Bahasa Inggis bisnis

The Simple Sentence

  A simple sentence expresses a complete thought and has a subject and a verb. It may have a compound subject (more than one) or a compound verb or both. We appreciate his contributions. Krisdayanti and Reza are good singers. He worked and succeeded with his ideas. My older brother goes to a college and works part-time. My father and mother speak and write English well.

  2. The Compound Sentence

  A compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction (and, or, but, so). # A clause is a part of a sentence that contains a subject and a verb. There are two types of clauses : Independent Clauses and Dependent Clauses

  Independent Clauses The independent clause expresses a complete thought and has a subject and a verb. It can be used alone correctly as a simple sentence.

  Example : 1. It rained.

  2. It was cold and windy yesterday. Dependent Clauses

  The dependent clause is dependent for its understanding on the independent clause. It cannot be used alone. Subordinating conjunctions are used in the beginning of dependent clause. Example :

  1. ………….. because it rained ……… 2. ……………. although it was cold and windy yesterday …….. Subordinating conjunctions : because when if before while after although

  3. The Complex Sentence A complex sentence has one independent clause and one or more dependent clause.

  The clauses in a complex sentence can be in any order. If the dependent clause is first, put a comma after it. Example : 1. If I win the lottery, I will quit my job immediately.

  2. After the dance ended, we went home. Other examples of complex sentence : 1.

  Many Americans who became famous athletes practiced long hours.

  Dependent Clause 2.

  They waited outside while the Italian officials checked our passports and luggage.

  

Write S if the sentence is simple and C if the sentence is compound. Add commas where they are

needed.

  ____ 1. The summers in the Midwest are hot and humid. ____ 2. Every evening it was too hot to sleep so my sisters and I played outside until after dark. ____ 3. Our parents sat on the front porch and watched us play our children’s games. ____ 4. We played games such as hide-and-seek and tag or we just sat around and told stories. ____ 5. We also caught fireflies in glass jars and watched them shine in the dark like tiny flashlights. ____ 6. My sisters were afraid of most bugs but they loved to catch fireflies. ____ 7. We usually had to go to bed at nine o’clock on really warm evenings we could stay up until ten. ____

  8. Between nine and ten o’clock our mother or our father told us to come inside to get ready for bed. ____

  9. Sometimes it was still hot in our small bedroom so our parents let us sleep outside in the backyard. ____ 10. In those days, parents didn’t worry about crime and no one locked their front doors at night.

  Identify the following sentences as simple, compound, or complex.

  ____ 1. Many poor boys became famous. ____ 2. Before he assumed his job, he prepared for it very carefully. ____ 3. Jerry made the best of a bad situation. ____ 4. He had a strong personality or he would never have risen to such heights. ____ 5. Clay was a brilliant orator, but Webster was the greatest of them all. ____ 6. Because he had a brilliant mind, Ford planned his horseless carriage. ____

  7. Thomas Edison, who made his first scientific experiment at the age of six, invented many things. ____ 8. Will Rogers enjoyed wealth and fame in abundance. ____ 9. Grant’s tomb, which was built of granite, is located in New York. ____ 10. Grant and Lee were two famous generals. ____ 11. His memoirs, which were finished a week before his death, were sold by Mrs. Grant. ____ 12. U.S Grant served two terms as President, but he died a poor man.

  

Sentence Patterns

  "Sentence patterns" is just another way talk about the way a sentence is put together; the order of the elements in the sentence; sentence construction. Some sources say there are six English sentence patterns; some say eight. A few sources list even more. Here are the ones we feel are the most common, and the easiest to recognize:

  1. Subject + Verb (S-V)

  This is the simplest kind of sentence. It consists of a subject, a verb, and possibly some adjectives, adverbs, or prepositional phrases. There are no direct objects, indirect objects, or complements.

  Abraham speaks fluently. (subject, verb, adverb) Many of the class members write well in class. (subject, verb, adverbs) (The "complete" subject is "Many of the class members"--a noun phrase.)

  2. Verb + Subject (V-S)

  Sentences in English usually have the subject come first, followed by the verb. But when a sentence begins with there is, there was, there are, there were, the verb comes first, followed by the subject. The word There is never a subject!

  There is a strange shadow in the woods. (verb, subject--the complete subject is the noun phrase a strange shadow, adverb) There were no leftovers after the buffet. (verb, subject, adverb)

  3. Subject + Verb + Direct Object (S-V-DO)

  Andrew composes music. (subject, verb, direct object.) Matthew helps others in several English practice rooms. (subject, verb, direct object, adverb) Helen tells jokes to make people smile. (subject, verb, direct object, adverb)

  4. Subject + Verb + Complement (S-V-SC)

  A complement is a word or group of words that describe or rename the

  An indirect object tells for whom or to whom. If the indirect object comes after the direct object (in a prepositional phrase "to ________" or "for _______"), the sentence pattern is shown as S-V-DO-IO. Pronouns are usually used as indirect objects (but not always).

  I sent her a birthday present. (subject, verb, indirect object, direct object) Jay gave his dog a bone. (subject, verb, indirect object, direct object) Granny left Gary all of her money. (subject, verb, indirect object, direct object) Granny gave every last asset to Gary. (subject, verb, direct object, indirect object in a prepositional phrase)

  This pattern isn't as common as the others, but it is used. An object complement is a word

  or group of words that renames, describes, or classifies the direct object. Object complements are nouns or adjectives and follow the object.

  Debbie left the window open during the rain storm. (subject, verb, direct object, object complement, adverb) The class picked Susie class representative. (subject, verb, direct object, object complement)

  References

• A Student’s English Grammar Workbook; Chalker, Sylvia - An English Outline; Huddleston, Rodney - Practical English Grammar; Martinet, Thompson - Guide To Pattern and Usage in English; A S Hornby - Fundamentals of English Grammar; Azar, Betty Schrampfer

  Ciri utama simple present tense adalah penggunaan kata kerja (verb) bentuk pertama , dalam penggunaannya. Bentuknya adalah sebagai berikut : S + P (V1) + O + K Kapan kita menggunakan tense ini dalam percakapan? Yaitu ketika kita ingin mengungkapkan suatu kondisi seperti ini :

  1.Suatu kegiatan yang merupakan kebiasaan dan berulang secara teratur.

  I go to school everyday. The train leaves every 9 pm.

  Tanda waktu yang digunakan adalah every.....(day , week , year , month....etc)

  2. Suatu kebenaran umum The sky is blue.

  Jakarta is in Indonesia.

  3. Suatu kejadian yang akan terjadi dengan segera dalam jangka waktu tidak terlalu lama. Dan biasanya berhubungan dengan transportasi umum.

  The train leaves tonight at 11 pm. Does class begin tomorrow? The plane arrives at 12 pm.

  4.Untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu kejadian sedang berlangsung atau tidak berlangsung saat ini.

  I am here now. They are not here now.

  Berikut ini contoh kalimat-kalimat dalam bentuk present tense, dan kita mengingat kembali tentang kalimat nominal dan verbal.

  Contoh kalimat- tanpa kata kerja) She is a nurse.

  The apple is red. I am a teacher. They are not always in the garden. Nikita is a beautiful girl.

  Contoh kalimat (verbal - menggunakan kata kerja) I always go to the gym every morning.

  She never goes to abroad. The boy delivers the basket every evening. The students learn English every Saturday. He does not sweep the floor.

  Kata keterangan yang sering digunakan dalam simple present tense adalah kata keterangan kekerapan (frekuensi).

  Contoh : I always read newspaper every morning. Coba hafalkan dengan cara sebagai berikut : Saya mempunyai sifat :

  Selalu always Biasanya usually Sering often Kadang-kadang sometimes Jarang seldom , dan.... Tidak pernah never

  Kalimat Negatif Simple Present Tense Bentuk Negatif , artinya menyatakan TIDAK.

  Maka sesuai rumus Simple Present Tense, setelah SUBJECT ditambah DO atau DOES, baru NOT, lalu tambah kata kerja bentuk pertama tanpa S atau ES lagi.

  Untuk I, WE, YOU, THEY tambah DO Untuk SHE, HE, IT, Mufli, Ellen tambah DOES I do not drink coffee.

  She does not drink coffee. John Scoping does not learn english.

  Coba perhatikan She does not drink coffee. Drink nya tidak pake S lagi, pindah ke doES. Biasakan saja, Present Simple Tense ini sepertinya rumit tetapi kalau faham maka enak

Kalimat Tanya Simple Present Tense

  Kalimat tanya untuk Simple Present Tense sesuai rumus diatas, atau saya tulis lagi seperti ini: Tanya: DO/DOES + S + V1 ?

  Sama saja pasangannya. Untuk I, WE, YOU, THEY gunakan DO. Untuk SHE, HE, IT, Mufli, Ellen gunakan DOES. Contohnya begini: Kalimat positifnya: I drink coffee.

  Kalimat tanya menjadi: DO you drink coffee? Kalimat positif: She drinks coffee Kalimat tanya: DOES She drink coffee? Kalimat tanya seperti diatas disebut juga YES/NO Question. Karena jawabannya memang Yes atau No.

  Do You drink coffee? “Yes I do” jawabnya.

  Atau bisa bisa dijawab dengan lengkap: “Yes, I do drink coffee”. Dihilangkan DO nya juga boleh, menjadi kalimat positif lagi: “Yes I drink coffee”.

  Nah, kalau tadi kan Kalimat Tanya Present Tense yang jawabannya Yes atau No saja. Bagaimanakah kalau pertanyaan yang jawabannya panjang atau yang jawabannya kalimat? Yah, tinggal tambahkan saja When, Where, Why, Who, What, dsb di depannya.

  Contohnya begini:

• -When Do you drink coffee? Contoh jawaban: I drink coffee everyday.
• -What does she drink? Contoh jawaban: She drinks coffee.

  EXERCISES

  It is Moha mmed’s first week in his English class in the United States, and he is not very happy. In fact, he is quite homesick, and he misses his family and friends a lot. The food does not taste good, and Mohammed can not sleep at night. Besides, everything is so confusing. He likes most of his teachers, but it is too difficult to understand them. Also, he does not have time to finish his English assignments. Ali, Mohammed’s older brother, tells him every day that things will get easier, but right now Mohammed does not believe him

  Exercise 1 Group Discussion

  1. Analyze the paragraph above, what tense is use in the passage?

  2. Can you explain the pattern that is used?

  3. Find the time expression that is used in the passage? 4. Try to make a sentence from the bold word in the passage.

• Misses - does not have
• Does not taste - tells

  Exercise 2 In this exercise you have to put the verb into the correct form.

  1. Water________ (boil) at 100 degree centigrade 2.

  The sun ________ (rise) in the west.

  3. Mice ________ (catch) cats.

  4. Nurses _________ (look) after patients in hospital.

  5. Ann _________ (watch) television every evening.

  6. Lisa _________ (walk) to school everyday.

  7. I __________ (think) he has a good idea.

  8. What ___________ (you/do)? I am a lecturer.

  9. I ____________ (go) to cinema every Sunday.

  10. She always _____________ (read) novel.

  11. The swimming bath ________ (open) at 9.00 and ________ (close) at 18.30 everyday.

  12. What time __________ (the banks/close) in Britain? 13.

  He _________ (come) from Scotland.

  14. The river Amazon ___________ (flow) into the Pacific Ocean.

  15. In Britain most of the shops ________ (close) at 5.30 pm.

  16. Tom __________ (play) tennis every Sunday.

  17. I have a car but I __________ (not/use) it very often.

  18. How many cigarettes ____________ (you/smoke) a day? 19.

  I ________ (play) the piano, but I __________ (not/play) very well.

  20. Ron usually___________ (stay) at the Hilton Hotel when he’s in London.

References

• A Student’s English Grammar Workbook; Chalker, Sylvia - An English Outline; Huddleston, Rodney - Practical English Grammar; Martinet, Thompson - Guide To Pattern and Usage in English; A S Hornby - Fundamentals of English Grammar; Azar, Betty Schrampfer -

  What is the baby doing? Narrator : John Wilkins is in the living room. His wife, Mary is in the kitchen.

  She is calling him Mrs. Wilkins : Is the baby with you John? He is not in the kitchen.

  Mr. Wilkins : He isn’t here, Mary. He is upstairs. Mrs. Wilkins : Please go and see, John. He is very quiet. Mr. Wilkins : All right, Mary.

  Narrator : Now Mr. Wilkins is upstairs. Mrs. Wilkins : Is he in our room? Mr. Wilkins : No, he is not. He’s in the bathroom. Mrs. Wilkins

  : What’s he doing? Mr. Wilkins

  : He’s cleaning his shoes with your toothbrush!

Answer these questions 1

  Is John in the living room? 2. Is the baby in the kitchen? 3. Is john’s wife in the kitchen? 4. What is the name of John’s wife? 5. Why is John’s wife calling her husband? 6. Is the baby upstairs or downstairs? 7. Where is the baby? 8. What is he doing? 9. Please retell the story with your own words.

• I need an umbrella because it is raining.
• Tony is trying to improve his work habits. Patterns:

  S + to be + V ing

  To be + S + V ing S + to be + not + V ing

  Present Continuous Tense a.

  Present continuous tense express an activity that is in progress at the moment of speaking.

  Example: - Riya is sleeping right now.

  b.

The present continuous tense also describes an action or condition that is currently in progress even if not actually at the moment of speaking

  Example: - Scientists are investigating the ocean for new sources of food.

  Affirmative sentence Negative sentence Interrogative sentence

References

• A Studentst’s English Grammar Workbook; Chalker, Sylvia - An English Outline; Huddleston, Rodney - Practical English Grammar; Martinet, Thompson - Guide To Pattern and Usage in English; A S Hornby - Fundamentals of English Grammar; Azar, Betty Schrampfer -

  

Simple Past Tense

  The simple past tense is sometimes called the preterite tense. We can use several tenses to talk about the past, but the simple past tense is the one we use most often.

How do we make the Simple Past Tense?

  past form only

  or auxiliary did + base form Here you can see examples of the past form and base form for irregular verbs and regular verbs:

  V1 base

  V2 past

  V3 past participle

  regular verb

  To make the simple past tense, we use:

  worked exploded liked

  The past form for all regular verbs ends in -ed. irregular verb

  go see sing went saw sang

  gone seen sung

  The past form for irregular verbs is variable. You need to learn it by heart.

  You do not need the past participle form to make the simple past tense. It is shown here for completeness only.

  The structure for positive sentences in the simple past tense is: subject + main verb

  work explode like worked exploded liked The structure for negative sentences in the simple past tense is: subject + auxiliary verb + not + main verb did base

  The structure for question sentences in the simple past tense is: auxiliary verb + subject + main verb did base

  The auxiliary verb did is not conjugated. It is the same for all persons (I did, you did, he did etc). And the base form and past form do not change. Look at these examples with the main verbs go and work:

  subject auxiliary verb main verb I went to school.

• You worked very hard. She did not go with me.
• We did not work yesterday. Did you go to London?

  ? Did they work at home?

  

Exception! The verb to be is different. We conjugate the verb to be (I was, you were,

  he/she/it was, we were, they were); and we do not use an auxiliary for negative and question sentences. To make a question, we exchange the subject and verb. Look at these examples:

  subject main verb I, he/she/it was here.

• You, we, they were in London.

  I, he/she/it was not there.

• You, we, they were not happy. Was I, he/she/it right?

  ? Were you, we, they late?

How do we use the Simple Past Tense? We use the simple past tense to talk about an action or a situation - an event - in the past

  The event can be short or long. Here are some short events with the simple past tense: The car exploded at 9.30am yesterday.

  She went to the door. We did not hear the telephone.

  Did you see that car?

  

past present future

The action is in the past.

  Here are some long events with the simple past tense: I lived in Bangkok for 10 years.

  The Jurassic period lasted about 62 million years.

  We did not sing at the concert.

  Did you watch TV last night?

  

past present future The action is in the past. Notice that it does not matter how long ago the event is: it can be a few minutes or seconds in the past, or millions of years in the past. Also it does not matter how long the event is. It can be a few milliseconds (car explosion) or millions of years (Jurassic period). We use the simple past tense when: the event is in the past the event is completely finished we say (or understand) the time and/or place of the event

  Here are some more examples: I lived in that house when I was young.

  He didn't like the movie. What did you eat for dinner? John drove to London on Monday.

  Mary did not go to work yesterday.

  Did you play tennis last week? I was at work yesterday.

  We were not late (for the train).

  Were you angry?

  Note that when we tell a story, we usually use the simple past tense. We may use the past continuous tense to "set the scene", but we almost always use the simple past tense for the action. Look at this example of the beginning of a story: "The wind was howling around the hotel and the rain was pouring down. It was cold. The door opened and James Bond entered. He took off his coat, which was very wet, and

  ordered

  a drink at the bar. He sat down in the corner of the lounge and quietly drank his..."

Exercise 1

  Jane Auten (write) ___________ about 6 novels.

  2. How did you know the answer? My friend (tell) _________ me.

  3. Ann (spend) ___________ a lot of money yesterday.

  4. Don (fall) ___________ down stairs this morning and (hurt) _______ his leg.

  5. Jim (throw) __________ ball to Ann, who (catch) _______ it.

  6. We (see) __________ Ria in a town few days ago.

  7.

  ____________ (go) out last night? 8. ____________ (be) the food good? 9. Patrick and Ria (play) ____________ tennis this morning.

  10. I __________ (tired) when I _________ (get) home.

  11. She _________ (study) Math when they __________ (call).

  12. I was very thirsty. I ________ (drink) the water very quickly.

  13. She was not hungry, so she _______ (eat) anything.

  14. We _________ (go) to her house yesterday, but she ________ (be) not at home.

  15. The hotel was not very expensive. It __________ (cost) very much.

  References

• A Studentst’s English Grammar Workbook; Chalker, Sylvia - An English Outline; Huddleston, Rodney - Practical English Grammar; Martinet, Thompson - Guide To Pattern and Usage in English; A S Hornby - Fundamentals of English Grammar; Azar, Betty Schrampfer - http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verb-tenses.htm

  

Past Continuous Tense

  The past continuous tense is an important tense in English. We use it to say what we were in the middle of doing at a particular moment in the past. In this lesson we look at the structure and the use of the past continuous tense, fo llowed by a quiz to check your understanding:

How do we make the Past Continuous Tense?

  The structure of the past continuous tense is:

• subject + auxiliary verb BE main verb conjugated in simple past tense present participle

  was base + ing were

  For negative sentences in the past continuous tense, we insert not between the auxiliary verb and main verb. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and auxiliary

  verb . Look at these example sentences with the past continuous tense: subject auxiliary verb main verb

• I was watching TV.
• You were working hard.
• He, she, it was not helping Mary.
• We were not joking. ? Were you being silly? ? Were they playing football?

How do we use the Past Continuous Tense?

  The past continuous tense expresses action at a particular moment in the past. The action started before that moment but has not finished at that moment. For example, yesterday I watched a film on TV. The film started at 7pm and finished at 9pm.

  At 8pm yesterday, I was watching TV.

  

past present future

  8pm At 8pm, I was in the middle of watching TV.

  When we use the past continuous tense, our listener usually knows or understands what time we are talking about. Look at these examples: I was working at 10pm last night. They were not playing football at 9am this morning. What were you doing at 10pm last night? What were you doing when he arrived? She was cooking when I telephoned her. We were having dinner when it started to rain. Ram went home early because it was snowing. We often use the past continuous tense to "set the scene" in stories. We use it to describe the background situation at the moment when the action begins. Often, the story starts with the past continuous tense and then moves into the simple past tense. Here is an example: " James Bond was driving through town. It was raining. The wind was blowing hard. Nobody was walking in the streets. Suddenly, Bond saw the killer in a telephone box..."

  

Past Continuous Tense + Simple Past Tense

  We often use the past continuous tense with the simple past tense. We use the past continuous tense to express a long action. And we use the simple past tense to express a action that happens in the middle of the long action. We can join the two ideas

  short with when or while.

  In the following example, we have two actions: 1. long action (watching TV), expressed with past continuous tense 2. short action (telephoned), expressed with simple past tense

  

past present future

Long action.

  I was watching TV at 8pm.

  8pm You telephoned at 8pm.

  Short action. We can join these two actions with when: I was watching TV when you telephoned. (Notice that "when you telephoned" is also a way of defining the time [8pm].) We use:

  when + short action (simple past tense) while + long action (past continuous tense)

  There are four basic combinations: I was walking past the car when it exploded.

  When the car exploded I was walking past it.

  The car exploded while I was walking past it.

  While I was walking past the car it exploded.

  7. Stanley _________ (climb) the stairs.

  2. She _________ (see) Ryan yesterday but he __________ (not/see). He ___________ (look) the other way.

  I _________ (walk) home when I __________ (met) him.

  Exercise 2: Past Continuous Tense vs Simple past tense 1.

  10. Tina __________(study) English at this time yesterday.

  9. I did not heard the thunder during the storm last night because I _______ (sleep).

  8. My brother and sister _________ (argue) about something when I walked into the room.

  6. I got the package in the mail. When I ___________(open) it, I _______ (find) a surprise.

  Notice that the long action and short action are relative.

  He ________ (study).

  “What _________(you, do) when I came in?” 5. I ___________ (call) Roger at nine last night, but he ________ (be, not) at home.

  4.

  3. The dogs __________ (fight) over a bone and __________ (make) a lot of noise.

  We __________ (try) to be as quiet as possible so as not to disturb the dog which __________ (sleep) 2. None of us __________ (swim) for the sea was rough but we _______ (play) ball on the beach instead.

  Exercise 1: Put the verb in brackets into the Past Continuous Tense 1.

  "Watching TV" took a few hours. "Telephoned" took a few seconds. "Walking past the car" took a few seconds. "Exploded" took a few milliseconds.

  3. The door bell __________ (rang) while he ________ (cook) the dinner.

  4. She __________ (go) abroad last year but she _________ (go, not) because she _______ (get) cold.

  5. I ___________ (walk) along the street when suddenly I ________ (hear) footsteps behind me.

  6. When I was young. I __________ (want) to be a bus driver.

  7. Marry ________ (fall) asleep while she _________ (read) a novel.

  8. The television was on but nobody__________ (watch) it.

  References

• A Student’s English Grammar Workbook; Chalker, Sylvia - An English Outline; Huddleston, Rodney - Practical English Grammar; Martinet, Thompson - Guide To Pattern and Usage in English; A S Hornby - Fundamentals of English Grammar; Azar, Betty Schrampfer - http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verb-tenses.htm

  Present Perfect tense

Fungsi Present Perfect tense: 1. Ketika suatu kejadian sudah terjadi tetapi periode waktunya belum berakhir

  I have read ten books this month. I have written the novel these past few months.

  2. Ketika tidak diketahui kapan kejadian tersebut berlangsung/sudah berlangsung tapi tidak diketahui kapan waktunya. (unspecified time) Lina have done her home work.

  3. Ketika suatu kejadian baru saja berlangsung dan akibatnya / pengaruhnya masih berlangsung.

  My uncle has just arrived this morning.

  4. Ketika digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu durasi waktu tertentu.

  He has studied in Singapore for two years. She has lived here since 1960.

  Pattern of Present Perfect Positive:

  S + have/has + V3 Negative:

  S + Have/has + not + V3 Interrogative: I. Choose the best answer 1.

  My wife … home yet. She never …. Home before midnight and last night she … in till two o’clock.

  a. do not come, comes, did not come b. has not come, comes, did not come c. had not come, came, did not come d. did not come, came, has not come 2.

  What . ... since you .... here? How many new friends ...? a. has you learned, come, do you made b. have you learned, came, have you made c. have you learn, come, has you made d. do you learn, come, do you made 3.

  Last night my roommate and I .. some free time, so we … to a show.

  a. have, went b. has, go c. had, went d. had, go 4.

  Since the classes began, I … much free time, I .. several big test to study for.

  a. had, had b. have not had, have had c. had not, have had d. have had not, have 5.

  When I … my duty, I … a rest.

  a. had finished, taken b. had finished, took c. has finished, take d. have finished, took 6.

  The science of medicine … a great deal in nineteenth century.

  a. has advanced b. had been advance c. have advanced d. is advance

  II. Complete the sentences with the words in the parentheses Since computers were first introduced to the public in the early 1980's, technology (change)__________ a great deal. The first computers (be)

  not)___________much memory and they (be, not) __________very powerful. Early computers were often quite expensive and customers often (pay) ___________thousands of dollars for machines which actually (do) ______________very little. Most computers (be) __________separate, individual machines used mostly as expensive typewriters or for playing games.

References

• A Student’s English Grammar Workbook; Chalker, Sylvia - An English Outline; Huddleston, Rodney - Practical English Grammar; Martinet, Thompson - Guide To Pattern and Usage in English; A S Hornby - Fundamentals of English Grammar; Azar, Betty Schrampfer - http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verb-tenses.htm

  

Simple Future Tense

  The simple future tense is often called will, because we make the simple future tense with the modal auxiliary will.

How do we make the Simple Future Tense?

  The structure of the simple future tense is: subject + auxiliary verb WILL + main verb invariable base

  will

  

V1

For negative sentences in the simple future tense, we insert not between the auxiliary

  verb and main verb. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and auxiliary

  verb . Look at these example sentences with the simple future tense: subject auxiliary verb main verb

• I will open the door.
• You will finish before me.
• She will not be at school tomorrow.
• We will not leave yet. ? Will you arrive on time? ? Will they want dinner?
When we use the simple future tense in speaking, we often contract the subject and auxiliary verb: I will I'll you will you'll he will he'll she will she'll it will it'll we will we'll they will they'll For negative sentences in the simple future tense, we contract with won't, like this: I will not I won't you will not you won't he will not he won't she will not she won't it will not it won't we will not we won't they will not they won't

  How do we use the Simple Future Tense? No Plan

  We use the simple future tense when there is no plan or decision to do something before we speak. We make the decision spontaneously at the time of speaking. Look at these

  Hold on. I'll get a pen. We will see what we can do to help you. Maybe we'll stay in and watch television tonight. In these examples, we had no firm plan before speaking. The decision is made at the time of speaking .

  We often use the simple future tense with the verb to think before it: I think I'll go to the gym tomorrow.

  I think I will have a holiday next year. I don't think I'll buy that car.

  Prediction

  We often use the simple future tense to make a prediction about the future. Again, there is no firm plan. We are saying what we think will happen. Here are some examples: It will rain tomorrow. People won't go to Jupiter before the 22nd century. Who do you think will get the job?

  Be

  When the main verb is be, we can use the simple future tense even if we have a firm plan or decision before speaking. Examples: I'll be in London tomorrow. I'm going shopping. I won't be very long.

  Will you be at work tomorrow? Now, it’s QUIZ time….

  Let’s check your Tenses knowledge

  

Exercise (All tenses): Choose the best answer from the questions below.

  1. I to the cinema yesterday.

  ………..

  a.

  c. goes go b.

  d. gone went

  2. My friend ………….to music every evening.

  a.

  c. listened listen b.

  d. listens listening

  3. They………….their car. It looks new again.

  a. have cleaned c. has cleaned b.

  d. cleaned cleans

  4. Listen! Mr Jones………… the piano.

  a.

  c. is playing played b.

  d. plays play

  5. She………….her left arm two weeks ago.

  a.

  c. break broke b.

  d. broken breaks

  6. We…………..a test at the moment.

  a.

  c. have written write b.

  d. wrote are writing

  7. Ken and Emily often …………lunch at school.

  a.

  c. had has b.

  d. are having have

  8. He…………. his money. So he can't buy this hamburger.

  a.

  c. has lost loses b.

  d. is losing lose

  9. We……………. TV when it started to rain.

  a.

  c. were watching watched b.

  d. watch watches

  10. I………..to visit you yesterday, but you……….. not at home.

  a.

  c. want, were want, are b.

  d. wanted, were wanted, are

  11. Look! It…………, so we can't……….to the beach.

  a.

  c. rains, go is raining, went b.

  d. is raining, go rains, went

  12. There are a lot of clouds! It……….. soon.

  a.

  c. was raining rained b.

  d. rains is going to rain

  13. The sun…………. in the East.

  a.

  c. rose rise b.

  d. risen rises

  14. I………….. for my girlfriend for two hours.

  a.

  c. waited have been waiting b.

  d. wait has been waiting

  15. After Larry………… the film on TV, he decided to buy the book.

  a.

  c. had seen sees b.

  d. see is seeing

  16. Wait a minute; I………… this box for you.

  a.

  c. carry carried b.

  d. carries will carry

  17. I………… in love three times in my life.

  a.

  c. have been am b. was d. has been

  18. ………….me last night? a.

  c. Did you call Were you call b.

  d. Do you call Was you call 19. I was at the club yesterday, but I …………..you.

  a.

  c. don’t see doesn’t see b.

  d. didn’t saw didn’t see

  20. I ………… a shower when you called.

  a.

  c. take was taking b.

  d. were taking am taking

  21.Mr. Ray ……….. Chemistry at the local high school last year.

  a.

  c. taught teach b.

  d. is teaching teaches

  22. I ………… a shower when you called.

  a.

  c. take was taking b.

  d. were taking am taking

  23. When I first saw her, she………….. on the balcony.

  a.

  c. is standing stands b.

  d. has stood was standing

  24. He often ……… to school with his friends.

  a. goes c. went b.

  d. is going go

  25. What …….. you …….. last week a.

  c. have, buy do, buy b.

  d. did, buy does, buy 26. …… he ……. to your party tomorrow? a.

  c. Do, come Will, come b.

  d. Has, come Does, come 27. They have already ……… that movie.

  a.

  c. seen seeing b.

  d. saw see

  28. Andi: ……………..? Roni: No, I don’t a.

  c. Are you smoking Did you smoke b.

  d. Do you smoking Do you smoke 29. Now, she ………….. lunch.

  a.

  c. had has b.

  d. is having is

  30. When telephone ………., my mother was cooking.

  a.

  c. rang rings b.

  d. ring is ringing

  31. Shhh! The baby ……….. . The baby ………. for ten hours every night.

  a.

  c. was sleeping, sleeps is sleeping, sleeps b.

  d. was sleeping, sleep is sleeping, sleep

  32. A: ……………. in France before? B: Yes, I have. I ……….. in Paris two months ago.

  a.

  c. Did you be, was Have you ever been, was b.

  d. Did you be, am Have you ever been, am 33.

  She and her mom …………. shopping right now.

  a.

  c. was going is going b.

  d. were going are going a.

  c. is have been b.

  d. was has been

  35. Last night I had a good night’s sleep. I ……….. nine hours a.

  c. am sleeping sleep b.

  d. slept will sleep

  36. Alice ……… the bus to school every day. She usually ………. instead.

  a.

  c. don’t, take walks didn’t take, walked b.

  d.

  Doesn’t take, walk Doesn’t take, walks

  37. Right now Andi ………. An article in the magazine, but she ……….. it a.

  c. is reading, doesn’t understand is reading, isn’t understand b.

  d. is reading, not understand is reading, isn’t understanding

  38. I ………. a letter to my folks after I finished studying yesterday evening.

  a.

  c. am writing wrote b.

  d. have written write

  39. They ………… in a couple of hours.

  a.

  c. were eating will eat b.

  d. ate eat

  40. My aunt and uncle………. in the same house for twenty five years.

  a.

  c. lived will live b.

  d. have lived has lived

  References

• A Student’s English Grammar Workbook; Chalker, Sylvia - An English Outline; Huddleston, Rodney - Practical English Grammar; Martinet, Thompson - Guide To Pattern and Usage in English; A S Hornby - Fundamentals of English Grammar; Azar, Betty Schrampfer - http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verb-tenses.htm

  

Skill 1:

How to prepare an effective presentation

  Classifications of Presentations In contrast to public speaking of a general nature, most presentations centre around three specific classifications:

  To motivate a group to take a recommended course of action 3. To persuade an audience to your point of view 4. Presentation combinations

  1.To inform Your objective in such a talk would be, primarily, to remain as neutral as possible, that is, to be factual, offer the benefits of your new proposal or plan, and keep your commends to the point. Some sample topics of informative talks include: ♦ Research proposals ♦ Research reports ♦ Revision of previous research ♦ Research findings ♦ Budget proposals

  2.To motivate In this type of talk, you are recommending that your audience follow a certain course of action. For example, you want your friends (colleagues) to support the research proposal on industrial waste. Your audience’s attitude may range from passive to

  Some sample topics of motivational talks include: ♦ The need for greater support on your research activity ♦ The need for greater involvement for your research activity ♦ Prevention is everyone’s job ♦ Why “they” need help ♦ How we can achieve an extra 10 percent in fund raise

  3.To persuade Persuading goes beyond the motivational talk of recommending; here you are trying to convince your audience of your point of view-and move them to action. For example, a persuasive talk on “Ten easy step for study” will really not be successful, unless at the conclusion of your talk you have convinced your audience to have better scores and to finish your study using your ten easy steps. Audience attitude toward your talk can range from passive to extremely negative. You may be confronted with vocal objections or skeptical audience feedback. Examples of persuasive talks include: ♦ Advantage of the new word processing system-why we need it ♦ Why the new institution reorganization is necessary ♦ The need for better academic community relations ♦ Selling the new product plan 4.

  Presentation combinations Note that all three types of talks can run in parallel. To illustrate, let’s take the case of a student union that wishes to achieve a 90 percent voluntary student contribution rate to this year’s United Way campaign. (For whatever reason, last year’s rate was a disappointing 58 percent). As a starter, the speaker would have find a way to motivate the members into seeing the importance of the United Way fund and into learning how their contribution, however small, is vitally needed to achieve the 90 percent participation rate the organization has targeted. Once this accomplished, the speakers has the added responsibility of persuading each employee in the audience to

  How to build your framework: Five key areas