Smart sensor system for argicultural.
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
Smart Sensor System for Agricultural
This report submitted in accordance with requirement of the Universiti Tek.nikal
Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for the Bachelor's Degree in Electronics Engineering
Technology (Telecommunications) (Hons.)
by
MOHD FAIZ B MOHD SAISI
8071110164
880602355131
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
2015
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
｣ｴｬＡｩＱｾｉ＠
UHIVERsrTI TEKNIKAL llAL.AYS&A MEL.AKA
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
BO RANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA
TAJUK: Smart Sensor System for Agricultural
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2014/15 Semester 2
Saya
MOHD FAIZ B MOHD SAISI
mengaku membenarkan Laporan PSM ini disimpan di Perpustakaan Universiti
Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Laporan PSM adalah hak milik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dan pen ulis.
2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dibenarkan membuat salinan
untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja dengan izin penulis .
3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan PSM ini sebagai bahan
pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi .
4. **Sila tandakan ( ./)
D
D
[2J
SULIT
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamata n
atau kepentingan Malaysia sebagaimana yang te rmaktub
dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
TERHAD
(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan
oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh:
Cop Rasmi :
Alamat Tetap :
10, MEDAN MAJU 6, TMN HAJI
ABDULLAH FAHIM ,
13200 KEPALA BATSA,
PULAU PINANG .
Tarikh : 'J -;
I l I 'J. cJ \ 5
ELIYANA •NTI ｒｾ＠
Jabatan ｔ･ｾ＠
ｾ･ｮｳｹ｡ｲｨ＠
Kejuruterun Ellldrrit dlrl Ken.,ter
Fakult1 Teknologi KejuruterMn
Universiti Teknikal Malay 51 a Mefalca
Tarikh :
') 7 / \
I ?
CJ\1)
** Ji ka Laporan PSM ini SULIT atau TERHAD , sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi
berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh laporan PSM ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai
SULIT atau TERHAD.
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
DECLARATION
I hereby, declared this report entitled "Smart Sensor System for Agricultural" is the
results of my own research except as cited in references .
Signature
... . ... ....__k. . .... ....... .......... .
Author's Name
MOHD FAIZ B MOHD SAIS I
Date
14.01.2015
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
APPROVAL
This report is submitted to the Faculty of Engineering Technology of UTeM as a
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering
Technology (Telecommunications) (Hons.). The member of the supervisory is as
follow:
ﾷ ｾ
ﾷ＠
(PN . ELIY ANA BINTI RUSLAN)
EUYANA llN11 RuaAN
Pensyarah
Jabalan Tekneioti Kejurut9raan Elt!ktronik d.-i Kompuler
Fakulli TeknelO!i Kejurut.....n
Uni11ersiti Teknik•I Malayiota Melaka
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
ABSTRAK
Peningkatan mendadak dalam perkembangan teknologi dan inovasi saintifik telah
memberi tamparan yang hebat dalam sektor pertanian . Kerja-kerja pertanian yang
dilakukan oleh petani adalah sukar dan melibatkan tenaga fizikal yang besar dari segi
bercucuk tanam. Dengan menggunakan pelbagai jenis sensor merupakan satu cara
yang
berkesan
bagi
memudahkan
kerja
penanaman.
Seterusnya
ia
dapat
meningkatkan hasil pertanian, pengurangan penggunaan racun perosak dan baja oleh
itu keuntungan para petani dapat ditingkatkan. Di sini telah mengambil kira beberapa
masalah dari segi pembaziran. Bagi masalah yang dikenal pasti , beberapa cadangan
serta idea berkaitan dengan sensor yang berkesan supaya boleh mendapatkan
maklumat mengenai suhu, kelembapan udara dan kelembapan tanah dalam bidang
pertanian. Selain itu dapat membincangkan tentang rekaan untuk rangkaian sensor
ini, bersama-sama dengan spesifikasi komponen yang boleh digunakan dan dengan
mengambil kira ciri-ciri mikro-pengawal yang berbeza untuk memperolehi maklumat
sensor dalam masa sebenar, pemprosesan, menghantar dan menerima maklumat dari
sensor kepada petani melalui komputer. Dengan adanya keputusan ini dapat
mengoptimumkan penggunaan air dan elektrik, meningkatkan kualiti hasil tanaman,
pengurangan penggunaan racun perosak dan baja, dan dengan itu mengurangkan
pencemaran alam sekitar di samping memudahkan kerja petani .
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
ABSTRACT
The upsurge in the expansion of technology and new scientific give a big impact
even in farming. The agricultural practices followed by the farmers are arduous,
involving a great physical effort from the side of farmers. The usage of different
kinds of sensors and their efficient way of networking in the agricultural fields eases
the work of farmers in the cultivation. This turn can increase crop yields, reduced
use of pesticides and fertilizers by farmers that profitability can be improved. Here
we are taking into account some of the problems like wastage of the natural
resources, power management in the wireless sensor networking (WSN). For the
identified problems, we are thereby proposing some of the ideas concerning the
sensors that could effectively procure the information regarding temperature,
humidity and soil moisture . In addition, this project will discuss about the design for
this sensor network, together with the specification of components that can be used
and taking into account the characteristics of different micro-controllers to obtain
sensor information in real time, processing, transmitting and receiving information
from the sensor to farmers through the computer. The expected results of this paper
will reflect the optimal use of water and electricity, increased quality of food grains,
reduced usage of pesticides and fertilizers, and thus reduced environmental pollution
besides easing the work of farmers.
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
II
DEDICATION
Dedicated with much love and affection to my beloved mom, dad and all family who
always teach me and guide me during my project, Pn. Eliyana Binti Ruslan who
always gives me supports and encouragement, all of my fellow friends .
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
111
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah and praised be to Allah for his blessings and giving me the strength
along the challenging journey to complete the project as well as this thesis writing,
without it, I would not have been able to goes this far.
First of all, I would to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Pn. Eliyana
Binti Ruslan for the continuous support for my PSM, for her patience, motivation,
enthusiasm and immense knowledge. Her guidance helped me in all the time of
research, developing and writing of this thesis.
My biggest thanks also go to all my family especially my father and mother who
giving me support throughout my academic years. To all my friends, who have helps
and supported me along the way, thank you so much. Your presence and your
countless effort and support hand give me great strength and confidence.
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
IV
TABLE OF CONTENT
Abstrak
Abstract
II
Dedication
IJ I
Acknowledgement
IV
Table of Content
v
List of Tables
VIII
List of Figures
IX
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1
I. I
Background
1.2
Problem Statement
2
1.3
Objectives
3
1.4
Scope
3
1.5
Project Significance
4
CHAPTER2: LITERATURE REVIEW
5
2.1
Introduction
5
2.2
Information on the Disease of Chili Plant
5
2.3
Chili Disease
6
2.3. I
Type of Disease Chilli
6
2.4
Control and Care of Chilli Seedlings
10
2.5
Soil Type and Soil pH
10
2.6
Soil Acidity and Liming the Soil
11
2. 7
Contents Parent Material
13
2.8
Leachate
13
2.9
Chemical Fertilizers
14
2.10
Decomposition of Organic Matter
14
2.11
Addition of Carbonic Acid I Nitric Acid
14
2.12
Respiration Root I Soil Organisms
14
2.13
Production of Gas Nitrogen Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxide
15
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
v
2.14
Problematic Soils
15
2.15
Acid Sulfuric Soils
16
2.16
Peat Soil
16
2.17
Soil of Former Mining
17
2.18
GSM
17
2.18.1 Advantages and Disadvantages GSM
18
2.19
Mobile phone
20
2.20
Temperature Sensors
21
2.21
Humidity Sensor
22
2.22
Soil Moisture Sensor
23
2.23
PIC Microcontrollers
24
2.23.l Basic Circuit of PIC l 6F877 A (Voltage Regulator)
25
2.23.2 Reset Pin
27
2.23.4 The Oscillator
28
CHAPTER3:METHODOLOGY
30
3.1
Introduction
30
3.2
Method of Study
31
3.2.1
Title Project Selection
33
3.2.2
Discussion with supervisor
33
3.3
Expectation Result
33
3.4
Circuit Design
35
3.5
Circuit Layout
36
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS & DISCUSSION
37
4.1
Beginning Connection between Mobile Phone and GSM Modem
37
4.2
Warning Massage by GSM Modem to Mobile Phone
40
4.3
Soil Moisture Sensor
41
4.4
Temperature Sensor
42
4.5
Humidity Sensor
44
4.3
Discussion
47
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VI
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK
45
5.1
Conclusion
45
5.2
Future Work
46
47
REFERENCES
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
Vil
LIST OF TABLES
2.1
Soil Temperature Sensor
22
2.2
YCC and GND
27
2.3
Reset Pin Logic Condition
27
4.1
Percentage Soil Moisture According to Time
42
4.2
The Temperature Readings According to Time
43
4.3
Percentage Humidity According to Time
44
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
VIII
LIST OF FIGURES
2.1
Tristeza Virus
6
2.2
Leaf Spot Diseases
7
2.3
Anthracnose Kidney Disease
8
2.4
Shoot Blight Disease
8
2.5
Bum Seedlings Diseases
9
2.6
Sclerotium Wilt Disease
9
2.7
Soil pH
12
2.8
Leachate
13
2.9
Respiration Root
15
2.10
Cellular Phone Development from the GSM Standard to the 3G
17
UMTS
Standard
2.11
Frequency Assignment in GSM and DCS Bands
18
2.12
Present inside Automobile
18
2.13
Soil Temperature Sensor
22
2.14
Humidity Sensor
23
2.15
Soil Moisture Sensor
24
2.16
PIC Microcontrollers
25
2.17
Voltage Regulator Lm7805
25
2.18
Design Circuit
26
2.19
Connection from the Output of Rectifier
26
2.20
Reset Pin
27
2.21
Switch Button Reset
28
2.22
The Oscillator
29
3.1
Method of Study
31
3.2
Method of Study (Cont.)
32
3.3
Expectation Result
34
3.4
The Circuit Design
35
3.5
The Circuit Layout of Smart Sensor for Agricultural
36
4.1
Connection between Mobile Phone and GSM Modem
37
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
IX
4.2
The Mobile Phone Screen Display
38
4.3
Send Massage to GSM Modem.
39
4.4
The Show Readings for Three Sensors
39
4.5
The LCD Display Result
40
4.6
Warning Massage by GSM Modem to Mobile Phone
40
4.7
The Warning Readings for Soil Moisture When the Humidity
Level Below 30%.
41
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
x
CHAPTERl
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of Study
In this modern age, there are various types of technology between one of
them is telecommunications. Telecommunications is one technology that is growing
very rapidly. With used this global system for the System for Mobile communication
(GSM) communication with wireless and Short Message Service (SMS) is a very
good alternative in the field of agriculture. After completion of several studies in the
field of agriculture, most farmers farming based on the experience and advice of
many people. The farmers do not do research before starting a crop. Therefore most
of the crops they planted did not get a satisfactory result. It is caused by improper
care plants, overuse of pesticides and fertilizers is among one of the causes. Because
of this problem, this system was being created by using a variety of sensors and
efficient way of networking in the field of agriculture; facilitate the work of the
farmers in the cultivation. This in turn can increase crop yields, reduced use of
pesticides and fertilizers by farmers that profitability can be improved. Some issues
have been taken into consideration as wastage of the natural resources, power
management in the wireless sensor networking. After the problems identified, some
suggestions and ideas concerning the sensors that could effectively procure the
information regarding temperature, humidity and soil moisture. Innovation is
designed based on advances in biotechnology and electronics that could be used in
biological
measurements.
Device
innovation
combines
two
technological
applications of molecular recognition and reinforcement of biochemical reactions.
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
Among its advantages is that it is cheaper, easy to use and can provide results
quickly and accurately. In this project will discussed about building up of
architecture for the networking of these sensors, along with the specifications of the
components being used as a part of this smart sensor system. By considering the
features of different micro-controllers for acquiring the sensor information in real
time, processing, sending and receiving information from fields to the farmers
through SMS. Using this method, the farmers will get information on the suitability
of the soil for their plants. Farmer can improve crop quality and can enhance
revenue. Besides, the farmers will be able to save costs in terms of the use of
pesticides and fertilizers indirectly in this way it's possible to reduce environmental
pollution while reducing farmers working right.
1.2
Problem Statement
The agricultural sector saw the integration of technology as a catalyst in the
development of the industry. Thus, many new discoveries decomposed through
studies and research carried out by scientists and researchers. This is to improve
productivity in terms of quantity and quality can be produced through the application
of new technology. So far, agricultural practices followed by farmers' difficulty,
involving great physical effort from farmers' side.
Mostly farmers are not well versed in this growing sector. They only follow
the dictates of other people as well their experiences without first reviewing the
method of planting and sowing vegetable seedlings. Therefore, the indirectly effect
the crops use of pesticides.
When the farmer use of pesticides and fertilizers in excess will cause damage
to seedlings as well it invites negative effects and can harm the health of consumers
as well as farmers and it will also cause the pH of the soil is uncertain, so it is not
good for plants. Apart from that there are other effects that allow damage to the crop
temperature factor Temperature factor is also one of the important role for the growth
2
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
of sapling and also moisture resistant so important for him to keep the plants can
grow.
Farmers are encouraged to use the latest methods and technology to improve
agriculture in order to increase their income. By using modern technology will not
only increase revenue, but also an opportunity for the broader market when quality is
also enhanced . Each change or transformation of agriculture that implemented will
bring about positive change, particularly to improve productivity and product quality
In addition it also stresses the importance of the use of appropriate technology and
the latest in the agricultural industry for more results, quality and a higher quality and
stable.
1.3
Project Objectives
The objective of the project is to:
(i)
This system notifies about soil moisture levels, temperature and air humidity
that influences fertility in plants.
(ii)
The system focused on low power consumption for the new design architecture
to cater the most important and critical issue nowadays in monitoring.
(iii) From the sensor node hardware to the management system, the whole system
architecture is explained.
1.4
Scope I Limitation of the Project.
In this final year project the Smart Sensor System for Agricultural has been
create by using the software and hardware. For the software for this project, the item
like PIC, Turbo C++ and GSM coding has be used for run the Smart Sensor System
for Agricultural. Equipment such as the GSM Module Compiler, Temperature
Sensor, Humidity Sensor and Soil Moisture Sensor was used in the hardware. This
3
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
sensor will detect the Temperature, Humidity and Soil Moisture and then it well send
the data to GSM. After that the GSM well sent SMS to the farmer.
1.5
Project Significance
By completing this project:
(i)
This Smart Sensor System for Agricultural may assist farmers in agriculture.
(ii)
Can improve the lifestyle of farmers.
(iii) By using this system , it can improve crop quality.
4
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
CHAPTER2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
This chapter discuss about the information about problems on the plants in
improving crop yields and also a tool a tool used by farmers to help them improve
crop yields. The different types of sensors such as Temperature Sensor, Humidity
Sensor, pH Sensor and Soil Moisture Sensor GSM's possible assistance will be
described in this chapter.
2.2
Information on the Disease of Chilli Plant
Chilli is a fruiting vegetable from the family Solanaceae. It is believed to
have originated from Mexico and South America and has been widely cultivated
throughout the world, especially the tropics. It consists of a variety of species and
type. Its name comes from Nahuatl via the Spanish word issue Chile. It is also known
as pepper in Malaysia East Coast and chilli in North Malaysia and "meriam Jada
secupak". Pepper name also forms the basis of the name of black pepper spice and
white pepper for taste spiciness, even though it is a different species altogether. In
Malaysia, most of the chilli is grown in the lowlands. Generally, there are three kinds
of chilli grown in countries such as red chillies, Bengal and chi llies, red chill ies into
a commodity but involving an area of 4,000 square acres.
5
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2.3
Chilli Disease
Chilli or scientific name capsicum annuum from the Solanaceae family is no
exception receiving diseases and insect pests on fruit, leaves and roots. Chilli crop
pests such as fruit fly, fruit borer, mites and rodents attack chillies included white
flies and mites.
2.3.1
(a)
Type of Disease Chilli
Tristeza Virus
Usually leaf curly because of bacterial Tristeza Virus. It is one of the problems
in the cultivation of chilli when the attack began, the leaves will become curls on a
branch or tree and it will quickly spread to other plants quickly if not controlled
immediately. The studies and observations have been made on the offensive sign
when seen active young leaves begin to curly it will look muddy and sometimes
slightly yellowish started on a limb and multiply to other areas. As a result trees
cannot photosynthesize efficiently and flower production will be interrupted or not
bloom at all. Typically, new buds will not go out and if there were even a very small
size.
Figure 2.1: Tristeza Virus
6
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
(b)
Leaf Spot Diseases
Firstly Leaf Spot Disease was attacked resulting leaf spots and reduces
photosynthetic activity. However, the disease can be controlled by spraying with
insecticides Binomial. Leaf spot attacks if not controlled will also reduce yield or
lower quality chillies. The second attack is Kidney Disease Antraknos caused by
fungi. These attacks will damage the quality of chilli. Typically pesticide control
methods such as spraying Mancozeb at the rate recommended on the label. Important
to disclose to farmers that once made cannot continue to spray poison fruit picked
chillies and wait TDMH (Prohibited Period Revenue Collection) as written on the
pesticide label.
Figure 2.2: Leaf Spot Diseases
(c)
Bacterial Wilt Disease
The most critical chillies disease will wither and may die if not controlled
immediately. The disease is easily attacked chilli crop, especially if the area was
planted with chilli or other crops of the Solanaceae family and somewhat moist soil.
Attacks can occur from infancy to a mature tree to bear fruit.
Red Pest, Leaf Fleas, Aphids and Koya between crop pests. This insect is an
agent for the spread of disease-carrying pathogens fungus, bacteria or virus on chilli .
Koya which live under the leaves that have been wound which would normall y
produce a liquid dessert (secretion) that will cause the ants like sweets will snort,
slimy and cause the existence of fungal Black Soot. Koya is also able to move the
whole tree chillies, which is causing the rapid spread of the disease. To mitigate the
problem of aphids can be used spraying with insecticides such as Chlorpyrifos
7
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
lmidachlorpid according to the directions on the label. Red pest attacks can be
controlled by spraying pesticide Malathion or Dichlofo.
Figure 2.3: Anthracnose Kidney Disease
(d)
Shoot Blight Disease
This disease usually attacks the buds and causes it to wither and black collared.
The starting area is at the base to the tip. It looks like gray Choanephora is a fungus
of the Zygomycetes. It forms an upright hyphae (aerial), gray fine thorn with dark
end. The disease is usually carried by the wind and control by spraying fungicides
appropriately and effectively is necessary.
Figure 2.4: Shoot Blight Disease
(e)
Burn Seedlings Diseases
The disease attacks a part of the stems of seedlings chilli. It is spread through
water and soil use that exposed to the disease. The seedlings will be attacked at the
base of the trunk. The part that had been attack will be watery and burn. After the
attack, the seedlings will fall. To avoid this problem, the seeds should be treated with
8
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
an appropriate fungicide in advance. Before the seeds are planted, the nursery should
be watered with the same fungicide.
LECUR ANAK BENIH
D11111pi11g Off of Seedlings
Figure 2.5: Burn Seedlings Diseases
(t)
Sclerotium Wilt Disease
The disease attacks the part roots and stems of chilli and spread through the
soil. Initially, the base of the stem is attacked will appear white colour; this is caused
by the presence of mycelium (fungal threads that make up the thread). This situation
will persist until the base and roots of attack changes colour to black. The disease can
be controlled by burning trees attacked as soon as possible. It is perhaps the most
economical way of control and need to be detected at an early stage of infection.
Figure 2.6: Sclerotium Wilt Disease
9
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
2.4
Control and Care of Chilli Seedlings
To control and care of chilli seedlings from disease are as follows :
(i)
Use organic fertilizer before planting the sandy soil to improve soil moisture.
(ii)
Application must be in order and perfect tree.
(iii) Ensure the provision of adequate calcium in the tree.
(iv) Irrigation should be perfect.
(v)
Use mulch to retain soil moisture
(vi) Use of quality seeds and do seed treatment.
Soil Suitability I Weather
(i)
Best grown in lowland areas, temperatures between 22-40 ° C
(ii)
Moderate rainfall between 1500 - 2000 mm I year
(iii) The best climate is having a temperature of 28-32 ° C
(iv) Chile is suitable for planting in most types of soil including peat and sand
(v)
The pH value of the soil available for cultivation is 5.5 - 6.8
(vi) Rainfall: 15000-2000 mm I year
2.5
Soil Type and Soil pH
Soil is fundamental to agriculture to undertake the cultivation of various
plants either for food crops, industrial crops or other crops. Soils formed from the
weathering since millions of years ago and there are many different types of soil
forms on earth that has a variety of features to be learned. Soil Science experts have
made various classifications of soil to be used as a guide for how to manage the soil
for optimum yield in planting activities. There are three important aspects of
agricultural soil are required of soil classification, soil and crop suitability
classification and determination of the suitability of the crop. This information is
important as a basis for the practice of agronomy and soil management for the types
of plants that will be developed.
10
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
Smart Sensor System for Agricultural
This report submitted in accordance with requirement of the Universiti Tek.nikal
Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for the Bachelor's Degree in Electronics Engineering
Technology (Telecommunications) (Hons.)
by
MOHD FAIZ B MOHD SAISI
8071110164
880602355131
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
2015
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
｣ｴｬＡｩＱｾｉ＠
UHIVERsrTI TEKNIKAL llAL.AYS&A MEL.AKA
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
BO RANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA
TAJUK: Smart Sensor System for Agricultural
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2014/15 Semester 2
Saya
MOHD FAIZ B MOHD SAISI
mengaku membenarkan Laporan PSM ini disimpan di Perpustakaan Universiti
Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Laporan PSM adalah hak milik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dan pen ulis.
2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dibenarkan membuat salinan
untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja dengan izin penulis .
3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan PSM ini sebagai bahan
pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi .
4. **Sila tandakan ( ./)
D
D
[2J
SULIT
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamata n
atau kepentingan Malaysia sebagaimana yang te rmaktub
dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
TERHAD
(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan
oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh:
Cop Rasmi :
Alamat Tetap :
10, MEDAN MAJU 6, TMN HAJI
ABDULLAH FAHIM ,
13200 KEPALA BATSA,
PULAU PINANG .
Tarikh : 'J -;
I l I 'J. cJ \ 5
ELIYANA •NTI ｒｾ＠
Jabatan ｔ･ｾ＠
ｾ･ｮｳｹ｡ｲｨ＠
Kejuruterun Ellldrrit dlrl Ken.,ter
Fakult1 Teknologi KejuruterMn
Universiti Teknikal Malay 51 a Mefalca
Tarikh :
') 7 / \
I ?
CJ\1)
** Ji ka Laporan PSM ini SULIT atau TERHAD , sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi
berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh laporan PSM ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai
SULIT atau TERHAD.
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
DECLARATION
I hereby, declared this report entitled "Smart Sensor System for Agricultural" is the
results of my own research except as cited in references .
Signature
... . ... ....__k. . .... ....... .......... .
Author's Name
MOHD FAIZ B MOHD SAIS I
Date
14.01.2015
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
APPROVAL
This report is submitted to the Faculty of Engineering Technology of UTeM as a
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering
Technology (Telecommunications) (Hons.). The member of the supervisory is as
follow:
ﾷ ｾ
ﾷ＠
(PN . ELIY ANA BINTI RUSLAN)
EUYANA llN11 RuaAN
Pensyarah
Jabalan Tekneioti Kejurut9raan Elt!ktronik d.-i Kompuler
Fakulli TeknelO!i Kejurut.....n
Uni11ersiti Teknik•I Malayiota Melaka
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
ABSTRAK
Peningkatan mendadak dalam perkembangan teknologi dan inovasi saintifik telah
memberi tamparan yang hebat dalam sektor pertanian . Kerja-kerja pertanian yang
dilakukan oleh petani adalah sukar dan melibatkan tenaga fizikal yang besar dari segi
bercucuk tanam. Dengan menggunakan pelbagai jenis sensor merupakan satu cara
yang
berkesan
bagi
memudahkan
kerja
penanaman.
Seterusnya
ia
dapat
meningkatkan hasil pertanian, pengurangan penggunaan racun perosak dan baja oleh
itu keuntungan para petani dapat ditingkatkan. Di sini telah mengambil kira beberapa
masalah dari segi pembaziran. Bagi masalah yang dikenal pasti , beberapa cadangan
serta idea berkaitan dengan sensor yang berkesan supaya boleh mendapatkan
maklumat mengenai suhu, kelembapan udara dan kelembapan tanah dalam bidang
pertanian. Selain itu dapat membincangkan tentang rekaan untuk rangkaian sensor
ini, bersama-sama dengan spesifikasi komponen yang boleh digunakan dan dengan
mengambil kira ciri-ciri mikro-pengawal yang berbeza untuk memperolehi maklumat
sensor dalam masa sebenar, pemprosesan, menghantar dan menerima maklumat dari
sensor kepada petani melalui komputer. Dengan adanya keputusan ini dapat
mengoptimumkan penggunaan air dan elektrik, meningkatkan kualiti hasil tanaman,
pengurangan penggunaan racun perosak dan baja, dan dengan itu mengurangkan
pencemaran alam sekitar di samping memudahkan kerja petani .
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ABSTRACT
The upsurge in the expansion of technology and new scientific give a big impact
even in farming. The agricultural practices followed by the farmers are arduous,
involving a great physical effort from the side of farmers. The usage of different
kinds of sensors and their efficient way of networking in the agricultural fields eases
the work of farmers in the cultivation. This turn can increase crop yields, reduced
use of pesticides and fertilizers by farmers that profitability can be improved. Here
we are taking into account some of the problems like wastage of the natural
resources, power management in the wireless sensor networking (WSN). For the
identified problems, we are thereby proposing some of the ideas concerning the
sensors that could effectively procure the information regarding temperature,
humidity and soil moisture . In addition, this project will discuss about the design for
this sensor network, together with the specification of components that can be used
and taking into account the characteristics of different micro-controllers to obtain
sensor information in real time, processing, transmitting and receiving information
from the sensor to farmers through the computer. The expected results of this paper
will reflect the optimal use of water and electricity, increased quality of food grains,
reduced usage of pesticides and fertilizers, and thus reduced environmental pollution
besides easing the work of farmers.
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
II
DEDICATION
Dedicated with much love and affection to my beloved mom, dad and all family who
always teach me and guide me during my project, Pn. Eliyana Binti Ruslan who
always gives me supports and encouragement, all of my fellow friends .
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
111
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah and praised be to Allah for his blessings and giving me the strength
along the challenging journey to complete the project as well as this thesis writing,
without it, I would not have been able to goes this far.
First of all, I would to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Pn. Eliyana
Binti Ruslan for the continuous support for my PSM, for her patience, motivation,
enthusiasm and immense knowledge. Her guidance helped me in all the time of
research, developing and writing of this thesis.
My biggest thanks also go to all my family especially my father and mother who
giving me support throughout my academic years. To all my friends, who have helps
and supported me along the way, thank you so much. Your presence and your
countless effort and support hand give me great strength and confidence.
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IV
TABLE OF CONTENT
Abstrak
Abstract
II
Dedication
IJ I
Acknowledgement
IV
Table of Content
v
List of Tables
VIII
List of Figures
IX
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1
I. I
Background
1.2
Problem Statement
2
1.3
Objectives
3
1.4
Scope
3
1.5
Project Significance
4
CHAPTER2: LITERATURE REVIEW
5
2.1
Introduction
5
2.2
Information on the Disease of Chili Plant
5
2.3
Chili Disease
6
2.3. I
Type of Disease Chilli
6
2.4
Control and Care of Chilli Seedlings
10
2.5
Soil Type and Soil pH
10
2.6
Soil Acidity and Liming the Soil
11
2. 7
Contents Parent Material
13
2.8
Leachate
13
2.9
Chemical Fertilizers
14
2.10
Decomposition of Organic Matter
14
2.11
Addition of Carbonic Acid I Nitric Acid
14
2.12
Respiration Root I Soil Organisms
14
2.13
Production of Gas Nitrogen Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxide
15
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v
2.14
Problematic Soils
15
2.15
Acid Sulfuric Soils
16
2.16
Peat Soil
16
2.17
Soil of Former Mining
17
2.18
GSM
17
2.18.1 Advantages and Disadvantages GSM
18
2.19
Mobile phone
20
2.20
Temperature Sensors
21
2.21
Humidity Sensor
22
2.22
Soil Moisture Sensor
23
2.23
PIC Microcontrollers
24
2.23.l Basic Circuit of PIC l 6F877 A (Voltage Regulator)
25
2.23.2 Reset Pin
27
2.23.4 The Oscillator
28
CHAPTER3:METHODOLOGY
30
3.1
Introduction
30
3.2
Method of Study
31
3.2.1
Title Project Selection
33
3.2.2
Discussion with supervisor
33
3.3
Expectation Result
33
3.4
Circuit Design
35
3.5
Circuit Layout
36
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS & DISCUSSION
37
4.1
Beginning Connection between Mobile Phone and GSM Modem
37
4.2
Warning Massage by GSM Modem to Mobile Phone
40
4.3
Soil Moisture Sensor
41
4.4
Temperature Sensor
42
4.5
Humidity Sensor
44
4.3
Discussion
47
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VI
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK
45
5.1
Conclusion
45
5.2
Future Work
46
47
REFERENCES
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Vil
LIST OF TABLES
2.1
Soil Temperature Sensor
22
2.2
YCC and GND
27
2.3
Reset Pin Logic Condition
27
4.1
Percentage Soil Moisture According to Time
42
4.2
The Temperature Readings According to Time
43
4.3
Percentage Humidity According to Time
44
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VIII
LIST OF FIGURES
2.1
Tristeza Virus
6
2.2
Leaf Spot Diseases
7
2.3
Anthracnose Kidney Disease
8
2.4
Shoot Blight Disease
8
2.5
Bum Seedlings Diseases
9
2.6
Sclerotium Wilt Disease
9
2.7
Soil pH
12
2.8
Leachate
13
2.9
Respiration Root
15
2.10
Cellular Phone Development from the GSM Standard to the 3G
17
UMTS
Standard
2.11
Frequency Assignment in GSM and DCS Bands
18
2.12
Present inside Automobile
18
2.13
Soil Temperature Sensor
22
2.14
Humidity Sensor
23
2.15
Soil Moisture Sensor
24
2.16
PIC Microcontrollers
25
2.17
Voltage Regulator Lm7805
25
2.18
Design Circuit
26
2.19
Connection from the Output of Rectifier
26
2.20
Reset Pin
27
2.21
Switch Button Reset
28
2.22
The Oscillator
29
3.1
Method of Study
31
3.2
Method of Study (Cont.)
32
3.3
Expectation Result
34
3.4
The Circuit Design
35
3.5
The Circuit Layout of Smart Sensor for Agricultural
36
4.1
Connection between Mobile Phone and GSM Modem
37
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IX
4.2
The Mobile Phone Screen Display
38
4.3
Send Massage to GSM Modem.
39
4.4
The Show Readings for Three Sensors
39
4.5
The LCD Display Result
40
4.6
Warning Massage by GSM Modem to Mobile Phone
40
4.7
The Warning Readings for Soil Moisture When the Humidity
Level Below 30%.
41
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x
CHAPTERl
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of Study
In this modern age, there are various types of technology between one of
them is telecommunications. Telecommunications is one technology that is growing
very rapidly. With used this global system for the System for Mobile communication
(GSM) communication with wireless and Short Message Service (SMS) is a very
good alternative in the field of agriculture. After completion of several studies in the
field of agriculture, most farmers farming based on the experience and advice of
many people. The farmers do not do research before starting a crop. Therefore most
of the crops they planted did not get a satisfactory result. It is caused by improper
care plants, overuse of pesticides and fertilizers is among one of the causes. Because
of this problem, this system was being created by using a variety of sensors and
efficient way of networking in the field of agriculture; facilitate the work of the
farmers in the cultivation. This in turn can increase crop yields, reduced use of
pesticides and fertilizers by farmers that profitability can be improved. Some issues
have been taken into consideration as wastage of the natural resources, power
management in the wireless sensor networking. After the problems identified, some
suggestions and ideas concerning the sensors that could effectively procure the
information regarding temperature, humidity and soil moisture. Innovation is
designed based on advances in biotechnology and electronics that could be used in
biological
measurements.
Device
innovation
combines
two
technological
applications of molecular recognition and reinforcement of biochemical reactions.
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
Among its advantages is that it is cheaper, easy to use and can provide results
quickly and accurately. In this project will discussed about building up of
architecture for the networking of these sensors, along with the specifications of the
components being used as a part of this smart sensor system. By considering the
features of different micro-controllers for acquiring the sensor information in real
time, processing, sending and receiving information from fields to the farmers
through SMS. Using this method, the farmers will get information on the suitability
of the soil for their plants. Farmer can improve crop quality and can enhance
revenue. Besides, the farmers will be able to save costs in terms of the use of
pesticides and fertilizers indirectly in this way it's possible to reduce environmental
pollution while reducing farmers working right.
1.2
Problem Statement
The agricultural sector saw the integration of technology as a catalyst in the
development of the industry. Thus, many new discoveries decomposed through
studies and research carried out by scientists and researchers. This is to improve
productivity in terms of quantity and quality can be produced through the application
of new technology. So far, agricultural practices followed by farmers' difficulty,
involving great physical effort from farmers' side.
Mostly farmers are not well versed in this growing sector. They only follow
the dictates of other people as well their experiences without first reviewing the
method of planting and sowing vegetable seedlings. Therefore, the indirectly effect
the crops use of pesticides.
When the farmer use of pesticides and fertilizers in excess will cause damage
to seedlings as well it invites negative effects and can harm the health of consumers
as well as farmers and it will also cause the pH of the soil is uncertain, so it is not
good for plants. Apart from that there are other effects that allow damage to the crop
temperature factor Temperature factor is also one of the important role for the growth
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of sapling and also moisture resistant so important for him to keep the plants can
grow.
Farmers are encouraged to use the latest methods and technology to improve
agriculture in order to increase their income. By using modern technology will not
only increase revenue, but also an opportunity for the broader market when quality is
also enhanced . Each change or transformation of agriculture that implemented will
bring about positive change, particularly to improve productivity and product quality
In addition it also stresses the importance of the use of appropriate technology and
the latest in the agricultural industry for more results, quality and a higher quality and
stable.
1.3
Project Objectives
The objective of the project is to:
(i)
This system notifies about soil moisture levels, temperature and air humidity
that influences fertility in plants.
(ii)
The system focused on low power consumption for the new design architecture
to cater the most important and critical issue nowadays in monitoring.
(iii) From the sensor node hardware to the management system, the whole system
architecture is explained.
1.4
Scope I Limitation of the Project.
In this final year project the Smart Sensor System for Agricultural has been
create by using the software and hardware. For the software for this project, the item
like PIC, Turbo C++ and GSM coding has be used for run the Smart Sensor System
for Agricultural. Equipment such as the GSM Module Compiler, Temperature
Sensor, Humidity Sensor and Soil Moisture Sensor was used in the hardware. This
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sensor will detect the Temperature, Humidity and Soil Moisture and then it well send
the data to GSM. After that the GSM well sent SMS to the farmer.
1.5
Project Significance
By completing this project:
(i)
This Smart Sensor System for Agricultural may assist farmers in agriculture.
(ii)
Can improve the lifestyle of farmers.
(iii) By using this system , it can improve crop quality.
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CHAPTER2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
This chapter discuss about the information about problems on the plants in
improving crop yields and also a tool a tool used by farmers to help them improve
crop yields. The different types of sensors such as Temperature Sensor, Humidity
Sensor, pH Sensor and Soil Moisture Sensor GSM's possible assistance will be
described in this chapter.
2.2
Information on the Disease of Chilli Plant
Chilli is a fruiting vegetable from the family Solanaceae. It is believed to
have originated from Mexico and South America and has been widely cultivated
throughout the world, especially the tropics. It consists of a variety of species and
type. Its name comes from Nahuatl via the Spanish word issue Chile. It is also known
as pepper in Malaysia East Coast and chilli in North Malaysia and "meriam Jada
secupak". Pepper name also forms the basis of the name of black pepper spice and
white pepper for taste spiciness, even though it is a different species altogether. In
Malaysia, most of the chilli is grown in the lowlands. Generally, there are three kinds
of chilli grown in countries such as red chillies, Bengal and chi llies, red chill ies into
a commodity but involving an area of 4,000 square acres.
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2.3
Chilli Disease
Chilli or scientific name capsicum annuum from the Solanaceae family is no
exception receiving diseases and insect pests on fruit, leaves and roots. Chilli crop
pests such as fruit fly, fruit borer, mites and rodents attack chillies included white
flies and mites.
2.3.1
(a)
Type of Disease Chilli
Tristeza Virus
Usually leaf curly because of bacterial Tristeza Virus. It is one of the problems
in the cultivation of chilli when the attack began, the leaves will become curls on a
branch or tree and it will quickly spread to other plants quickly if not controlled
immediately. The studies and observations have been made on the offensive sign
when seen active young leaves begin to curly it will look muddy and sometimes
slightly yellowish started on a limb and multiply to other areas. As a result trees
cannot photosynthesize efficiently and flower production will be interrupted or not
bloom at all. Typically, new buds will not go out and if there were even a very small
size.
Figure 2.1: Tristeza Virus
6
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(b)
Leaf Spot Diseases
Firstly Leaf Spot Disease was attacked resulting leaf spots and reduces
photosynthetic activity. However, the disease can be controlled by spraying with
insecticides Binomial. Leaf spot attacks if not controlled will also reduce yield or
lower quality chillies. The second attack is Kidney Disease Antraknos caused by
fungi. These attacks will damage the quality of chilli. Typically pesticide control
methods such as spraying Mancozeb at the rate recommended on the label. Important
to disclose to farmers that once made cannot continue to spray poison fruit picked
chillies and wait TDMH (Prohibited Period Revenue Collection) as written on the
pesticide label.
Figure 2.2: Leaf Spot Diseases
(c)
Bacterial Wilt Disease
The most critical chillies disease will wither and may die if not controlled
immediately. The disease is easily attacked chilli crop, especially if the area was
planted with chilli or other crops of the Solanaceae family and somewhat moist soil.
Attacks can occur from infancy to a mature tree to bear fruit.
Red Pest, Leaf Fleas, Aphids and Koya between crop pests. This insect is an
agent for the spread of disease-carrying pathogens fungus, bacteria or virus on chilli .
Koya which live under the leaves that have been wound which would normall y
produce a liquid dessert (secretion) that will cause the ants like sweets will snort,
slimy and cause the existence of fungal Black Soot. Koya is also able to move the
whole tree chillies, which is causing the rapid spread of the disease. To mitigate the
problem of aphids can be used spraying with insecticides such as Chlorpyrifos
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lmidachlorpid according to the directions on the label. Red pest attacks can be
controlled by spraying pesticide Malathion or Dichlofo.
Figure 2.3: Anthracnose Kidney Disease
(d)
Shoot Blight Disease
This disease usually attacks the buds and causes it to wither and black collared.
The starting area is at the base to the tip. It looks like gray Choanephora is a fungus
of the Zygomycetes. It forms an upright hyphae (aerial), gray fine thorn with dark
end. The disease is usually carried by the wind and control by spraying fungicides
appropriately and effectively is necessary.
Figure 2.4: Shoot Blight Disease
(e)
Burn Seedlings Diseases
The disease attacks a part of the stems of seedlings chilli. It is spread through
water and soil use that exposed to the disease. The seedlings will be attacked at the
base of the trunk. The part that had been attack will be watery and burn. After the
attack, the seedlings will fall. To avoid this problem, the seeds should be treated with
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an appropriate fungicide in advance. Before the seeds are planted, the nursery should
be watered with the same fungicide.
LECUR ANAK BENIH
D11111pi11g Off of Seedlings
Figure 2.5: Burn Seedlings Diseases
(t)
Sclerotium Wilt Disease
The disease attacks the part roots and stems of chilli and spread through the
soil. Initially, the base of the stem is attacked will appear white colour; this is caused
by the presence of mycelium (fungal threads that make up the thread). This situation
will persist until the base and roots of attack changes colour to black. The disease can
be controlled by burning trees attacked as soon as possible. It is perhaps the most
economical way of control and need to be detected at an early stage of infection.
Figure 2.6: Sclerotium Wilt Disease
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2.4
Control and Care of Chilli Seedlings
To control and care of chilli seedlings from disease are as follows :
(i)
Use organic fertilizer before planting the sandy soil to improve soil moisture.
(ii)
Application must be in order and perfect tree.
(iii) Ensure the provision of adequate calcium in the tree.
(iv) Irrigation should be perfect.
(v)
Use mulch to retain soil moisture
(vi) Use of quality seeds and do seed treatment.
Soil Suitability I Weather
(i)
Best grown in lowland areas, temperatures between 22-40 ° C
(ii)
Moderate rainfall between 1500 - 2000 mm I year
(iii) The best climate is having a temperature of 28-32 ° C
(iv) Chile is suitable for planting in most types of soil including peat and sand
(v)
The pH value of the soil available for cultivation is 5.5 - 6.8
(vi) Rainfall: 15000-2000 mm I year
2.5
Soil Type and Soil pH
Soil is fundamental to agriculture to undertake the cultivation of various
plants either for food crops, industrial crops or other crops. Soils formed from the
weathering since millions of years ago and there are many different types of soil
forms on earth that has a variety of features to be learned. Soil Science experts have
made various classifications of soil to be used as a guide for how to manage the soil
for optimum yield in planting activities. There are three important aspects of
agricultural soil are required of soil classification, soil and crop suitability
classification and determination of the suitability of the crop. This information is
important as a basis for the practice of agronomy and soil management for the types
of plants that will be developed.
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