E-RECYCLING SYSTEM MODEL AND ITS APPLICATIONS TO PLASTIC, PAPER AND DISC.
GLO BAL EN GIN EERS & TECH N O LO GISTS REVIEW
www.getview.org
E-RECYCLING SYSTEM MODEL AND ITS APPLICATIONS TO
PLASTIC, PAPER AND DISC
YAHAYA1, S.H., HASIB2, H., KAMELY3, M.A., MD FAUADI 4, M.H.F. and YUHAZRI 5, M.Y.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, MALAYSIA
1
[email protected]
2
[email protected]
3
[email protected]
4
[email protected]
5
[email protected]
A BSTRA CT
Lately, Malaysians tend to generate wastes at an alarming rate, for instance; discs, paper and
plastics. Abreast of that, the conventional recycling systems that have been constructed in Malaysia
typically are not widely marketed and are lacking of practical applications. This study comes with
an intention of concentrating on the improvement of this particular conventional renewed Erecycling system model that includes database system (generally known as Merit Point Incentive
(MPI) system) and CAD model. Due to its applicability, the model is examined by Linear Static
and Fatigue analyses. The comparison (cost efficiency) amongst the conventional and E- recycling
systems are shown throughout this study.
Keyw ords: Conventional system, E-recycling system, MPI system, CAD model.
1.0
I NTRODUCTION
Nowadays, solid waste management continues to be view ed as a ser ious topic for Malaysian gover nment. Effect
of the alar ming rate of waste gener ated due to the gr ow in population, affluence and changing lifestyles in
Malaysia, the envir onmental r estr ictions seem to have been encounter ed w hich included the str ingent influence
over w aste disposal sites, r esour ce r estr ictions, for instance; emphasizing the awar eness of the public about the
depletion of r esour ces natur ally, the natur al disaster s' issues such as global war ming that caused by the gr een
house effect. In other per spectives, the impr oper waste management will face ser ious biohazar ds, occasionally;
it might even cause death. These issues ar e gener ally addr essed as the r oadblock towar d the gover nment’s
effor ts to attain sustainable development appr oach vision 2020.
Ros (2009) explained that the over all solid w aste gener ated per day is 18000 tones in Malaysia; sadly
most of the wastes gener ated ar e dumped illegally and disposed in landfills (Figur e 1). Consequently, waste
management is a vital issue that needs the effectual solutions and r ecycling is always view ed as a cr ucial aspect
of an effective and efficient solid w aste management system. Billatos and Basaly (1997) said that r ecycling is the
r euse of pr oducts in the same capacity for w hich they w er e or iginally manufactur ed. While Tchobanoglous et al .,
(1993) discussed that r ecycling involves thr ee main steps, those ar e (1) the separ ation and collection of w aste
mater ials, (2) the pr epar ation of these mater ials for r euse, r epr ocessing and r emanufactur e and finally (3) the
r euse, r epr ocessing and r emanufactur e these mater ials (Figur e 2). In addition, pr ocessing plays an impor tant
r ole in impr oving the quality of r ecycling system (Tchobanoglous et al ., 1993; Ander son and Bor din, 2005;
Chenayah et al ., 2007). In this study, thr ee r ecyclable mater ials ar e mostly concer ned to explor e such as discs,
paper and plastics. Kosior et al ., (1997) found that 10 % of the pr oduced discs ar e r ejected and disposed in
landfills. Discs contain the non-biodegr adable polycar bonate, heavy metals and har mful dyes w hich lead to the
ser ious pollution pr oblems w hile for the waste paper s such as old new spaper , car dboar d, high-grade paper and
mixed paper (Tchobanoglous et al ., 1993) as w ell as in plastics have seven families that can be r ecycled (Table 1)
as mentioned by (Vesilind et al ., 2002).
Pr esently, ther e is only the existing of the conventional (manual) r ecycling system for the above mater ials
w her eas not for the developed syst em in this study. For the syst em’s uniqueness, Mer it Point Incentive (MIP)
system has been fully engaged to encour age the public use this E-r ecycling system efficiently. The outlines of this
study mainly consist of intr oduction, follow ed by the development of E-r ecycling system model, continued w ith
r esult and discussion and finally conclusion and the r elated suggestions for futur e w or k.
-
G. L. O. B. A. L E. N. G. I . N. E. E. R. S. . & . . T . E. C. H. N. O. L. O. G. I. S. T . S R. E. V. I. E. W
1
Global Engineers & Technologist s Review , Vol.2 No.10
(2012)
Figure 1 : Almost all landfills in Malaysia ar e open dumps t hat have no pollution contr ol measur es (Tan, 2004).
Reduction
Reuse
Recycling and composting
Incineration
Landfill
Figure 2 : Hier ar chy of the i ntegr ated soli d w aste management (Hei mlich et al ., 2009).
Table 1: Seven plastic families (Vesilind et al., 2002)
Code System
2.0
Chemical Name
Polyethylene Ter ephthalate
Abbreviation
PET / PETE
High-Density Polyethylene
HDPE
Polyvinyl Chlor ide
PVC
Low -Density Polyet hylene
LDPE
Polypr opylene
PP
Polystyr ene
PS
Mixed Plast ic
O
DEVELOPMENT OF E-RECYCLING SYSTEM M ODEL
2.1
MPI System
With pur pose to activate the MPI system, r ecycler will be asked to ent er his/ her user name and passw or d.
In this system, notepad (text file) has been used as a database to stor e the login details of the r ecycler s.
The system w ill then identify w hether the r ecycler is r egister ed or vice ver sa. If the r ecycler is register ed,
the system w ill display “found” and r ecycler w ill be asked to thr ow the r ecyclable mater ials into the
r ecycle bin. Else, if the r ecycler is unr egister ed, the system w ill display “not found”. In or der to use MPI
system, he/ she has to cr eate a user name and passw or d which ar e ver y simple and convenience. After that,
r ecycler w ill be inquir ed to thr ow his/ her r ecyclable mater ials into the r ecycle bin. The w eight of the
r ecyclable mater ial thr ow n and the total points that ar e mer ited w ill be displayed on the scr een. The MPI
w ill be standar dized w her e no matter w hich types of r ecyclable mater ials either discs, plastics or paper s.
Recycler s will be mer ited w ith the points in accor dance to its w eight. To simplify this system, the
implementation of r ecycler car ds is eliminated.
The r ecycler will then get the pr inted r eceipt that stated the total points he/ she ear ned. This
r eceipt can be used to exchange the cash fr om the gover nment (or in r elated agencies). Figur e 3 shows
the pr ocess flow diagram for the developing of MPI system using C++ language pr ogr amming.
© 2012 GETview Limit ed. All right s reserved
2
Global Engineers & Technologist s Review , Vol.2 No.10
(2012)
Start
Enter the username and password of a
recycler
No
Did recycler is
register?
Display
recycler is
not found
Yes
Display instruction to
ask recycler to throw
their recyclable material
Register by add a
username and
password
Throw the recyclable materials into
recycle bin
Weighing recyclable materials by weight
sensor fixed in the base of recycle bin
Display the weights for
recyclable materials and
total points earned
Receipt is printed
Get the receipt
End
Figure 3 : Pr ocess flow diagr am i n MPI system.
2.2
E-recycling CAD Model
In r efer ence to Concept Design and Selection (CDS), the model may consist of r ecycle bin, w eight’s
evaluation, disc separ ator , paper and plastic separator , pipelines, stor age tanks, docking station and
pneumatic r efuse collection system (Figur e 4). For its pr ocedur e, the r ecyclable mater ials (discs, paper
and plastics) ar e thr ow n into the r ecycle bin w her e the evaluation of w eight for these mater ials w ill be
gener ated thr oughout the w eigh sensor that is fixed at the bottom of the r ecycle bin.
Hence, a door on the bottom of the r ecycle bin w ill open and the r ecyclable mater ials w ill dr op into
the pipeline and go thr ough the disc separ ator . Ther e ar e eight sets of blades (w ith the gaps) in the disc
separ ator that only allow the disc’s size. The discs ar e then separ ated fr om the w aste str eam and dr opped
into the gap betw een the blades (with the constant r otating motion), and str ictly stor ed in the tanks.
Pneumatic r efuse collection system is used to collect the discs thr ough the docking station. The
pr ocedur es r emain the same as for the paper s and plastics. The follow ing figur e depicts the E-r ecycling
CAD model using CDS and the tool, Solidw or ks. The explor ations of the r esulting of MPI system and this
CAD model analysis ar e completely explained in the next section.
Recycle bin
Disc separator
Paper and plastic separator
Pipelines
Storage tanks
Figure 4 : E-r ecycling CAD model.
© 2012 GETview Limit ed. All right s reserved
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Global Engineers & Technologist s Review , Vol.2 No.10
3.0
(2012)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1
Resulting of MPI System
In this MPI system, w eight of the r ecyclable mater ials w ill cer tainly be automatically gener ated, and it
actually has been standar dized for all sor t of r ecyclable mater ials. Basically, the system compr ises tw o
par ts, w hich ar e the r egister ed user login and add user (still not r egister ed). As a way to keep the login
details on the user s, text file is utilized as the database wher e w hen the new user name and passw or d ar e
added, it will be automatically updated. In addition, it w ill also automatically detect for the user name that
has been used and the user must use other user names except the existing name. The follow ing figur es ar e
the outputs of the C++ pr ogr amming in MPI system.
(a)
(b)
Figure 5 : Output w i th the (a) r egist er ed, (b) unr egi ster ed user s.
(a)
(b)
Figure 6 : Output w i th the (a) add-on new , (b) existi ng user s.
The main pur pose of MPI system is to incentivize the user s w ho consistently use this r ecycling
system. Besides, in r esponse to simplify the mer it point system, the r eceipt pr inting concepts ar e applied.
This is due to the implementation of r ecycler car d w ill r educe the per centage of publics to r ecycle. As it is
a difficult task for the public to apply and become a r ecycler car d holder . The pr inted r eceipt can be used
to exchange the cash or the r elated token fr om the gover nment such as Majlis Per bandaran Pulau Pinang
(MPPP) or in the post office. Apar t fr om that, MPI system is also used to eliminate the middleman.
Hencefor th, the w in-w in system needs to be consider ed. Suppose the r ecyclable mater ials ar e RM 1.00/ kg.
If publics sell the r ecyclable mater ials to the middleman, they w ill be paid w ithin the r ate of RM 0.20/ kg.
At the same time, the middleman w ill be paid w ith RM 1.00/ kg by selling the collected r ecyclable
mater ials to the r ecycle center s. In this situation, if the middleman is eliminated, publics and gover nment
w ill be benefited in this w in-w in situation, w her e publics can be paid RM 0.50/ kg that is RM 0.30/ kg mor e
than w hat the middleman gives to them. While for the gover nment, may save RM 0.50/ kg fr om paying to
the public dir ectly and not thr ough the middleman. It is unnecessar y to cr eate a database system to keep
the details of the user s since the concept based on “bonus link” is implemented.
3.2
Storage Tank Model Analyses
Due to the str uctur al efficacy, stor age tank (Figur e 7) is investigated thr ough Linear Static and Fatigue
Analyses. Both analyses ar e fr equently applied in physical str uctur es, for instance; str ess, for ce and
displacement distr ibutions (Yahaya et al ., 2012). Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is the most common tools
for the analysis w hile Stainless Steel Grade 304 (AISI 304) is chosen for the selection of mater ial in this
study. The character istics of AISI 304 ar e depicted in Table 2.
Besides, the mesh gener ation info of this model is also show n in Table 3. Boundar y Conditions (BC)
ar e placed on the tw o sur faces of the stor age tank due to the For ces ( F or also r efer r ed to as a loading
condition) that might be influenced to these sur faces. These F ar e occur r ed gener ally if the r ecyclable
mater ials ar e contained in the stor age tank.
© 2012 GETview Limit ed. All right s reserved
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Global Engineers & Technologist s Review , Vol.2 No.10
(2012)
5.4.1 Finite Element Analysis
Figure 7 : Stor age tank model (r i ght) that w ill be analyzed.
Table 2: Characteristics of AISI 304
Modulus of
Elasticity
Yield
Strength
Ultimate
Strength
Poisson
Ratio
Density
Damping
Coefficient
190 GPa
206.81 MPa
505 MPa
0.29
8 gcc-1
0.003
Table 3: Mesh data structure
Mesh Type
Mesher Tool
Automat ic Tr ansition
Smooth Sur face
Jacobian Check
Element Si ze
Toler ance
Quality
Number of Elements
Number of Nodes
Time to Compl ete Mesh
Solid Mesh
Standar d
Off
On
4 poi nts
50.008 mm
2.5004 mm
High
30893
62117
56 s
3.2.1 Simulation results and its safety factor
The discussion begins w ith the pr esentation of the gener ated r esults using Linear Static Analysis.
Table 4 shows the maximum Von Mises stress (υmax) distr ibutions in the model thr oughout the
r epeated loads, F. Hence, the safety factor (Sf) or also know n as a design mar gin (Michalopoulos
and Babka, 2000) can be der ived using Eq. (1) (Cliffor d et al ., 2008; Shenoy, 2004) and w her e the
yield str ength of AISI 304 is able to be found in Table 2.
Sf
Yield Strength of AISI 304
max
(1)
Table 4: Result distributions of υmax and Sf in the applied model
F (kN)
5.00E05
10.0E05
15.0E05
20.0E05
25.0E05
29.0E05
29.4E05
29.5E05
29.6E05
29.7E05
29.8E05
29.9E05
30.0E05
υmax (MPa)
34.7059
69.4118
104.118
138.824
173.529
201.294
203.421
204.765
204.805
205.497
206.847
206.881
208.235
Sf
5.95893
2.97946
1.98630
1.48973
1.19179
1.02740
1.01644
1.00999
1.00977
1.00637
1.00300
0.99964
0.99316
Table 4 depicts the pr esented values of υmax and Sf using the r epeated F. Failur e mode occur s
if and only if Sf < 1 or Sf has the negative sign (Michalopoulos and Babka, 2000). Thus, the model in
Table 4 is safe to be utilized if F < 29.9E05 kN w her eas the model is in failur e mode if F ≥ 29.9E05
kN. These inequalities pr ove that the model str uctur e is identical for F < 29.9E05 kN w hile is
other w ise if F contr adicted pr eviously. The findings in Table 4 w ill sur ely be employed to pr edict
w hen the failur e (fatigue) modes may star t to occur in the stor age model. This fatigue pr ediction
w ill be discussed in the next section.
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Global Engineers & Technologist s Review , Vol.2 No.10
(2012)
3.2.2 Fatigue predictor using first-order newton interpolating polynomial
In r efer ence to the failur e mode above, let assume that the fatigue star ts to occur if Sf = 1.
Due to this Sf, the r elated load w ill be pr edicted using the fir st-or der New ton inter polating
polynomial. The gener al for m of this polynomial such as (Chapr a and Canale, 2010)
f1 ( x ) b0 b1 ( x x0 )
w ith
(2)
b0 f ( x ); b1 f [ x , x ]
1 0
0
(3)
We can see clear ly in Table 4 that the fatigue of the model star ts to occur in the r ange of F
[ 29.8E05, 29.9E05] that allow s only tw o data points. Let do the assumptions w her e F is denoted as
x-axis w her eas Sf symbolizes f ( x) or y-axis. The algor ithm includes four steps such as: Set x0, x1, f ( x0)
and f ( x1); Calculate b0 and b1 using Eq. (3); Substitute x0, b0 and b1 into Eq. (2); Solve x for f 1( x) = 1.
Finally, the estimated value appr oximates 29.8893E05 kN. It show s that the storage tank model
(Figur e 7) is in safety mode if F < 29.8893E05 kN w hile the fatigue may star t occur r ing w hen F ≥
29.8893E05 kN. Fur ther discussion about the cost efficiency w ill be explained in the follow ing
section.
4.0 COST EFFICEINCY
An appr oach upon the cost-efficiency of r ecycling is car r ied out on the conventional and E-r ecycling system
models. This technique can indicate the feasibility of a pr oject or plan by quantifying its costs (Kumar et al .,
2010). The net oper ating cost of r ecycling activities is expr essed as,
Net Cost Collection Cost Transportation Cost Processing Cost End Use Material Value
(4)
Ther e ar e a few assumptions ought to be made typically the pr ocessing cost is equal to RM350 per ton;
labor cost equivalents to RM350 per ton; tr anspor tation cost is RM 70 per ton; r ecover ed r ecyclable mater ials
sale cost is estimated as RM350 per t on as w ell as tot al w aste gener ated is 100,000 tons per year and the
r ecover ed r ecyclable mater ials almost 40,000 tons per year . By applying Eq. (4), the net cost of conventional
appr oximates to RM140,000,000 w hile for the cost of E-r ecycling system is near ly to RM63,000,000. This
estimation r epr esents that E-r ecycling system oper ates mor e efficiently than the conventional system. Both
systems have the differ ence appr oximately RM77,000,000. Thus, the calculation of efficiency is show n as in Eq.
(5) (Khai et al., 2007). After applying this equation, cost efficiency for E-r ecycling system appr oaches to 55% of
the saving effectiveness. Ther efor e, this pr oposed system can be concluded clear ly as the acceptable and
r elevant system r egar ding the cost-saving and convenient to use.
Cost Efficiency (
Output xa
) 100%
Input
x
(5)
t
5.0 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE W ORK
This study has pr esent ed an E-r ecycling system model t hat involves MPI system and CAD model. MPI system is
intr oduced to encour age the user s to use this E-r ecycling system. Cur r ently, this E-system is developed
par ticular ly wastes such as plastic, paper and disc. CAD model is designed for the simulation pur pose using
Linear Static and Fatigue Analyses. As a r esult, the st or age tank design r emains the same str uctur al (in safety
mode) if F < 29.8893E05 kN. Resulting fr om its cost efficiency, the developed syst em has 55% of the cost-saving
w hen compar e to the conventional system appr oach. In futur e, CAD model w ill be impr oved w hich ideal in all
fields such as households, industr ies and tow ns. In addition, the pr ototype of an E-r ecycling system model may
build. Apar t fr om that, it is equally suggested to constr uct the pr ototype model w ith full-size and fully functional
that w ill be used to demonstr ate the pr acticality of this developed system.
ACKNOWLEDMENTS
This study was suppor ted by Univer siti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka. The author s gr atefully acknow ledge to
ever ybody for their helpful comments.
© 2012 GETview Limit ed. All right s reserved
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Global Engineers & Technologist s Review , Vol.2 No.10
(2012)
REFERENCES
[ 1] Ander son, H. and Bor din, M.H. (2005): The Consumer ’s Changing Role: The Case of Recycling. Jour nal of
Management of Envir onmental Qualit y, Vol.16, No. 1, pp.77-86.
[ 2] Billatos, S.B. and Basaly, N.A. (1997): Gr een Technology and Design for the Envir onment. Univer sity of
Connecticut Stor r s, CT: Taylor & Fr ancis, pp.57-70.
[ 3] Chapr a, S.C. and Canale, R.P. (2010): Numer ical Methods for Engineer s, 6t h Edn. McGr aw -Hill, New Yor k.
[ 4] Chenayah, S., Agamuthu, P. and Takeda, E. (2007): Multicr iter ia Modelling on Recycling of Municipal Solid
Waste in Subang Jaya. Jour nal of Science, Vol.26, No.1, pp.1-16.
[ 5] Cliffor d, K.H., Bibeau, T.A. and Quinones, A.Sr. (2008): Finite Element Analyses of Continuous Filament Ties
for Masonr y Applications: Final Repor t for the Ar qui n Cor por ation. SAND2006-3750, Sandia National
Laborator ies Albuquerque, Califor nia, USA.
[ 6] Heimlich, J.E., Hughes, K.L. and Chr isty, A.D. (2009): Extension FactSheet: Integr ated Solid Waste
Management. The Ohio State Univer sity, USA.
[ 7] Khai, N.M., Ha, P.Q. and Obor n, I. (2007): Nutr ient Flow s in Small-Scale Per i-Ur ban Vegetable Far ming
Systems in Southeast Asia-A Case Study in Hanoi. Agr icultur e, Ecosystems and Envir onment , Vol.122, No.2,
pp.192-202.
[ 8] Kumar , P., Ver ma, M., Wood, M.D. and Negandhi, D. (2010): Guidance Manual for the Valuation of Regulating
Ser vices, Publishing Ser vices Section, UNON, Nair obi-Kenya.
[ 9] Kosior , E., Shah, G. and Stepanov, N. (1997): Recycling of Compact Discs: CHE 498. RMIT Polymer
Technology Centr e.
[ 10] Michalopoulos, E. and Babka, S. (2000): Evaluation of Pipeline Design Factor s. GRI 00/ 0076, The Har tfor d
Steam Boiler Inspection and Insur ance Company, Har tford, USA.
[ 11] Ros, S.S. (2009): Solid Waste Collection in Univer sit i Teknologi Malaysia and Awar eness of Recycling among
the Students, Degr ee Thesis, Univer siti Teknologi Malaysia.
[ 12] Shenoy, P.S. (2004): Dynamic Load Analysis and Optimization of Connecting Rod. M.Sc. Thesis, Univer sity of
Toledo.
[ 13] Tan, C.L. (2004): New Guidelines Dictate That Landfills, Now Simply Abandoned When Full, Must Be Safely
Closed and Monitor ed. Star Publications (M) Bhd.
[ 14] Tchobanoglus, G., Theisen, H. and Vigil, S. (1993): Integr ated Solid Waste Management (Engineer ing
Pr inciple and Management Issues) , McGr aw Hill: New York, pp.456-890.
[ 15] Vesilind, P.A., Wor r ell, W. and Reinhar t, D. (2002): Solid Waste Engineer ing, Thomson Lear ning: UK, pp.
239-259.
[ 16] Yahaya, S.H., Ali, J.M., Yazariah, M.Y., Haer yip Sihombing and Yuhazr i, M.Y. (2012): Integr ating Spur Gear
Teeth Design and its Analysis w ith G2 Parametr ic Bézier-Like Cubic Transition and Spir al Cur ves. Global
Engineer s and Technologists Review , Vol.2, No.8, pp.9-22.
© 2012 GETview Limit ed. All right s reserved
7
www.getview.org
E-RECYCLING SYSTEM MODEL AND ITS APPLICATIONS TO
PLASTIC, PAPER AND DISC
YAHAYA1, S.H., HASIB2, H., KAMELY3, M.A., MD FAUADI 4, M.H.F. and YUHAZRI 5, M.Y.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, MALAYSIA
1
[email protected]
2
[email protected]
3
[email protected]
4
[email protected]
5
[email protected]
A BSTRA CT
Lately, Malaysians tend to generate wastes at an alarming rate, for instance; discs, paper and
plastics. Abreast of that, the conventional recycling systems that have been constructed in Malaysia
typically are not widely marketed and are lacking of practical applications. This study comes with
an intention of concentrating on the improvement of this particular conventional renewed Erecycling system model that includes database system (generally known as Merit Point Incentive
(MPI) system) and CAD model. Due to its applicability, the model is examined by Linear Static
and Fatigue analyses. The comparison (cost efficiency) amongst the conventional and E- recycling
systems are shown throughout this study.
Keyw ords: Conventional system, E-recycling system, MPI system, CAD model.
1.0
I NTRODUCTION
Nowadays, solid waste management continues to be view ed as a ser ious topic for Malaysian gover nment. Effect
of the alar ming rate of waste gener ated due to the gr ow in population, affluence and changing lifestyles in
Malaysia, the envir onmental r estr ictions seem to have been encounter ed w hich included the str ingent influence
over w aste disposal sites, r esour ce r estr ictions, for instance; emphasizing the awar eness of the public about the
depletion of r esour ces natur ally, the natur al disaster s' issues such as global war ming that caused by the gr een
house effect. In other per spectives, the impr oper waste management will face ser ious biohazar ds, occasionally;
it might even cause death. These issues ar e gener ally addr essed as the r oadblock towar d the gover nment’s
effor ts to attain sustainable development appr oach vision 2020.
Ros (2009) explained that the over all solid w aste gener ated per day is 18000 tones in Malaysia; sadly
most of the wastes gener ated ar e dumped illegally and disposed in landfills (Figur e 1). Consequently, waste
management is a vital issue that needs the effectual solutions and r ecycling is always view ed as a cr ucial aspect
of an effective and efficient solid w aste management system. Billatos and Basaly (1997) said that r ecycling is the
r euse of pr oducts in the same capacity for w hich they w er e or iginally manufactur ed. While Tchobanoglous et al .,
(1993) discussed that r ecycling involves thr ee main steps, those ar e (1) the separ ation and collection of w aste
mater ials, (2) the pr epar ation of these mater ials for r euse, r epr ocessing and r emanufactur e and finally (3) the
r euse, r epr ocessing and r emanufactur e these mater ials (Figur e 2). In addition, pr ocessing plays an impor tant
r ole in impr oving the quality of r ecycling system (Tchobanoglous et al ., 1993; Ander son and Bor din, 2005;
Chenayah et al ., 2007). In this study, thr ee r ecyclable mater ials ar e mostly concer ned to explor e such as discs,
paper and plastics. Kosior et al ., (1997) found that 10 % of the pr oduced discs ar e r ejected and disposed in
landfills. Discs contain the non-biodegr adable polycar bonate, heavy metals and har mful dyes w hich lead to the
ser ious pollution pr oblems w hile for the waste paper s such as old new spaper , car dboar d, high-grade paper and
mixed paper (Tchobanoglous et al ., 1993) as w ell as in plastics have seven families that can be r ecycled (Table 1)
as mentioned by (Vesilind et al ., 2002).
Pr esently, ther e is only the existing of the conventional (manual) r ecycling system for the above mater ials
w her eas not for the developed syst em in this study. For the syst em’s uniqueness, Mer it Point Incentive (MIP)
system has been fully engaged to encour age the public use this E-r ecycling system efficiently. The outlines of this
study mainly consist of intr oduction, follow ed by the development of E-r ecycling system model, continued w ith
r esult and discussion and finally conclusion and the r elated suggestions for futur e w or k.
-
G. L. O. B. A. L E. N. G. I . N. E. E. R. S. . & . . T . E. C. H. N. O. L. O. G. I. S. T . S R. E. V. I. E. W
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Figure 1 : Almost all landfills in Malaysia ar e open dumps t hat have no pollution contr ol measur es (Tan, 2004).
Reduction
Reuse
Recycling and composting
Incineration
Landfill
Figure 2 : Hier ar chy of the i ntegr ated soli d w aste management (Hei mlich et al ., 2009).
Table 1: Seven plastic families (Vesilind et al., 2002)
Code System
2.0
Chemical Name
Polyethylene Ter ephthalate
Abbreviation
PET / PETE
High-Density Polyethylene
HDPE
Polyvinyl Chlor ide
PVC
Low -Density Polyet hylene
LDPE
Polypr opylene
PP
Polystyr ene
PS
Mixed Plast ic
O
DEVELOPMENT OF E-RECYCLING SYSTEM M ODEL
2.1
MPI System
With pur pose to activate the MPI system, r ecycler will be asked to ent er his/ her user name and passw or d.
In this system, notepad (text file) has been used as a database to stor e the login details of the r ecycler s.
The system w ill then identify w hether the r ecycler is r egister ed or vice ver sa. If the r ecycler is register ed,
the system w ill display “found” and r ecycler w ill be asked to thr ow the r ecyclable mater ials into the
r ecycle bin. Else, if the r ecycler is unr egister ed, the system w ill display “not found”. In or der to use MPI
system, he/ she has to cr eate a user name and passw or d which ar e ver y simple and convenience. After that,
r ecycler w ill be inquir ed to thr ow his/ her r ecyclable mater ials into the r ecycle bin. The w eight of the
r ecyclable mater ial thr ow n and the total points that ar e mer ited w ill be displayed on the scr een. The MPI
w ill be standar dized w her e no matter w hich types of r ecyclable mater ials either discs, plastics or paper s.
Recycler s will be mer ited w ith the points in accor dance to its w eight. To simplify this system, the
implementation of r ecycler car ds is eliminated.
The r ecycler will then get the pr inted r eceipt that stated the total points he/ she ear ned. This
r eceipt can be used to exchange the cash fr om the gover nment (or in r elated agencies). Figur e 3 shows
the pr ocess flow diagram for the developing of MPI system using C++ language pr ogr amming.
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Global Engineers & Technologist s Review , Vol.2 No.10
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Start
Enter the username and password of a
recycler
No
Did recycler is
register?
Display
recycler is
not found
Yes
Display instruction to
ask recycler to throw
their recyclable material
Register by add a
username and
password
Throw the recyclable materials into
recycle bin
Weighing recyclable materials by weight
sensor fixed in the base of recycle bin
Display the weights for
recyclable materials and
total points earned
Receipt is printed
Get the receipt
End
Figure 3 : Pr ocess flow diagr am i n MPI system.
2.2
E-recycling CAD Model
In r efer ence to Concept Design and Selection (CDS), the model may consist of r ecycle bin, w eight’s
evaluation, disc separ ator , paper and plastic separator , pipelines, stor age tanks, docking station and
pneumatic r efuse collection system (Figur e 4). For its pr ocedur e, the r ecyclable mater ials (discs, paper
and plastics) ar e thr ow n into the r ecycle bin w her e the evaluation of w eight for these mater ials w ill be
gener ated thr oughout the w eigh sensor that is fixed at the bottom of the r ecycle bin.
Hence, a door on the bottom of the r ecycle bin w ill open and the r ecyclable mater ials w ill dr op into
the pipeline and go thr ough the disc separ ator . Ther e ar e eight sets of blades (w ith the gaps) in the disc
separ ator that only allow the disc’s size. The discs ar e then separ ated fr om the w aste str eam and dr opped
into the gap betw een the blades (with the constant r otating motion), and str ictly stor ed in the tanks.
Pneumatic r efuse collection system is used to collect the discs thr ough the docking station. The
pr ocedur es r emain the same as for the paper s and plastics. The follow ing figur e depicts the E-r ecycling
CAD model using CDS and the tool, Solidw or ks. The explor ations of the r esulting of MPI system and this
CAD model analysis ar e completely explained in the next section.
Recycle bin
Disc separator
Paper and plastic separator
Pipelines
Storage tanks
Figure 4 : E-r ecycling CAD model.
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Global Engineers & Technologist s Review , Vol.2 No.10
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(2012)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1
Resulting of MPI System
In this MPI system, w eight of the r ecyclable mater ials w ill cer tainly be automatically gener ated, and it
actually has been standar dized for all sor t of r ecyclable mater ials. Basically, the system compr ises tw o
par ts, w hich ar e the r egister ed user login and add user (still not r egister ed). As a way to keep the login
details on the user s, text file is utilized as the database wher e w hen the new user name and passw or d ar e
added, it will be automatically updated. In addition, it w ill also automatically detect for the user name that
has been used and the user must use other user names except the existing name. The follow ing figur es ar e
the outputs of the C++ pr ogr amming in MPI system.
(a)
(b)
Figure 5 : Output w i th the (a) r egist er ed, (b) unr egi ster ed user s.
(a)
(b)
Figure 6 : Output w i th the (a) add-on new , (b) existi ng user s.
The main pur pose of MPI system is to incentivize the user s w ho consistently use this r ecycling
system. Besides, in r esponse to simplify the mer it point system, the r eceipt pr inting concepts ar e applied.
This is due to the implementation of r ecycler car d w ill r educe the per centage of publics to r ecycle. As it is
a difficult task for the public to apply and become a r ecycler car d holder . The pr inted r eceipt can be used
to exchange the cash or the r elated token fr om the gover nment such as Majlis Per bandaran Pulau Pinang
(MPPP) or in the post office. Apar t fr om that, MPI system is also used to eliminate the middleman.
Hencefor th, the w in-w in system needs to be consider ed. Suppose the r ecyclable mater ials ar e RM 1.00/ kg.
If publics sell the r ecyclable mater ials to the middleman, they w ill be paid w ithin the r ate of RM 0.20/ kg.
At the same time, the middleman w ill be paid w ith RM 1.00/ kg by selling the collected r ecyclable
mater ials to the r ecycle center s. In this situation, if the middleman is eliminated, publics and gover nment
w ill be benefited in this w in-w in situation, w her e publics can be paid RM 0.50/ kg that is RM 0.30/ kg mor e
than w hat the middleman gives to them. While for the gover nment, may save RM 0.50/ kg fr om paying to
the public dir ectly and not thr ough the middleman. It is unnecessar y to cr eate a database system to keep
the details of the user s since the concept based on “bonus link” is implemented.
3.2
Storage Tank Model Analyses
Due to the str uctur al efficacy, stor age tank (Figur e 7) is investigated thr ough Linear Static and Fatigue
Analyses. Both analyses ar e fr equently applied in physical str uctur es, for instance; str ess, for ce and
displacement distr ibutions (Yahaya et al ., 2012). Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is the most common tools
for the analysis w hile Stainless Steel Grade 304 (AISI 304) is chosen for the selection of mater ial in this
study. The character istics of AISI 304 ar e depicted in Table 2.
Besides, the mesh gener ation info of this model is also show n in Table 3. Boundar y Conditions (BC)
ar e placed on the tw o sur faces of the stor age tank due to the For ces ( F or also r efer r ed to as a loading
condition) that might be influenced to these sur faces. These F ar e occur r ed gener ally if the r ecyclable
mater ials ar e contained in the stor age tank.
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Global Engineers & Technologist s Review , Vol.2 No.10
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5.4.1 Finite Element Analysis
Figure 7 : Stor age tank model (r i ght) that w ill be analyzed.
Table 2: Characteristics of AISI 304
Modulus of
Elasticity
Yield
Strength
Ultimate
Strength
Poisson
Ratio
Density
Damping
Coefficient
190 GPa
206.81 MPa
505 MPa
0.29
8 gcc-1
0.003
Table 3: Mesh data structure
Mesh Type
Mesher Tool
Automat ic Tr ansition
Smooth Sur face
Jacobian Check
Element Si ze
Toler ance
Quality
Number of Elements
Number of Nodes
Time to Compl ete Mesh
Solid Mesh
Standar d
Off
On
4 poi nts
50.008 mm
2.5004 mm
High
30893
62117
56 s
3.2.1 Simulation results and its safety factor
The discussion begins w ith the pr esentation of the gener ated r esults using Linear Static Analysis.
Table 4 shows the maximum Von Mises stress (υmax) distr ibutions in the model thr oughout the
r epeated loads, F. Hence, the safety factor (Sf) or also know n as a design mar gin (Michalopoulos
and Babka, 2000) can be der ived using Eq. (1) (Cliffor d et al ., 2008; Shenoy, 2004) and w her e the
yield str ength of AISI 304 is able to be found in Table 2.
Sf
Yield Strength of AISI 304
max
(1)
Table 4: Result distributions of υmax and Sf in the applied model
F (kN)
5.00E05
10.0E05
15.0E05
20.0E05
25.0E05
29.0E05
29.4E05
29.5E05
29.6E05
29.7E05
29.8E05
29.9E05
30.0E05
υmax (MPa)
34.7059
69.4118
104.118
138.824
173.529
201.294
203.421
204.765
204.805
205.497
206.847
206.881
208.235
Sf
5.95893
2.97946
1.98630
1.48973
1.19179
1.02740
1.01644
1.00999
1.00977
1.00637
1.00300
0.99964
0.99316
Table 4 depicts the pr esented values of υmax and Sf using the r epeated F. Failur e mode occur s
if and only if Sf < 1 or Sf has the negative sign (Michalopoulos and Babka, 2000). Thus, the model in
Table 4 is safe to be utilized if F < 29.9E05 kN w her eas the model is in failur e mode if F ≥ 29.9E05
kN. These inequalities pr ove that the model str uctur e is identical for F < 29.9E05 kN w hile is
other w ise if F contr adicted pr eviously. The findings in Table 4 w ill sur ely be employed to pr edict
w hen the failur e (fatigue) modes may star t to occur in the stor age model. This fatigue pr ediction
w ill be discussed in the next section.
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Global Engineers & Technologist s Review , Vol.2 No.10
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3.2.2 Fatigue predictor using first-order newton interpolating polynomial
In r efer ence to the failur e mode above, let assume that the fatigue star ts to occur if Sf = 1.
Due to this Sf, the r elated load w ill be pr edicted using the fir st-or der New ton inter polating
polynomial. The gener al for m of this polynomial such as (Chapr a and Canale, 2010)
f1 ( x ) b0 b1 ( x x0 )
w ith
(2)
b0 f ( x ); b1 f [ x , x ]
1 0
0
(3)
We can see clear ly in Table 4 that the fatigue of the model star ts to occur in the r ange of F
[ 29.8E05, 29.9E05] that allow s only tw o data points. Let do the assumptions w her e F is denoted as
x-axis w her eas Sf symbolizes f ( x) or y-axis. The algor ithm includes four steps such as: Set x0, x1, f ( x0)
and f ( x1); Calculate b0 and b1 using Eq. (3); Substitute x0, b0 and b1 into Eq. (2); Solve x for f 1( x) = 1.
Finally, the estimated value appr oximates 29.8893E05 kN. It show s that the storage tank model
(Figur e 7) is in safety mode if F < 29.8893E05 kN w hile the fatigue may star t occur r ing w hen F ≥
29.8893E05 kN. Fur ther discussion about the cost efficiency w ill be explained in the follow ing
section.
4.0 COST EFFICEINCY
An appr oach upon the cost-efficiency of r ecycling is car r ied out on the conventional and E-r ecycling system
models. This technique can indicate the feasibility of a pr oject or plan by quantifying its costs (Kumar et al .,
2010). The net oper ating cost of r ecycling activities is expr essed as,
Net Cost Collection Cost Transportation Cost Processing Cost End Use Material Value
(4)
Ther e ar e a few assumptions ought to be made typically the pr ocessing cost is equal to RM350 per ton;
labor cost equivalents to RM350 per ton; tr anspor tation cost is RM 70 per ton; r ecover ed r ecyclable mater ials
sale cost is estimated as RM350 per t on as w ell as tot al w aste gener ated is 100,000 tons per year and the
r ecover ed r ecyclable mater ials almost 40,000 tons per year . By applying Eq. (4), the net cost of conventional
appr oximates to RM140,000,000 w hile for the cost of E-r ecycling system is near ly to RM63,000,000. This
estimation r epr esents that E-r ecycling system oper ates mor e efficiently than the conventional system. Both
systems have the differ ence appr oximately RM77,000,000. Thus, the calculation of efficiency is show n as in Eq.
(5) (Khai et al., 2007). After applying this equation, cost efficiency for E-r ecycling system appr oaches to 55% of
the saving effectiveness. Ther efor e, this pr oposed system can be concluded clear ly as the acceptable and
r elevant system r egar ding the cost-saving and convenient to use.
Cost Efficiency (
Output xa
) 100%
Input
x
(5)
t
5.0 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE W ORK
This study has pr esent ed an E-r ecycling system model t hat involves MPI system and CAD model. MPI system is
intr oduced to encour age the user s to use this E-r ecycling system. Cur r ently, this E-system is developed
par ticular ly wastes such as plastic, paper and disc. CAD model is designed for the simulation pur pose using
Linear Static and Fatigue Analyses. As a r esult, the st or age tank design r emains the same str uctur al (in safety
mode) if F < 29.8893E05 kN. Resulting fr om its cost efficiency, the developed syst em has 55% of the cost-saving
w hen compar e to the conventional system appr oach. In futur e, CAD model w ill be impr oved w hich ideal in all
fields such as households, industr ies and tow ns. In addition, the pr ototype of an E-r ecycling system model may
build. Apar t fr om that, it is equally suggested to constr uct the pr ototype model w ith full-size and fully functional
that w ill be used to demonstr ate the pr acticality of this developed system.
ACKNOWLEDMENTS
This study was suppor ted by Univer siti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka. The author s gr atefully acknow ledge to
ever ybody for their helpful comments.
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Global Engineers & Technologist s Review , Vol.2 No.10
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