W-CDMA Simulation For Receiver Part And Ber Performance In Awgn, Rayleigh Channel And Rician.
UTeM Library (Pind.ll.2005)
ceL4L9..
vw
*$
"*.,
*
7
!!!
UNlVERSlTI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA (UTeM)
JUDUL: W-CDMA SIMULATION FOR RECEIVER PART AND BER
PERFORMANCE IN AWGN, RAYLEIGH CHANNEL AND RICIAN
SESl PENGAJIAN: 20071200%
Saya GALOH KEUMA NINGRAT BlNTl ZAKARlA
mengaku membenarkan tesis ( P S M I C - - i . . n , )
ini disimpan di
Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) dengan syarat-syarat
kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Tesis adalah hak milik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.
2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dibenarkan membuat salinan
uslltuk tujuasll pengajjigsll ~ahaja,
3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran
antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
4. **Sila tandakan (4)
0
0
TERHAD
a
TIDAK TERHAD
SULlT
114, Jalan Pinan%
Taman Sogat
83000 Batu Pahat,
Johor.
Tarikh: 9 May 2008
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan
atau kepentingan Malaysia yang termaktub di dalam
AKTA RAHSlA RASMl 1972)
(Mengandungi makiumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan
oleh organisasilbadan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
T~mbalanDekan (Akademtk)
Cop Rasm'lilb Kej Elektronlk dan K q Komputer (FKEKK)
Tarikh:
* Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tgsis bagi ljazah Doktor Falsafah dan Sarjana secara penyelidikan, atau
disertasi bagi pengajian secara kerja kunus dan penyelidikan, atau Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda (PSM
** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaar
den~anmenvatakan sekali sebab dan tem~ohtesis ini ~ e d dikelaskan
u
sebagai SULlT atau TERHAD.
"I declared that I have read this report and in my opinions this report is sufficient in
terms of the scope and quality for award of Bachelor's Degree in Electronic
Engineering (Telecommunication Electronics) With Honours."
................,.......
Signature
:
......................
Supervisor
:
MR MUHAMMAD SYAHRIR BIN JOHAL
Date
9 MAY 2008
W-CDMA SIPIlLTLATION FOR RECEIVER PART AND BER
PERFORMANCE IN AWGN, RAYLEIGH CHANNEL AND RICIAN
This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for a degree of
Bachelor of Electronic Engineering (Telecommunication Electronics)
Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
MAY 2008
I declare that this report entitled "W-CDMA Simulationfor Receiver Part and BER
Perj4ormance in AWGN, Rayleigh Channel and Rician" is the result of my own
research except as cited the references. The report has not been accepted for any
degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.
Signature
:
Name
Date
9 MAY 2008
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my supervisor, En Muhammad
Syahrir bin Johal for his time, patience, guidance, efforts and belief in me in this
project. And thanks also have been extremely helpfir1 both inside and outside the
class. He has been everything one could want in a supervisor. Thanks also for
reviewing my project report and providing valuable feedback.
I also want to thank Miss Norhafhiza binti Mohammed for her valuable advice and
experience in WCDMA design. I appreciate the help of her during the
implementation of the simulator.
Special thanks to Mohd Asyraf bin Samsudin, who has been constantly helping me in
this project and give me some valuable suggestions.
Finally, most of all, I would like to thank my parents for their unconditional love and
support.
ABSTRACT
The global wireless mobile telecommunications encounter dramatic changes
from the first generation analog system with frequency division multiple access
(FDMA) technology to the second generation digital system with time division
multiple access (TDMA) and frnally now into the third generation system with code
division multiple access (CDMA) technology. The reason for wideband code
division multiple access (WCDMA) is to cope with growing mobile voice and data
volumes that is more efficient than 2G and 2.5G. WCDMA is fulfilling its potential
as the key foundation for third generation public mobile services. The initial
WCDMA cellular systems are envisioned to spread over 5MHz. This thesis is studied
the performance of WCDMA using Matlab version 7. This research is divided into
two parts. First part is the development of CDMA system and WCDMA system.
Chip rate for CDMA system is 1.2288 Mchip per second while for WCDMA system
is 3.84 Mchip per second. Second part is running the simulation models to study the
system behaviour. The input data is transmitted through AWGN channel, Rayleigh
fading channel and Rician fading channel.
Sistem telekomunikasi tanpa wayar bergerak sejagat menghadapi perubahan
yang mendadak dari sistem analog generasi pertama dengan teknologi pembahagian
frekuensi berbilang capaian (F'DMA) ke sistem digital generasi kedua dengan
teknologi pembahagian masa berbilang capaian (TDMA) dan akhirnya, kini ke
sistem digital generasi ketiga dengan teknologi pembahagian kod berbilang capaian
(CDMA). Tujuan perubahan kepada WCDMA ialah untuk memenuhi perkembangan
telekomunikasi suara, penghantaran data suara dimana ia lebih efisyen dari 2 G dan
2.5 G. Pembahagian kod jalur lebar berbilang capaian (WCDMA) memenuhi
potensinya sebagai asas kepada sistem mudah alih 3 G. Sistem mudah alih WCDMA
mamgu untuk melebarkan lebar jalur sehingga 5 MHz. Kajian ini adalah mengenai
simulasi untuk mengkaji pencapstian WCDMA dengan menggunakan Matlab versi 7.
Kajian ini dibahagikan kepada dua bahagian, di mana bahagian pertama adalah
membangunkan sistem CDMA dan WCDMA. Bagi menjalankan sistem CDMA,
kadar cip 1.28 Mcip per saat telah dipilih rnanakala bagi menjalankan sistem
WCDMA, kadar cip yang dipilih ialah 3.84 Mcip per saat.. Manakala bahagian
kedua ialah menjalankan simulasi ke atas sistem CDMA clan WCDMA.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
DESCRIPTION
-
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
x
xi
LIST OF APPENDICES
xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xv
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Problem statement
1.3 Objective
1.4 Scope of project
1.5 Thesis organization
PAGE
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Multiple access technique
2.1.1
Frequency Division Multiple Access
2.1.2
Time Division Multiple Access
2.1.3
Code Division Multiple Access
2.1.3.1 Direct Spectrum CDMA
2.1.3.2 Frequency Hopping CDMA
2.1.4
Comparison between FDMA, TDMA
And CDMA
2.2 Wide band Code Division Multiple Access
2.3 Advantages of WCDMA
2.4 QPSK Modulator
2.5 Mobile Radio Channel
2.5.1
Additive White Gaussian Noise
2.5.2
Rayleigh channel
2.5.2.1 Doppler shift
2.5.3
Rician channel
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
3.2 CDMA simulation model
3.2.1
CDMA Block diagram process
3.2.2
CDMA Simulation parameter
3.3 WCDMA simulation model
3.3.1
WCDMA Block diagram process
3.3.2 WCDMA simulation parameter
3.4 BER measurement
3.4.1
AWGNchannel
3.4.2
Rayleigh channel
3.4.3
Rician channel
RESULT AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Analysis result of different channel
4.3 BER Performance analysis
4.3.1 BER performance for AWGN Channel
4.3.2 BER Performance for Rayleigh fading channel
4.3.3 BER Performance for Rician fading channel
4.3.4 BER Performance of WCDMA system
CONCLUSION
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Future work
REFEXENCES
APPENDICES
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
TITLE
1.0
Comparison between FDMA, TDMA and CDMA
3.0
The characteristic of CDMA
3.1
The characteristic of WCDMA
PAGE
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
TITLE
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Block diagram of a DS-SS CDMA system
Block diagram of frequency hopping (FH) CDMA system
QPSK Modulator
QPSK constellation diagram
QPSK modulated waveform
Rayleigh fading channel model
A typical Rayleigh fading envelope at 900 MHz
Rayleigh probability density function (pdf)
Illustration of Doppler effect
Probability density hnction of Rician distributions
The simulation block of CDMA system.
Spreading the Signal using Walsh Code
The Parameter of Random Generator Block
The Parameter of QPSK Demodulator Block
The Parameter of Walsh Code Generator Block
PAGE
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
TITLE
The Parameter of AWGN Channel Block
The Simulation Block of WCDMA System
The Parameter of Random Generator Block
The Parameter of QPSK Demodulator Block
The Parameter of Walsh Code Generator Block
-The Parameter of AWGN Channel Block
The Simulation Block in AWGN Channel
The Simulation Block in a Rayleigh Channel
The Parameter of Rayleigh Channel Block
The Simulation Block in a Rician Channel
The Parameter of Rician Channel Block
The Parameter of Error Rate Calculation Block
Bit Error Rate Analysis Window
Input Signal
QPSK Modulated Signal
Spreaded Signal
Output of AWGN
Despreaded Signal
QPSK Demodulated Signal
Output Signal
PAGE
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
4.8
TITLE
Comparison of AWGN channel between WCDMA and
CDMA system
4.9
Comparison of Rayleigh channel between WCDMA and
CDMA system
4.10
Comparison of Rician channel between WCDMA and
CDMA system
4.1 1
BER Performance of WCDMA
PAGE
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
A
Table of Key Specifications of Leading 2G Technologies [I].
B
Table of Current and Emerging 2.5 G and 3 G and 3 G Data Communication
Standards [I].
C
Table of Leading IMT-2000 Candidate Standards as of 1998 [I].
D
Source Code
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AWGN
Additive White Gaussian Noise
BER
Bit Error Rate
BPSK
Binary Phase Shift Keying
CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access
DS -CDMA
Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access
FDD
Frequency Division Duplex
FDMA
Frequency Division Multiple Access
-
FH -CDMA Frequency Hopping - Code Division Multiple Access
GSM
Global System for Mobile
IMT-2000
International Mobile Telecommunications-2000
ITU
International Telecommunications Union
LOS
Line of Sight
PN
Pseudonoise
QPSK
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
SNR
Signal to Noise Ratio
TDD
Time Division Duplex
TDMA
Time Division Multiple Access
WCDMA
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
CHAPTER I
PROJECT OVERVIEW
1.1
Introduction
The goal for the next generation of mobile communications system is to
seamlessly provide a wide variety of communication services to anybody, anywhere,
anytime. The intended service for next generation mobile phone users includes
services like transmitting high speed data, video and multimedia traffic as well as
voice signals. The technology needed to tackle the challenges to make these services
available is popularly known as the Third Generation (3G) Cellular Systems. The
first generation systems are represented by the analog mobile systems designed to
carry the voice application traffic. Their subsequent digital counterparts are known as
second generation cellular systems. Third generation systems mark a significant leap,
both in applications and capacity, from the current second generation standards.
Whereas the current digital mobile phone systems are optimized for voice
communications, 3G communicators are oriented towards multimedia message
capability.
1.2
Problem Statement
The differences in the air interface reflect the new requirements of the third
generation systems. For example, a larger bandwidth of 5 MHz is needed to support
higher bit rates. Transmit diversity is included in WCDMA to improve the downlink
and uplink. Transmit diversity is not supported by the second generation standards.
The mixture of the different bit rates, services and quality requirements in third
generation systems required advanced radio resource management algorithms to
guarantee quality of services and to maximize system throughput. Most importantly,
WCDMA system increased multipath diversity improves the coverage.
1.3
Objective
The objectives of this project are to develop CDMA system and WCDMA
system at receiver part and to evaluate the performance of WCMA system in term of
bit error rate performance. Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN), Rayleigh
fading channel and Rician fading channel are used to study the performance in
different types of propagating medium. The simulation models are simulated to study
the system behaviour. The results are compared with the theoretical result for
AWGN channel and Rayleigh channel.
1.4
Scope of Project
This project is divided into three parts. First part is to study the literature
review on 2G systems for CDMA system and 3G systems for WCDMA system
including the Despreader, QPSK Demodulator, SNR and BER for AWGN
channel, BER for Rayleigh channel and BER Rician channel. Second, the model
of conventional CDMA and WCDMA is developed using Matlab version 7. This
project is only focused at receiver part and is done followed by the simulation of
the developed system through Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN),
Rayleigh fading channel and Rician fading channel. In this part the results
obtained h m the simulation are presented. Finally, all the simulation results are
analyzed to interpret the BER performance of WCDMA system and compared
with the conventional CDMA system.
1.5
Thesis Organization
This thesis comprises of five chapters. Chapter I give a brief overview on
mobile evolution, problem statement, objective, scope of works and thesis
organization.
Chapter I1 describes the multiple access techniques; time division multiple
access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and code division
multiple access (CDMA). This chapter discusses WCDMA system, which is the
main part of this project.
Chapter III explains the methodology to implement WCDMA system and
conventional CDMA system using Matlab simulation. It involves parameter setting
for input generator, Walsh code, QPSK demodulator, AWGN channel, Rayleigh
fading channel and Rician fading channel.
Chapter N presents the results obtained fkom the simulation block. This
chapter consists of analysis of performance of BER for different types of channel.
This simulation is plotted using BER versus Eb/No graph.
Last but not least, Chapter V summarizes the whole project. Conclusion and
recommendation for future work are also presented.
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Multiple Access Techniques
Multiple access schemes are used to allow many mobile users to share
simultaneously a finite amount of radio spectrum. The sharing of spectrum is
required to achieve high capacity by simultaneously allocating the available
bandwidth to multiple users. An idealized multiple access mobile radio system
consists of base stations, coverage areas, and mobile stations. Mobile means any
subscriber station, moving or still. Traditionally mobile communications have
separate users by frequency channels, time slots or both.
2.1.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access (n,MA)
Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) assigns individual channels to
individuals users. In FDMA, users are assigned different frequencies within a given
band, where no other users can access this channel until the subscriber's call is ended,
or when the original call is handed off to a different channel by the system [I].
FDMA using large cells with high transmission power, base station
equipment bulky and one transceiver is required per channel; this persuaded to the
use of TDMA for second generation mobile communications. Figure 2.1 shows time
versus frequency for FDMA system.
I
Call 4
I
Call 3
Call 2
I
Call 1
r
time
Figure 2.1 : Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
2.1.2
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
T i e Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems divide the radio spectrum
into time slots, and in each slot only one user is allowed to either transmit or receive.
In TDMA, the system starts with the slice of spectrum as carrier. The carrier will be
subdivided into timeslots. One subscriber is assigned to each slot, or channel. No
other users can access this channel until the subscriber's call ended, or when the
original call is handed off to a different channel by the system. Figure 2.2 is shows
time versus frequency for TDMA system [I].
D
Call 1
P-
time
Figure 2.2: Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
2.13 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Code division multiple access (CDMA) is uniquely digital codes. Users are
channelized with different code in a given frequency bands. The codes are shared by
both base station and mobile station. All users share the same carrier eequency and
may transmit simultaneously. Others assign a unique PN codes, which is orthogonal
to PN codes used each channel [I].
ceL4L9..
vw
*$
"*.,
*
7
!!!
UNlVERSlTI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA (UTeM)
JUDUL: W-CDMA SIMULATION FOR RECEIVER PART AND BER
PERFORMANCE IN AWGN, RAYLEIGH CHANNEL AND RICIAN
SESl PENGAJIAN: 20071200%
Saya GALOH KEUMA NINGRAT BlNTl ZAKARlA
mengaku membenarkan tesis ( P S M I C - - i . . n , )
ini disimpan di
Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) dengan syarat-syarat
kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Tesis adalah hak milik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.
2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dibenarkan membuat salinan
uslltuk tujuasll pengajjigsll ~ahaja,
3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran
antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
4. **Sila tandakan (4)
0
0
TERHAD
a
TIDAK TERHAD
SULlT
114, Jalan Pinan%
Taman Sogat
83000 Batu Pahat,
Johor.
Tarikh: 9 May 2008
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan
atau kepentingan Malaysia yang termaktub di dalam
AKTA RAHSlA RASMl 1972)
(Mengandungi makiumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan
oleh organisasilbadan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
T~mbalanDekan (Akademtk)
Cop Rasm'lilb Kej Elektronlk dan K q Komputer (FKEKK)
Tarikh:
* Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tgsis bagi ljazah Doktor Falsafah dan Sarjana secara penyelidikan, atau
disertasi bagi pengajian secara kerja kunus dan penyelidikan, atau Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda (PSM
** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaar
den~anmenvatakan sekali sebab dan tem~ohtesis ini ~ e d dikelaskan
u
sebagai SULlT atau TERHAD.
"I declared that I have read this report and in my opinions this report is sufficient in
terms of the scope and quality for award of Bachelor's Degree in Electronic
Engineering (Telecommunication Electronics) With Honours."
................,.......
Signature
:
......................
Supervisor
:
MR MUHAMMAD SYAHRIR BIN JOHAL
Date
9 MAY 2008
W-CDMA SIPIlLTLATION FOR RECEIVER PART AND BER
PERFORMANCE IN AWGN, RAYLEIGH CHANNEL AND RICIAN
This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for a degree of
Bachelor of Electronic Engineering (Telecommunication Electronics)
Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
MAY 2008
I declare that this report entitled "W-CDMA Simulationfor Receiver Part and BER
Perj4ormance in AWGN, Rayleigh Channel and Rician" is the result of my own
research except as cited the references. The report has not been accepted for any
degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.
Signature
:
Name
Date
9 MAY 2008
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my supervisor, En Muhammad
Syahrir bin Johal for his time, patience, guidance, efforts and belief in me in this
project. And thanks also have been extremely helpfir1 both inside and outside the
class. He has been everything one could want in a supervisor. Thanks also for
reviewing my project report and providing valuable feedback.
I also want to thank Miss Norhafhiza binti Mohammed for her valuable advice and
experience in WCDMA design. I appreciate the help of her during the
implementation of the simulator.
Special thanks to Mohd Asyraf bin Samsudin, who has been constantly helping me in
this project and give me some valuable suggestions.
Finally, most of all, I would like to thank my parents for their unconditional love and
support.
ABSTRACT
The global wireless mobile telecommunications encounter dramatic changes
from the first generation analog system with frequency division multiple access
(FDMA) technology to the second generation digital system with time division
multiple access (TDMA) and frnally now into the third generation system with code
division multiple access (CDMA) technology. The reason for wideband code
division multiple access (WCDMA) is to cope with growing mobile voice and data
volumes that is more efficient than 2G and 2.5G. WCDMA is fulfilling its potential
as the key foundation for third generation public mobile services. The initial
WCDMA cellular systems are envisioned to spread over 5MHz. This thesis is studied
the performance of WCDMA using Matlab version 7. This research is divided into
two parts. First part is the development of CDMA system and WCDMA system.
Chip rate for CDMA system is 1.2288 Mchip per second while for WCDMA system
is 3.84 Mchip per second. Second part is running the simulation models to study the
system behaviour. The input data is transmitted through AWGN channel, Rayleigh
fading channel and Rician fading channel.
Sistem telekomunikasi tanpa wayar bergerak sejagat menghadapi perubahan
yang mendadak dari sistem analog generasi pertama dengan teknologi pembahagian
frekuensi berbilang capaian (F'DMA) ke sistem digital generasi kedua dengan
teknologi pembahagian masa berbilang capaian (TDMA) dan akhirnya, kini ke
sistem digital generasi ketiga dengan teknologi pembahagian kod berbilang capaian
(CDMA). Tujuan perubahan kepada WCDMA ialah untuk memenuhi perkembangan
telekomunikasi suara, penghantaran data suara dimana ia lebih efisyen dari 2 G dan
2.5 G. Pembahagian kod jalur lebar berbilang capaian (WCDMA) memenuhi
potensinya sebagai asas kepada sistem mudah alih 3 G. Sistem mudah alih WCDMA
mamgu untuk melebarkan lebar jalur sehingga 5 MHz. Kajian ini adalah mengenai
simulasi untuk mengkaji pencapstian WCDMA dengan menggunakan Matlab versi 7.
Kajian ini dibahagikan kepada dua bahagian, di mana bahagian pertama adalah
membangunkan sistem CDMA dan WCDMA. Bagi menjalankan sistem CDMA,
kadar cip 1.28 Mcip per saat telah dipilih rnanakala bagi menjalankan sistem
WCDMA, kadar cip yang dipilih ialah 3.84 Mcip per saat.. Manakala bahagian
kedua ialah menjalankan simulasi ke atas sistem CDMA clan WCDMA.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
DESCRIPTION
-
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
x
xi
LIST OF APPENDICES
xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xv
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Problem statement
1.3 Objective
1.4 Scope of project
1.5 Thesis organization
PAGE
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Multiple access technique
2.1.1
Frequency Division Multiple Access
2.1.2
Time Division Multiple Access
2.1.3
Code Division Multiple Access
2.1.3.1 Direct Spectrum CDMA
2.1.3.2 Frequency Hopping CDMA
2.1.4
Comparison between FDMA, TDMA
And CDMA
2.2 Wide band Code Division Multiple Access
2.3 Advantages of WCDMA
2.4 QPSK Modulator
2.5 Mobile Radio Channel
2.5.1
Additive White Gaussian Noise
2.5.2
Rayleigh channel
2.5.2.1 Doppler shift
2.5.3
Rician channel
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
3.2 CDMA simulation model
3.2.1
CDMA Block diagram process
3.2.2
CDMA Simulation parameter
3.3 WCDMA simulation model
3.3.1
WCDMA Block diagram process
3.3.2 WCDMA simulation parameter
3.4 BER measurement
3.4.1
AWGNchannel
3.4.2
Rayleigh channel
3.4.3
Rician channel
RESULT AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Analysis result of different channel
4.3 BER Performance analysis
4.3.1 BER performance for AWGN Channel
4.3.2 BER Performance for Rayleigh fading channel
4.3.3 BER Performance for Rician fading channel
4.3.4 BER Performance of WCDMA system
CONCLUSION
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Future work
REFEXENCES
APPENDICES
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
TITLE
1.0
Comparison between FDMA, TDMA and CDMA
3.0
The characteristic of CDMA
3.1
The characteristic of WCDMA
PAGE
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
TITLE
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Block diagram of a DS-SS CDMA system
Block diagram of frequency hopping (FH) CDMA system
QPSK Modulator
QPSK constellation diagram
QPSK modulated waveform
Rayleigh fading channel model
A typical Rayleigh fading envelope at 900 MHz
Rayleigh probability density function (pdf)
Illustration of Doppler effect
Probability density hnction of Rician distributions
The simulation block of CDMA system.
Spreading the Signal using Walsh Code
The Parameter of Random Generator Block
The Parameter of QPSK Demodulator Block
The Parameter of Walsh Code Generator Block
PAGE
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
TITLE
The Parameter of AWGN Channel Block
The Simulation Block of WCDMA System
The Parameter of Random Generator Block
The Parameter of QPSK Demodulator Block
The Parameter of Walsh Code Generator Block
-The Parameter of AWGN Channel Block
The Simulation Block in AWGN Channel
The Simulation Block in a Rayleigh Channel
The Parameter of Rayleigh Channel Block
The Simulation Block in a Rician Channel
The Parameter of Rician Channel Block
The Parameter of Error Rate Calculation Block
Bit Error Rate Analysis Window
Input Signal
QPSK Modulated Signal
Spreaded Signal
Output of AWGN
Despreaded Signal
QPSK Demodulated Signal
Output Signal
PAGE
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
4.8
TITLE
Comparison of AWGN channel between WCDMA and
CDMA system
4.9
Comparison of Rayleigh channel between WCDMA and
CDMA system
4.10
Comparison of Rician channel between WCDMA and
CDMA system
4.1 1
BER Performance of WCDMA
PAGE
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
A
Table of Key Specifications of Leading 2G Technologies [I].
B
Table of Current and Emerging 2.5 G and 3 G and 3 G Data Communication
Standards [I].
C
Table of Leading IMT-2000 Candidate Standards as of 1998 [I].
D
Source Code
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AWGN
Additive White Gaussian Noise
BER
Bit Error Rate
BPSK
Binary Phase Shift Keying
CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access
DS -CDMA
Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access
FDD
Frequency Division Duplex
FDMA
Frequency Division Multiple Access
-
FH -CDMA Frequency Hopping - Code Division Multiple Access
GSM
Global System for Mobile
IMT-2000
International Mobile Telecommunications-2000
ITU
International Telecommunications Union
LOS
Line of Sight
PN
Pseudonoise
QPSK
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
SNR
Signal to Noise Ratio
TDD
Time Division Duplex
TDMA
Time Division Multiple Access
WCDMA
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
CHAPTER I
PROJECT OVERVIEW
1.1
Introduction
The goal for the next generation of mobile communications system is to
seamlessly provide a wide variety of communication services to anybody, anywhere,
anytime. The intended service for next generation mobile phone users includes
services like transmitting high speed data, video and multimedia traffic as well as
voice signals. The technology needed to tackle the challenges to make these services
available is popularly known as the Third Generation (3G) Cellular Systems. The
first generation systems are represented by the analog mobile systems designed to
carry the voice application traffic. Their subsequent digital counterparts are known as
second generation cellular systems. Third generation systems mark a significant leap,
both in applications and capacity, from the current second generation standards.
Whereas the current digital mobile phone systems are optimized for voice
communications, 3G communicators are oriented towards multimedia message
capability.
1.2
Problem Statement
The differences in the air interface reflect the new requirements of the third
generation systems. For example, a larger bandwidth of 5 MHz is needed to support
higher bit rates. Transmit diversity is included in WCDMA to improve the downlink
and uplink. Transmit diversity is not supported by the second generation standards.
The mixture of the different bit rates, services and quality requirements in third
generation systems required advanced radio resource management algorithms to
guarantee quality of services and to maximize system throughput. Most importantly,
WCDMA system increased multipath diversity improves the coverage.
1.3
Objective
The objectives of this project are to develop CDMA system and WCDMA
system at receiver part and to evaluate the performance of WCMA system in term of
bit error rate performance. Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN), Rayleigh
fading channel and Rician fading channel are used to study the performance in
different types of propagating medium. The simulation models are simulated to study
the system behaviour. The results are compared with the theoretical result for
AWGN channel and Rayleigh channel.
1.4
Scope of Project
This project is divided into three parts. First part is to study the literature
review on 2G systems for CDMA system and 3G systems for WCDMA system
including the Despreader, QPSK Demodulator, SNR and BER for AWGN
channel, BER for Rayleigh channel and BER Rician channel. Second, the model
of conventional CDMA and WCDMA is developed using Matlab version 7. This
project is only focused at receiver part and is done followed by the simulation of
the developed system through Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN),
Rayleigh fading channel and Rician fading channel. In this part the results
obtained h m the simulation are presented. Finally, all the simulation results are
analyzed to interpret the BER performance of WCDMA system and compared
with the conventional CDMA system.
1.5
Thesis Organization
This thesis comprises of five chapters. Chapter I give a brief overview on
mobile evolution, problem statement, objective, scope of works and thesis
organization.
Chapter I1 describes the multiple access techniques; time division multiple
access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and code division
multiple access (CDMA). This chapter discusses WCDMA system, which is the
main part of this project.
Chapter III explains the methodology to implement WCDMA system and
conventional CDMA system using Matlab simulation. It involves parameter setting
for input generator, Walsh code, QPSK demodulator, AWGN channel, Rayleigh
fading channel and Rician fading channel.
Chapter N presents the results obtained fkom the simulation block. This
chapter consists of analysis of performance of BER for different types of channel.
This simulation is plotted using BER versus Eb/No graph.
Last but not least, Chapter V summarizes the whole project. Conclusion and
recommendation for future work are also presented.
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Multiple Access Techniques
Multiple access schemes are used to allow many mobile users to share
simultaneously a finite amount of radio spectrum. The sharing of spectrum is
required to achieve high capacity by simultaneously allocating the available
bandwidth to multiple users. An idealized multiple access mobile radio system
consists of base stations, coverage areas, and mobile stations. Mobile means any
subscriber station, moving or still. Traditionally mobile communications have
separate users by frequency channels, time slots or both.
2.1.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access (n,MA)
Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) assigns individual channels to
individuals users. In FDMA, users are assigned different frequencies within a given
band, where no other users can access this channel until the subscriber's call is ended,
or when the original call is handed off to a different channel by the system [I].
FDMA using large cells with high transmission power, base station
equipment bulky and one transceiver is required per channel; this persuaded to the
use of TDMA for second generation mobile communications. Figure 2.1 shows time
versus frequency for FDMA system.
I
Call 4
I
Call 3
Call 2
I
Call 1
r
time
Figure 2.1 : Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
2.1.2
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
T i e Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems divide the radio spectrum
into time slots, and in each slot only one user is allowed to either transmit or receive.
In TDMA, the system starts with the slice of spectrum as carrier. The carrier will be
subdivided into timeslots. One subscriber is assigned to each slot, or channel. No
other users can access this channel until the subscriber's call ended, or when the
original call is handed off to a different channel by the system. Figure 2.2 is shows
time versus frequency for TDMA system [I].
D
Call 1
P-
time
Figure 2.2: Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
2.13 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Code division multiple access (CDMA) is uniquely digital codes. Users are
channelized with different code in a given frequency bands. The codes are shared by
both base station and mobile station. All users share the same carrier eequency and
may transmit simultaneously. Others assign a unique PN codes, which is orthogonal
to PN codes used each channel [I].