CFD Analysis of Bubble Distribution in Non-Catalytic Reactor for Production of Biodiesel Fuel
ISSNI : zo88-8
Proceeding
86+
ZO11
lnternatfonal Conference and Exhibition
Sustainable Energy and Advanced Material
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
SUPPORTED BY
ADVANCED MATERIAL TECH NOLOGI ES
F]:kt'"
t.
Surakarta, Octob er 3-4'n, zott
Faculty of Engineering
Universitas Sebelas Maret
#'ffi
't,,..
Prof. Dato' Dr. Ahmad Yusoff
Chairman
Dr. techn. Suyitno
Universitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia
Organizing Committee
Dody Ariawan
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,
Malaysia
Prof. Dr. Md Razalibin Ayob
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,
Malaysia
t-.lniversitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia
Didik Dioko
S.
Safarudin Ghazali Herawan
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,
Malaysia
Mohd" Azlibin Salim
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,
Malaysia
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,
Malaysia
Prof. Madya Abd Salam bin Md.
I anrr
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,
Malaysia
Malaysia
Secretary
Malaysia
Ubaidillah
Prof. Madya Dr. lr. Abd Talib
Din
bin
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,
Malaysia
Dr" Khisbullah Hudha
Thesaurus
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,
Wibawa Endra Juwana
Malaysia
Universitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia
Dharmanto
Universitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia
Advisory Board
South East Asia Region
Prof. Dr. Kuncoro Dihardio
LJniversitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia
Prof. Dr. Neng Sri Suharty
Universitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia
Prof. Dr.-lng. Harwin Saptoadi
Universitas 6ajah Mada, lndonesia
America Region
Dr. techn. Zainal Abidin
lnstit;::
-r'S$'
Dr. techn. Suyitno
Universitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia
lr. Ari Handono Ramelan, PhD.
Universitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia
Dr. rer. nat.
Europe Region
Dr. techn. Peter Haselbactrs
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,
Universitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia
lndonesia
TU Craz, Austria
Prof. Madya Ahmad Rivai
Wahyu Purwo Raharjo
Dr. techn. Rahm i Andanfinfr
lnstitut Teknologi Sepu --
Prof. Madya Juharibin Ab Razak
Jubail University College, KSA
Universitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia
Dr. Dipl.lng. Berkah Faflnr
Southwest Research
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,
DR. Bagas Wardono
Dr. lr. Rahman Setirau*mn
lnstitut Teknolos: 3: -: --9,
Universitas Diponegor:
Prof. Dr. Md. Radzaibin Said
Universitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia
Dr. Eng. YuliSetyo
lnstitut Teknoio: 3 -- :-rrq
Atmanto Heru W.
Universitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia
Dr. Eng. Agus Purwanto
Universitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia
Dr.Mont. Mohammad Zaki
Mubarok
lnstitut Teknologi Bandung, lndonesia
Middle East Region
DR. Bagas Wardono
Jubail University College, KingccSaudiArabia
TABI.E GF EONTE&IT
I
ADVISORY BOARD
TOPICS COVERAGB
ii
iii
PREFACE
iv
viii
TABLEOF CONTENT
KEYNOTEPAPER
for Production of Biodiesel
cFD Analysis of Eubble Distribution in Non*Catalytic Reactor
Fuel
Nabetani and
Dyah Wulandani, Tomaki Miura, Annansyah H. Tambunan,Hiroshi
Shoii Hagiwara
ATMega-5l
Electrical Power Monitoring Designed by using Microcontrolier
Real-time
Thayib
Muhammad Nizam, B ambang Kusha$ anta' Muh'
Hydrodynamic
vartical Axis Marine cunent Twbine Development in Indonesian
Laboratory-Surabaya for Tidal Fawer Plant
Marta' D' Rahuna
Erwandi, Alan K, F' Sasako, Rina, B' Wiianarko' E'
of LPG Bottle Valve Used in
An Experimental study of Leakage Rate through Rubber-seal
Household Gas Stove Burner
Guni Ridhanta
I Made Kartika Dhiputra, Raka Cahya Pratama' I Nym
*---'
24
Jafopha Fruit Coat H1'drolysis Phase
o. Nelwan,
iraptiningsih, G. Adinurani, Tony Liwang, salafudin, Leopold,
YoiePhianus Salcri RaY, Hendroko
Study Optimization
of
Heat ftarrsfer Characteristics in Salt
Effect of Aluminum Surface Temperature Variations to
Water DroPlet Collision DYnamics
Slamet Wahyudi, PwtuHadi Setyarini' Surya Calcrawiiaya
Microalgae
the Selection of Potential Species of Oil-Producing
Optimizing
Feasibility of Fiodiesei.Froduction
to-suppott"f"onomic
"Muiizat
Kawaroe, Ayi Rachmat, and Abdul Days
Mill: case study in Lampung,
Mitigation of Green House Gases Emission in cassava
Indonesia
Udin Hasanudin, Agus Haryanto, Erdi Suroso
Combustion and Emission of Direct
The Effeot of Palm Oil Methyl Esthers Blends on the
61
Injeotion Diesel Engine
Prawoto
Bagus Anang Nugroho, Bambang Sugiarto' and
A Mathematical Model for Predicting the Performance of
Turbine with Consideration of Blade Parameters
Ridway Balaka, Aditya Rachtnan, Jenny Delly
a
Horizontal Axis River current
Water Wheel.
Harvesting Energy from Flood Mitigation Ponds Using
66
74
AbitutTalibDin,Mohd.Yaztdothman,Mohd.YuhazriYaakob
Passive Cooling Systemof aBuilding: ANew Approach
T
M Mehedi Rafique
Md. Hassn.ali, Mohornmad frashud, Md. Mahasin Ali, H
Biodiesel
Emission Testing of Diesel Engine Fueling with oxidized
Berknh Faiar T.K, DidikAriwibowo
Dryer Ti{ne contol
using Infrared Radiation based Fuzzy Logic for Rice Grain
Trt Irianto
Kusharianta'
Bambang
fuIujianto,
Agus
Nizam,
Muhammad
System HP/T
Thennal Technology ofl{ybridWood Drying on the Integrated
Usage Solar
Coliector to Supply Energy in Rural Furnihre Industry
Rezayona
Budi Kristiawan, iuyilno, Danang Apriyanta' A' Fahrny
EvllerSEAtvl 2011"
100
t07
Using Bionaass Briquette of Arilicial Log Waste as Kerosene Substitute
in Sterilization
Process of Auricularia sp. Substrate
Budi Kristiawan, Eko prasetya Budiana
lt5
Uagrade Biogas Purification in Packed Column with Chemical Absorptior
of CO2 For
Energy Altemative Of Small Industry pKM-Tahu)
Muhammad Ki.smurtono
123
low speed Permanent Magnet Generator for wind Energy in Indonesia
Hasyim Asy' ari 1, Aris Budinan, Nurmuntaha Agung
Design of
t28
The Effect of Feed Seawaxer and Air Temperatures on Performance of
a Desalination Unit
Heat Pump with Humidification and Dehrrrnidification
of
Tri Istanta, wibawa Endra Juwana, Indri yaningsih, Dedet Herrnawan
A Feasibility study on wind Energy potential in peninsular Malaysia
Muhammad Hafeez Mohaned Hariri, Norizah Mohamad, syafrudin Masri
134
143
CFD Analysis on Cost-effective Pico-hydro Turbine: A Case Study for Low Head
and Low
Flow Rate Condition
Masjuri Musa, ,Iuhari ab. Razak , Md Razali Ayob, Mohd Afzanbam Rosli, safattdin
151
Ghazali Herawan, Kamantzzaman Sopian
Design of a Stand-alone Solar photovoltaic powered Bus Stop
MohdAf-zanizamM. R., Mohd ZaidA., Muhd Ridzuan-M., Sivaraa S
160
Condensation Heat Transfer and Presslre Drop of Steam in a Horizontal pipe
Heat Exchanger
Sulramta, Indarto, Purnomo, Tri Agung Rohnat
166
The Investigation on the Effect of the Blade Numbers on the Performance
of a Horizontal
Utilizie a Parametric Study of the Blade Element Momentum rn"orv
Ridway Balaka, Aditya Rachman, Jenny Delly
Axis Wind Turbine
Fabrication of Zinc oxide (Zno) Nanoparticle using Flame Assisted spray pyrolysis
Bobie suhendra, Arfida Berliana, Dina Ratnasari, Rano puji, tiri^ inoinran,
Suyitno, Agus P ur-ntan to
174
183
Fuzzy Logic Contol for Spark Advance of Otto Engine
189
Agus Sujono
Methane steam Reforming to produce High Ratio of Hydrogen to carbon Monoxide
by
Using CFD
199
Tlpharudin, Arif Setyo Nugroho, Suyitno, HeruAtmanto Wibowo
Tlre Effect of Current Rate and Elecfolyte Temperature
Wahyu Purwo Rahago, Eka SuroJo
207
The Effects ofPANI Addition to Characteristics of Carbon Composite Bipolarplate
for
PEMFC
Y.Sadeli, J. Wahyuadi, B, prihandolo, and S. Harjanto
2t4
Design of an FRP Conoposite C-BEAM
Djoko Setyanto, Jarnasri, Bambang Suhendro , AIva Edy Tontowi
t
!,
l
22t
The Influence of Steel Surface Temperature Against the Heat Transfer Characteristics
in
Water Droplet Collision Dlmamics
Puu Hadi Setyarini, Indravan Dwi prasantyo, Slamet Wahyudi
Effect of Erbium Doped
lper!,e-n8tn
to the Amplification on Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
Lita Rahmasaril, Yusaf Munajat
t
l-S-T9v q,nuhtionship between
Welding (GMAW)
'
Process Variables and rffeld Penefation for Gas Metal
Arc
233
237
s. Thiru chitrambalam, Tan wee Ming, Imran syakir Moharnmad and shafaal bin
Mat
A study of Melt Flow Analysis of polycarbonate (pc) in Fused Deposition Modelling
vIICESEAM 2011
2U
r
Process
Ismet P. Ilyas
Characierization of Hydroxyapatite Based Photo Bio:connposites Material As Bone Substitute
Materiai
Joko Triyano, Alva Edy Tcrttowi, Widowati, Rochrnadi
on Mechanical Properties of Spot Welded Dissimilar lvletals between
Stainless Steel J4 and Low Carbon Steel
Agustinus Eko Eudi Nusantara, Triyono, Kuncoro Diharia
Weldi"g Current Effect
Failure mode of Resistance Spot Welded Stiffened Thin Plate Structure
Triyono, Yustiasih Purwaningrum, Ilonal Chamid
PaperHoneycomb Sandwiches Panels under Static 3-Point Bending
Md Radzai Said, Mohd Khairir Ismail, Syed Ammar bin Syed Putra
Meohanisms of C'"r/PVA/GOD Materials on Different Glucose Concentations and PH
Variations
C. A. Dhannawan, Hariane, Qari, A. Supriyanta
Effect of Ternperature Sintering on Density, Bending Sfength and Water Absorption
Composite Organic Wastes-Hdpe Material
Heru Sukanto, Wiiang Wisnu Rahario
of
Effects of Load Secondary Voltage on Resistanee Spot Weldability of Dissimilar Metals Joint
between SUS3I6L and J4
Martinus Heru P, Triyono, Wiiang Wisnu R, Eko Prasetya Budiana
291
The Mechanical Properties of Green Polyblend Based on Waste Pollpropylene Filled in
Variation Particle Size Natural Fiber and Initiator Concenfation
Neng Sri Suharty, tsasuki Wiriosentono, Maulidan Firdaus
299
146{sling of Surface Hardening l-ayer on Transmission Gear
J. Jamari, R. Ismail, and M. Tauviqirrahman
304
Influence of Mechanical Milling Rate and Holding Time Sintering on Intennetallic Phase
Formation ofMetal Matix Composite (MMC) Mg'Al-TiO2
H. Purwaningsih, D. Susanti, R. Rachiem, Firman S, Mangasa
312
Identification of Tool Damage in Turning Process by Analyzing the Correlation of Actual
317
Cutting and Feeding Forces
Susilo
Adi Widyanto
Numerical Simulation on the Tooth Movement due to Orthodontic WAe Application
Firman A Kirana and Rachman Setiowan
323
Comparison of the Extended Reynolds Equation with Slip Length Model and Two'Slip
Model: an Investigation of Load Support Improvement in Lubricated MEMS
M. Tauviqirrahman,
R. Isrnail, Jamari, D.J. Schippe
The Elastic Vibration Behaviour of Steel Spring for Mechanism of Antilock Brake System
(ABS) onVehicle
Wibowo
Dbsign Optimization Study of Food Extruder Machine for Small and Middle Industry
Halomoan P, Siregar, Yose R. Kumiautsn, Andi Taqfan, Satya A' Putra
Pressure Distribution Analysis of Slip Surface and Sinusoidal Texture On Parallel Gap Slider
348
Bearing
M. D. Surindra, M. Tauviqircahmcn, Jamari, Berkah F.T.K.
Prediction of the Running-in Phase on Rolling-sliding Contact
R. Ismai!, M. Tauvi4inahman, J. Jamari and DirkJan Schipper
354
Initial Bacteria Contamination and Metals Content on Beef Sausage
H ars oj o, June Mell rw ati
An Analysis of EDM Die Sinking Parameters ON Ti-6Al4V
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villCEStAM
367
201-L
Bagas Wardano, Mohd Faizal Bin Ismail, Liew Pay Jun
An Assessment on Graphite [,tilling Charaoteristics
Bagas Wwdono, Yoon Xue Fang, Mohanad bin h{inhat
Electrical Properties of Sb Based Compound Semiconductor for Thermophotovoltaic
Applications
Ari Handono Ramelan, Ewa Goldys
vii
IICESEAM 2011
374
382
lntematiana! Canfcrence and Exhibition on
sustcinable Energ; *nd Advanceti Materiars (ICE fiEAM
20ir)
Solo-Indgnesis. Oetober 3-4, 20I I.
cFD Analysis of Bubble Bistribution in Non-catalytic Reactor for
Production of Biodiescl Fuel
Dyah wulandani t )' 2)*, TomoE.VIi*u'), Annansyah FI" Tambunanl).
Hiroshi Nabetani2)3) and Shoji Hagiwari)
ttdechali$11{Bigsvstem
lpineerine Department, Bogor Agricultural Universiry, lndonesia
Division, National Food Research institute, NARO, Japan
,,
"' (iraduate
^..f'?ol TSlneTing
school of Agrieultural and Life Science, The university of Tokyo,
Japan
"
* corresponding
*^'
lil
ih
eZi;;;;,
"Hff"j*1iffiffi:f3:.,.:il'
Abstract
Biodiesel fuel is a biodegradable of diesel fuel that is produced tbrough
trans-esterification between vegetable oil
and methanol' The non-catalytic biodiesel fuel productioo *"thod?led
superheat"J -.trr*ol vapor in the
bubble column reactor which is used in this research has advantage;
no requiring purification before and after
reaction, due to the not-e-xisting of catalyst, so both initial and
tio"i"g costs are to be redused. However the
reaction rate of biodiesel fuel production is still lower than other
metnoaicatarvtic;rh"dift previous studies
noted that the contact surface between the methanol bubble and the
oil *t" ur tn" h*itiolg a"to, ro, enhancing
the reaction rate. The contact surface area is influenced by the
bubble size distributi;r,;;ril; tum affected by
the reactor design. Therefore, this study is devoted to t[e analysis
or tne bubbte oi.ul"tio" in non catalytic
reactor to increase the reaction rate of biodiesel fuel production
using the Computationairirria oyoumics (cFD)
method' cFD can minimize the experimental design cost and time
conditions
to show a real phenomenon, witl a reasonable ac-curacy and precision.-BasedL
th" ptope; cFD modeling we
obtained at the previous work, ten scenarios of treatment and design
of obstacle installed in the column reactor
were simulated to find the highest contact surface area. The cFi modeling
represeoted weil to describe the
bubble behavior. A significant conclusion both of.simulatioo uoa erp"iim"ntu]
r..utt,
tl"i iv,tilizing of the
obstacle in the reactor, contact surface between oit and methanol
uuio, io"r"ur" *rri"rrl.
to the reaction
rate of biodiesel fuel production about 2.g times over than without
obstacle.
by-simuhft;;;;
"**}*""t
*"
id;"
Keywords: CFD, Bubble column, Non-catalytic reactor, Biodiesel fuel.
1. Introduction
Biodiesel fuel is a biodegradable of diesel_oil that is produced through
ftans-esterification processing from
vegetable oil, such as soybean oil, rape-seed oil, palm oil, sunflower
seed1il, p"h ;ii,
oil, etc. Transesterification is the reaction between oil and methanol to obtain biodiesel
(FAME)) and
C"tty
-J.trrvi'ester
glycerol'
ff;;a
Til';;-iauE
of non catalytic
FAMB could be..produced by catalytic method or non catalytic method.
""ia
for produci"g biodieset is the superheut"a *tn*ol vapor u"uuie
column method.
P:1h"9
is produced
by'both of transesteri{ication reaction beiween methanol vapoi and
triglyceride and also esterification reaction
between methanol vapol and free fatty acid at the same time under
atnaosphere pressure and high temperature
(290"c)' This method does not requiri deacidification process pri"it"
tL iraction becaus" oot ooty triglyceride
but also &ee fattv acid can be convlrted into FAME. And this method
d;;;il;;"tj;;
process after the
reaction because no catalyst is used. Therefore, both initial
and running costs are th;Ght;" be reduced by
appllnC the method.
However, reaction rate is still lower than that of conventional alkaline
catalytic method. The previous
oil acts u, tir" ii*itirrg factor for
enhancing the reaction rate (.Akita et al,, 1974). The contact
surface area is influenced by the bubble size
distribution, which in tum-affected by the reactor design. Therefore,
analyzing of the contact surface area
between methanol and riglyceride in the reactor is imfortant
to know the parameters influence reaction ra0e.
The computational Fluid Dynamics (cFD) method is usea to
*utv"" tn" contact surface area during the process
in the reactor' The best modeling of cFD-found in previous
*o*ir
u."a to analyze bubble size distribution aird
contact surface area between methanol vapors in thi oil (wulandani
et al., 2010). rru"tiii"uli* of the obstacle
in the reactor is predicted to infiuence tni uuuute size dishibution
and the contact,urf";";;;. Therefore, the
studies noted that the contact surface between the methanol
bubble and the
llrcEsrAM
201.L
]niei'vzaiicil&l Canference and Exhibition on
20Il)
Sustainable il*ergy *nd Arivr;nced Materiais (ICE SEAM
201 I.
3'4'
Solo-Indonesia. Octaher
oi:stacle u'iri,:h rc"qilit t}re highest contact surface area a:td
objectives of the paper ere {o obtain ihe typ* of llre
irr i. * bubbic ,:o!umn reactor tr-v using fFD analysis'
here in after to vieta #e ugnest reaction raG of'FAe{g
2.
iV[etRrodclogY
CFD nrcdeling
into cFD oode ANSYS FL{JENT {vsrsion 6'3'26'
The modei af br:bble coiumn reaetor w"as implemented
rnesh *f reactor was constructed using GAMBIT
version l2"1.2l,and version 13.0"0) ar:d the gearxetry and
ilcn equilibririm wail function cF'D modeling has
2.4.6. The vol.rnne a.-*ii*" ivoF) model uJo :n-t*ir"t€n{
"r
rnethanol anei triglyoeride systern in the bubble :"lyT"
been f,ound i" ** pr*.noo, ,"*rL*,u* upplied t* ropresent
initial heigtrt of liquid is tabulated in the Table I '
reacror" The gas ano uiJi pi-p-"ir- i*sutted thetifference
Table
No.
i. Properties ef me*.hanoi and triglyceride
Densi
hdaterial
2.
3.
i.
Note:
Triglyceride (At T - 250"C)
Triglyceride (At T = 2?0"C)
iffiiffi;;
io'
at tliree conditions of temperature
Height of liquid
Surface tension
Visccsity {Pa.s)
N/m
i.8738-05
0'695
923"5i21
.i.64e-05[3]
0.018?4i41
109.i
815.3t?l
?.4?e-05i31
0.01?51141
110"4
i'3?e-qil"
0.01628t41
111.6
t - zsq:-q) Eqr'ql'r ,
1. Teske et al. {2006)
2. CouPlaad at al. (1997)
3. F"abelo at at. i?000i
4. ChumPitaz et al. {1999)
of 4 g/min
equal with msthanol flow
The meihanol vapor inlet velocity was 5.32 m,/s rn'kich
the
sinnulation till the solution reach the quasiin
was used
tomperature of 290'c.. l- t*"- stop of ti.o-oco:-.
the requiring of computational time' The value of
periodic stste, at Z **noiAu. firu qouiit' of *"uh ionu"nces
0'85' Typicat grid rvere used depend on the model of
worst quality of mesh fo, ufi of Cfn *oAuf1og ;;under
of Hexagonal-cooper and Tetra-hybrid fior mesh type at
obstacle settling rn lhe reactor coiumn" The combinatioa
Tlre computational demand increases
1' 2 and 3 mm of nesh dimensions *.," o**d in thc sirnulation'
significantly with grid refinement'
ra-te
at
Scenarias of CFD simulation
in the Table 2' scenarios s-1' S-2 and S were
cFD sinrulations are carried out in ten conditions as show
by difference of thermal physicai properties as
indicated
perforrned to describe the effect of temperature which
type of
differeut
Do-?, DO-10, bg-u, DO-8ab and'Do-8ba wefe carried on at
scsnsrios
-ou,*"lais
shown ia Table
in Figure 1.
shown
as
the
cylirrder
in
iastalled
plate
perforated
a
perfiorate plate of obsta,rc.
1
modeling and experiment for methanol and triglyceride
Table 2. The geometrical configuration used in the cFD
sYst€m.
Scenario
-S'-1--
CFD
Description
-
Witho* obstacie
Biodiesel
reaction
exoeriment
Simulation
,: 250'C
==.==
T
7
-
'/
I
x
'/
DO-TDoubleobstacle(Tmmpitch,24holes'4nncodiameter)'T:290oC{'/
Do.10Doubleobstacle(10mmpitch,riuoio,+nrmdiameter),T:290oC
'/
'/
O-Sa Single obstacle {8 mm pitch, ? itoi;'; ;tn diameter)' T: 290"C
D0-8abDoubieperforateplateoftoo*plrcU'4rnm-diametor(Tholes'/'/
:
perfbratJplate at Lelow and 12 holes at above)' T 290"C
'/
+ mm_a;ameter (12 hoies "/
DO-gba Double perforate plate of I ;-;;;;, above)'
?90"C
T:
perforatJdplate attelow and 7 holes at
/
X
porous ;i"il; iU" *"tft*ol inlet (porosity-of 0.4 and dianneter 1
p-t
mm), T: 290'C
reactor
s-2
S
DO
Note:
at
itr:zts'c
WitU"ot oUrtu"i" u' f : ZSO"C
without;;;i;
Porous plate at the height of 5 mm from the battom
T = 290oC
itv of 0.4 and diameter 1
/
= pcformed
X:
of
not Performeci
2llcrs{s.hl ?*31
International Conference snd Exhibition on
Sustsinal)le Energt and Advanced Msterials (ICE SEAM 20I I)
Solo-Indonesia. October 3-4, 20I
L
Obstacle could be setting in the column reactor. Seven types of perforated plate were used in the CFD
simulation and 5 types of them were tested by experimental biodiisel fuel production using by ttre bench scale of
biodiesel reactor. The scenarios of model of CFD simulation are described in Table 3.
Figure 1. The obstacle and types ofperforate plate used in experiment
Material
for
experiment
Materials used for this research are methanol and canola oil for biodiesel fuel reaction. Hexane, dietil eter
and acetic acid are used as developer solvent and Squalane (C:olloz) as standard for TLC/FID (Thin layer
chromatography/Flame ionization detector) analysis. Acetonitrile and distillated water as a solvent for UpLC
(High performance liquid chromatography) analysis.
Experimental set up, pracedure and analysis
The experiments of biodiesel production are implemented to verify the best result of CFD modeling by
implementing apparatus of Superheated Methanol Vapor Bubble Column. The apparatus consists of
methanol
tanlq pump of methanol liquid, temperature conftollern heater of methanol to pioduce superheated methanol
vapor, reactor vessel (where oil and methanol are reacted under temperature 290oC and atmosphere pressure),
heater ofreactor, condenser to condense biodiesel (in the vapor phase) obtained from the reaction ofmethanol
and oil, and tank ofp;oduct (to collect biodiesel).
Methanol liquid was pumped at constant flow rate of 4 g/min into ttre tin bath for vaporization. Then
methanol vapor was heated gradually (75"C, 180"C ,240oC and 290"C) and the reaction is started by blowing the
superheated methanol vapor into oil in the reactor vessel. Temperature contoller kept the reaction temperiture
at29AoC. Biodiesel fuel was produce from the reaction in the gas phase. Furtherrnoie biodiesel and wr--reacted
methanol vapor were oondensed and were collected in the tank of product. Sampling was taken at every 30
minutes until 300 minutes. The sample is divided in two portions. A little part of sample was amlyzedto-find
out the glycerol content by using IIPLG analysis. Another one was evaporated from un-reacted methanol to
produce biodiesel fuel (FAME) by using vacuum roiary evaporator at 46oC and 168 Pa. Furthermore, biodiesel
will be analped by using TLC/FID method to examine the purity or the conteut of FAME, diglyceride
@G),
monoglycerol (MG) and free fatry aeid (FFA).
The experiments were carried out at five scenarios as mentioned in Table 2 under several parameters as
follow in Table 3.
Table 3. Pararneter used for experiment of biodiesel fuel production
Parameter
Value
Methanol vapor:
l.
2.
Canola
l"
Temperature ('C)
290
Flowt'ate (g/min)
4
oil
Initial mass (g)
Reaction temperature (oC)
Reaction pressure (MPa)
(hour)
(hour)
Time of reaction
Interval time of sampling
3lrc[${AM ?0]"1
250
290
0.1
5
0.5
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Swstainable Energt arcd Advaneed Materiqls (ICE SEAM 20I l)
Solo-Indonesia. October 3-4, 20 I 1.
3.
Results and Discussion
CFD Simulation Result
The efect af thermal physical properties
In the CFD modeling of VOF (volume of fracticn), approach of temperature effect by change the thermal
physical properties ofgas and liquid could not explain the contact surfaco area and gas hoidup. nlgure 3 shows
the contact surface area of three models of CFD. Similar fiend occurs for the re lation between gas holdup and
liquid temperature. In this figure, an increase of temperature is decrea.se the contact surface area and gas holdup.
The results have contrary with reality and bubble column theory.
How€ver, the result could explain the influence of height, and the value of oil density, oil viscosity and
surface tension between oil and nrethanol vapor. Both of contact surface area and gas holdup is increase with an
increase of density, viscosity and surface tension. A remark is supported by other investigator (Mouza et aL,
2001; Wu et a1., 2001), that an inerease in liquid surface tension increase gas hold up, due to appearance of small
bubble formation by promoting breakage and demoting coalescence. The smaller bubbles, the greater gas
holdup val.ues @ouafi et al., 2001). Otherwise both of contact surface area and gas holdup is increase with the
decrease of liquid height as shown ir Table 4.
Table 4. Relation among thermal physical properties, contact surface area and gas holdup.
No.
I
2
3
N
E
lll
(,
(}
o
t"l
t!
i't,
(t
c
o
U
Viscosity
Temperature
250
270
290
823.5 4.64e-A5
815.3 2.47e-05
807.8 1.32e-05
Height
Surface
tension
0.01874
0.01751
0.01628
of
I10.4
Average contact
surface area
0.0166
0.0112
11 1.6
0.0r00
109.1
0,03
Average gas
0.0927
0.0527
0.0506
?,501-01
0,025
0,02
0,015
0,01
0.005
0
g
T
tT*290C
rTr270C
rTo 250C
'Et
a
ra
It
r.t
2,00e.01
1,50t-01
1.,009{1.
5,008-02
"T*?90C
I T:270C
0,009*00
lTa
12
L2
Iime ts)
Time (s)
250C
Figure 3. Contact surface area and gas holdup at different thermal physical properties
The elfect of utilization porous nozzle
For next simulation, standard condition (S) of reactor column will be use in comparison with other
Utilization of porous nozzle for inlet the methanol flow does not practically affect the contact sgrface area
gas holdup values as shown in the Figure 4.
Both results of utilization porourr nozzles have no difference in comparison with that of the
coudition (without obstacle). However, utilization of porous plate P-2 (at location 5 rrm above the bottom
reactor) raises the churn flow pattern of bubble or bubble oscillation whieh fomrs many the small bubbles,
the little bit increasing in contact surface area and gas holdup as describe on Figure 5. For next follow up
the utilization porous plate in the obstacle will be concerned and sinmrlated.
4lrcrStAM
2011
International Conference and Exhibition on
Swstainable Energt and Advanced Materials QCE SEAM 201I)
Solo-Indonesia. October 3-4, 201 L
g
it
g
fi
€
I
0.02s
E
(,o
I
0,015
+pt
o,o1
llFZ
o.oo5
Yo
6
C'
2,008-01
sqz
*S
L2
Iime
tt
!t
e
v,
(t|!
1,508-01
1.,00E-oL
rPl
5,008-02
tP2
0,008+00
eS
01234
(s)
rime {s}
Figiue 4. The comparison between contact surface area and gas holdup for porous nozzleand standard
condition (without obstacle)
Figure 5. Distribution bubbles in the column reactor for standard condition (S), utilization of porous-l
and porous-2 @-2)
(p-l)
Tly influence of the utilization perforated plate installed in obstacle inside the column reactor and distribution
of bubble
Five scenarios of CFD modeling have been simulated to describe the effect of utilization obstacle with
five
tlpes of obstacle as shoqm in Figure 6. Generally, utilization of perforaied plate increase oontact
s'rface area.
There are no significant difference result among O-8a, Do-8ab-and DO-Bba. Utilization of obstacle
DO-7
shows the highest contact surface area. In case of utilization of obstacle, bubbles sfte1 dstaehing
the surface
nozzle at the bottom of reactor are retained by obstacle. Breakage occurs aiter the bubble
of
p*.'tf,toign
the holes
obstacle into small bubbles, as shown in Figrue 7. Utilization double perforated
ifutr 1pO--Z) increase
turbulence which is identifiedby liquid and small bubbles bacldlow from the outside of rviioao to the
inside of
cylindc. This condition enables increase the surface contact area and gas holdup. Especially for scenarios DO8ab and DO-8ba, bubbles
llow thrgugh the edge ofreactor more than through the reactor .rorrr. Consequently,
the surface contact area and gas holdup are lower than that of Do-10 and oo-2.
Sf rcrSEAM ZALt
Intet nctional Conference and Exhibitian on
Sustainable Energt end A,dvcnced Materials (ICE SE,AM 2011)
Sola-Indonesia. October 3-4, 20 I I.
2,50E-0?
N
?,00r"o?
o
e D0-7
6l
o
o
LI
1,50H-02
I$
|J
l!
g
tJ
1,008-02
a 00-10
(!
/A4*
XD0-8ab
5,00[-03
r
D0-8ba
*s
0,008+00
Figure 6. Contact surface area of 5 scenarios of CFD simuiation result
l-s
I
I 08{
t ?""*l
F"*:l tl'*,1
t'"1
Figure 7. Bubble distribution of 6 scenarios of CFD simulation
Verifr,cation af CFD modeling by comparingwith experimental result
In order to verifu the CFD simulation result several experiments were perfomred. Figure 8. shorrr
experimental result of six configurations of utilization of obstacle. The experimental results of this study
that utilization of obstacle 7 mm pitch gave the highost reaction rate of 0.023 g/min bigger than without
of 0.08 g/min, at FAME content range of 69 yo to 96 % mol.
6lrcHs{AM
2S1.1^
Internstianql Conference and Exhibition on
Susiainable Energy and .dvanced Materials (ICE SEAM 201t)
'
Solo-Indonesia. October 3-4, 201 t.
0.25
'e
in!
8.2
l*l
5
E
t&
oo0-7
0.15
o
t
6
rJ,J.
a
H
*c;
fi00-10
ffi
*ffi
w
0.0s
w
a
g-rffi-s--ffi
1"00 r.$0
;a*A-&ab
XD0-8ba
---*- *-l-----*---.--i---*-----
0
A0-8a
-
e5
i---- -"----r---.------]
200 250 300 350
Time {mlnutor}
Figure 8. The comparison of reactios rate of FAI4E at different types of obstacle utilization
l\l
I
o
0,025
0,020
{,
'Idt
LI
fit
l'4t
al
(}
u
0,015
0,010
0,005
0,000
s,000
0,s5s 0,10s 0,150 0,200
0,250
Reartion rate 0f FAME {g/min}
Figure 9. Relation between contact surface area {CFD result) and reaotion rate of FAME (experimental result)
Conkct surface arca in ssmparison with the reaction rate of biodiesel produotion has positive correlation
trend as shown in Figure 9. The result indicates that reaction rate of biodiesel could be explain by contact
surface contact area by using CFD method. For next work, oontact surface
the reaction rate ofbiodiesel production on pilot plant scale reactor.
4"
will be a key parameter to estimate
Conclusions
The 3D - turbulent flow and non-equilibrium wall function - CFD msdsling was successful to describe the
phenomenon of bubble distribution in the column reactor. An increase of contact surface area of methanol
bubble in the oil increases reaction rate of biodiesei fuel production. Utilization of obstacle in the column reactor
of biodiesel fuel production increases the reaction rate significantly. Utilization of obstacle DO-7 (7 mm pitch,
24 holes and 4 mm diameter) in the column reactor increases reaction rate of biodiesel fuel production of 0.23
g/min bigger than without obstacle of 0.08 g/min.
5.
Acknowledgement
We would like to thank ts United Nations University and Kirin leading company, through UNU-Kirin
Fellowship (2010-2011) program for a grant that made it possible to complete this research.
TltcrsIAru ?-03.L
lnternstional
C onfermce
od
$,IY
fufu 34.
Sustsinable Energt and Advanced Materials OCE
Solo-Indonesia-
References
Akita, K. and Yoshida, F. (1974) Bubble Size, Intetfacial ,4res, and Liquid-Phase Msss Transfer
C$rc*na,'
Bubble Columns,Ind. Eng. Chen., Process Des. Develop. 13, 84-90.
Bouaifi, M., Hebrard G., Bastoul, D. and Roustan, M. (2001) A carnparative study of gas holdry, hdlt"irB
inte{aeial area and mass transfer cofficients in stirred gas-liquid reactors and kbble
Chemical Engineering Process 4A,
Chumpita2, L.D.A., Coutinho,
91-lll.
L" F. and Meirelles, A.J.A. (1999) 'surface Tension of Fatty AEifu
Triglycerides', JAO CS, 7 6:3,
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Coupland, J. N., and Mc Clements. D. J" (1997) 'Physical Froperties of Liquid Edible
AIs',
JAOCS, 7,1:
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1559-1564.
Mouza,
A.A., Dalakoglou, G.K.,
Paras,S.V. (2005) Efect af tiquid properties on the performance of
calumn reactors withJine pore spargers, Chemical Engineering Science 60,1465 1475
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Rabelo, J., E. Batista, F.V,W., Cavaleri and Meirelles, A,J.A. (2000) 'Viscosity prediction for fatty
JAOCS. 77 :12, 7255-1262
Teske, V., and Vogel, E, (2006) Viscosity meqsuremeftts an Methanol vapor and their evaluation,
Data 51: 628-635.
ffi
systri
&er-\,.
Wu, Y., Ong, B.C. and Al-Dahhan, M.H. (2001) Predictions of radial gas holdup profiles in bubble
cobr
reactors, Chemical Engineering Science 56, L207-t27CI.
fu
Wulandani, D., T. Miura, A.H. Tambunan, H.N. and Hagiwara, S. (2010) 'Determination on CFD Model
Bubble Column Reactor to TmFrove Biodiesel Fuel Production', Proceeding of Internafisd
Conference on SwtaiN 20lA,December 11-12,2010, Kyoto. Japan
SlrcrSrAM
?01"1
Proceeding
86+
ZO11
lnternatfonal Conference and Exhibition
Sustainable Energy and Advanced Material
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
SUPPORTED BY
ADVANCED MATERIAL TECH NOLOGI ES
F]:kt'"
t.
Surakarta, Octob er 3-4'n, zott
Faculty of Engineering
Universitas Sebelas Maret
#'ffi
't,,..
Prof. Dato' Dr. Ahmad Yusoff
Chairman
Dr. techn. Suyitno
Universitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia
Organizing Committee
Dody Ariawan
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,
Malaysia
Prof. Dr. Md Razalibin Ayob
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,
Malaysia
t-.lniversitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia
Didik Dioko
S.
Safarudin Ghazali Herawan
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,
Malaysia
Mohd" Azlibin Salim
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,
Malaysia
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,
Malaysia
Prof. Madya Abd Salam bin Md.
I anrr
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,
Malaysia
Malaysia
Secretary
Malaysia
Ubaidillah
Prof. Madya Dr. lr. Abd Talib
Din
bin
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,
Malaysia
Dr" Khisbullah Hudha
Thesaurus
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,
Wibawa Endra Juwana
Malaysia
Universitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia
Dharmanto
Universitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia
Advisory Board
South East Asia Region
Prof. Dr. Kuncoro Dihardio
LJniversitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia
Prof. Dr. Neng Sri Suharty
Universitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia
Prof. Dr.-lng. Harwin Saptoadi
Universitas 6ajah Mada, lndonesia
America Region
Dr. techn. Zainal Abidin
lnstit;::
-r'S$'
Dr. techn. Suyitno
Universitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia
lr. Ari Handono Ramelan, PhD.
Universitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia
Dr. rer. nat.
Europe Region
Dr. techn. Peter Haselbactrs
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,
Universitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia
lndonesia
TU Craz, Austria
Prof. Madya Ahmad Rivai
Wahyu Purwo Raharjo
Dr. techn. Rahm i Andanfinfr
lnstitut Teknologi Sepu --
Prof. Madya Juharibin Ab Razak
Jubail University College, KSA
Universitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia
Dr. Dipl.lng. Berkah Faflnr
Southwest Research
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,
DR. Bagas Wardono
Dr. lr. Rahman Setirau*mn
lnstitut Teknolos: 3: -: --9,
Universitas Diponegor:
Prof. Dr. Md. Radzaibin Said
Universitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia
Dr. Eng. YuliSetyo
lnstitut Teknoio: 3 -- :-rrq
Atmanto Heru W.
Universitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia
Dr. Eng. Agus Purwanto
Universitas Sebelas Maret, lndonesia
Dr.Mont. Mohammad Zaki
Mubarok
lnstitut Teknologi Bandung, lndonesia
Middle East Region
DR. Bagas Wardono
Jubail University College, KingccSaudiArabia
TABI.E GF EONTE&IT
I
ADVISORY BOARD
TOPICS COVERAGB
ii
iii
PREFACE
iv
viii
TABLEOF CONTENT
KEYNOTEPAPER
for Production of Biodiesel
cFD Analysis of Eubble Distribution in Non*Catalytic Reactor
Fuel
Nabetani and
Dyah Wulandani, Tomaki Miura, Annansyah H. Tambunan,Hiroshi
Shoii Hagiwara
ATMega-5l
Electrical Power Monitoring Designed by using Microcontrolier
Real-time
Thayib
Muhammad Nizam, B ambang Kusha$ anta' Muh'
Hydrodynamic
vartical Axis Marine cunent Twbine Development in Indonesian
Laboratory-Surabaya for Tidal Fawer Plant
Marta' D' Rahuna
Erwandi, Alan K, F' Sasako, Rina, B' Wiianarko' E'
of LPG Bottle Valve Used in
An Experimental study of Leakage Rate through Rubber-seal
Household Gas Stove Burner
Guni Ridhanta
I Made Kartika Dhiputra, Raka Cahya Pratama' I Nym
*---'
24
Jafopha Fruit Coat H1'drolysis Phase
o. Nelwan,
iraptiningsih, G. Adinurani, Tony Liwang, salafudin, Leopold,
YoiePhianus Salcri RaY, Hendroko
Study Optimization
of
Heat ftarrsfer Characteristics in Salt
Effect of Aluminum Surface Temperature Variations to
Water DroPlet Collision DYnamics
Slamet Wahyudi, PwtuHadi Setyarini' Surya Calcrawiiaya
Microalgae
the Selection of Potential Species of Oil-Producing
Optimizing
Feasibility of Fiodiesei.Froduction
to-suppott"f"onomic
"Muiizat
Kawaroe, Ayi Rachmat, and Abdul Days
Mill: case study in Lampung,
Mitigation of Green House Gases Emission in cassava
Indonesia
Udin Hasanudin, Agus Haryanto, Erdi Suroso
Combustion and Emission of Direct
The Effeot of Palm Oil Methyl Esthers Blends on the
61
Injeotion Diesel Engine
Prawoto
Bagus Anang Nugroho, Bambang Sugiarto' and
A Mathematical Model for Predicting the Performance of
Turbine with Consideration of Blade Parameters
Ridway Balaka, Aditya Rachtnan, Jenny Delly
a
Horizontal Axis River current
Water Wheel.
Harvesting Energy from Flood Mitigation Ponds Using
66
74
AbitutTalibDin,Mohd.Yaztdothman,Mohd.YuhazriYaakob
Passive Cooling Systemof aBuilding: ANew Approach
T
M Mehedi Rafique
Md. Hassn.ali, Mohornmad frashud, Md. Mahasin Ali, H
Biodiesel
Emission Testing of Diesel Engine Fueling with oxidized
Berknh Faiar T.K, DidikAriwibowo
Dryer Ti{ne contol
using Infrared Radiation based Fuzzy Logic for Rice Grain
Trt Irianto
Kusharianta'
Bambang
fuIujianto,
Agus
Nizam,
Muhammad
System HP/T
Thennal Technology ofl{ybridWood Drying on the Integrated
Usage Solar
Coliector to Supply Energy in Rural Furnihre Industry
Rezayona
Budi Kristiawan, iuyilno, Danang Apriyanta' A' Fahrny
EvllerSEAtvl 2011"
100
t07
Using Bionaass Briquette of Arilicial Log Waste as Kerosene Substitute
in Sterilization
Process of Auricularia sp. Substrate
Budi Kristiawan, Eko prasetya Budiana
lt5
Uagrade Biogas Purification in Packed Column with Chemical Absorptior
of CO2 For
Energy Altemative Of Small Industry pKM-Tahu)
Muhammad Ki.smurtono
123
low speed Permanent Magnet Generator for wind Energy in Indonesia
Hasyim Asy' ari 1, Aris Budinan, Nurmuntaha Agung
Design of
t28
The Effect of Feed Seawaxer and Air Temperatures on Performance of
a Desalination Unit
Heat Pump with Humidification and Dehrrrnidification
of
Tri Istanta, wibawa Endra Juwana, Indri yaningsih, Dedet Herrnawan
A Feasibility study on wind Energy potential in peninsular Malaysia
Muhammad Hafeez Mohaned Hariri, Norizah Mohamad, syafrudin Masri
134
143
CFD Analysis on Cost-effective Pico-hydro Turbine: A Case Study for Low Head
and Low
Flow Rate Condition
Masjuri Musa, ,Iuhari ab. Razak , Md Razali Ayob, Mohd Afzanbam Rosli, safattdin
151
Ghazali Herawan, Kamantzzaman Sopian
Design of a Stand-alone Solar photovoltaic powered Bus Stop
MohdAf-zanizamM. R., Mohd ZaidA., Muhd Ridzuan-M., Sivaraa S
160
Condensation Heat Transfer and Presslre Drop of Steam in a Horizontal pipe
Heat Exchanger
Sulramta, Indarto, Purnomo, Tri Agung Rohnat
166
The Investigation on the Effect of the Blade Numbers on the Performance
of a Horizontal
Utilizie a Parametric Study of the Blade Element Momentum rn"orv
Ridway Balaka, Aditya Rachman, Jenny Delly
Axis Wind Turbine
Fabrication of Zinc oxide (Zno) Nanoparticle using Flame Assisted spray pyrolysis
Bobie suhendra, Arfida Berliana, Dina Ratnasari, Rano puji, tiri^ inoinran,
Suyitno, Agus P ur-ntan to
174
183
Fuzzy Logic Contol for Spark Advance of Otto Engine
189
Agus Sujono
Methane steam Reforming to produce High Ratio of Hydrogen to carbon Monoxide
by
Using CFD
199
Tlpharudin, Arif Setyo Nugroho, Suyitno, HeruAtmanto Wibowo
Tlre Effect of Current Rate and Elecfolyte Temperature
Wahyu Purwo Rahago, Eka SuroJo
207
The Effects ofPANI Addition to Characteristics of Carbon Composite Bipolarplate
for
PEMFC
Y.Sadeli, J. Wahyuadi, B, prihandolo, and S. Harjanto
2t4
Design of an FRP Conoposite C-BEAM
Djoko Setyanto, Jarnasri, Bambang Suhendro , AIva Edy Tontowi
t
!,
l
22t
The Influence of Steel Surface Temperature Against the Heat Transfer Characteristics
in
Water Droplet Collision Dlmamics
Puu Hadi Setyarini, Indravan Dwi prasantyo, Slamet Wahyudi
Effect of Erbium Doped
lper!,e-n8tn
to the Amplification on Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
Lita Rahmasaril, Yusaf Munajat
t
l-S-T9v q,nuhtionship between
Welding (GMAW)
'
Process Variables and rffeld Penefation for Gas Metal
Arc
233
237
s. Thiru chitrambalam, Tan wee Ming, Imran syakir Moharnmad and shafaal bin
Mat
A study of Melt Flow Analysis of polycarbonate (pc) in Fused Deposition Modelling
vIICESEAM 2011
2U
r
Process
Ismet P. Ilyas
Characierization of Hydroxyapatite Based Photo Bio:connposites Material As Bone Substitute
Materiai
Joko Triyano, Alva Edy Tcrttowi, Widowati, Rochrnadi
on Mechanical Properties of Spot Welded Dissimilar lvletals between
Stainless Steel J4 and Low Carbon Steel
Agustinus Eko Eudi Nusantara, Triyono, Kuncoro Diharia
Weldi"g Current Effect
Failure mode of Resistance Spot Welded Stiffened Thin Plate Structure
Triyono, Yustiasih Purwaningrum, Ilonal Chamid
PaperHoneycomb Sandwiches Panels under Static 3-Point Bending
Md Radzai Said, Mohd Khairir Ismail, Syed Ammar bin Syed Putra
Meohanisms of C'"r/PVA/GOD Materials on Different Glucose Concentations and PH
Variations
C. A. Dhannawan, Hariane, Qari, A. Supriyanta
Effect of Ternperature Sintering on Density, Bending Sfength and Water Absorption
Composite Organic Wastes-Hdpe Material
Heru Sukanto, Wiiang Wisnu Rahario
of
Effects of Load Secondary Voltage on Resistanee Spot Weldability of Dissimilar Metals Joint
between SUS3I6L and J4
Martinus Heru P, Triyono, Wiiang Wisnu R, Eko Prasetya Budiana
291
The Mechanical Properties of Green Polyblend Based on Waste Pollpropylene Filled in
Variation Particle Size Natural Fiber and Initiator Concenfation
Neng Sri Suharty, tsasuki Wiriosentono, Maulidan Firdaus
299
146{sling of Surface Hardening l-ayer on Transmission Gear
J. Jamari, R. Ismail, and M. Tauviqirrahman
304
Influence of Mechanical Milling Rate and Holding Time Sintering on Intennetallic Phase
Formation ofMetal Matix Composite (MMC) Mg'Al-TiO2
H. Purwaningsih, D. Susanti, R. Rachiem, Firman S, Mangasa
312
Identification of Tool Damage in Turning Process by Analyzing the Correlation of Actual
317
Cutting and Feeding Forces
Susilo
Adi Widyanto
Numerical Simulation on the Tooth Movement due to Orthodontic WAe Application
Firman A Kirana and Rachman Setiowan
323
Comparison of the Extended Reynolds Equation with Slip Length Model and Two'Slip
Model: an Investigation of Load Support Improvement in Lubricated MEMS
M. Tauviqirrahman,
R. Isrnail, Jamari, D.J. Schippe
The Elastic Vibration Behaviour of Steel Spring for Mechanism of Antilock Brake System
(ABS) onVehicle
Wibowo
Dbsign Optimization Study of Food Extruder Machine for Small and Middle Industry
Halomoan P, Siregar, Yose R. Kumiautsn, Andi Taqfan, Satya A' Putra
Pressure Distribution Analysis of Slip Surface and Sinusoidal Texture On Parallel Gap Slider
348
Bearing
M. D. Surindra, M. Tauviqircahmcn, Jamari, Berkah F.T.K.
Prediction of the Running-in Phase on Rolling-sliding Contact
R. Ismai!, M. Tauvi4inahman, J. Jamari and DirkJan Schipper
354
Initial Bacteria Contamination and Metals Content on Beef Sausage
H ars oj o, June Mell rw ati
An Analysis of EDM Die Sinking Parameters ON Ti-6Al4V
-
villCEStAM
367
201-L
Bagas Wardano, Mohd Faizal Bin Ismail, Liew Pay Jun
An Assessment on Graphite [,tilling Charaoteristics
Bagas Wwdono, Yoon Xue Fang, Mohanad bin h{inhat
Electrical Properties of Sb Based Compound Semiconductor for Thermophotovoltaic
Applications
Ari Handono Ramelan, Ewa Goldys
vii
IICESEAM 2011
374
382
lntematiana! Canfcrence and Exhibition on
sustcinable Energ; *nd Advanceti Materiars (ICE fiEAM
20ir)
Solo-Indgnesis. Oetober 3-4, 20I I.
cFD Analysis of Bubble Bistribution in Non-catalytic Reactor for
Production of Biodiescl Fuel
Dyah wulandani t )' 2)*, TomoE.VIi*u'), Annansyah FI" Tambunanl).
Hiroshi Nabetani2)3) and Shoji Hagiwari)
ttdechali$11{Bigsvstem
lpineerine Department, Bogor Agricultural Universiry, lndonesia
Division, National Food Research institute, NARO, Japan
,,
"' (iraduate
^..f'?ol TSlneTing
school of Agrieultural and Life Science, The university of Tokyo,
Japan
"
* corresponding
*^'
lil
ih
eZi;;;;,
"Hff"j*1iffiffi:f3:.,.:il'
Abstract
Biodiesel fuel is a biodegradable of diesel fuel that is produced tbrough
trans-esterification between vegetable oil
and methanol' The non-catalytic biodiesel fuel productioo *"thod?led
superheat"J -.trr*ol vapor in the
bubble column reactor which is used in this research has advantage;
no requiring purification before and after
reaction, due to the not-e-xisting of catalyst, so both initial and
tio"i"g costs are to be redused. However the
reaction rate of biodiesel fuel production is still lower than other
metnoaicatarvtic;rh"dift previous studies
noted that the contact surface between the methanol bubble and the
oil *t" ur tn" h*itiolg a"to, ro, enhancing
the reaction rate. The contact surface area is influenced by the
bubble size distributi;r,;;ril; tum affected by
the reactor design. Therefore, this study is devoted to t[e analysis
or tne bubbte oi.ul"tio" in non catalytic
reactor to increase the reaction rate of biodiesel fuel production
using the Computationairirria oyoumics (cFD)
method' cFD can minimize the experimental design cost and time
conditions
to show a real phenomenon, witl a reasonable ac-curacy and precision.-BasedL
th" ptope; cFD modeling we
obtained at the previous work, ten scenarios of treatment and design
of obstacle installed in the column reactor
were simulated to find the highest contact surface area. The cFi modeling
represeoted weil to describe the
bubble behavior. A significant conclusion both of.simulatioo uoa erp"iim"ntu]
r..utt,
tl"i iv,tilizing of the
obstacle in the reactor, contact surface between oit and methanol
uuio, io"r"ur" *rri"rrl.
to the reaction
rate of biodiesel fuel production about 2.g times over than without
obstacle.
by-simuhft;;;;
"**}*""t
*"
id;"
Keywords: CFD, Bubble column, Non-catalytic reactor, Biodiesel fuel.
1. Introduction
Biodiesel fuel is a biodegradable of diesel_oil that is produced through
ftans-esterification processing from
vegetable oil, such as soybean oil, rape-seed oil, palm oil, sunflower
seed1il, p"h ;ii,
oil, etc. Transesterification is the reaction between oil and methanol to obtain biodiesel
(FAME)) and
C"tty
-J.trrvi'ester
glycerol'
ff;;a
Til';;-iauE
of non catalytic
FAMB could be..produced by catalytic method or non catalytic method.
""ia
for produci"g biodieset is the superheut"a *tn*ol vapor u"uuie
column method.
P:1h"9
is produced
by'both of transesteri{ication reaction beiween methanol vapoi and
triglyceride and also esterification reaction
between methanol vapol and free fatty acid at the same time under
atnaosphere pressure and high temperature
(290"c)' This method does not requiri deacidification process pri"it"
tL iraction becaus" oot ooty triglyceride
but also &ee fattv acid can be convlrted into FAME. And this method
d;;;il;;"tj;;
process after the
reaction because no catalyst is used. Therefore, both initial
and running costs are th;Ght;" be reduced by
appllnC the method.
However, reaction rate is still lower than that of conventional alkaline
catalytic method. The previous
oil acts u, tir" ii*itirrg factor for
enhancing the reaction rate (.Akita et al,, 1974). The contact
surface area is influenced by the bubble size
distribution, which in tum-affected by the reactor design. Therefore,
analyzing of the contact surface area
between methanol and riglyceride in the reactor is imfortant
to know the parameters influence reaction ra0e.
The computational Fluid Dynamics (cFD) method is usea to
*utv"" tn" contact surface area during the process
in the reactor' The best modeling of cFD-found in previous
*o*ir
u."a to analyze bubble size distribution aird
contact surface area between methanol vapors in thi oil (wulandani
et al., 2010). rru"tiii"uli* of the obstacle
in the reactor is predicted to infiuence tni uuuute size dishibution
and the contact,urf";";;;. Therefore, the
studies noted that the contact surface between the methanol
bubble and the
llrcEsrAM
201.L
]niei'vzaiicil&l Canference and Exhibition on
20Il)
Sustainable il*ergy *nd Arivr;nced Materiais (ICE SEAM
201 I.
3'4'
Solo-Indonesia. Octaher
oi:stacle u'iri,:h rc"qilit t}re highest contact surface area a:td
objectives of the paper ere {o obtain ihe typ* of llre
irr i. * bubbic ,:o!umn reactor tr-v using fFD analysis'
here in after to vieta #e ugnest reaction raG of'FAe{g
2.
iV[etRrodclogY
CFD nrcdeling
into cFD oode ANSYS FL{JENT {vsrsion 6'3'26'
The modei af br:bble coiumn reaetor w"as implemented
rnesh *f reactor was constructed using GAMBIT
version l2"1.2l,and version 13.0"0) ar:d the gearxetry and
ilcn equilibririm wail function cF'D modeling has
2.4.6. The vol.rnne a.-*ii*" ivoF) model uJo :n-t*ir"t€n{
"r
rnethanol anei triglyoeride systern in the bubble :"lyT"
been f,ound i" ** pr*.noo, ,"*rL*,u* upplied t* ropresent
initial heigtrt of liquid is tabulated in the Table I '
reacror" The gas ano uiJi pi-p-"ir- i*sutted thetifference
Table
No.
i. Properties ef me*.hanoi and triglyceride
Densi
hdaterial
2.
3.
i.
Note:
Triglyceride (At T - 250"C)
Triglyceride (At T = 2?0"C)
iffiiffi;;
io'
at tliree conditions of temperature
Height of liquid
Surface tension
Visccsity {Pa.s)
N/m
i.8738-05
0'695
923"5i21
.i.64e-05[3]
0.018?4i41
109.i
815.3t?l
?.4?e-05i31
0.01?51141
110"4
i'3?e-qil"
0.01628t41
111.6
t - zsq:-q) Eqr'ql'r ,
1. Teske et al. {2006)
2. CouPlaad at al. (1997)
3. F"abelo at at. i?000i
4. ChumPitaz et al. {1999)
of 4 g/min
equal with msthanol flow
The meihanol vapor inlet velocity was 5.32 m,/s rn'kich
the
sinnulation till the solution reach the quasiin
was used
tomperature of 290'c.. l- t*"- stop of ti.o-oco:-.
the requiring of computational time' The value of
periodic stste, at Z **noiAu. firu qouiit' of *"uh ionu"nces
0'85' Typicat grid rvere used depend on the model of
worst quality of mesh fo, ufi of Cfn *oAuf1og ;;under
of Hexagonal-cooper and Tetra-hybrid fior mesh type at
obstacle settling rn lhe reactor coiumn" The combinatioa
Tlre computational demand increases
1' 2 and 3 mm of nesh dimensions *.," o**d in thc sirnulation'
significantly with grid refinement'
ra-te
at
Scenarias of CFD simulation
in the Table 2' scenarios s-1' S-2 and S were
cFD sinrulations are carried out in ten conditions as show
by difference of thermal physicai properties as
indicated
perforrned to describe the effect of temperature which
type of
differeut
Do-?, DO-10, bg-u, DO-8ab and'Do-8ba wefe carried on at
scsnsrios
-ou,*"lais
shown ia Table
in Figure 1.
shown
as
the
cylirrder
in
iastalled
plate
perforated
a
perfiorate plate of obsta,rc.
1
modeling and experiment for methanol and triglyceride
Table 2. The geometrical configuration used in the cFD
sYst€m.
Scenario
-S'-1--
CFD
Description
-
Witho* obstacie
Biodiesel
reaction
exoeriment
Simulation
,: 250'C
==.==
T
7
-
'/
I
x
'/
DO-TDoubleobstacle(Tmmpitch,24holes'4nncodiameter)'T:290oC{'/
Do.10Doubleobstacle(10mmpitch,riuoio,+nrmdiameter),T:290oC
'/
'/
O-Sa Single obstacle {8 mm pitch, ? itoi;'; ;tn diameter)' T: 290"C
D0-8abDoubieperforateplateoftoo*plrcU'4rnm-diametor(Tholes'/'/
:
perfbratJplate at Lelow and 12 holes at above)' T 290"C
'/
+ mm_a;ameter (12 hoies "/
DO-gba Double perforate plate of I ;-;;;;, above)'
?90"C
T:
perforatJdplate attelow and 7 holes at
/
X
porous ;i"il; iU" *"tft*ol inlet (porosity-of 0.4 and dianneter 1
p-t
mm), T: 290'C
reactor
s-2
S
DO
Note:
at
itr:zts'c
WitU"ot oUrtu"i" u' f : ZSO"C
without;;;i;
Porous plate at the height of 5 mm from the battom
T = 290oC
itv of 0.4 and diameter 1
/
= pcformed
X:
of
not Performeci
2llcrs{s.hl ?*31
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L
Obstacle could be setting in the column reactor. Seven types of perforated plate were used in the CFD
simulation and 5 types of them were tested by experimental biodiisel fuel production using by ttre bench scale of
biodiesel reactor. The scenarios of model of CFD simulation are described in Table 3.
Figure 1. The obstacle and types ofperforate plate used in experiment
Material
for
experiment
Materials used for this research are methanol and canola oil for biodiesel fuel reaction. Hexane, dietil eter
and acetic acid are used as developer solvent and Squalane (C:olloz) as standard for TLC/FID (Thin layer
chromatography/Flame ionization detector) analysis. Acetonitrile and distillated water as a solvent for UpLC
(High performance liquid chromatography) analysis.
Experimental set up, pracedure and analysis
The experiments of biodiesel production are implemented to verify the best result of CFD modeling by
implementing apparatus of Superheated Methanol Vapor Bubble Column. The apparatus consists of
methanol
tanlq pump of methanol liquid, temperature conftollern heater of methanol to pioduce superheated methanol
vapor, reactor vessel (where oil and methanol are reacted under temperature 290oC and atmosphere pressure),
heater ofreactor, condenser to condense biodiesel (in the vapor phase) obtained from the reaction ofmethanol
and oil, and tank ofp;oduct (to collect biodiesel).
Methanol liquid was pumped at constant flow rate of 4 g/min into ttre tin bath for vaporization. Then
methanol vapor was heated gradually (75"C, 180"C ,240oC and 290"C) and the reaction is started by blowing the
superheated methanol vapor into oil in the reactor vessel. Temperature contoller kept the reaction temperiture
at29AoC. Biodiesel fuel was produce from the reaction in the gas phase. Furtherrnoie biodiesel and wr--reacted
methanol vapor were oondensed and were collected in the tank of product. Sampling was taken at every 30
minutes until 300 minutes. The sample is divided in two portions. A little part of sample was amlyzedto-find
out the glycerol content by using IIPLG analysis. Another one was evaporated from un-reacted methanol to
produce biodiesel fuel (FAME) by using vacuum roiary evaporator at 46oC and 168 Pa. Furthermore, biodiesel
will be analped by using TLC/FID method to examine the purity or the conteut of FAME, diglyceride
@G),
monoglycerol (MG) and free fatry aeid (FFA).
The experiments were carried out at five scenarios as mentioned in Table 2 under several parameters as
follow in Table 3.
Table 3. Pararneter used for experiment of biodiesel fuel production
Parameter
Value
Methanol vapor:
l.
2.
Canola
l"
Temperature ('C)
290
Flowt'ate (g/min)
4
oil
Initial mass (g)
Reaction temperature (oC)
Reaction pressure (MPa)
(hour)
(hour)
Time of reaction
Interval time of sampling
3lrc[${AM ?0]"1
250
290
0.1
5
0.5
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3.
Results and Discussion
CFD Simulation Result
The efect af thermal physical properties
In the CFD modeling of VOF (volume of fracticn), approach of temperature effect by change the thermal
physical properties ofgas and liquid could not explain the contact surfaco area and gas hoidup. nlgure 3 shows
the contact surface area of three models of CFD. Similar fiend occurs for the re lation between gas holdup and
liquid temperature. In this figure, an increase of temperature is decrea.se the contact surface area and gas holdup.
The results have contrary with reality and bubble column theory.
How€ver, the result could explain the influence of height, and the value of oil density, oil viscosity and
surface tension between oil and nrethanol vapor. Both of contact surface area and gas holdup is increase with an
increase of density, viscosity and surface tension. A remark is supported by other investigator (Mouza et aL,
2001; Wu et a1., 2001), that an inerease in liquid surface tension increase gas hold up, due to appearance of small
bubble formation by promoting breakage and demoting coalescence. The smaller bubbles, the greater gas
holdup val.ues @ouafi et al., 2001). Otherwise both of contact surface area and gas holdup is increase with the
decrease of liquid height as shown ir Table 4.
Table 4. Relation among thermal physical properties, contact surface area and gas holdup.
No.
I
2
3
N
E
lll
(,
(}
o
t"l
t!
i't,
(t
c
o
U
Viscosity
Temperature
250
270
290
823.5 4.64e-A5
815.3 2.47e-05
807.8 1.32e-05
Height
Surface
tension
0.01874
0.01751
0.01628
of
I10.4
Average contact
surface area
0.0166
0.0112
11 1.6
0.0r00
109.1
0,03
Average gas
0.0927
0.0527
0.0506
?,501-01
0,025
0,02
0,015
0,01
0.005
0
g
T
tT*290C
rTr270C
rTo 250C
'Et
a
ra
It
r.t
2,00e.01
1,50t-01
1.,009{1.
5,008-02
"T*?90C
I T:270C
0,009*00
lTa
12
L2
Iime ts)
Time (s)
250C
Figure 3. Contact surface area and gas holdup at different thermal physical properties
The elfect of utilization porous nozzle
For next simulation, standard condition (S) of reactor column will be use in comparison with other
Utilization of porous nozzle for inlet the methanol flow does not practically affect the contact sgrface area
gas holdup values as shown in the Figure 4.
Both results of utilization porourr nozzles have no difference in comparison with that of the
coudition (without obstacle). However, utilization of porous plate P-2 (at location 5 rrm above the bottom
reactor) raises the churn flow pattern of bubble or bubble oscillation whieh fomrs many the small bubbles,
the little bit increasing in contact surface area and gas holdup as describe on Figure 5. For next follow up
the utilization porous plate in the obstacle will be concerned and sinmrlated.
4lrcrStAM
2011
International Conference and Exhibition on
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Solo-Indonesia. October 3-4, 201 L
g
it
g
fi
€
I
0.02s
E
(,o
I
0,015
+pt
o,o1
llFZ
o.oo5
Yo
6
C'
2,008-01
sqz
*S
L2
Iime
tt
!t
e
v,
(t|!
1,508-01
1.,00E-oL
rPl
5,008-02
tP2
0,008+00
eS
01234
(s)
rime {s}
Figiue 4. The comparison between contact surface area and gas holdup for porous nozzleand standard
condition (without obstacle)
Figure 5. Distribution bubbles in the column reactor for standard condition (S), utilization of porous-l
and porous-2 @-2)
(p-l)
Tly influence of the utilization perforated plate installed in obstacle inside the column reactor and distribution
of bubble
Five scenarios of CFD modeling have been simulated to describe the effect of utilization obstacle with
five
tlpes of obstacle as shoqm in Figure 6. Generally, utilization of perforaied plate increase oontact
s'rface area.
There are no significant difference result among O-8a, Do-8ab-and DO-Bba. Utilization of obstacle
DO-7
shows the highest contact surface area. In case of utilization of obstacle, bubbles sfte1 dstaehing
the surface
nozzle at the bottom of reactor are retained by obstacle. Breakage occurs aiter the bubble
of
p*.'tf,toign
the holes
obstacle into small bubbles, as shown in Figrue 7. Utilization double perforated
ifutr 1pO--Z) increase
turbulence which is identifiedby liquid and small bubbles bacldlow from the outside of rviioao to the
inside of
cylindc. This condition enables increase the surface contact area and gas holdup. Especially for scenarios DO8ab and DO-8ba, bubbles
llow thrgugh the edge ofreactor more than through the reactor .rorrr. Consequently,
the surface contact area and gas holdup are lower than that of Do-10 and oo-2.
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Intet nctional Conference and Exhibitian on
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2,50E-0?
N
?,00r"o?
o
e D0-7
6l
o
o
LI
1,50H-02
I$
|J
l!
g
tJ
1,008-02
a 00-10
(!
/A4*
XD0-8ab
5,00[-03
r
D0-8ba
*s
0,008+00
Figure 6. Contact surface area of 5 scenarios of CFD simuiation result
l-s
I
I 08{
t ?""*l
F"*:l tl'*,1
t'"1
Figure 7. Bubble distribution of 6 scenarios of CFD simulation
Verifr,cation af CFD modeling by comparingwith experimental result
In order to verifu the CFD simulation result several experiments were perfomred. Figure 8. shorrr
experimental result of six configurations of utilization of obstacle. The experimental results of this study
that utilization of obstacle 7 mm pitch gave the highost reaction rate of 0.023 g/min bigger than without
of 0.08 g/min, at FAME content range of 69 yo to 96 % mol.
6lrcHs{AM
2S1.1^
Internstianql Conference and Exhibition on
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'
Solo-Indonesia. October 3-4, 201 t.
0.25
'e
in!
8.2
l*l
5
E
t&
oo0-7
0.15
o
t
6
rJ,J.
a
H
*c;
fi00-10
ffi
*ffi
w
0.0s
w
a
g-rffi-s--ffi
1"00 r.$0
;a*A-&ab
XD0-8ba
---*- *-l-----*---.--i---*-----
0
A0-8a
-
e5
i---- -"----r---.------]
200 250 300 350
Time {mlnutor}
Figure 8. The comparison of reactios rate of FAI4E at different types of obstacle utilization
l\l
I
o
0,025
0,020
{,
'Idt
LI
fit
l'4t
al
(}
u
0,015
0,010
0,005
0,000
s,000
0,s5s 0,10s 0,150 0,200
0,250
Reartion rate 0f FAME {g/min}
Figure 9. Relation between contact surface area {CFD result) and reaotion rate of FAME (experimental result)
Conkct surface arca in ssmparison with the reaction rate of biodiesel produotion has positive correlation
trend as shown in Figure 9. The result indicates that reaction rate of biodiesel could be explain by contact
surface contact area by using CFD method. For next work, oontact surface
the reaction rate ofbiodiesel production on pilot plant scale reactor.
4"
will be a key parameter to estimate
Conclusions
The 3D - turbulent flow and non-equilibrium wall function - CFD msdsling was successful to describe the
phenomenon of bubble distribution in the column reactor. An increase of contact surface area of methanol
bubble in the oil increases reaction rate of biodiesei fuel production. Utilization of obstacle in the column reactor
of biodiesel fuel production increases the reaction rate significantly. Utilization of obstacle DO-7 (7 mm pitch,
24 holes and 4 mm diameter) in the column reactor increases reaction rate of biodiesel fuel production of 0.23
g/min bigger than without obstacle of 0.08 g/min.
5.
Acknowledgement
We would like to thank ts United Nations University and Kirin leading company, through UNU-Kirin
Fellowship (2010-2011) program for a grant that made it possible to complete this research.
TltcrsIAru ?-03.L
lnternstional
C onfermce
od
$,IY
fufu 34.
Sustsinable Energt and Advanced Materials OCE
Solo-Indonesia-
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SlrcrSrAM
?01"1