip tasks: An fMRI
study. J. Neurophysiol 83: 528-536.
Fleith DS. 2000. Teacher and student perception of creativity in the classroom
environment. Roeper Review 22(3): 148-153.
Fauri C, Schiefenhὂvel W, le Bomin S, Billiard S, Raymond M. 2005.
Variation in the frequency of left-handedness in traditional societies.
Current Anthropology 46: 142-147.
Gough HG. 1979. A creative personality scale for the Adjective Check List.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37(8): 1398-1405.
Llaurens V, Raymond M, Faurie C. 2009. Why are some people left-handed? An
evolutionary perspective. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 364: 881-894.
Marchant LF, McGrew WC, Eibl-Eibesfeldt I. 1995. Is human handedness
universal? Ethological analyses from three traditional cultures. Ethology
101: 239-258.
10
Napier JR. 1956. The prehensile movements of the human hand. J. Bone Joint
Surg. 38B: 902-913.
Newland GA. 1981. Differences between left- and right-handers on a measure of
creativity. Perceptual and Motor Skills 53: 787-792.
Rife DC. 1940. Handedness, with special preference to twins. Genetics 25: 178186.
Sari MD. 2014. Frequency of left-handed people and their creativity in Padang
West Sumatra [skripsi]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Scerri TS, Brandler WM, Paracchini S, Morris AP, Ring SM, Richardson AJ,
Talcott JB, SteinJ, Monaco AP. 2011. PCSK6 is associated with
handedness in individuals with dyslexia. Human Molecular Genetics
20(3): 608-614.
Tran SU, Stieger S, Voracek M. 2014. Latent variable analysis indicates that
seasonal anisotropy accounts for the higher prevalence of lefthandedness in men. Cortex 57: 187-197.
11
Appendix 1 Research questionnaire
KUISIONER PENELITIAN
Data Pribadi
Nama Lengkap
:
Alamat
:
No. Hand Phone
:
Suku (Sunda)
:
Kidal
: ya / tidak
Tempat / Tanggal Lahir :
Usia
:
Anak ke:
dari
Data Orang Tua
Nama Ayah
Asal
Suku (Sunda)
:
:
:
FNUM
:
Tanggal
:
Jenis Kelamin : P / L
Hair Whorl :
PRCS(1/2/3) :
PWR(KA/KI) :
bersaudara
Nama ibu
Asal
Suku (Sunda)
:
:
:
Nama Ayah dari Ayah :
Asal
:
Suku (Sunda)
:
Nama Ayah dari Ibu :
Asal
:
Suku (Sunda)
:
Nama Ibu dari Ayah
Asal
Suku (Sunda)
Nama Ibu dari Ibu
Asal
Suku (Sunda)
Pedigree (silsilah)
:
:
:
:
:
:
12
Appendix 2 Handedness questionnaire
Ceklis ( √ ) tangan mana yang nyaman dan biasa anda gunakan dalam
melakukan kegiatan berikut :
No
Kegiatan
Tangan yang digunakan
Kiri
1
Melempar
2
Bermain
bowling
/
bulutangkis
3
Bermain kelereng
4
Memotong dengan pisau
5
Makan dengan sendok
6
Memalu
7
Menggerggaji
8
Menjahit
9
Menulis
10
Menggunting
tenis
/
Kanan
13
Appendix 3 Creativity determination
Ceklis ( √ ) semua sifat dibawah ini yang anda anggap mendeskripsikan
diri anda.
___mampu
___jujur
___mudah terpengaruh
___cerdas
___pintar
___sopan
___berhati-hati
___ketertarikan luas
___yakin
___berdaya cipta
___egois
___asli, tidak mencontoh
___lumrah
___ketertarikan sempit
___suka bercanda
___berpikir panjang
___tradisional
___tulus
___tak-bergantung ke orang lain
___banyak akal
___biasa, menurut adat
___percaya diri
___tidak resmi
___sexy
___tidak berpuas-diri
___patuh
___berwawasan
___tinggi hati
___curiga
___tidak biasa, diluar peraturan
14
Appendix 4 Positive and negative items on ACL
Positive
mampu
pintar
yakin
egois
suka bercanda
tak-bergantung ke orang lain
tidak resmi
berwawasan
cerdas
ketertarikan luas
berdaya cipta
asli, tidak mencontoh
berpikir panjang
banyak akal
percaya diri
seksi
tinggi hati
tidak biasa, diluar peraturan
Negative
mudah terpengaruh
berhati-hati
lumrah
tradisional
biasa, menurut adat
tidak berpuas-diri
jujur
ketertarikan sempit
sopan
tulus
patuh
curiga
15
RIWAYAT HIDUP
Penulis lahir di Jakarta pada tanggal 24 Januari 1994 dari pasangan Drs
Edwin Tirani dan Sabarniati Hambawani sebagai anak pertama dari dua
bersaudara. Penulis menyelesaikan pendidikan di SMA Negeri 29 Jakarta pada
tahun 2011 dan melanjutkan studi pada Jurusan Biologi, Fakultas Matematika dan
Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Institut Pertanian Bogor melalui jalur Undangan
SNMPTN.
Selama masa studi di IPB, penulis aktif di berbagai organisasi mahasiswa.
Sejak tahun 2011, penulis aktif sebagai anggota di Organisasi Mahasiswa Daerah
Jakarta. Penulis juga aktif sebagai anggota Gentra Kaheman pada periode
2011/2012. Penulis juga aktif sebagai anggota di Divisi PSDM (Pengembangan
Sumber Daya Mahasiswa) Himpunan Mahasiswa Biologi (Himabio) IPB pada
periode 2012/2013. Penulis juga aktif sebagai bendahara di Divisi Event
Organizer Unit Kegiatan Mahasiswa (UKM) MAX!! pada periode 2012/2013.
Penulis terlibat dalam beberapa kepanitiaan kegiatan kampus seperti Panitia
MAX!! Corner, Erasmus Huis MAX!!, Grand Biodiversity, Masa Orientasi dan
Informasi Biologi (MORFOLOGI) Angkatan 49, Kunjungan Industri Biologi,
serta Pesta Sains Nasional 2012 dan 2013. Penulis pernah meraih penghargaan
juara II lomba Aerobik di Olimpiade Mahasiswa IPB 2014 bersama Fakultas
Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam. Penulis pernah menjadi pengisi acara di
beberapa kegiatan kampus bersama Gentra Kaheman IPB.
Penulis melakukan Studi Lapangan pada tahun 2013 dengan judul
Keragaman Melastoma di Telaga Warna dan Sekitarnya. Penulis melakukan
Praktik Lapangan pada tahun 2014 dengan judul Manajemen Pemeriksaan Darah
di Laboratorium Rumah Sakit Ichsan Medical Centre Bintaro. Penulis pernah
menjadi asisten praktikum Fisiologi Tumbuhan dan Struktur Hewan.
PREFERENCE AND THEIR CREATIVITY IN BOGOR
WEST JAVA
WINATI NURHAYU
DEPARTEMEN BIOLOGI
FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM
INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR
BOGOR
2015
iii
PERNYATAAN MENGENAI SKRIPSI DAN
SUMBER INFORMASI SERTA PELIMPAHAN HAK CIPTA*
Dengan ini saya menyatakan bahwa skripsi berjudul Frequency of People
with Left-handed Preference and Their Creativity in Bogor West Java adalah
benar karya saya dengan arahan dari komisi pembimbing dan belum diajukan
dalam bentuk apa pun kepada perguruan tinggi mana pun. Sumber informasi yang
berasal atau dikutip dari karya yang diterbitkan maupun tidak diterbitkan dari
penulis lain telah disebutkan dalam teks dan dicantumkan dalam Daftar Pustaka di
bagian akhir skripsi ini.
Dengan ini saya melimpahkan hak cipta dari karya tulis saya kepada Institut
Pertanian Bogor.
Bogor, Maret 2015
Winati Nurhayu
NIM G34110030
iv
ABSTRACT
WINATI NURHAYU. Frequency of People with Left-handed Preference
and Their Creativity in Bogor West Java. Supervised by KANTHI ARUM
WIDAYATI and BAMBANG SURYOBROTO.
Individual human shows a preference for using one hand than the other
hand. Handedness is influenced by genetic, developmental, and cultural factor.
Approximately 10% of humans are left-handed. Most manual activities can be
classified into precision and power grips. However, there is no research on the
precision and power-grip task of people with left-handed preference. Some
suggest that the structure of the brain of sinistral (left-handed) has a larger corpus
callosum. It is predicted that the left-handed success reflects their superior
divergent thinking. The subjects were 267 female students and 226 male students
in Bogor, West Java. Age range of subjects was 6 until 21 years old. In
determining left-handed preference, subjects were measured with Rife methods,
precision grip, and power grip. In determining of creativity, subjects were
measured with Adjective Check List. Male brains are exposed to substantially
higher testosterone levels than female brains during prenatal development, so that
a sex effect for handedness may be expected. Total frequency of left-handed was
7.3%. Percentage of creative right-handed both females and males was not
different, while creative percentage of left-handed females was higher than lefthanded males. The activities and environment impact for creativity is discussed.
Keywords: bogor, creativity, handedness, left-handed
ABSTRAK
WINATI NURHAYU. Frekuensi Orang Kidal dan Kreativitasnya di Bogor
Jawa Barat. Dibimbing oleh KANTHI ARUM WIDAYATI dan BAMBANG
SURYOBROTO.
Setiap manusia lebih menyukai menggunakan salah satu tangan dari pada
tangan lainnya. Kebiasaan penggunaan tangan ini dipengaruhi oleh faktor genetik,
pertumbuhan dan perkembangan, dan faktor lingkungan. Kurang lebih 10% dari
manusia berpreferensi kidal. Mayoritas aktivitas manual dapat diklasifikasikan
menjadi ketelitian dan kekuatan tangan. Namun, masih belum ada penelitian
mengenai ketelitian dan kekuatan tangan pada orang kidal. Beberapa peneliti
menyimpulkan bahwa struktur otak orang kidal memiliki corpus callosum yang
lebih besar. Maka dari itu, diprediksikan bahwa kesuksesan orang kidal
mencerminkan cara berfikir divergen mereka yang superior. Subjek penelitian ini
berjumlah 267 pelajar perempuan dan 226 pelajar laki-laki di Bogor, Jawa Barat.
Rentang umur dari subjek yaitu dari umur 6 tahun sampai umur 21 tahun.
Preferensi tangan responden diuji dengan metode Rife, uji ketelitian tangan, dan
uji kekuatan tangan. Responden juga diukur kreativitasnya dengan daftar kata sifat.
Otak laki-laki terpapar testosteron yang lebih tinggi daripada otak perempuan saat
perkembangan janin, sehingga diduga ada efek jenis kelamin terhadap kebiasaan
penggunaan tangan. Frekuensi total orang kidal 7.3%. Persentase kreativitas orang
yang tidak kidal baik perempuan maupun laki-laki tidak berbeda, sedangkan
v
persentase kreativitas perempuan kidal lebih tinggi daripada laki-laki kidal.
Dampak aktivitas dan lingkungan bagi kreativitas didiskusikan.
Kata kunci: bogor, penggunaan tangan, kidal, kreativitas
FREQUENCY OF PEOPLE WITH LEFT-HANDED
PREFERENCE AND THEIR CREATIVITY IN BOGOR
WEST JAVA
WINATI NURHAYU
Skripsi
sebagai salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar
Sarjana Sains
pada
Departemen Biologi
DEPARTEMEN BIOLOGI
FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM
INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR
BOGOR
2015
viii
x
PRAKATA
Puji dan syukur penulis panjatkan kepada Allah SWT atas segala rahmat
dan karunia-Nya sehingga karya ilmiah ini dapat diselesaikan. Skripsi ini disusun
berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang berjudul Frequency of People with Left-handed
Preference and Their Creativity in Bogor West Java yang dilaksanakan sejak
Desember 2014 sampai Febuari 2015.
Terimakasih kepada Dr Kanthi Arum Widayati dan Dr Bambang Suryobroto
sebagai dosen pembimbing atas bimbingan dan saran yang diberikan. Terimakasih
kepada Kantor Kesatuan Bangsa dan Politik serta Dinas Pendidikan Kota Bogor
yang telah memberikan izin pengambilan data. Terimakasih banyak kepada Papa,
Mama, Roro, Bilal Ibnu Wahid, Kak Au, Dian, Citra, teman-teman Biologi 48,
Jakarta Community 48, dan Zoo Corner family untuk bantuan dan dukungannya
selama ini.
Semoga karya ilmiah ini bermanfaat.
Bogor, Maret 2015
Winati Nurhayu
xi
DAFTAR ISI
DAFTAR TABEL
xii
DAFTAR GAMBAR
xii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
xii
INTRODUCTION
1
Background
1
Aim
2
MATERIALS AND METHOD
2
Time and place
2
Subjects
2
Collecting Personal Data
2
Left-handed Preference
2
Determination of Creativity
4
RESULT
4
Frequency of left-handed people
4
Creativity
7
DISCUSSION
8
CONCLUSION
9
REFERENCES
9
APPENDIX
11
RIWAYAT HIDUP
15
xii
DAFTAR TABEL
1 Percentages people of self-confessed about handedness in Bogor
2 Percentages people of handedness based on age
3 Percentage people of hand preference in unimanual activities
4 Percentage people of precision grip of left-handed
5 Percentage people of power grip of left-handed
6 Percentages people with creativity based on handedness and gender
4
5
5
6
6
8
DAFTAR GAMBAR
1 Tools for precisian grip measure
2 Precision grip measure
3 Power grip-D device
4 Power grip measure
5 Numbers of people with left-handed preference based on Rife method
total score in females and males
6 Numbers of left-handed people with creativity
7 Numbers of right-handed people with creativity
3
3
3
3
6
7
7
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
1 Research questionnaire
2 Handedness questionnaire
3 Creativity determination
4 Positive and negative items on ACL
11
12
13
14
INTRODUCTION
Background
Individual human shows a preference for using one hand than the other hand
(Llaurens et al. 2009). Handedness corresponds with cerebral asymmetry and
right-handedness indicates a dominance of the left hemisphere for motor function
(Scerri et al. 2011). Left-handedness is related with reductions or reversals of
brain asymmetries. Approximately 10% of humans are left-handed (Fauri et al.
2005). A study in Padang, West Sumatra had found that left-handed frequency is
20% (Sari 2014).
Handedness is influenced by genetic, developmental, and cultural factor
(Llaurens et al. 2009). So far, only two specific genes have been suggested as a
candidates for handedness, such as LRRTM1 (Leucine-rich repeat transmembrane
neuronal) and PCSK6 (Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 6). LRRTM1 is
identified as the X-linked androgen receptor. PCSK6 is known as key role in
regulating both the anteroposterior and left–right axes, so it become a highly
attractive candidate gene for involvement in handedness (Scerri et al. 2011).
Cerebral lateralization theory of Geschwind-Galaburda posits that high
testosterone intrauterine levels promote the development of left-handedness, for
left brain hemisphere maturation is delayed (Tran et al. 2014). Moreover, early
brain insult may cause the individual to switch to the opposite hand for unimanual
activities. Cultural factors could change hand preference in three ways. First,
changing the hand used for some activities (e.g. writing, eating). Second, reducing
the degree of hand preference, when weak pressure applies to all unimanual
activity. Third, changing the overall preferred hand, when strong pressure applies
to all unimanual activity (Llaurens et al. 2009).
Most manual activities can be classified into precision and power grips
(Napier 1956). The precision grip is the manipulation of small objects with the
flexor aspects of the finger and the opposing thumb. Many right hemisphere nodes
are more active in the precision-grip task. It means that they are located in the
hemisphere ipsilateral to the operating hand. The power grip is a palmar
opposition grasp in which all fingers are flexed around the object, counter
pressure being applied by the thumb lying more or less in the plane of the palm.
The power-grip tasks are associated predominately with contralateral primary
sensory and motor cortex (Ehrsson et al. 2000). However, there is no research on
the precision- and power-grip task of people with left-handed preference.
Neuropsychological explanations of the left-hander advantages on creative
qualities are still fairly speculative. Some suggest that the structure of the brain of
sinistral (left-handed) and dextral persons might differ, for a larger corpus
callosum in those who are left-handed. The clinical evidence suggesting that those
who are left- and mixed-handed are more likely to have bilateral or diffuse
representation of cognitive functions. This would improve processing between
areas of the brain, which could speed up and simplify the exchange of information.
One possible outcome of this exchange might be faster access to wider range of
memories and associations. This would be one of particular advantage when the
2
individual utilizes this advantage in divergent thinking, which moves outward
from conventional knowledge into unexplored association. It is predicted that the
left-handed people success in this field reflects their superior divergent thinking
(Coren 1995).
Aim
The aim of this study is to collect the data and to determine frequency of
people with left-handed preference and their creativity in Indonesia, specifically in
Bogor, West Java.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Time and place
The research was held on December 2014 until February 2015 in Bogor,
West Java. Sampling was conducted in six senior high schools and six junior high
schools which are located in six different sub districts. Sampling was also
conducted door to door visits to find elementary students. Data was analyzed at
Biosystematics and Ecology of Animals, Department of Biology, Bogor
Agricultural University.
Subjects
The subjects were 493 individuals consisted of 267 female students and
226 male students in Bogor, West Java. Age range of subjects was 6 until 21 years
old. Subjects were elementary students, junior high school students, and senior
high school students.
Collecting Personal Data
Respondents were asked personal information such as name, address,
gender, and self-confessed about handedness (Appendix 1).
Left-handed Preference
In determining left-handed preference, respondents were asked to checklist
what hand they prefer to throw a ball, use a spoon, saw, sew, shoot marbles,
bowling or playing tennis, cut with a knife, cut with scissors, hammer, and write
(Appendix 2). If they routinely use the left hand or either hand for any number of
these 10 tasks, they are designated left-handed preference (Rife 1940).
Determining specific classification of left-handed preference used estimation total
score of the Rife method. In scoring Rife method, -1 point is given each time left
3
hand is checked, -0.5 point is given each time either hand is checked, and 0 point
is given each time right hand is checked.
Respondents were measured precision grip and power grip of either hand.
The precision grip measure used tweezers, 6 pegs, and board with 21 holes
(Figure 1). Respondents were asked to move the pegs with tweezers from the first
hole to the next hole one by one until the pegs were moved to the last hole (Figure
2). This movement was done with one hand and was repeated 3 times. The value
of precision grip is the summary of movement duration. The power grip measure
used power grip-D device (Figure 3). Respondents were asked to grip the device
lever as strong as they can four times with one hand (Figure 4). The value of
power grip is an average of four times grip.
(A)
(B)
(C)
Figure 1 Tools for precisian grip
measure
(A) Tweezers, (B) 6 pegs, and (C)
board with 21 holes
Figure 2 Precision grip measure
Respondents were asked to move the pegs
with tweezers one by one
(A)
Figure 3 Power grip-D device
(A) Device lever
Figure 4 Power grip measure
Respondents were asked to grip the
device lever as strong as they can
four times with one hand
4
Determining the score of grip used estimation index which is from
percentage either grip toward right grip. In scoring power grip, right grip average
minus left grip average, then divide with right grip average. In scoring precision
grip, left grip average minus right grip average, then divide with right grip average.
Thus, the equation results three indexes. Negative index means the left hand is
more powerful or more precise. Neutral index means the left hand and right hand
are equal. Positive index means the right hand is more powerful or more precise.
Determination of Creativity
Determination of creativity used the Adjective Check List (Gough 1979).
Respondents were given a questionnaire containing 30 adjectives and were asked
to checklist adjectives that describe themselves (Appendix 3). In the Adjective
Check List (ACL), there are 30 adjectives that consist of 18 positive items and 12
negative items (Appendix 4). In scoring Adjective Check List, 1 point is given
each time one of 18 positive items is checked, and -1 point is given each time one
of 12 negative items is checked. The theoretical range of scores is therefore -12 to
+18. If respondents had score ≤ 3 they are categorized as not creative, while had
score > 3 are categorized as creative (Gough 1979).
RESULT
Percentage of left-handed people
Percentages people of self-confessed about handedness are shown in Table 1.
Total frequency of left-handed people was 7.3%. Frequency of left-handed
females was 5.6% whereas frequency of left-handed males was 9.3%.
Table 1 Percentages people of self-confessed about handedness in Bogor
Handedness
Female
Male
Left-handed
Right-handed
Total
5.6 %(15)
94.4%(252)
100%(267)
9.3%(21)
90.7%(205)
100%(226)
Total
frequency
handedness
7.3%(36)
92.7%(457)
100%(493)
of
( ): Number of respondents
The respondents who conducted door to door visits elementary level were
6-10 years old. The respondents who conducted in junior high school level were
11-15 years old. The respondents who conducted in senior high school level were
15-21 years old. Percentages people of handedness based on age are shown in
Table 2. Highest percentage people of left-handed was age range 11-15 years old.
5
Table 2 Percentages people of handedness based on age
Handedness
Left-handed
Right-handed
Total
Age (years)
11-15
8%(24)
92%(278)
100%(302)
6-10
4%(1)
96%(27)
100%(28)
16-21
6%(11)
94%(162)
100%(173)
( ): Number of respondents
Percentages people of hand preference are shown in Table 3. Lowest
percentage people of left hand preference in both females and males was use a
spoon. Highest percentage people of both hand preference in both females and
males were throw a ball. Percentages people of right hand preference in both
females and males were almost equal for each activity.
Table 3 Percentage people of hand preference in unimanual activities
Female
Task
Left
Both
Throw a ball
6.0%
14.6%
Use a spoon
2.6%
3.7%
Saw
5.2%
0.4%
Sew
4.9%
1.9%
Shoot
marbles
4.5%
3.0%
Bowling or
playing
tennis
4.5%
1.9%
Cut with a
knife
4.9%
0.7%
Cut
with
4.9%
4.1%
scissors
Hammer
5.2%
2.6%
Write
5.6%
0.4%
Frequency of hand
preference
27%
Male
Right
79.4%
93.6%
94.4%
93.3%
Left
8.4%
2.7%
7.5%
9.3%
Both
7.5%
1.8%
2.7%
0.4%
Right
84.1%
95.6%
89.8%
90.3%
92.5%
6.2%
2.7%
91.2%
93.6%
8.8%
4.0%
87.2%
94.4%
8.4%
1.3%
90.3%
91%
92.1%
94%
8.4%
7.5%
8.0%
3.5%
2.2%
1.3%
88.1%
90.3%
90.7%
73%
24.8%
75.2%
The numbers of people with left-handed preference based on Rife method
total score are shown in Figure 5. Highest number of total score Rife method in
females was -9, while in males was -9 and -8. Females are designated left-handed
if they use left hand for 5 activities or more, while males use left hand for 2
activities or more.
6
Number of respondents
-3.5
-9.5
Rife method total score
Figure 5 Numbers of people with left-handed preference based on Rife method
total score in females and males
Percentages people of precision grip of left-handed are shown in Table 4.
All of left-handed females had negative index which means their left hand was
more precise. On the other hand, one left-handed male had positive scale which
means their right hand was more precise. The other left-handed males had
negative scale of precision grip.
Table 4 Percentage people of precision grip of left-handed
Scale of precision grip
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Total
Female
100%
0%
0%
100%
Male
95.2%
0%
4.8%
100%
Percentages people of power grip of left-handed are shown in Table 5. All
of left-handed females had negative scale which means their left hand was more
powerful. On the other hand, one left-handed male had neutral scale which means
their left and right hand were same powerful. Six other left-handed males had
positive scale which means their right hand was equal. The other left-handed
males have negative scale of power grip.
Table 5 Percentage people of power grip of left-handed
Scale of power grip
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Total
Female
100%
0%
0%
100%
Male
66,7%
4.8%
28.6%
100%
7
Creativity
Numbers of left-handed people with creativity are shown in Figure 6. ACL
scores ranged from -4 to +10. Highest number of ACL score is +2 and +3.
Percentage of creative left-handed people (ACL >3) was 25%.
Number of respondents
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 12
ACL score
Figure 6 Numbers of left-handed people with creativity
Numbers of right-handed people with creativity are shown in Figure 7. ACL
scores ranged from -7 to +12. Highest number of ACL score is +3. Percentage of
creative right-handed people (ACL >3) was 42.5%.
Number of respondents
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
0
1
2
3
4
5
ACL score
Figure 7 Numbers of right-handed people with creativity
6
7
8
9 10 12
8
ACL scores ranged from -7 to +12. Percentages people with creativity
based on handedness and gender are shown in Table 6. The creative left-handed
females were 40% while creative left-handed males were 14.3%. The creative
right-handed females were 40.1% and creative right-handed males were 45.4%.
This result showed that percentage of creative females with left-handed preference
was higher than males, while creativity in females and males with right-handed
preference was not different.
Table 6 Percentages people with creativity based on handedness and gender
Handedness
Left-handed
Righthanded
Female
Creative
40%
40.1%
Total
Not
creative
60%
59.9%
100%
100%
Male
Creative
Not
creative
14.3%
85.7%
45.4%
54.6%
Total
100%
100%
DISCUSSION
Frequency of left-handed people in Bogor, West Java was 7.3%. Frequency
of left-handed females was 5.6% while frequency of left-handed males was 9.3%.
The result showed frequency of left-handed males is higher than females. Male
brains are exposed to substantially higher testosterone levels than female brains
during prenatal development. The cerebral lateralization theory of GeschwindGalaburda (Tran et al. 2014) posits that high intrauterine levels of testosterone
promote the development of left-handedness because of left brain hemisphere
maturation is delayed, so that a sex effect for handedness may be expected (Tran
et al. 2014).
Highest percentage of Rife method total score in females was -9, while in
males was -9 and -8. Females were designated left-handed when they use left
hand for 5 activities or more, while males use left hand for 2 activities or more.
This result showed left-handed males were more adaptable to use right hand than
left-handed females. Males are apt to have the greatest growth in the planum
temporale or any other affected areas of the brain due to male fetuses are more
likely to be exposed to the higher levels of testosterone. This means that any
benefit derived from changes in the normal pattern of neurological development
would be expected to be more visible in males than females (Coren 1995).
Almost all of left-handed both females and males had negative index for
precision grip. All of left-handed females had negative index for power grip,
while one left-handed male had neutral index and six other left-handed males had
positive index. Precision grip correlates with finer motor control than power grip
with more gross motor actions. These are mostly precision grip skills like draw,
write, sew, or comb which most claimed to always use one hand. Power grip acts
like picking up a suitcase or carrying a heavy object are normally done by either
hand (Marchant et al. 1995). Thus, precision grip measure was better to
determining handedness.
9
Left-handers live in a world above the usual challenges afforded to righthanded. These challenges require left-handers to make special adaptations in
dealing with the environment that may foster creative behavior (Newland 1981).
However, the result showed the right-handers were more creative than lefthanders. Because of the respondents were the school students, their creativity still
developing due to their activities at school. Many of right-handed students often
did their hobby such as drawing, singing, dancing, or playing music instrument.
These kinds of hobby may foster creativity (Fleith 2000). Creativity was a result
of the interaction between person and environment. Classroom characteristics
which inhibit creativity such as: the use of one right answer, no mistakes, ignored
ideas, competition, evaluation, discipline, drill work, emphasis on curriculum, and
lack of time (Fleith 2000). So it is predicted that classroom characteristic made
creativity of students both left- and right-handed did not develop. The result of
this research showed that percentage of creative females and males with righthanded preference is not different, while percentage of creative left-handed
females is higher than of males. Perhaps females tend to elaborate more than
males, which elaborate is one of creativity subscales (Newland 1981).
CONCLUSION
Frequency of left-handed males in Bogor, West Java was higher than
females. The right-handers were more creative than left-handers. Percentage of
creative right-handed both females and males was not different, while creative
percentage of left-handed females was higher than left-handed males.
REFERENCES
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Ehrsson HH, Fagergren A, Jonsson T, Westling G, Johansson RS, Forssberg H.
2000. Cortical activity in precision- versus power-grip tasks: An fMRI
study. J. Neurophysiol 83: 528-536.
Fleith DS. 2000. Teacher and student perception of creativity in the classroom
environment. Roeper Review 22(3): 148-153.
Fauri C, Schiefenhὂvel W, le Bomin S, Billiard S, Raymond M. 2005.
Variation in the frequency of left-handedness in traditional societies.
Current Anthropology 46: 142-147.
Gough HG. 1979. A creative personality scale for the Adjective Check List.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37(8): 1398-1405.
Llaurens V, Raymond M, Faurie C. 2009. Why are some people left-handed? An
evolutionary perspective. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 364: 881-894.
Marchant LF, McGrew WC, Eibl-Eibesfeldt I. 1995. Is human handedness
universal? Ethological analyses from three traditional cultures. Ethology
101: 239-258.
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Napier JR. 1956. The prehensile movements of the human hand. J. Bone Joint
Surg. 38B: 902-913.
Newland GA. 1981. Differences between left- and right-handers on a measure of
creativity. Perceptual and Motor Skills 53: 787-792.
Rife DC. 1940. Handedness, with special preference to twins. Genetics 25: 178186.
Sari MD. 2014. Frequency of left-handed people and their creativity in Padang
West Sumatra [skripsi]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Scerri TS, Brandler WM, Paracchini S, Morris AP, Ring SM, Richardson AJ,
Talcott JB, SteinJ, Monaco AP. 2011. PCSK6 is associated with
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Tran SU, Stieger S, Voracek M. 2014. Latent variable analysis indicates that
seasonal anisotropy accounts for the higher prevalence of lefthandedness in men. Cortex 57: 187-197.
11
Appendix 1 Research questionnaire
KUISIONER PENELITIAN
Data Pribadi
Nama Lengkap
:
Alamat
:
No. Hand Phone
:
Suku (Sunda)
:
Kidal
: ya / tidak
Tempat / Tanggal Lahir :
Usia
:
Anak ke:
dari
Data Orang Tua
Nama Ayah
Asal
Suku (Sunda)
:
:
:
FNUM
:
Tanggal
:
Jenis Kelamin : P / L
Hair Whorl :
PRCS(1/2/3) :
PWR(KA/KI) :
bersaudara
Nama ibu
Asal
Suku (Sunda)
:
:
:
Nama Ayah dari Ayah :
Asal
:
Suku (Sunda)
:
Nama Ayah dari Ibu :
Asal
:
Suku (Sunda)
:
Nama Ibu dari Ayah
Asal
Suku (Sunda)
Nama Ibu dari Ibu
Asal
Suku (Sunda)
Pedigree (silsilah)
:
:
:
:
:
:
12
Appendix 2 Handedness questionnaire
Ceklis ( √ ) tangan mana yang nyaman dan biasa anda gunakan dalam
melakukan kegiatan berikut :
No
Kegiatan
Tangan yang digunakan
Kiri
1
Melempar
2
Bermain
bowling
/
bulutangkis
3
Bermain kelereng
4
Memotong dengan pisau
5
Makan dengan sendok
6
Memalu
7
Menggerggaji
8
Menjahit
9
Menulis
10
Menggunting
tenis
/
Kanan
13
Appendix 3 Creativity determination
Ceklis ( √ ) semua sifat dibawah ini yang anda anggap mendeskripsikan
diri anda.
___mampu
___jujur
___mudah terpengaruh
___cerdas
___pintar
___sopan
___berhati-hati
___ketertarikan luas
___yakin
___berdaya cipta
___egois
___asli, tidak mencontoh
___lumrah
___ketertarikan sempit
___suka bercanda
___berpikir panjang
___tradisional
___tulus
___tak-bergantung ke orang lain
___banyak akal
___biasa, menurut adat
___percaya diri
___tidak resmi
___sexy
___tidak berpuas-diri
___patuh
___berwawasan
___tinggi hati
___curiga
___tidak biasa, diluar peraturan
14
Appendix 4 Positive and negative items on ACL
Positive
mampu
pintar
yakin
egois
suka bercanda
tak-bergantung ke orang lain
tidak resmi
berwawasan
cerdas
ketertarikan luas
berdaya cipta
asli, tidak mencontoh
berpikir panjang
banyak akal
percaya diri
seksi
tinggi hati
tidak biasa, diluar peraturan
Negative
mudah terpengaruh
berhati-hati
lumrah
tradisional
biasa, menurut adat
tidak berpuas-diri
jujur
ketertarikan sempit
sopan
tulus
patuh
curiga
15
RIWAYAT HIDUP
Penulis lahir di Jakarta pada tanggal 24 Januari 1994 dari pasangan Drs
Edwin Tirani dan Sabarniati Hambawani sebagai anak pertama dari dua
bersaudara. Penulis menyelesaikan pendidikan di SMA Negeri 29 Jakarta pada
tahun 2011 dan melanjutkan studi pada Jurusan Biologi, Fakultas Matematika dan
Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Institut Pertanian Bogor melalui jalur Undangan
SNMPTN.
Selama masa studi di IPB, penulis aktif di berbagai organisasi mahasiswa.
Sejak tahun 2011, penulis aktif sebagai anggota di Organisasi Mahasiswa Daerah
Jakarta. Penulis juga aktif sebagai anggota Gentra Kaheman pada periode
2011/2012. Penulis juga aktif sebagai anggota di Divisi PSDM (Pengembangan
Sumber Daya Mahasiswa) Himpunan Mahasiswa Biologi (Himabio) IPB pada
periode 2012/2013. Penulis juga aktif sebagai bendahara di Divisi Event
Organizer Unit Kegiatan Mahasiswa (UKM) MAX!! pada periode 2012/2013.
Penulis terlibat dalam beberapa kepanitiaan kegiatan kampus seperti Panitia
MAX!! Corner, Erasmus Huis MAX!!, Grand Biodiversity, Masa Orientasi dan
Informasi Biologi (MORFOLOGI) Angkatan 49, Kunjungan Industri Biologi,
serta Pesta Sains Nasional 2012 dan 2013. Penulis pernah meraih penghargaan
juara II lomba Aerobik di Olimpiade Mahasiswa IPB 2014 bersama Fakultas
Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam. Penulis pernah menjadi pengisi acara di
beberapa kegiatan kampus bersama Gentra Kaheman IPB.
Penulis melakukan Studi Lapangan pada tahun 2013 dengan judul
Keragaman Melastoma di Telaga Warna dan Sekitarnya. Penulis melakukan
Praktik Lapangan pada tahun 2014 dengan judul Manajemen Pemeriksaan Darah
di Laboratorium Rumah Sakit Ichsan Medical Centre Bintaro. Penulis pernah
menjadi asisten praktikum Fisiologi Tumbuhan dan Struktur Hewan.