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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 History of Ergonomics
Christensen 1987 points out that the importance of a good fit between humans and tools was probably realized early in the development of the species. Australopithecus
Prometheus selected pebble tools and made scoops from antelope bones in a clear display of selecting objects to make tasks easier to accomplish. The association between
occupations and musculoskeletal injuries was documented centuries ago. Bernardino Ramazinni 1633-1714 wrote about work-related complaints that he saw in his medical
practice in the 1713 supplement to his 1700 publication, De Morbis Artificum Diseases of Workers.
In the early 1900s, energy human and ergonomic concept depend the largest of the
production industry that develop to improve worker productivity. Scientific Management, is a method where to improved worker more efficiency by improving the
job process.
World War II encouraged greater interest in human-machine interaction as the efficiency of sophisticated military equipment could be compromised by bad or confusing design.
Design concepts of fitting the machine to the size of the soldier and logical control buttons evolved.
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After World War II, the focus of concern expanded to include worker safety and productivity. Research began in a variety of areas such as:
a
Muscle force required to perform manual tasks.
b
Compressive low back disk force when lifting.
c
Cardiovascular response when performing heavy labor.
d
Perceived maximum load that can be carried pushed or pulled. Areas of knowledge that involved human behavior and attributes such as decision
making process, organization design, human perception relative to design became known as cognitive ergonomics. The knowledge that involved physical aspects of the
workplace and human abilities such as force required to lift, vibration and reaches became known as industrial ergonomics or ergonomics.
The broad groups focus and name duality continues at this time. Contributors to ergonomics concepts include industrial engineers, industrial psychologists, occupational
medicine physicians, industrial hygienists, and safety engineers. Professions that use ergonomics information include architects, occupational therapists, physical therapists,
occupational medicine nurses, and insurance loss control specialists. Figure 2.1 below shows the method of ergonomic assessment.
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