CFD Analysis of Bubble Distribution in Non-Catalytic Reactor for Production of Biodiesel Fuel

ISSNI : zo88-8

Proceeding

86+

ZO11

lnternatfonal Conference and Exhibition
Sustainable Energy and Advanced Material
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
SUPPORTED BY
ADVANCED MATERIAL TECH NOLOGI ES

F]:kt'"
t.

Surakarta, Octob er 3-4'n, zott
Faculty of Engineering
Universitas Sebelas Maret


#'ffi
't,,..

Prof. Dato' Dr. Ahmad Yusoff

Chairman
Dr. techn. Suyitno
Universitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia

Organizing Committee
Dody Ariawan

Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,
Malaysia

Prof. Dr. Md Razalibin Ayob
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,
Malaysia

t-.lniversitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia


Didik Dioko

S.

Safarudin Ghazali Herawan
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,
Malaysia

Mohd" Azlibin Salim
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,
Malaysia

Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,
Malaysia

Prof. Madya Abd Salam bin Md.
I anrr
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,
Malaysia


Malaysia

Secretary

Malaysia

Ubaidillah

Prof. Madya Dr. lr. Abd Talib

Din

bin

Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,
Malaysia

Dr" Khisbullah Hudha


Thesaurus

Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,

Wibawa Endra Juwana

Malaysia

Universitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia

Dharmanto
Universitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia

Advisory Board
South East Asia Region
Prof. Dr. Kuncoro Dihardio
LJniversitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia

Prof. Dr. Neng Sri Suharty
Universitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia


Prof. Dr.-lng. Harwin Saptoadi
Universitas 6ajah Mada, lndonesia

America Region
Dr. techn. Zainal Abidin

lnstit;::

-r'S$'

Dr. techn. Suyitno
Universitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia

lr. Ari Handono Ramelan, PhD.
Universitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia

Dr. rer. nat.

Europe Region

Dr. techn. Peter Haselbactrs

Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,

Universitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia

lndonesia

TU Craz, Austria

Prof. Madya Ahmad Rivai

Wahyu Purwo Raharjo

Dr. techn. Rahm i Andanfinfr
lnstitut Teknologi Sepu --

Prof. Madya Juharibin Ab Razak

Jubail University College, KSA


Universitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia

Dr. Dipl.lng. Berkah Faflnr

Southwest Research

Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,

DR. Bagas Wardono

Dr. lr. Rahman Setirau*mn
lnstitut Teknolos: 3: -: --9,

Universitas Diponegor:

Prof. Dr. Md. Radzaibin Said

Universitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia


Dr. Eng. YuliSetyo
lnstitut Teknoio: 3 -- :-rrq

Atmanto Heru W.

Universitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia

Dr. Eng. Agus Purwanto
Universitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia

Dr.Mont. Mohammad Zaki
Mubarok
lnstitut Teknologi Bandung, lndonesia

Middle East Region
DR. Bagas Wardono
Jubail University College, KingccSaudiArabia

TABI.E GF EONTE&IT


I

ADVISORY BOARD
TOPICS COVERAGB

ii
iii

PREFACE

iv
viii

TABLEOF CONTENT
KEYNOTEPAPER
for Production of Biodiesel
cFD Analysis of Eubble Distribution in Non*Catalytic Reactor
Fuel

Nabetani and

Dyah Wulandani, Tomaki Miura, Annansyah H. Tambunan,Hiroshi
Shoii Hagiwara
ATMega-5l
Electrical Power Monitoring Designed by using Microcontrolier

Real-time

Thayib
Muhammad Nizam, B ambang Kusha$ anta' Muh'

Hydrodynamic
vartical Axis Marine cunent Twbine Development in Indonesian

Laboratory-Surabaya for Tidal Fawer Plant
Marta' D' Rahuna
Erwandi, Alan K, F' Sasako, Rina, B' Wiianarko' E'
of LPG Bottle Valve Used in
An Experimental study of Leakage Rate through Rubber-seal
Household Gas Stove Burner
Guni Ridhanta

I Made Kartika Dhiputra, Raka Cahya Pratama' I Nym

*---'

24

Jafopha Fruit Coat H1'drolysis Phase
o. Nelwan,
iraptiningsih, G. Adinurani, Tony Liwang, salafudin, Leopold,
YoiePhianus Salcri RaY, Hendroko

Study Optimization

of

Heat ftarrsfer Characteristics in Salt
Effect of Aluminum Surface Temperature Variations to
Water DroPlet Collision DYnamics
Slamet Wahyudi, PwtuHadi Setyarini' Surya Calcrawiiaya
Microalgae
the Selection of Potential Species of Oil-Producing

Optimizing
Feasibility of Fiodiesei.Froduction
to-suppott"f"onomic
"Muiizat
Kawaroe, Ayi Rachmat, and Abdul Days

Mill: case study in Lampung,
Mitigation of Green House Gases Emission in cassava
Indonesia
Udin Hasanudin, Agus Haryanto, Erdi Suroso
Combustion and Emission of Direct
The Effeot of Palm Oil Methyl Esthers Blends on the

61

Injeotion Diesel Engine
Prawoto
Bagus Anang Nugroho, Bambang Sugiarto' and

A Mathematical Model for Predicting the Performance of
Turbine with Consideration of Blade Parameters
Ridway Balaka, Aditya Rachtnan, Jenny Delly

a

Horizontal Axis River current

Water Wheel.
Harvesting Energy from Flood Mitigation Ponds Using

66

74

AbitutTalibDin,Mohd.Yaztdothman,Mohd.YuhazriYaakob
Passive Cooling Systemof aBuilding: ANew Approach

T

M Mehedi Rafique
Md. Hassn.ali, Mohornmad frashud, Md. Mahasin Ali, H
Biodiesel
Emission Testing of Diesel Engine Fueling with oxidized
Berknh Faiar T.K, DidikAriwibowo
Dryer Ti{ne contol
using Infrared Radiation based Fuzzy Logic for Rice Grain
Trt Irianto
Kusharianta'
Bambang
fuIujianto,
Agus
Nizam,
Muhammad
System HP/T
Thennal Technology ofl{ybridWood Drying on the Integrated
Usage Solar

Coliector to Supply Energy in Rural Furnihre Industry
Rezayona
Budi Kristiawan, iuyilno, Danang Apriyanta' A' Fahrny

EvllerSEAtvl 2011"

100

t07

Using Bionaass Briquette of Arilicial Log Waste as Kerosene Substitute
in Sterilization
Process of Auricularia sp. Substrate
Budi Kristiawan, Eko prasetya Budiana

lt5

Uagrade Biogas Purification in Packed Column with Chemical Absorptior
of CO2 For
Energy Altemative Of Small Industry pKM-Tahu)
Muhammad Ki.smurtono

123

low speed Permanent Magnet Generator for wind Energy in Indonesia
Hasyim Asy' ari 1, Aris Budinan, Nurmuntaha Agung

Design of

t28

The Effect of Feed Seawaxer and Air Temperatures on Performance of
a Desalination Unit
Heat Pump with Humidification and Dehrrrnidification

of

Tri Istanta, wibawa Endra Juwana, Indri yaningsih, Dedet Herrnawan
A Feasibility study on wind Energy potential in peninsular Malaysia
Muhammad Hafeez Mohaned Hariri, Norizah Mohamad, syafrudin Masri

134

143

CFD Analysis on Cost-effective Pico-hydro Turbine: A Case Study for Low Head
and Low
Flow Rate Condition
Masjuri Musa, ,Iuhari ab. Razak , Md Razali Ayob, Mohd Afzanbam Rosli, safattdin

151

Ghazali Herawan, Kamantzzaman Sopian

Design of a Stand-alone Solar photovoltaic powered Bus Stop
MohdAf-zanizamM. R., Mohd ZaidA., Muhd Ridzuan-M., Sivaraa S

160

Condensation Heat Transfer and Presslre Drop of Steam in a Horizontal pipe
Heat Exchanger
Sulramta, Indarto, Purnomo, Tri Agung Rohnat

166

The Investigation on the Effect of the Blade Numbers on the Performance
of a Horizontal
Utilizie a Parametric Study of the Blade Element Momentum rn"orv
Ridway Balaka, Aditya Rachman, Jenny Delly

Axis Wind Turbine

Fabrication of Zinc oxide (Zno) Nanoparticle using Flame Assisted spray pyrolysis
Bobie suhendra, Arfida Berliana, Dina Ratnasari, Rano puji, tiri^ inoinran,
Suyitno, Agus P ur-ntan to

174

183

Fuzzy Logic Contol for Spark Advance of Otto Engine

189

Agus Sujono

Methane steam Reforming to produce High Ratio of Hydrogen to carbon Monoxide
by
Using CFD

199

Tlpharudin, Arif Setyo Nugroho, Suyitno, HeruAtmanto Wibowo
Tlre Effect of Current Rate and Elecfolyte Temperature
Wahyu Purwo Rahago, Eka SuroJo

207

The Effects ofPANI Addition to Characteristics of Carbon Composite Bipolarplate
for
PEMFC
Y.Sadeli, J. Wahyuadi, B, prihandolo, and S. Harjanto

2t4

Design of an FRP Conoposite C-BEAM
Djoko Setyanto, Jarnasri, Bambang Suhendro , AIva Edy Tontowi

t
!,

l

22t

The Influence of Steel Surface Temperature Against the Heat Transfer Characteristics
in
Water Droplet Collision Dlmamics
Puu Hadi Setyarini, Indravan Dwi prasantyo, Slamet Wahyudi

Effect of Erbium Doped

lper!,e-n8tn

to the Amplification on Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier

Lita Rahmasaril, Yusaf Munajat

t

l-S-T9v q,nuhtionship between

Welding (GMAW)

'

Process Variables and rffeld Penefation for Gas Metal

Arc

233
237

s. Thiru chitrambalam, Tan wee Ming, Imran syakir Moharnmad and shafaal bin
Mat

A study of Melt Flow Analysis of polycarbonate (pc) in Fused Deposition Modelling

vIICESEAM 2011

2U

r

Process
Ismet P. Ilyas

Characierization of Hydroxyapatite Based Photo Bio:connposites Material As Bone Substitute

Materiai
Joko Triyano, Alva Edy Tcrttowi, Widowati, Rochrnadi
on Mechanical Properties of Spot Welded Dissimilar lvletals between
Stainless Steel J4 and Low Carbon Steel
Agustinus Eko Eudi Nusantara, Triyono, Kuncoro Diharia

Weldi"g Current Effect

Failure mode of Resistance Spot Welded Stiffened Thin Plate Structure
Triyono, Yustiasih Purwaningrum, Ilonal Chamid
PaperHoneycomb Sandwiches Panels under Static 3-Point Bending
Md Radzai Said, Mohd Khairir Ismail, Syed Ammar bin Syed Putra
Meohanisms of C'"r/PVA/GOD Materials on Different Glucose Concentations and PH

Variations
C. A. Dhannawan, Hariane, Qari, A. Supriyanta
Effect of Ternperature Sintering on Density, Bending Sfength and Water Absorption
Composite Organic Wastes-Hdpe Material
Heru Sukanto, Wiiang Wisnu Rahario

of

Effects of Load Secondary Voltage on Resistanee Spot Weldability of Dissimilar Metals Joint
between SUS3I6L and J4
Martinus Heru P, Triyono, Wiiang Wisnu R, Eko Prasetya Budiana

291

The Mechanical Properties of Green Polyblend Based on Waste Pollpropylene Filled in
Variation Particle Size Natural Fiber and Initiator Concenfation
Neng Sri Suharty, tsasuki Wiriosentono, Maulidan Firdaus

299

146{sling of Surface Hardening l-ayer on Transmission Gear
J. Jamari, R. Ismail, and M. Tauviqirrahman

304

Influence of Mechanical Milling Rate and Holding Time Sintering on Intennetallic Phase
Formation ofMetal Matix Composite (MMC) Mg'Al-TiO2
H. Purwaningsih, D. Susanti, R. Rachiem, Firman S, Mangasa

312

Identification of Tool Damage in Turning Process by Analyzing the Correlation of Actual

317

Cutting and Feeding Forces
Susilo

Adi Widyanto

Numerical Simulation on the Tooth Movement due to Orthodontic WAe Application
Firman A Kirana and Rachman Setiowan

323

Comparison of the Extended Reynolds Equation with Slip Length Model and Two'Slip
Model: an Investigation of Load Support Improvement in Lubricated MEMS

M. Tauviqirrahman,

R. Isrnail, Jamari, D.J. Schippe

The Elastic Vibration Behaviour of Steel Spring for Mechanism of Antilock Brake System

(ABS) onVehicle
Wibowo

Dbsign Optimization Study of Food Extruder Machine for Small and Middle Industry
Halomoan P, Siregar, Yose R. Kumiautsn, Andi Taqfan, Satya A' Putra
Pressure Distribution Analysis of Slip Surface and Sinusoidal Texture On Parallel Gap Slider

348

Bearing

M. D. Surindra, M. Tauviqircahmcn, Jamari, Berkah F.T.K.
Prediction of the Running-in Phase on Rolling-sliding Contact
R. Ismai!, M. Tauvi4inahman, J. Jamari and DirkJan Schipper

354

Initial Bacteria Contamination and Metals Content on Beef Sausage

H ars oj o, June Mell rw ati
An Analysis of EDM Die Sinking Parameters ON Ti-6Al4V

-

villCEStAM

367

201-L

Bagas Wardano, Mohd Faizal Bin Ismail, Liew Pay Jun

An Assessment on Graphite [,tilling Charaoteristics
Bagas Wwdono, Yoon Xue Fang, Mohanad bin h{inhat
Electrical Properties of Sb Based Compound Semiconductor for Thermophotovoltaic
Applications
Ari Handono Ramelan, Ewa Goldys

vii

IICESEAM 2011

374
382

lntematiana! Canfcrence and Exhibition on

sustcinable Energ; *nd Advanceti Materiars (ICE fiEAM
20ir)
Solo-Indgnesis. Oetober 3-4, 20I I.

cFD Analysis of Bubble Bistribution in Non-catalytic Reactor for
Production of Biodiescl Fuel

Dyah wulandani t )' 2)*, TomoE.VIi*u'), Annansyah FI" Tambunanl).
Hiroshi Nabetani2)3) and Shoji Hagiwari)
ttdechali$11{Bigsvstem

lpineerine Department, Bogor Agricultural Universiry, lndonesia
Division, National Food Research institute, NARO, Japan
,,
"' (iraduate
^..f'?ol TSlneTing
school of Agrieultural and Life Science, The university of Tokyo,
Japan
"
* corresponding

*^'
lil
ih
eZi;;;;,
"Hff"j*1iffiffi:f3:.,.:il'
Abstract

Biodiesel fuel is a biodegradable of diesel fuel that is produced tbrough
trans-esterification between vegetable oil
and methanol' The non-catalytic biodiesel fuel productioo *"thod?led
superheat"J -.trr*ol vapor in the
bubble column reactor which is used in this research has advantage;
no requiring purification before and after
reaction, due to the not-e-xisting of catalyst, so both initial and
tio"i"g costs are to be redused. However the
reaction rate of biodiesel fuel production is still lower than other
metnoaicatarvtic;rh"dift previous studies
noted that the contact surface between the methanol bubble and the
oil *t" ur tn" h*itiolg a"to, ro, enhancing
the reaction rate. The contact surface area is influenced by the
bubble size distributi;r,;;ril; tum affected by
the reactor design. Therefore, this study is devoted to t[e analysis
or tne bubbte oi.ul"tio" in non catalytic
reactor to increase the reaction rate of biodiesel fuel production
using the Computationairirria oyoumics (cFD)
method' cFD can minimize the experimental design cost and time
conditions
to show a real phenomenon, witl a reasonable ac-curacy and precision.-BasedL
th" ptope; cFD modeling we
obtained at the previous work, ten scenarios of treatment and design
of obstacle installed in the column reactor
were simulated to find the highest contact surface area. The cFi modeling
represeoted weil to describe the
bubble behavior. A significant conclusion both of.simulatioo uoa erp"iim"ntu]
r..utt,
tl"i iv,tilizing of the
obstacle in the reactor, contact surface between oit and methanol
uuio, io"r"ur" *rri"rrl.
to the reaction
rate of biodiesel fuel production about 2.g times over than without
obstacle.

by-simuhft;;;;

"**}*""t

*"

id;"

Keywords: CFD, Bubble column, Non-catalytic reactor, Biodiesel fuel.

1. Introduction
Biodiesel fuel is a biodegradable of diesel_oil that is produced through
ftans-esterification processing from
vegetable oil, such as soybean oil, rape-seed oil, palm oil, sunflower
seed1il, p"h ;ii,
oil, etc. Transesterification is the reaction between oil and methanol to obtain biodiesel
(FAME)) and
C"tty
-J.trrvi'ester
glycerol'

ff;;a
Til';;-iauE
of non catalytic

FAMB could be..produced by catalytic method or non catalytic method.
""ia
for produci"g biodieset is the superheut"a *tn*ol vapor u"uuie
column method.
P:1h"9
is produced
by'both of transesteri{ication reaction beiween methanol vapoi and
triglyceride and also esterification reaction
between methanol vapol and free fatty acid at the same time under
atnaosphere pressure and high temperature
(290"c)' This method does not requiri deacidification process pri"it"
tL iraction becaus" oot ooty triglyceride
but also &ee fattv acid can be convlrted into FAME. And this method
d;;;il;;"tj;;
process after the
reaction because no catalyst is used. Therefore, both initial
and running costs are th;Ght;" be reduced by
appllnC the method.

However, reaction rate is still lower than that of conventional alkaline
catalytic method. The previous
oil acts u, tir" ii*itirrg factor for
enhancing the reaction rate (.Akita et al,, 1974). The contact
surface area is influenced by the bubble size
distribution, which in tum-affected by the reactor design. Therefore,
analyzing of the contact surface area
between methanol and riglyceride in the reactor is imfortant
to know the parameters influence reaction ra0e.
The computational Fluid Dynamics (cFD) method is usea to
*utv"" tn" contact surface area during the process
in the reactor' The best modeling of cFD-found in previous
*o*ir
u."a to analyze bubble size distribution aird
contact surface area between methanol vapors in thi oil (wulandani
et al., 2010). rru"tiii"uli* of the obstacle
in the reactor is predicted to infiuence tni uuuute size dishibution
and the contact,urf";";;;. Therefore, the
studies noted that the contact surface between the methanol
bubble and the

llrcEsrAM

201.L

]niei'vzaiicil&l Canference and Exhibition on
20Il)
Sustainable il*ergy *nd Arivr;nced Materiais (ICE SEAM
201 I.
3'4'
Solo-Indonesia. Octaher
oi:stacle u'iri,:h rc"qilit t}re highest contact surface area a:td
objectives of the paper ere {o obtain ihe typ* of llre
irr i. * bubbic ,:o!umn reactor tr-v using fFD analysis'
here in after to vieta #e ugnest reaction raG of'FAe{g

2.

iV[etRrodclogY

CFD nrcdeling
into cFD oode ANSYS FL{JENT {vsrsion 6'3'26'
The modei af br:bble coiumn reaetor w"as implemented
rnesh *f reactor was constructed using GAMBIT
version l2"1.2l,and version 13.0"0) ar:d the gearxetry and
ilcn equilibririm wail function cF'D modeling has
2.4.6. The vol.rnne a.-*ii*" ivoF) model uJo :n-t*ir"t€n{
"r
rnethanol anei triglyoeride systern in the bubble :"lyT"
been f,ound i" ** pr*.noo, ,"*rL*,u* upplied t* ropresent
initial heigtrt of liquid is tabulated in the Table I '
reacror" The gas ano uiJi pi-p-"ir- i*sutted thetifference
Table

No.

i. Properties ef me*.hanoi and triglyceride
Densi

hdaterial

2.
3.

i.

Note:

Triglyceride (At T - 250"C)
Triglyceride (At T = 2?0"C)

iffiiffi;;

io'

at tliree conditions of temperature

Height of liquid

Surface tension

Visccsity {Pa.s)

N/m
i.8738-05

0'695
923"5i21

.i.64e-05[3]

0.018?4i41

109.i

815.3t?l

?.4?e-05i31

0.01?51141

110"4

i'3?e-qil"

0.01628t41

111.6

t - zsq:-q) Eqr'ql'r ,

1. Teske et al. {2006)
2. CouPlaad at al. (1997)

3. F"abelo at at. i?000i

4. ChumPitaz et al. {1999)

of 4 g/min

equal with msthanol flow
The meihanol vapor inlet velocity was 5.32 m,/s rn'kich
the
sinnulation till the solution reach the quasiin
was used
tomperature of 290'c.. l- t*"- stop of ti.o-oco:-.
the requiring of computational time' The value of
periodic stste, at Z **noiAu. firu qouiit' of *"uh ionu"nces
0'85' Typicat grid rvere used depend on the model of
worst quality of mesh fo, ufi of Cfn *oAuf1og ;;under
of Hexagonal-cooper and Tetra-hybrid fior mesh type at
obstacle settling rn lhe reactor coiumn" The combinatioa
Tlre computational demand increases
1' 2 and 3 mm of nesh dimensions *.," o**d in thc sirnulation'
significantly with grid refinement'
ra-te

at

Scenarias of CFD simulation
in the Table 2' scenarios s-1' S-2 and S were
cFD sinrulations are carried out in ten conditions as show
by difference of thermal physicai properties as
indicated
perforrned to describe the effect of temperature which
type of

differeut
Do-?, DO-10, bg-u, DO-8ab and'Do-8ba wefe carried on at
scsnsrios
-ou,*"lais
shown ia Table
in Figure 1.
shown
as
the
cylirrder
in
iastalled
plate
perforated
a
perfiorate plate of obsta,rc.

1

modeling and experiment for methanol and triglyceride
Table 2. The geometrical configuration used in the cFD
sYst€m.

Scenario

-S'-1--

CFD

Description

-

Witho* obstacie

Biodiesel
reaction
exoeriment

Simulation

,: 250'C
==.==

T

7

-

'/

I

x
'/
DO-TDoubleobstacle(Tmmpitch,24holes'4nncodiameter)'T:290oC{'/
Do.10Doubleobstacle(10mmpitch,riuoio,+nrmdiameter),T:290oC
'/
'/
O-Sa Single obstacle {8 mm pitch, ? itoi;'; ;tn diameter)' T: 290"C
D0-8abDoubieperforateplateoftoo*plrcU'4rnm-diametor(Tholes'/'/
:
perfbratJplate at Lelow and 12 holes at above)' T 290"C
'/
+ mm_a;ameter (12 hoies "/
DO-gba Double perforate plate of I ;-;;;;, above)'
?90"C
T:
perforatJdplate attelow and 7 holes at
/
X
porous ;i"il; iU" *"tft*ol inlet (porosity-of 0.4 and dianneter 1
p-t
mm), T: 290'C
reactor

s-2
S

DO

Note:

at

itr:zts'c
WitU"ot oUrtu"i" u' f : ZSO"C

without;;;i;

Porous plate at the height of 5 mm from the battom
T = 290oC
itv of 0.4 and diameter 1

/

= pcformed

X:

of

not Performeci

2llcrs{s.hl ?*31

International Conference snd Exhibition on
Sustsinal)le Energt and Advanced Msterials (ICE SEAM 20I I)
Solo-Indonesia. October 3-4, 20I

L

Obstacle could be setting in the column reactor. Seven types of perforated plate were used in the CFD
simulation and 5 types of them were tested by experimental biodiisel fuel production using by ttre bench scale of
biodiesel reactor. The scenarios of model of CFD simulation are described in Table 3.

Figure 1. The obstacle and types ofperforate plate used in experiment
Material

for

experiment

Materials used for this research are methanol and canola oil for biodiesel fuel reaction. Hexane, dietil eter
and acetic acid are used as developer solvent and Squalane (C:olloz) as standard for TLC/FID (Thin layer
chromatography/Flame ionization detector) analysis. Acetonitrile and distillated water as a solvent for UpLC
(High performance liquid chromatography) analysis.
Experimental set up, pracedure and analysis

The experiments of biodiesel production are implemented to verify the best result of CFD modeling by
implementing apparatus of Superheated Methanol Vapor Bubble Column. The apparatus consists of
methanol
tanlq pump of methanol liquid, temperature conftollern heater of methanol to pioduce superheated methanol
vapor, reactor vessel (where oil and methanol are reacted under temperature 290oC and atmosphere pressure),
heater ofreactor, condenser to condense biodiesel (in the vapor phase) obtained from the reaction ofmethanol
and oil, and tank ofp;oduct (to collect biodiesel).
Methanol liquid was pumped at constant flow rate of 4 g/min into ttre tin bath for vaporization. Then
methanol vapor was heated gradually (75"C, 180"C ,240oC and 290"C) and the reaction is started by blowing the
superheated methanol vapor into oil in the reactor vessel. Temperature contoller kept the reaction temperiture
at29AoC. Biodiesel fuel was produce from the reaction in the gas phase. Furtherrnoie biodiesel and wr--reacted
methanol vapor were oondensed and were collected in the tank of product. Sampling was taken at every 30
minutes until 300 minutes. The sample is divided in two portions. A little part of sample was amlyzedto-find
out the glycerol content by using IIPLG analysis. Another one was evaporated from un-reacted methanol to
produce biodiesel fuel (FAME) by using vacuum roiary evaporator at 46oC and 168 Pa. Furthermore, biodiesel
will be analped by using TLC/FID method to examine the purity or the conteut of FAME, diglyceride
@G),
monoglycerol (MG) and free fatry aeid (FFA).
The experiments were carried out at five scenarios as mentioned in Table 2 under several parameters as
follow in Table 3.
Table 3. Pararneter used for experiment of biodiesel fuel production
Parameter

Value

Methanol vapor:

l.
2.

Canola

l"

Temperature ('C)

290

Flowt'ate (g/min)

4

oil

Initial mass (g)
Reaction temperature (oC)
Reaction pressure (MPa)

(hour)
(hour)

Time of reaction
Interval time of sampling

3lrc[${AM ?0]"1

250
290
0.1
5

0.5

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Solo-Indonesia. October 3-4, 20 I 1.

3.

Results and Discussion

CFD Simulation Result
The efect af thermal physical properties

In the CFD modeling of VOF (volume of fracticn), approach of temperature effect by change the thermal
physical properties ofgas and liquid could not explain the contact surfaco area and gas hoidup. nlgure 3 shows
the contact surface area of three models of CFD. Similar fiend occurs for the re lation between gas holdup and
liquid temperature. In this figure, an increase of temperature is decrea.se the contact surface area and gas holdup.
The results have contrary with reality and bubble column theory.
How€ver, the result could explain the influence of height, and the value of oil density, oil viscosity and
surface tension between oil and nrethanol vapor. Both of contact surface area and gas holdup is increase with an
increase of density, viscosity and surface tension. A remark is supported by other investigator (Mouza et aL,
2001; Wu et a1., 2001), that an inerease in liquid surface tension increase gas hold up, due to appearance of small
bubble formation by promoting breakage and demoting coalescence. The smaller bubbles, the greater gas
holdup val.ues @ouafi et al., 2001). Otherwise both of contact surface area and gas holdup is increase with the
decrease of liquid height as shown ir Table 4.
Table 4. Relation among thermal physical properties, contact surface area and gas holdup.

No.
I
2
3

N

E
lll

(,
(}

o
t"l
t!
i't,

(t

c
o
U

Viscosity

Temperature

250
270
290

823.5 4.64e-A5
815.3 2.47e-05
807.8 1.32e-05

Height

Surface
tension
0.01874
0.01751
0.01628

of

I10.4

Average contact
surface area
0.0166
0.0112

11 1.6

0.0r00

109.1

0,03

Average gas
0.0927
0.0527
0.0506

?,501-01

0,025
0,02
0,015
0,01
0.005
0

g

T

tT*290C
rTr270C
rTo 250C

'Et

a
ra

It

r.t

2,00e.01

1,50t-01
1.,009{1.
5,008-02

"T*?90C
I T:270C

0,009*00

lTa

12

L2

Iime ts)

Time (s)

250C

Figure 3. Contact surface area and gas holdup at different thermal physical properties
The elfect of utilization porous nozzle

For next simulation, standard condition (S) of reactor column will be use in comparison with other
Utilization of porous nozzle for inlet the methanol flow does not practically affect the contact sgrface area
gas holdup values as shown in the Figure 4.
Both results of utilization porourr nozzles have no difference in comparison with that of the
coudition (without obstacle). However, utilization of porous plate P-2 (at location 5 rrm above the bottom
reactor) raises the churn flow pattern of bubble or bubble oscillation whieh fomrs many the small bubbles,
the little bit increasing in contact surface area and gas holdup as describe on Figure 5. For next follow up
the utilization porous plate in the obstacle will be concerned and sinmrlated.

4lrcrStAM

2011

International Conference and Exhibition on
Swstainable Energt and Advanced Materials QCE SEAM 201I)
Solo-Indonesia. October 3-4, 201 L

g

it

g

fi

I

0.02s

E

(,o

I

0,015

+pt

o,o1

llFZ

o.oo5

Yo
6
C'

2,008-01

sqz

*S

L2
Iime

tt
!t
e
v,

(t|!

1,508-01
1.,00E-oL

rPl

5,008-02

tP2

0,008+00

eS

01234
(s)

rime {s}

Figiue 4. The comparison between contact surface area and gas holdup for porous nozzleand standard
condition (without obstacle)

Figure 5. Distribution bubbles in the column reactor for standard condition (S), utilization of porous-l
and porous-2 @-2)

(p-l)

Tly influence of the utilization perforated plate installed in obstacle inside the column reactor and distribution
of bubble
Five scenarios of CFD modeling have been simulated to describe the effect of utilization obstacle with
five
tlpes of obstacle as shoqm in Figure 6. Generally, utilization of perforaied plate increase oontact
s'rface area.
There are no significant difference result among O-8a, Do-8ab-and DO-Bba. Utilization of obstacle
DO-7
shows the highest contact surface area. In case of utilization of obstacle, bubbles sfte1 dstaehing
the surface
nozzle at the bottom of reactor are retained by obstacle. Breakage occurs aiter the bubble

of

p*.'tf,toign

the holes

obstacle into small bubbles, as shown in Figrue 7. Utilization double perforated
ifutr 1pO--Z) increase
turbulence which is identifiedby liquid and small bubbles bacldlow from the outside of rviioao to the
inside of
cylindc. This condition enables increase the surface contact area and gas holdup. Especially for scenarios DO8ab and DO-8ba, bubbles
llow thrgugh the edge ofreactor more than through the reactor .rorrr. Consequently,
the surface contact area and gas holdup are lower than that of Do-10 and oo-2.

Sf rcrSEAM ZALt

Intet nctional Conference and Exhibitian on
Sustainable Energt end A,dvcnced Materials (ICE SE,AM 2011)
Sola-Indonesia. October 3-4, 20 I I.

2,50E-0?

N

?,00r"o?

o

e D0-7

6l

o
o
LI

1,50H-02

I$
|J
l!
g
tJ

1,008-02

a 00-10

(!

/A4*
XD0-8ab

5,00[-03

r

D0-8ba

*s

0,008+00

Figure 6. Contact surface area of 5 scenarios of CFD simuiation result

l-s

I

I 08{

t ?""*l

F"*:l tl'*,1

t'"1

Figure 7. Bubble distribution of 6 scenarios of CFD simulation
Verifr,cation af CFD modeling by comparingwith experimental result

In order to verifu the CFD simulation result several experiments were perfomred. Figure 8. shorrr
experimental result of six configurations of utilization of obstacle. The experimental results of this study
that utilization of obstacle 7 mm pitch gave the highost reaction rate of 0.023 g/min bigger than without
of 0.08 g/min, at FAME content range of 69 yo to 96 % mol.

6lrcHs{AM

2S1.1^

Internstianql Conference and Exhibition on
Susiainable Energy and .dvanced Materials (ICE SEAM 201t)
'
Solo-Indonesia. October 3-4, 201 t.

0.25

'e

in!

8.2

l*l

5

E
t&

oo0-7

0.15

o
t
6

rJ,J.

a

H
*c;

fi00-10

ffi

*ffi
w

0.0s

w

a

g-rffi-s--ffi

1"00 r.$0

;a*A-&ab
XD0-8ba

---*- *-l-----*---.--i---*-----

0

A0-8a

-

e5

i---- -"----r---.------]

200 250 300 350

Time {mlnutor}

Figure 8. The comparison of reactios rate of FAI4E at different types of obstacle utilization

l\l

I

o

0,025
0,020

{,
'Idt
LI

fit

l'4t
al

(}

u

0,015
0,010
0,005
0,000

s,000

0,s5s 0,10s 0,150 0,200

0,250

Reartion rate 0f FAME {g/min}

Figure 9. Relation between contact surface area {CFD result) and reaotion rate of FAME (experimental result)

Conkct surface arca in ssmparison with the reaction rate of biodiesel produotion has positive correlation
trend as shown in Figure 9. The result indicates that reaction rate of biodiesel could be explain by contact
surface contact area by using CFD method. For next work, oontact surface
the reaction rate ofbiodiesel production on pilot plant scale reactor.

4"

will be a key parameter to estimate

Conclusions

The 3D - turbulent flow and non-equilibrium wall function - CFD msdsling was successful to describe the
phenomenon of bubble distribution in the column reactor. An increase of contact surface area of methanol
bubble in the oil increases reaction rate of biodiesei fuel production. Utilization of obstacle in the column reactor
of biodiesel fuel production increases the reaction rate significantly. Utilization of obstacle DO-7 (7 mm pitch,
24 holes and 4 mm diameter) in the column reactor increases reaction rate of biodiesel fuel production of 0.23
g/min bigger than without obstacle of 0.08 g/min.

5.

Acknowledgement

We would like to thank ts United Nations University and Kirin leading company, through UNU-Kirin
Fellowship (2010-2011) program for a grant that made it possible to complete this research.

TltcrsIAru ?-03.L

lnternstional

C onfermce

od

$,IY
fufu 34.

Sustsinable Energt and Advanced Materials OCE

Solo-Indonesia-

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