Design Of A Saturation Burst Generator For Pulse Programmer.
·' I I We hereby certify that I I We have read and understood the following project
thesis_To my I our opinion, this thesis is sufficient in tenns of scope and quality to
achieve partial fulfillment of requirements for the Degree of Bachelor in Electronic
Engineering ( lndlustrial Electronic ) "-
Signatmre
Name of supervisor
Dr. A.B..M Shafiul Azam
Date
March 2005
DESIGN OF A SATURATION BURST GENERATOR FOR PULSE
PROGRAMMER
KENIDY BIN MALOl
This Report Is Submitted In Partial Of requirements For The Bachelor Degree Of
Electronic Engineering ( Industrial Electronic )
Fakullti Kejuruteraan Elektronik dan Kejuruteraan Komputer
Kolej Uruversiti Teknikal Kebangsaan Malaysia
March 2005
II
" Tagree that this report is my own work except the quotation and summary, each
that I mentioned the source "
Signature
AUJtbor' s name
Kenidy Bin Maloi
Date
1 April2005
iii
To my Beloved family.
Especially Mum and Dad.
IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank and express my deepest gratitude especially to my
supervisor, Dr. AB.M Shafiul Azam upon the invaluable support and wise counsel
throughout the completion of this project. Hopefully, through the ideas, and
information ｧｩｶ･ｊｬ
ｾ＠
it can provide the useful needs in successfully in my project.
l also like to extend my appreciation to my family and all my friends for their
help and support. Thank you.
v
ABSTRACT
A digital pulse programmer producing the standard pulse sequence required
for pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is described easily modified to
produce more spe1cialized pulse sequences. Pulse programmer provided the two-pulse
sequences for 90°- 90° and 180° - 90°. The saturation burst generator prod.uces a
sequence of pulses to provide a pseudo-90° pulse useful for the measurement of long
relaxation times in solids. This sequence consists of few different pulses of equal
separation time. ln the simulation part, the input pulse is generated from the pulse
sources. The pulse input is supplied to the circuit. During this sequence the input to
the decade scaler will be interrupted, and the time base is reset on the last pulse in the
sequence. In this way, all delayed pulses following the pseudo-90° pulse will 01ccur at
times measured firom the beginning of the final pulse in the saturation burst. The
input frequency wiJJ be divided by a counter and a decoder. In the hardware method,
a switch would bt:: used to determine the frequency division by resetting the counter
when the desired divisor is achieved. The wiper of switch will provide the pulses for
the 90° saturation burst pulses.
VI
ABSTRAK
' Digital PuJse Programmer' bertindak sebagai penjana gelombang denylllt yang
digunakan dalam 'Nuclear magnetic resonance Spectroscopy' dan mempunyai ciri
ubahsuai yang mudah bagi menjana rangkaian-rangkaian. gelombang denyut. 'Pulse
Programmer' dap;at menghasilkan 2 jeois rangkaian denyut iaitu untuk 90°- 90° dan
180°- 90°. Penjana Pemecah Ketepuan (Saturation burst Generator) mengeluar:kao
rangkaian gelombang denyut yang membekalkan denyut palsu 90° yang dip(:rlukan
daJam menggulruran geJombang tepu yang paojang dan berterusan. Rangkaian ioi
mengandungi beberapa denyut yang berbeza bergantung kepada pembahagia.J:II masa.
Dalam bahagiao simuJasi projek ini, masukkan denyut diambil daripada
ｾ［ｵｭ｢･ｲ＠
denyut dan di bekalkao kepada litar. Rangkaian denyut yang dibekalkan akan
terganggu ketika memasuki bahagian skala dekad dan pengkalan masa akan wruJang
pada denyut yang terakllir dalam rangkaian tersebut. Dalam keadaan ioi, semua
denyut tertunda mengikut denyut palsu 90° akan berlaku pada ketika pengukurao
yang bermuJa dari denyut yang terakhir pada • Saturation Burst' . Ma:sukkan
frekuensi akan dibahagikan
oleh
litar pengira ( counter ) dan pengkod. Pada
perkakasan 'Saturation Burst' , suis di gunakan untuk mengenalpasti frekuensi
dengao menggulang kiraan apabila semua pembahagi diterima. Wiper yang terdapat
pada suis akan menghasilkan denyut 90° kepada 'Saturation Burst"'.
VII
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
CONTENTS
PROJECT TITLE
CONFESSION
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OFTABLES
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
1.2 Objective
1.3 Problem Statements
1.4 Methodology
1.5 Report Organization
n
ill
PAGE
II
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
ix
X
2
2
3
4
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Research Related
2.3 Study ofNMR
2.3.1
Spectroscopy
2.3.2
Units Review
2.4 Pulse Programmer For Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance
2.5 Description of The Circuit
2.5.1
Time Base
2.5.2
Decade Scale
2.5.3
Burst Generator
2.5.4
Coincidence and Synchronization
12
15
16
PROJECT METHODOLOGY
··3.1 introduction
19
5
5
6
7
8
9
10
J1
viii
3.2 Experimentation For Saturation Burst Generator
3.2.1
Purpose Of Saturation Burst Generator
Input For The Saturation Burst
Generator
Component Involve In The Project
3.3 Design and Analysis
3.3.1
Simulation Method
3.3.2
Hardware
3.3.3
Test Equipment
3.3.4
Testing An ICs and Lab Equipment
Performance
3.4 Flow Chart For The Project
3.2.2
3.2.3
rv
v
V1
ANALYSIS OF PROJECT
4.1 Component Analysis
4.1.1
Practical Aspect of TTL ICs
4.1.2
Analysis of ICs Component
4.2 Saturation Burst Generator Block Diagram
Analysis
4.2.1
Analysis of Component Function In The
Circuit
4.2.2
Circuit Operation Analysis
20
20
20
21
24
24
25
27
28
31
33
33
35
41
42
42
PROJECT RESULT
5.1 Early Simulation Result
5.1.1
Input From Decade Divider
5.1.2
Early Circuit Simulation For Saturation
Burst Generator
5.1.3
Simulation Result
5.2 Final Result
5.2.1
Circuit Redesign
5.2.2
The New Input Pulse Selected
5.2.3
Output
5.2.4
Observing For The Simulation Result
5.3 Hardware Circuit Result
5.3.1
Input Pulse
5.3.2
Output
5.4 Result Description
5.4.1
Causes of failure
47
47
48
49
50
50
50
51
51
51
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
53
55
44
44
45
46
IX
LIST OF .FIGURES
NO
TITLE
2. 1
2.2
The Block diagram of Pulse Programmer
Internal Clock Circuit
Block Diagram ofThe Decade Divider
Block Diagram of The Decade Counter
Waveform
Block Diagram of Carr-Purcell Generator
(a) Coincidence Circuit
(b) Synchronizing Circuit
flow Chart Of Project
Decade Counter
Decade Counter Pin Layout
Decoder Pin Layout
Flip Flop Input and Output Characteristic
Flip Flop Pin Layout
NOR Gate Pin Layout
Layout ofSN 7440N NAND Gates
NAND Gates Logic Component
Circuit Diagram For Saturation Burst Generator
Pulse Generator
Input Pulse Expected From Decade Divider
Early Design of Saturation Burst Generator Circuit
Circuit Output
Final circuit Design
Input Selected From Pulse Generator
Output Waveform
Constructed Circuit
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
3.1
4. 1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
PAGE
10
11
12
13
14
16
17
18
32
35
36
37
38
38
39
40
41
41
44
45
45
46
47
49
49
50
X
LIST OF TABLES
NO
TITLE
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
SN7490N Decade Counter Characteristic
SN7442N Decoder Characteristic
SN7474N Ftip Flop Characteristic
SN7402 NOR Gate Characteristic
SN7440N NAND Buffer Characteristic
Logic Table
Types of flip Flop
Truth Table For 2 Input NOR Gate
Truth Table For 4 Input NAND Gates
PAGE
21
22
22
23
23
34
37
39
40
CHAPTER I
lNTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
A microprocessor-based pulse programmer for pulsed NMR appliications
employing digital integrated circuit and microprocessor techniques is described. The
pulse programm
thesis_To my I our opinion, this thesis is sufficient in tenns of scope and quality to
achieve partial fulfillment of requirements for the Degree of Bachelor in Electronic
Engineering ( lndlustrial Electronic ) "-
Signatmre
Name of supervisor
Dr. A.B..M Shafiul Azam
Date
March 2005
DESIGN OF A SATURATION BURST GENERATOR FOR PULSE
PROGRAMMER
KENIDY BIN MALOl
This Report Is Submitted In Partial Of requirements For The Bachelor Degree Of
Electronic Engineering ( Industrial Electronic )
Fakullti Kejuruteraan Elektronik dan Kejuruteraan Komputer
Kolej Uruversiti Teknikal Kebangsaan Malaysia
March 2005
II
" Tagree that this report is my own work except the quotation and summary, each
that I mentioned the source "
Signature
AUJtbor' s name
Kenidy Bin Maloi
Date
1 April2005
iii
To my Beloved family.
Especially Mum and Dad.
IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank and express my deepest gratitude especially to my
supervisor, Dr. AB.M Shafiul Azam upon the invaluable support and wise counsel
throughout the completion of this project. Hopefully, through the ideas, and
information ｧｩｶ･ｊｬ
ｾ＠
it can provide the useful needs in successfully in my project.
l also like to extend my appreciation to my family and all my friends for their
help and support. Thank you.
v
ABSTRACT
A digital pulse programmer producing the standard pulse sequence required
for pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is described easily modified to
produce more spe1cialized pulse sequences. Pulse programmer provided the two-pulse
sequences for 90°- 90° and 180° - 90°. The saturation burst generator prod.uces a
sequence of pulses to provide a pseudo-90° pulse useful for the measurement of long
relaxation times in solids. This sequence consists of few different pulses of equal
separation time. ln the simulation part, the input pulse is generated from the pulse
sources. The pulse input is supplied to the circuit. During this sequence the input to
the decade scaler will be interrupted, and the time base is reset on the last pulse in the
sequence. In this way, all delayed pulses following the pseudo-90° pulse will 01ccur at
times measured firom the beginning of the final pulse in the saturation burst. The
input frequency wiJJ be divided by a counter and a decoder. In the hardware method,
a switch would bt:: used to determine the frequency division by resetting the counter
when the desired divisor is achieved. The wiper of switch will provide the pulses for
the 90° saturation burst pulses.
VI
ABSTRAK
' Digital PuJse Programmer' bertindak sebagai penjana gelombang denylllt yang
digunakan dalam 'Nuclear magnetic resonance Spectroscopy' dan mempunyai ciri
ubahsuai yang mudah bagi menjana rangkaian-rangkaian. gelombang denyut. 'Pulse
Programmer' dap;at menghasilkan 2 jeois rangkaian denyut iaitu untuk 90°- 90° dan
180°- 90°. Penjana Pemecah Ketepuan (Saturation burst Generator) mengeluar:kao
rangkaian gelombang denyut yang membekalkan denyut palsu 90° yang dip(:rlukan
daJam menggulruran geJombang tepu yang paojang dan berterusan. Rangkaian ioi
mengandungi beberapa denyut yang berbeza bergantung kepada pembahagia.J:II masa.
Dalam bahagiao simuJasi projek ini, masukkan denyut diambil daripada
ｾ［ｵｭ｢･ｲ＠
denyut dan di bekalkao kepada litar. Rangkaian denyut yang dibekalkan akan
terganggu ketika memasuki bahagian skala dekad dan pengkalan masa akan wruJang
pada denyut yang terakllir dalam rangkaian tersebut. Dalam keadaan ioi, semua
denyut tertunda mengikut denyut palsu 90° akan berlaku pada ketika pengukurao
yang bermuJa dari denyut yang terakhir pada • Saturation Burst' . Ma:sukkan
frekuensi akan dibahagikan
oleh
litar pengira ( counter ) dan pengkod. Pada
perkakasan 'Saturation Burst' , suis di gunakan untuk mengenalpasti frekuensi
dengao menggulang kiraan apabila semua pembahagi diterima. Wiper yang terdapat
pada suis akan menghasilkan denyut 90° kepada 'Saturation Burst"'.
VII
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
CONTENTS
PROJECT TITLE
CONFESSION
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OFTABLES
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
1.2 Objective
1.3 Problem Statements
1.4 Methodology
1.5 Report Organization
n
ill
PAGE
II
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
ix
X
2
2
3
4
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Research Related
2.3 Study ofNMR
2.3.1
Spectroscopy
2.3.2
Units Review
2.4 Pulse Programmer For Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance
2.5 Description of The Circuit
2.5.1
Time Base
2.5.2
Decade Scale
2.5.3
Burst Generator
2.5.4
Coincidence and Synchronization
12
15
16
PROJECT METHODOLOGY
··3.1 introduction
19
5
5
6
7
8
9
10
J1
viii
3.2 Experimentation For Saturation Burst Generator
3.2.1
Purpose Of Saturation Burst Generator
Input For The Saturation Burst
Generator
Component Involve In The Project
3.3 Design and Analysis
3.3.1
Simulation Method
3.3.2
Hardware
3.3.3
Test Equipment
3.3.4
Testing An ICs and Lab Equipment
Performance
3.4 Flow Chart For The Project
3.2.2
3.2.3
rv
v
V1
ANALYSIS OF PROJECT
4.1 Component Analysis
4.1.1
Practical Aspect of TTL ICs
4.1.2
Analysis of ICs Component
4.2 Saturation Burst Generator Block Diagram
Analysis
4.2.1
Analysis of Component Function In The
Circuit
4.2.2
Circuit Operation Analysis
20
20
20
21
24
24
25
27
28
31
33
33
35
41
42
42
PROJECT RESULT
5.1 Early Simulation Result
5.1.1
Input From Decade Divider
5.1.2
Early Circuit Simulation For Saturation
Burst Generator
5.1.3
Simulation Result
5.2 Final Result
5.2.1
Circuit Redesign
5.2.2
The New Input Pulse Selected
5.2.3
Output
5.2.4
Observing For The Simulation Result
5.3 Hardware Circuit Result
5.3.1
Input Pulse
5.3.2
Output
5.4 Result Description
5.4.1
Causes of failure
47
47
48
49
50
50
50
51
51
51
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
53
55
44
44
45
46
IX
LIST OF .FIGURES
NO
TITLE
2. 1
2.2
The Block diagram of Pulse Programmer
Internal Clock Circuit
Block Diagram ofThe Decade Divider
Block Diagram of The Decade Counter
Waveform
Block Diagram of Carr-Purcell Generator
(a) Coincidence Circuit
(b) Synchronizing Circuit
flow Chart Of Project
Decade Counter
Decade Counter Pin Layout
Decoder Pin Layout
Flip Flop Input and Output Characteristic
Flip Flop Pin Layout
NOR Gate Pin Layout
Layout ofSN 7440N NAND Gates
NAND Gates Logic Component
Circuit Diagram For Saturation Burst Generator
Pulse Generator
Input Pulse Expected From Decade Divider
Early Design of Saturation Burst Generator Circuit
Circuit Output
Final circuit Design
Input Selected From Pulse Generator
Output Waveform
Constructed Circuit
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
3.1
4. 1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
PAGE
10
11
12
13
14
16
17
18
32
35
36
37
38
38
39
40
41
41
44
45
45
46
47
49
49
50
X
LIST OF TABLES
NO
TITLE
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
SN7490N Decade Counter Characteristic
SN7442N Decoder Characteristic
SN7474N Ftip Flop Characteristic
SN7402 NOR Gate Characteristic
SN7440N NAND Buffer Characteristic
Logic Table
Types of flip Flop
Truth Table For 2 Input NOR Gate
Truth Table For 4 Input NAND Gates
PAGE
21
22
22
23
23
34
37
39
40
CHAPTER I
lNTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
A microprocessor-based pulse programmer for pulsed NMR appliications
employing digital integrated circuit and microprocessor techniques is described. The
pulse programm