Impact of wave power generator on local distribution.
IMPACT OF WAVE POWER GENERATOR ON LOCAL
DISTRIBUTION
NIK AZRAN AB HAD I
666750
A thesis submitted
In fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Electronics Technology
for Sustainable Energy.
College of Engineering
UNIVERSITY OF SWANSEA
UNITED KINGDOM
SEPTEMBER 2013
·
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
ABSTRACT
Electricity is the most powerful energy source in the world. The most commercial and
widely used power plant is coal-fired, manifesting a continuation of the traditional steambased method whereby steam is used in turbines to generate electricity. However, the
carbon emission issue is a major concern now due to global warming. Renewable energy
sources such as hydro, wind and wave are becoming popular to reduce carbon emissions,
but they demand several novel methods, techniques and technologies compared to coalbased power. Issues about power quality of renewable sources need research and
continuous study to improve renewable energy technologies.
The aim of this project is to investigate the impact of wave power plant on its local
distribution system. The power farm was designed to connect to the local distribution
system going to be investigated and analysis to make sure the energy supply to customer
is clean and quality. The research work comprises the process of building up the
modelling circuit for wave generator, simulates the generator farm, identifying,
measuring and analysing the impacts of wave generator to local distribution systems such
as voltage flicker and voltage fluctuates. Power factor in effect also is observed to see the
effect on voltage fluctuate. The computer aid design (CAD) tools are used to simulate are
the MA TLAB. At the end of the project, a summary of identifying various voltage
fluctuates data sources is presented in terms of voltage flicker. A suggestion of the
analysis impact of wave power generation on its local distribution is also presented for
the development of wave generator farms.
DECLARATION
l declare that this thesis entitled "The Impact of Wave Power Generator on Local
Distribution" is the result of my own research except as cited in the references. The thesis
has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of
any other degree.
This thesis is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated, and
other sources are acknowledged and referencenced in the appended bibliography.
I hereby give consent for the thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for
inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside
organisations.
Signature
Name
Student No.
Date
II
DEDICATION
To my beloved wife, children and family,
and
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.
Ill
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In preparing this thesis, I have liaised with friends, researchers, power plant engineers,
transmission engineesr, power quality consultants and academicians. They have helped
and guided me in understanding some of the techniques and theories which I found very
difficult to understand at the beginning. I would like to take this opportunity to express
my greatest appreciation to Dr. Zhongfu Zhou as my supervisor for his untiring effort in
guiding and motivating me towards the project implementation, who kindly spent much
valuable time to comment, suggest and advise me throughout this project. Without his
continued support and interest, this project and thesis would not have been completed as
it is.
IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... !
DECLARATION .................................................................................................................. II
DEDICATION .................................................................................................................... III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................. IV
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ VIII
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................... X
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... XI
LIST OF SYMBOLS .........·............................................................................................... XII
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ !
1.1 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................... !
1.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................. 3
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT .......................................................................................... .4
1.4 PROJECT SIGNIFICANCE ........................................................................................ .4
1.5 SCOPE OF WORK ....................................................................................................... 4
1.6 THESIS OUTLINE ....................................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................... 7
2.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 7
2.1.1 Hydro power plant ................................................................................................. 7
2.1.2 Photovoltaic ........................................................................................................... 7
2.1.3 Windenergy ........................................................................................................... 8
2.1.4 Tidal energy ........................................................................................................... 8
2.1.5 Wave energy ........................................................................................................... 8
2.1.6 Biomass .................................................................................................................. 9
2.1.7 Biofuel ................................................................................................................... 9
2.1.8 Nuclear ................................................................................................................. 10
2.2 OCEAN WAVE THEORY ......................................................................................... !!
2.3 WAVE BEHAVIOUR ................................................................................................ 13
2.4 WAVE GENERATOR TO LOCAL DISTRIBUTION MODELLING ...................... 15
v
2.5 WAVE DEVICES TYPES oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 16
2. 5.1 Attenuator 000 000000000 00.000 .... 00 000 00.000.00 .. oooo• 000 oo. 000 00.00 .. 00 000000 000 000.00 000.00 oooooo· 00.000 .. 00.000.00 .. 16
2.5.2 Point absorber ooooooooooooo••ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo····oo•oo·•·oo··oo·ooooooooooooo .. oo .. ooooooo .. 17
2. 5. 3 Oscillating wave surge converter 00 00.00 00.00 .. 00 00 .. 00 00 ..... 00.00 00.00 .. 00 00 .. 00 00 00.00 00.00. 00 00.00. 00 18
2. 5. 4 Oscillating water column. 000. oooo· 00 0000. oo•. 00000 000 000 oo. 00.00 ..... 00 ... 00 .... 000 000 0000 000 00000000.00 .. 00.18
2. 5. 5 Overtopping/terminator device oooo. 000000 00000000.00. oo .. 0000.00 .. 00 000 oo· 000 00.000.000 000 00000 oo .. 00.00 0019
2. 5. 6 Submerged Pressure Differential... 0000.000.00000 00. oo .. 00 ooOOOO 000 000 oo· 000000 000 000000 0000 0000.000.00 .. 20
2.5. 7 Bulge wave 00000000oooooooooooooooooooooooooo.ooooooooooooooooooooo.oo .. oo.oooooooooooooooooo.ooooooooooooooooooooo ... 20
2.5.8 Rotating Mass oo··oo······oo•ooooo.oooooooo .. oo ....... oo .......... oo ........ oo ............. ooooooooooo ..... oo ....... 21
2.6 WAVE ENERGY CONVERTER GUIDE LINE DESIGN OOOOOOOOOooo00000000oooooooooooooooooooo22
2.7 POWER QUALITY OOOOOoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo.24
2.8 VOLT AGE FLUACTUA TE ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo27
2.9 FLICKER ......... oo ........................ oo ..................................................... oo ..... oo ..... oo ...... oo .. 28
2.10 FLICKER METER.oo .. oooooooooooooooooooo ....... oo.ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOooooo0031
2.11 POWER FACTOR 0000000oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo ... oo.ooooooooooooooooooooooo35
2.12 LOCAL DISTRIBUTIONoo.oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo ... oo ..... 37
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY ····oo···oo·······························································oo········38
3.1 INTRODUCTION ...................... oo .... oo ............................................... oo.····oo·············oo··38
3.2 SIMULATION CIRCUIT PROCESS FLOW oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo.39
3.3 SETTING UP METER MEASUREMENTooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOoooo.43
3.4 FLICKER METER .... oo·····························oo···oo·························oo········oo··oo·oo··············oo44
3.5 FLICKER METERoo.oo ...................... oo ................................................ oo ....................... 44
3.6 THE LOCAL DISTRIBUTION SET UP ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo.oooooooooooooooooooooooooo45
3. 7 SlMULA TION EXPERIMENT ooooooooooooooooOOOOooooooooooooooooooOOOOOOOooooooooooooooOOOOOOOOoooooooooooooo.46
3. 7.1 Simulation 1 00 0000 000000 0000 .. 00 0000 0000 00 0000000 oo· 000 00 00 .. 00 00 .. 00000 .. 00 0000 ...... 00 00 ...... 00 0000 00 00 .... 00 ... 00 46
3. 7.2 Simulation 2 ...... oo.ooooo ....... oo.ooooo ........ oo.OOOOOO oooooooooooooo···· .oo ............ oo.ooooooooooooooooo·oo··· 47
3. 7.3 Simulation 3 ......................................................................................................... 47
3. 7. 4 Simulation 4. 00 000. oo ... 00 .... 000.00 ... 00 .. 00.000 ... 00. 00 .............. 00 ......... 00 .. 00 ... 00 ... 00.00 ... 00.00 000 ..... 47
3. 7. 5 Simulation 5 00 ..... 00.00 00.00. 00.00 .. 00 ... 00 00 00 .. 00 00.00 .. 00 .... 00 00.00. 00.00. 00 00 00 00.00 ..... 00 .. 00 ... 00 00.00 .. 00 .. 48
3. 7. 6 Simulation 6 00.00 ..... 000 ........ 00 .. 00 ... 00 00 ... 000.00 ... 000 .... 00 ............ oo, ... 000 00.00 .. 00.000 ... 000 ... 00.00 00 48
VI
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................... .49
4.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 49
4.2 SIMULATION 1 -RESULT 1.................................................................................... 50
4.2. I Simulation I - Discussion .................................................................................... 5 I
4.3 SIMULATION 2 -RESULTS ..................................................................................... 52
4. 3. I Simulation 2 - Discussion .................................................................................... 53
4.4 SIMULATION 3- RESULTS ..................................................................................... 55
4.4.I Simulation 3- Discussion .................................................................................... 58
4.5 SIMULATION 4- RESULTS ..................................................................................... 60
4. 5. I Simulation 4 - Discussion .................................................................................... 62
4.6 SIMULATION 5- RESULTS ..................................................................................... 63
4. 6.1 Simulation 5 - Discussion .................................................................................... 64
4.7 SIMULATION 6- RESULTS ..................................................................................... 65
4. 7.1 Simulation 6- Discussion .................................................................................... 66
4.8 OVERALL CONCLUSION ....................................................................................... 66
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK ................................................. 69
5.1 CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................................... 69
5.2 FUTURE WORKS ...................................................................................................... 71
APPENDIX A: WAVE ENERGY DEVICES FOR CONSIDERATION FOR THE
HUMBOLDT WAVE CONNECT PILOT PROJECT ................................................... 72
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................... 77
VII
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
1:
K-CHART ................................................................................................................. 6
FIGURE
2:
THE OCEAN OBJECT ROLLS DOWN AND UP FOLLOWS THE WAVE SHAPE ................... 8
FIGURE
3:
BIO FUEL DIESEL MADE FROM SOYA BEANS TO POWER THE VEHICLE .................... 10
FIGURE
4:
WIND FROM OCEAN BLOWS TO THE LAND .............................................................. 12
FIGURE
5:
THE GLOBAL CIRCULATION OF AIR BY NASA PHOTO
FIGURE
6:
APPLICABILITY OF WAVE THEORY
FIGURE
7:
THE CHARACTERISTIC PARAMETERS OF AN OCEAN WAVE
FIGURE
8:
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF OCEAN WAVE CONNECTED TO LOCAL DISTRIBUTION ............. 15
FIGURE
9: ArrENUATOR ........................................................................................................ I 7
FIGURE
I 0:
FIGURE
I I: OSCILLATING WAVE SURGE CONVERTER ............................................................. 18
FIGURE
12:
OSCILLATING WATER COLUMN ............................................................................ 19
FIGURE
13:
OVERTOPPING ..................................................................................................... 19
FIGURE
14:
SUBMERGED PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL ................................................................ 20
FIGURE
15:
BULGE WAVE ....................................................................................................... 20
FIGURE
16:
ROTATING MASS .................................................................................................. 21
FIGURE
17:
VOLTAGE FLUCTUATE
FIGURE
18:
FLICKER METER MODELLING EN
FIGURE
19:
VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION (WOOD CHIPPER)
FIGURE
20:
CHANGING OF VOLTAGE TO LUMINOUS FLUX A BULB
FIGURE
21:
FLICKER WAVE FORM
FIGURE
22:
POWER FACTOR ................................................................................................... 36
FIGURE
23:
WEC TO LOCAL DISTRIBUTION BLOCK DIAGRAM ................................................ 39
FIGURE
24:
MATLAB SIMULATION BLOCK DIAGRAM .............................................................. 39
FIGURE
25:
FUNCTION BLOCK DIAGRAM ............................................................................... .41
FIGURE
26:
CURRENT CONTROLLER SOURCE BLOCK DIAGRAM ............................................. .41
FIGURE
27:
LOCAL DISTRIBUTION BLOCK DIAGRAM ............................................................. .42
FIGURE
28:
ABC TO DQ TRANSFORMATION ......................................................................... .43
FIGURE
29:
CONNECTION MEASUREMENT METER TO THE LOCAL DISTRIBUTION ................... .43
FIGURE
30:
DIGITAL FLICKERMETER ..................................................................................... .44
[4] ...................................... 12
[5] .................................................................... 13
[5] ................................ 15
POINT ABSORBER ................................................................................................. l7
[23] .................................................................................. 27
61000-4-15 [24] .............................................. 3 1
[20] .................................................. 33
[18]. .................................. 34
[21] ................................................................................... 34
VIII
FIGURE
31: POWER FACTOR METER ........................................................................................ 44
FIGURE
32: SIMULATION RESULTI-VOLTAGE WAVEFORM ..................................................... 50
FIGURE
33: THE RING SYSTEM ............................................................................................... 52
FIGURE
34: SIMULATION 2- VOLTAGE AND CURRENT PHASE ANGLE ..................................... 53
FIGURE
35: VOLTAGE FLUCTUATING ..................................................................................... 56
FIGURE
36: INSTANTANEOUS FLICKER SENSATION INCREASE WHEN THE FLUCTUATION ..... .
INCREASES ..................................................................................................................... 56
FIGURE
37: GENERATOR 25 KW ............................................................................................. 57
FIGURE
38: NON-CONSTANT POWER FLUCTUATION ............................................................... 57
FIGURE
39: POWER FLUCTUATION WITH INCREASED Q VALUE ............................................... 57
FIGURE
40: POWER FACTOR DOES NOT AFFECT POWER FLUCTUATES ..................................... 59
FIGURE
41: PST VS LOW AND HIGH IMPEDANCE LOCAL DISTRIBUTION ................................... 61
FIGURE
42: INSTANTANEOUS FLICKER SENSATION FOR LOW AND HIGH IMPEDANCE .............. 62
FIGURE
43: NON-CONSTANT POWER FLUCTUATION ............................................................... 63
FIGURE
44: INSTANTANEOUS FLICKER SENSATION FOR DELAY OF THE PHASE ANGLE ............ 65
IX
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
1: SURFACE WAVE CLASSIFICATION [5] ...................................................................... 13
TABLE
2: UK-BASED WAVE ENERGY DEVELOPER [6] ............................................................. 16
TABLE 3: STRUCTURE STRENGTH AND CONCRETE GRADE RECOMMENDED FOR WAVE
ENERGY CONVERTER [9] ................................................................................................ 23
TABLE 4: PHENOMENA CATEGORIES [ 10] ............................................................................... 25
TABLE
5: CHARACTERISTICS OF POWER SYSTEM ELECTROMAGNETIC PHENOMENA [10] ........ 26
TABLE
6: DIFFERENTIAL PLANNING LEVEL [13] ..................................................................... 30
TABLE
7: FLICKER METER BLOCK-OUTPUT ............................................................................. 32
TABLE
8: LOCAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM SET UP .................................................................... .45
TABLE 9: SIMULATION 2 RESULTS .......................................................................................... 52
TABLE
10: SIMULATION 3 RESULTS ........................................................................................ 55
TABLE II: SIMULATION 4- RESULTS ...................................................................................... 60
TABLE 12: VOLTAGE IS STABLE AT LOWER IMPEDANCE ......................................................... 61
TABLE 13: SIMULATION 5 RESULT ......................................................................................... 63
TABLE 14: CAPACITY POWERGENERATOR ............................................................................. 64
TABLE
15: SIMULATION 6 RESULTS ........................................................................................ 65
X
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AC
Alternative Current
ANSI
American National Standards Institute
CAD
Computer Aid Design
C02
Carbon Dioxide
DC
Direct Current
DNV
Det Norske Veritas
EIA
Energy Information Administration
EEC
Energy Efficiency Commitment
EST
Electrostatic Discharge Phenomena
FIT
Feed in Tariff
IEC
International Electrotechnical Commission
IEEE
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineer
NASA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NEMP
Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulse
ORPC
Ocean Renewable Power Company
PCC
Power Common of Coupling
PU
Per Unit
PV
Photo voltaic
rms
Root Mean Square
svc
Static Voltage Compensator
SWL
Still Water Level
TSO
Transmission System Operator
WEC
Wave Energy Converter
XI
LIST OF SYMBOLS
p
Power
p
Water density
g
Gravity
Hmo
Wave height
T
Period
L
Length
Amax
Distance crest to still water level
Y]
Free surface
c
Propagation speed
E
Total energy
Ek
Kinetic energy
Ep
Potential energy
Pa
Active power
Q
Reactive power
Pst
Perception of light in short term
Pu
Perception of light in long term
I
Current
v
Voltage
(;J
Radiant Per Second
L
Inductance
f
Frequency
XII
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND
The first reconisably modern power plant was built 1878, driven by steam engines to
generate electric power, marking the transition from the early industrial revolution of
mechanical steam power to the modern era of electrical power. Since the 19th century,
many power generations have been developed to supply the electrical energy to the
population of the world. The demand of world's electrical energy is steadily growing
from year to year. The increase in the demand of electrical energy is due to the increase
in the world's population which will lead to the need of new infrastructure for better
living. According to the EIA Independent Statistics and Analysis on World Energy
Demand and Energy Outlook 2010,
"Electricity is the world's fastest-growing form of end-use energy consumption in the
Reference case, as it has been for the past several decades. Net electricity generation
worldwide rises by 2.3 percent per year on average from 2007 to 2035, while total world
energy demand grows by 1. 4 percent per year" [ 16].
As a result, constructions of new electrical power plant are inevitable to sustain such
demand. But what type of power plant shall be implemented in the line with today's
world concern about the use of fossil fuel which leads to many environmental issues
concerning the direct impact on greenhouse gases on the earth?
In the 17th century coal technology developed to operate steam engines, whereby coal
was used to fire up to high temperatures to boil water and generate steam, which drove
locomotive engines, steamboats and factory machines. Steam continues to be used in
heavy industries and other applications; in hospitals, steam is supplied to autoclave
pressure chamber to eliminate the bacteria in sterile process. In power plants it is used to
move the generator to produce electrical energy.
In the late 20th century the carbon emissions became a big issue in the world due to the
climate changes attributed to the burning of fossil fuel. Much study has been done by
scientists and showed the greenhouse gases affects to be immense. One of the major
problems, was that it made the ozone layer so thin that important barrier to solar radiation
was lost, resulting
in substantial temperature increase. With growing awareness of
climate issues, the developed countries began to look for the new resources for alternative
sources. The new resources must not pollution in the world. The purpose of new
resources is to reduce the green gas emissions to the environment.
Due to the impossibility of reducing humanity's insatiable demand for energy, renewable
energy is the only solution to reduce carbon emissions in the world. What is renewable
energy?
Renewable energy is derived from infinite
natural sources that are never
finished and all the time exist such as sun, wave, tidal, rain wind and geothermal heat.
The Earth is filled with renewable energy resources for electrical power generation.
Ocean wave energy is one of the most promising potential sources of clean renewable
energy due to the inevitability of the tidal system, which demands only the presence of
ocean and the moon's gravitational influence on the sea, unlike solar and wind energy
which are more erratic (e.g. due to storms, clouds and irregular winds).
Around the globe many standards have been established according to local requirements,
including British, French, American standard, Chinese and Japanese. IEC and IEEE is a
popular and good guideline in electrical engineering. Many countries use and adapted the
IEC and IEEE guideline in their local standards. Most of the power plants (e.g. hydro)
have their own standards. Local distribution authorities also have their standards/codes,
such as Eirgrid Grid Code and so on but renewable energy like wave generation plant is
still new and haves no established standards to follow. The closest standard/guideline that
can be referred to is using the wind turbine power plant standards/guideline which are
more developed than the wave power plant.
2
Voltage problems such as voltage fluctuate, voltage flicker, voltage notch can affect
electronic devices and annoying to human. This is because the equipment has designed a
limited capacity and if the power supply supplied to consumers is unstable and the event
quite often occurs, it will interfere with the operation of equipment and also damage the
equipment. Some effects such as voltage flicker are not dangerous to the users, but they
are disturbing to the sight and comfort of consumers. However if voltage instability
occurs frequently, such as over voltage, under voltage and voltage fluctuates, it will
damage the equipment and can be very dangerous to the user, especially if it happens to
equipment that has a direct correlation with humans such as biomedical devices in
healthcare. In this research, the impact of wave generator to its local distribution will be
identified and investigated. The investigation results which comprise the voltage
fluctuation and voltage flicker are summarized and presented in detail in chapter 4.
1.2
PROJECT OBJECTIVES
The main aim of this project is to identify the impact of wave power generation on its
local distribution. In order to achieve the targeted aim, a few objectives as follows have
been identified:-
1. To investigate the wave power generation on voltage fluctuate and flicker to the
local distribution system when it is getting connected.
2. To study and analyse the data recorded in amplitude, phase and discuss the
problems occurs in a transmission line.
3. To summarize and suggest the data identified useful for other researcher I
designers to build up new plans and develops the new guideline or standards.
3
1.3
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Over the past few years the advancement of simulation tools technology have shown a
great increase of researches done on wave power plant, which will ultimately contributes
to the development of wave power plant standards/guidelines. Although lots of research
work has been presented with respect to the wave power plants, there is insufficient data
pertaining to the impact of wave power plant to local distribution being investigated.
1.4
PROJECT SIGNIFICANCE
Upon completion of this research, a summary of identified problems occurring and the
advantages of power farm sources will be presented. The power quality behaviour such
as voltage amplitude, instantaneous flicker sensation and power factor will be tabulated.
These data can be a very good source of reference to other researchers and companies
who are keen to design and develop the renewable energy sources before connecting to
the local distribution.
1.5
SCOPE OF WORK
The scope of the research work is described by using the K-chart and is depicted in
Figure 1. The highlighted text refers to the scope and the flow of the project. The project
is classified under voltage of study, narrowed down to the voltage fluctuate and voltage
flicker. The impact of the voltage fluctuation and voltage flicker will be highlighted when
the wave farm connects to local distribution. The instantaneous flicker sensation is
observed as one of the requirement of IEC 6 I 000-4- I 5 Standards.
4
1.6
THESIS OUTLINE
This thesis contains five chapters. Chapter one states the overview and introduction of the
project which inclusion of project background, project objectives, problem statements,
project significances and scope of work. Chapter two explains on the project literature
review which explains the fundamental of renewable energy, power quality phenomena,
voltage fluctuate and certain grid requirement while chapter three discusses on the overall
project methodology and circuit diagram set up process. Chapter four elaborates on the
project results and discussions.
Chapter five concludes the whole research work and
states recommendation for the future research work.
5
Renewable Energy
I
•
...
...
Wave Energy
•
+
Geothermal
Solar Energy
l
Inverter
(DC to AC)
Generator
I
+
.
+
Voltage
Current
Distortion
.
.
Surge current
De Offset
Harmonic
Notching
Noise
Over Current
Fluctuate
(Flicker)
Tidal Energy
Bio Fuel
ｾ＠
Power Quality
+
Biomass
Hydro Energy
•
ｾ＠
+
Over Voltage
>1 min
1.1-1.2 pu
Under Voltage
>1 min
0.8-0.9 pu
Sag
>3 s -1 min
0.1-0.9 pu
Swell
>3 s -1 min
1.1-1.2 pu
+
+
Local
Distribution
Domestic
i.e. House, Building.
Industry
i.e. Arc Furnace
Figure 1: K -chart.
6
I+--
+
Transport
i.e Car etc
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
INTRODUCTION
Weather change, global warming, green gas emissions, air pollution and high oil prices
are ubiquitous subjects in magazines, newspapers, electronic media and conferences.
They are global problems that have to solved in the long term. Scientists and university
researchers are working together to solve them. Increasing incentives from governments
and feed in tariff (FIT) is facilitating the rapid development of renewable energy
technology. Renewable energy is the most popular option to replace conventional fossil
fuel-buing plants. Renewable energy is derived from natural sources that replenish
continuously. Renewable energy can be divided into the following main types.
2.1.1
Hydro power plant
Using a huge reservoir (Dam) from a river and creates a waterfall. Water flows through
penstock (pipe) are regulated by gates to move the turbine, which yields electricity.
2.1.2
Photovoltaic
Photovoltaic (PV) panel, more commonly known as solar panel converts sunlight (light
energy) into electrical energy by the photovoltaic effect process. Photovoltaic panel is
made of materials such as silicon (polycrystalline, monocrystalline, amorphous), copper
indium gallium selenide and cadmium telluride. Photovoltaic (PV) is a popular renewable
energy source and is very cheap compared to other types. It is widely used in
domestically. The photovoltaic technology is the most advanced due to the intense
research focus on it generated by consumer demand.
7
2.1.3
Wind energy
A few hundred of wind turbines on a large farm connected together to transmission
distribution to convert the wind energy to electric energy. The wind rotates turbine blade
to produce the electric. It works like dynamo for a bicycle, by which the wheel moves the
dynamo to get the electrical energy.
2.1.4
Tidal energy
The Earth, the Sun and the Moon interact each other through gravitational forces. The
gravity attraction between the Sun and the Moon creates a bulge in the ocean. The water
level increases and decreases according to the position of the Sun, the Moon and the
Earth rotation. The gravitational forces among them inexhaustible and create the tidal
energy [1].
2.1.5
Wave energy
When the wind blows on the free surface ocean, it will generate the ocean wave due to
stretching of the surface liquid. The wave can travel thousands of miles to the land. The
ocean wave transports the energy continually depend on the wind. The ocean wave
energy will convert electrical energy by mechanical mechanism such a wave generator.
Figure 2 shows the analogy of movement and how it works.
Figure 2: The Ocean object rolls down and up follows the wave shape
8
The wave power formula in the deep water can be written as:
p
Eq. (1)
Where:
P- Wave energy flux,
p- Water density,
g- Acceleration by gravity,
Hmo-
Wave height.
T- Wave period.
2.1.6
Biomass
Biomass is related to living organisms such as plants or others that can produce heat and
gasses whose energy can be converted to other forms (e.g. electrical energy). The simple
example is that of burning wood to get heat from the fire.
2.1. 7
Bio fuel
Bio fuel as a biodiesel which made from plants (such as vegetable oil, palm oil etc.) or
animal fats and added with diesel and usually also add with diesel additive to reduce the
carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon to operate the vehicles. As oil prices increase,
biodiesel is becoming more popular, notably in Europe. Figure 3 shows a bus fuelled with
biodiesel. Biodiesel also contributes to climate change, but only in a specific area.
9
Figure 3: Bio Fuel Diesel made from soya beans to power the vehicle
2.1.8
Nuclear
Nuclear energy is produced by splitting the nucleus of an atom to produce large amounts
of energy and heat. The heat is used to boil water to get the steam. The steam rotates the
turbine blades to produce electrical energy. The strength of the decay process of the
radioactive material depends on the half life of the material, which is typically hundreds
of years. The half life is a term to measure the strength of the material and usually when
the materials have reached the half life time, at which point radioactivity decreases to less
lethal levels (weak). The drawback of nuclear stations is nuclear waste, which poses a
catastrophic environmental hazard and a security concern. Most communities resist the
storage of radioactive waste.
In 2002 the UK planned a new strategy to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by
introducing the Renewable Obligation, giving a fillip to the green technology market. The
new scheme gives companies a discount of up to 80% on the levy if they are signatories
of Climate Change Agreements. The Energy Efficiency Commitment (EEC) also was
introduced to the electricity and gas supplier to increase the efficiency energy uses and
the government will save 6.2 MtC per year [2].
10
2.2
OCEAN WAVE THEORY
The fundamental knowledge to understand in the wave energy converter is the ocean
wave environment. How does it occur? How does it work? How the ocean energy is
converted to electrical energy? In this chapter the ocean energy and the wave energy
converter are explained. Finally, the power created by ocean energy and the resulting
phenomena will be discussed.
Energy is inherent in ocean waves, and has long been used by humans (e.g. tides used by
ships), but the commercial exploitation of this energy did not emerge until the carbon
emission issue was raised. In the theoretical, the total wave energy is 8xl06 TWh/year. It
can generate 100 times more electricity than the current hydroelectric generation
throughout the world. Wave energy could save 2 million of tons of C02 emissions. The
wave energy could reduce the pollutant gases in the atmosphere, as defended by the
Kyoto Protocol [31.
The ocean wave occurs due to wind flows on the ocean surface. Air circulation begins
from sunlight beamed to the Earth carry heat directly from the sun to the earth. The heat
reaches the earth's surface uneven. High heat increases the earth surface temperature and
the pressure drop. It causes the air to expand and rise to the top. When warm air rises,
cold air will drop down to fill the empty space left by the warm air. The ventilation
process occurs is known as wind.
Ocean and land is like the liquid and solid that stays together. In the daylight the
mainland having quicker heating than the ocean. The mainland has a low pressure and the
ocean has a high pressure. Therefore in the daylight the wind is blowing from the ocean
to the mainland as the high pressure flows to the low pressure place. At night the wind
blows from the mainland to the ocean. This phenomenon was named as Sea Breeze and
Land Breeze. Figure 4 shows how the Sea Breeze occurs.
11
DISTRIBUTION
NIK AZRAN AB HAD I
666750
A thesis submitted
In fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Electronics Technology
for Sustainable Energy.
College of Engineering
UNIVERSITY OF SWANSEA
UNITED KINGDOM
SEPTEMBER 2013
·
© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
ABSTRACT
Electricity is the most powerful energy source in the world. The most commercial and
widely used power plant is coal-fired, manifesting a continuation of the traditional steambased method whereby steam is used in turbines to generate electricity. However, the
carbon emission issue is a major concern now due to global warming. Renewable energy
sources such as hydro, wind and wave are becoming popular to reduce carbon emissions,
but they demand several novel methods, techniques and technologies compared to coalbased power. Issues about power quality of renewable sources need research and
continuous study to improve renewable energy technologies.
The aim of this project is to investigate the impact of wave power plant on its local
distribution system. The power farm was designed to connect to the local distribution
system going to be investigated and analysis to make sure the energy supply to customer
is clean and quality. The research work comprises the process of building up the
modelling circuit for wave generator, simulates the generator farm, identifying,
measuring and analysing the impacts of wave generator to local distribution systems such
as voltage flicker and voltage fluctuates. Power factor in effect also is observed to see the
effect on voltage fluctuate. The computer aid design (CAD) tools are used to simulate are
the MA TLAB. At the end of the project, a summary of identifying various voltage
fluctuates data sources is presented in terms of voltage flicker. A suggestion of the
analysis impact of wave power generation on its local distribution is also presented for
the development of wave generator farms.
DECLARATION
l declare that this thesis entitled "The Impact of Wave Power Generator on Local
Distribution" is the result of my own research except as cited in the references. The thesis
has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of
any other degree.
This thesis is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated, and
other sources are acknowledged and referencenced in the appended bibliography.
I hereby give consent for the thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for
inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside
organisations.
Signature
Name
Student No.
Date
II
DEDICATION
To my beloved wife, children and family,
and
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.
Ill
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In preparing this thesis, I have liaised with friends, researchers, power plant engineers,
transmission engineesr, power quality consultants and academicians. They have helped
and guided me in understanding some of the techniques and theories which I found very
difficult to understand at the beginning. I would like to take this opportunity to express
my greatest appreciation to Dr. Zhongfu Zhou as my supervisor for his untiring effort in
guiding and motivating me towards the project implementation, who kindly spent much
valuable time to comment, suggest and advise me throughout this project. Without his
continued support and interest, this project and thesis would not have been completed as
it is.
IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... !
DECLARATION .................................................................................................................. II
DEDICATION .................................................................................................................... III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................. IV
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ VIII
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................... X
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... XI
LIST OF SYMBOLS .........·............................................................................................... XII
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ !
1.1 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................... !
1.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................. 3
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT .......................................................................................... .4
1.4 PROJECT SIGNIFICANCE ........................................................................................ .4
1.5 SCOPE OF WORK ....................................................................................................... 4
1.6 THESIS OUTLINE ....................................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................... 7
2.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 7
2.1.1 Hydro power plant ................................................................................................. 7
2.1.2 Photovoltaic ........................................................................................................... 7
2.1.3 Windenergy ........................................................................................................... 8
2.1.4 Tidal energy ........................................................................................................... 8
2.1.5 Wave energy ........................................................................................................... 8
2.1.6 Biomass .................................................................................................................. 9
2.1.7 Biofuel ................................................................................................................... 9
2.1.8 Nuclear ................................................................................................................. 10
2.2 OCEAN WAVE THEORY ......................................................................................... !!
2.3 WAVE BEHAVIOUR ................................................................................................ 13
2.4 WAVE GENERATOR TO LOCAL DISTRIBUTION MODELLING ...................... 15
v
2.5 WAVE DEVICES TYPES oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 16
2. 5.1 Attenuator 000 000000000 00.000 .... 00 000 00.000.00 .. oooo• 000 oo. 000 00.00 .. 00 000000 000 000.00 000.00 oooooo· 00.000 .. 00.000.00 .. 16
2.5.2 Point absorber ooooooooooooo••ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo····oo•oo·•·oo··oo·ooooooooooooo .. oo .. ooooooo .. 17
2. 5. 3 Oscillating wave surge converter 00 00.00 00.00 .. 00 00 .. 00 00 ..... 00.00 00.00 .. 00 00 .. 00 00 00.00 00.00. 00 00.00. 00 18
2. 5. 4 Oscillating water column. 000. oooo· 00 0000. oo•. 00000 000 000 oo. 00.00 ..... 00 ... 00 .... 000 000 0000 000 00000000.00 .. 00.18
2. 5. 5 Overtopping/terminator device oooo. 000000 00000000.00. oo .. 0000.00 .. 00 000 oo· 000 00.000.000 000 00000 oo .. 00.00 0019
2. 5. 6 Submerged Pressure Differential... 0000.000.00000 00. oo .. 00 ooOOOO 000 000 oo· 000000 000 000000 0000 0000.000.00 .. 20
2.5. 7 Bulge wave 00000000oooooooooooooooooooooooooo.ooooooooooooooooooooo.oo .. oo.oooooooooooooooooo.ooooooooooooooooooooo ... 20
2.5.8 Rotating Mass oo··oo······oo•ooooo.oooooooo .. oo ....... oo .......... oo ........ oo ............. ooooooooooo ..... oo ....... 21
2.6 WAVE ENERGY CONVERTER GUIDE LINE DESIGN OOOOOOOOOooo00000000oooooooooooooooooooo22
2.7 POWER QUALITY OOOOOoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo.24
2.8 VOLT AGE FLUACTUA TE ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo27
2.9 FLICKER ......... oo ........................ oo ..................................................... oo ..... oo ..... oo ...... oo .. 28
2.10 FLICKER METER.oo .. oooooooooooooooooooo ....... oo.ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOooooo0031
2.11 POWER FACTOR 0000000oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo ... oo.ooooooooooooooooooooooo35
2.12 LOCAL DISTRIBUTIONoo.oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo ... oo ..... 37
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY ····oo···oo·······························································oo········38
3.1 INTRODUCTION ...................... oo .... oo ............................................... oo.····oo·············oo··38
3.2 SIMULATION CIRCUIT PROCESS FLOW oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo.39
3.3 SETTING UP METER MEASUREMENTooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOoooo.43
3.4 FLICKER METER .... oo·····························oo···oo·························oo········oo··oo·oo··············oo44
3.5 FLICKER METERoo.oo ...................... oo ................................................ oo ....................... 44
3.6 THE LOCAL DISTRIBUTION SET UP ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo.oooooooooooooooooooooooooo45
3. 7 SlMULA TION EXPERIMENT ooooooooooooooooOOOOooooooooooooooooooOOOOOOOooooooooooooooOOOOOOOOoooooooooooooo.46
3. 7.1 Simulation 1 00 0000 000000 0000 .. 00 0000 0000 00 0000000 oo· 000 00 00 .. 00 00 .. 00000 .. 00 0000 ...... 00 00 ...... 00 0000 00 00 .... 00 ... 00 46
3. 7.2 Simulation 2 ...... oo.ooooo ....... oo.ooooo ........ oo.OOOOOO oooooooooooooo···· .oo ............ oo.ooooooooooooooooo·oo··· 47
3. 7.3 Simulation 3 ......................................................................................................... 47
3. 7. 4 Simulation 4. 00 000. oo ... 00 .... 000.00 ... 00 .. 00.000 ... 00. 00 .............. 00 ......... 00 .. 00 ... 00 ... 00.00 ... 00.00 000 ..... 47
3. 7. 5 Simulation 5 00 ..... 00.00 00.00. 00.00 .. 00 ... 00 00 00 .. 00 00.00 .. 00 .... 00 00.00. 00.00. 00 00 00 00.00 ..... 00 .. 00 ... 00 00.00 .. 00 .. 48
3. 7. 6 Simulation 6 00.00 ..... 000 ........ 00 .. 00 ... 00 00 ... 000.00 ... 000 .... 00 ............ oo, ... 000 00.00 .. 00.000 ... 000 ... 00.00 00 48
VI
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................... .49
4.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 49
4.2 SIMULATION 1 -RESULT 1.................................................................................... 50
4.2. I Simulation I - Discussion .................................................................................... 5 I
4.3 SIMULATION 2 -RESULTS ..................................................................................... 52
4. 3. I Simulation 2 - Discussion .................................................................................... 53
4.4 SIMULATION 3- RESULTS ..................................................................................... 55
4.4.I Simulation 3- Discussion .................................................................................... 58
4.5 SIMULATION 4- RESULTS ..................................................................................... 60
4. 5. I Simulation 4 - Discussion .................................................................................... 62
4.6 SIMULATION 5- RESULTS ..................................................................................... 63
4. 6.1 Simulation 5 - Discussion .................................................................................... 64
4.7 SIMULATION 6- RESULTS ..................................................................................... 65
4. 7.1 Simulation 6- Discussion .................................................................................... 66
4.8 OVERALL CONCLUSION ....................................................................................... 66
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK ................................................. 69
5.1 CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................................... 69
5.2 FUTURE WORKS ...................................................................................................... 71
APPENDIX A: WAVE ENERGY DEVICES FOR CONSIDERATION FOR THE
HUMBOLDT WAVE CONNECT PILOT PROJECT ................................................... 72
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................... 77
VII
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
1:
K-CHART ................................................................................................................. 6
FIGURE
2:
THE OCEAN OBJECT ROLLS DOWN AND UP FOLLOWS THE WAVE SHAPE ................... 8
FIGURE
3:
BIO FUEL DIESEL MADE FROM SOYA BEANS TO POWER THE VEHICLE .................... 10
FIGURE
4:
WIND FROM OCEAN BLOWS TO THE LAND .............................................................. 12
FIGURE
5:
THE GLOBAL CIRCULATION OF AIR BY NASA PHOTO
FIGURE
6:
APPLICABILITY OF WAVE THEORY
FIGURE
7:
THE CHARACTERISTIC PARAMETERS OF AN OCEAN WAVE
FIGURE
8:
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF OCEAN WAVE CONNECTED TO LOCAL DISTRIBUTION ............. 15
FIGURE
9: ArrENUATOR ........................................................................................................ I 7
FIGURE
I 0:
FIGURE
I I: OSCILLATING WAVE SURGE CONVERTER ............................................................. 18
FIGURE
12:
OSCILLATING WATER COLUMN ............................................................................ 19
FIGURE
13:
OVERTOPPING ..................................................................................................... 19
FIGURE
14:
SUBMERGED PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL ................................................................ 20
FIGURE
15:
BULGE WAVE ....................................................................................................... 20
FIGURE
16:
ROTATING MASS .................................................................................................. 21
FIGURE
17:
VOLTAGE FLUCTUATE
FIGURE
18:
FLICKER METER MODELLING EN
FIGURE
19:
VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION (WOOD CHIPPER)
FIGURE
20:
CHANGING OF VOLTAGE TO LUMINOUS FLUX A BULB
FIGURE
21:
FLICKER WAVE FORM
FIGURE
22:
POWER FACTOR ................................................................................................... 36
FIGURE
23:
WEC TO LOCAL DISTRIBUTION BLOCK DIAGRAM ................................................ 39
FIGURE
24:
MATLAB SIMULATION BLOCK DIAGRAM .............................................................. 39
FIGURE
25:
FUNCTION BLOCK DIAGRAM ............................................................................... .41
FIGURE
26:
CURRENT CONTROLLER SOURCE BLOCK DIAGRAM ............................................. .41
FIGURE
27:
LOCAL DISTRIBUTION BLOCK DIAGRAM ............................................................. .42
FIGURE
28:
ABC TO DQ TRANSFORMATION ......................................................................... .43
FIGURE
29:
CONNECTION MEASUREMENT METER TO THE LOCAL DISTRIBUTION ................... .43
FIGURE
30:
DIGITAL FLICKERMETER ..................................................................................... .44
[4] ...................................... 12
[5] .................................................................... 13
[5] ................................ 15
POINT ABSORBER ................................................................................................. l7
[23] .................................................................................. 27
61000-4-15 [24] .............................................. 3 1
[20] .................................................. 33
[18]. .................................. 34
[21] ................................................................................... 34
VIII
FIGURE
31: POWER FACTOR METER ........................................................................................ 44
FIGURE
32: SIMULATION RESULTI-VOLTAGE WAVEFORM ..................................................... 50
FIGURE
33: THE RING SYSTEM ............................................................................................... 52
FIGURE
34: SIMULATION 2- VOLTAGE AND CURRENT PHASE ANGLE ..................................... 53
FIGURE
35: VOLTAGE FLUCTUATING ..................................................................................... 56
FIGURE
36: INSTANTANEOUS FLICKER SENSATION INCREASE WHEN THE FLUCTUATION ..... .
INCREASES ..................................................................................................................... 56
FIGURE
37: GENERATOR 25 KW ............................................................................................. 57
FIGURE
38: NON-CONSTANT POWER FLUCTUATION ............................................................... 57
FIGURE
39: POWER FLUCTUATION WITH INCREASED Q VALUE ............................................... 57
FIGURE
40: POWER FACTOR DOES NOT AFFECT POWER FLUCTUATES ..................................... 59
FIGURE
41: PST VS LOW AND HIGH IMPEDANCE LOCAL DISTRIBUTION ................................... 61
FIGURE
42: INSTANTANEOUS FLICKER SENSATION FOR LOW AND HIGH IMPEDANCE .............. 62
FIGURE
43: NON-CONSTANT POWER FLUCTUATION ............................................................... 63
FIGURE
44: INSTANTANEOUS FLICKER SENSATION FOR DELAY OF THE PHASE ANGLE ............ 65
IX
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
1: SURFACE WAVE CLASSIFICATION [5] ...................................................................... 13
TABLE
2: UK-BASED WAVE ENERGY DEVELOPER [6] ............................................................. 16
TABLE 3: STRUCTURE STRENGTH AND CONCRETE GRADE RECOMMENDED FOR WAVE
ENERGY CONVERTER [9] ................................................................................................ 23
TABLE 4: PHENOMENA CATEGORIES [ 10] ............................................................................... 25
TABLE
5: CHARACTERISTICS OF POWER SYSTEM ELECTROMAGNETIC PHENOMENA [10] ........ 26
TABLE
6: DIFFERENTIAL PLANNING LEVEL [13] ..................................................................... 30
TABLE
7: FLICKER METER BLOCK-OUTPUT ............................................................................. 32
TABLE
8: LOCAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM SET UP .................................................................... .45
TABLE 9: SIMULATION 2 RESULTS .......................................................................................... 52
TABLE
10: SIMULATION 3 RESULTS ........................................................................................ 55
TABLE II: SIMULATION 4- RESULTS ...................................................................................... 60
TABLE 12: VOLTAGE IS STABLE AT LOWER IMPEDANCE ......................................................... 61
TABLE 13: SIMULATION 5 RESULT ......................................................................................... 63
TABLE 14: CAPACITY POWERGENERATOR ............................................................................. 64
TABLE
15: SIMULATION 6 RESULTS ........................................................................................ 65
X
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AC
Alternative Current
ANSI
American National Standards Institute
CAD
Computer Aid Design
C02
Carbon Dioxide
DC
Direct Current
DNV
Det Norske Veritas
EIA
Energy Information Administration
EEC
Energy Efficiency Commitment
EST
Electrostatic Discharge Phenomena
FIT
Feed in Tariff
IEC
International Electrotechnical Commission
IEEE
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineer
NASA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NEMP
Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulse
ORPC
Ocean Renewable Power Company
PCC
Power Common of Coupling
PU
Per Unit
PV
Photo voltaic
rms
Root Mean Square
svc
Static Voltage Compensator
SWL
Still Water Level
TSO
Transmission System Operator
WEC
Wave Energy Converter
XI
LIST OF SYMBOLS
p
Power
p
Water density
g
Gravity
Hmo
Wave height
T
Period
L
Length
Amax
Distance crest to still water level
Y]
Free surface
c
Propagation speed
E
Total energy
Ek
Kinetic energy
Ep
Potential energy
Pa
Active power
Q
Reactive power
Pst
Perception of light in short term
Pu
Perception of light in long term
I
Current
v
Voltage
(;J
Radiant Per Second
L
Inductance
f
Frequency
XII
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND
The first reconisably modern power plant was built 1878, driven by steam engines to
generate electric power, marking the transition from the early industrial revolution of
mechanical steam power to the modern era of electrical power. Since the 19th century,
many power generations have been developed to supply the electrical energy to the
population of the world. The demand of world's electrical energy is steadily growing
from year to year. The increase in the demand of electrical energy is due to the increase
in the world's population which will lead to the need of new infrastructure for better
living. According to the EIA Independent Statistics and Analysis on World Energy
Demand and Energy Outlook 2010,
"Electricity is the world's fastest-growing form of end-use energy consumption in the
Reference case, as it has been for the past several decades. Net electricity generation
worldwide rises by 2.3 percent per year on average from 2007 to 2035, while total world
energy demand grows by 1. 4 percent per year" [ 16].
As a result, constructions of new electrical power plant are inevitable to sustain such
demand. But what type of power plant shall be implemented in the line with today's
world concern about the use of fossil fuel which leads to many environmental issues
concerning the direct impact on greenhouse gases on the earth?
In the 17th century coal technology developed to operate steam engines, whereby coal
was used to fire up to high temperatures to boil water and generate steam, which drove
locomotive engines, steamboats and factory machines. Steam continues to be used in
heavy industries and other applications; in hospitals, steam is supplied to autoclave
pressure chamber to eliminate the bacteria in sterile process. In power plants it is used to
move the generator to produce electrical energy.
In the late 20th century the carbon emissions became a big issue in the world due to the
climate changes attributed to the burning of fossil fuel. Much study has been done by
scientists and showed the greenhouse gases affects to be immense. One of the major
problems, was that it made the ozone layer so thin that important barrier to solar radiation
was lost, resulting
in substantial temperature increase. With growing awareness of
climate issues, the developed countries began to look for the new resources for alternative
sources. The new resources must not pollution in the world. The purpose of new
resources is to reduce the green gas emissions to the environment.
Due to the impossibility of reducing humanity's insatiable demand for energy, renewable
energy is the only solution to reduce carbon emissions in the world. What is renewable
energy?
Renewable energy is derived from infinite
natural sources that are never
finished and all the time exist such as sun, wave, tidal, rain wind and geothermal heat.
The Earth is filled with renewable energy resources for electrical power generation.
Ocean wave energy is one of the most promising potential sources of clean renewable
energy due to the inevitability of the tidal system, which demands only the presence of
ocean and the moon's gravitational influence on the sea, unlike solar and wind energy
which are more erratic (e.g. due to storms, clouds and irregular winds).
Around the globe many standards have been established according to local requirements,
including British, French, American standard, Chinese and Japanese. IEC and IEEE is a
popular and good guideline in electrical engineering. Many countries use and adapted the
IEC and IEEE guideline in their local standards. Most of the power plants (e.g. hydro)
have their own standards. Local distribution authorities also have their standards/codes,
such as Eirgrid Grid Code and so on but renewable energy like wave generation plant is
still new and haves no established standards to follow. The closest standard/guideline that
can be referred to is using the wind turbine power plant standards/guideline which are
more developed than the wave power plant.
2
Voltage problems such as voltage fluctuate, voltage flicker, voltage notch can affect
electronic devices and annoying to human. This is because the equipment has designed a
limited capacity and if the power supply supplied to consumers is unstable and the event
quite often occurs, it will interfere with the operation of equipment and also damage the
equipment. Some effects such as voltage flicker are not dangerous to the users, but they
are disturbing to the sight and comfort of consumers. However if voltage instability
occurs frequently, such as over voltage, under voltage and voltage fluctuates, it will
damage the equipment and can be very dangerous to the user, especially if it happens to
equipment that has a direct correlation with humans such as biomedical devices in
healthcare. In this research, the impact of wave generator to its local distribution will be
identified and investigated. The investigation results which comprise the voltage
fluctuation and voltage flicker are summarized and presented in detail in chapter 4.
1.2
PROJECT OBJECTIVES
The main aim of this project is to identify the impact of wave power generation on its
local distribution. In order to achieve the targeted aim, a few objectives as follows have
been identified:-
1. To investigate the wave power generation on voltage fluctuate and flicker to the
local distribution system when it is getting connected.
2. To study and analyse the data recorded in amplitude, phase and discuss the
problems occurs in a transmission line.
3. To summarize and suggest the data identified useful for other researcher I
designers to build up new plans and develops the new guideline or standards.
3
1.3
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Over the past few years the advancement of simulation tools technology have shown a
great increase of researches done on wave power plant, which will ultimately contributes
to the development of wave power plant standards/guidelines. Although lots of research
work has been presented with respect to the wave power plants, there is insufficient data
pertaining to the impact of wave power plant to local distribution being investigated.
1.4
PROJECT SIGNIFICANCE
Upon completion of this research, a summary of identified problems occurring and the
advantages of power farm sources will be presented. The power quality behaviour such
as voltage amplitude, instantaneous flicker sensation and power factor will be tabulated.
These data can be a very good source of reference to other researchers and companies
who are keen to design and develop the renewable energy sources before connecting to
the local distribution.
1.5
SCOPE OF WORK
The scope of the research work is described by using the K-chart and is depicted in
Figure 1. The highlighted text refers to the scope and the flow of the project. The project
is classified under voltage of study, narrowed down to the voltage fluctuate and voltage
flicker. The impact of the voltage fluctuation and voltage flicker will be highlighted when
the wave farm connects to local distribution. The instantaneous flicker sensation is
observed as one of the requirement of IEC 6 I 000-4- I 5 Standards.
4
1.6
THESIS OUTLINE
This thesis contains five chapters. Chapter one states the overview and introduction of the
project which inclusion of project background, project objectives, problem statements,
project significances and scope of work. Chapter two explains on the project literature
review which explains the fundamental of renewable energy, power quality phenomena,
voltage fluctuate and certain grid requirement while chapter three discusses on the overall
project methodology and circuit diagram set up process. Chapter four elaborates on the
project results and discussions.
Chapter five concludes the whole research work and
states recommendation for the future research work.
5
Renewable Energy
I
•
...
...
Wave Energy
•
+
Geothermal
Solar Energy
l
Inverter
(DC to AC)
Generator
I
+
.
+
Voltage
Current
Distortion
.
.
Surge current
De Offset
Harmonic
Notching
Noise
Over Current
Fluctuate
(Flicker)
Tidal Energy
Bio Fuel
ｾ＠
Power Quality
+
Biomass
Hydro Energy
•
ｾ＠
+
Over Voltage
>1 min
1.1-1.2 pu
Under Voltage
>1 min
0.8-0.9 pu
Sag
>3 s -1 min
0.1-0.9 pu
Swell
>3 s -1 min
1.1-1.2 pu
+
+
Local
Distribution
Domestic
i.e. House, Building.
Industry
i.e. Arc Furnace
Figure 1: K -chart.
6
I+--
+
Transport
i.e Car etc
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
INTRODUCTION
Weather change, global warming, green gas emissions, air pollution and high oil prices
are ubiquitous subjects in magazines, newspapers, electronic media and conferences.
They are global problems that have to solved in the long term. Scientists and university
researchers are working together to solve them. Increasing incentives from governments
and feed in tariff (FIT) is facilitating the rapid development of renewable energy
technology. Renewable energy is the most popular option to replace conventional fossil
fuel-buing plants. Renewable energy is derived from natural sources that replenish
continuously. Renewable energy can be divided into the following main types.
2.1.1
Hydro power plant
Using a huge reservoir (Dam) from a river and creates a waterfall. Water flows through
penstock (pipe) are regulated by gates to move the turbine, which yields electricity.
2.1.2
Photovoltaic
Photovoltaic (PV) panel, more commonly known as solar panel converts sunlight (light
energy) into electrical energy by the photovoltaic effect process. Photovoltaic panel is
made of materials such as silicon (polycrystalline, monocrystalline, amorphous), copper
indium gallium selenide and cadmium telluride. Photovoltaic (PV) is a popular renewable
energy source and is very cheap compared to other types. It is widely used in
domestically. The photovoltaic technology is the most advanced due to the intense
research focus on it generated by consumer demand.
7
2.1.3
Wind energy
A few hundred of wind turbines on a large farm connected together to transmission
distribution to convert the wind energy to electric energy. The wind rotates turbine blade
to produce the electric. It works like dynamo for a bicycle, by which the wheel moves the
dynamo to get the electrical energy.
2.1.4
Tidal energy
The Earth, the Sun and the Moon interact each other through gravitational forces. The
gravity attraction between the Sun and the Moon creates a bulge in the ocean. The water
level increases and decreases according to the position of the Sun, the Moon and the
Earth rotation. The gravitational forces among them inexhaustible and create the tidal
energy [1].
2.1.5
Wave energy
When the wind blows on the free surface ocean, it will generate the ocean wave due to
stretching of the surface liquid. The wave can travel thousands of miles to the land. The
ocean wave transports the energy continually depend on the wind. The ocean wave
energy will convert electrical energy by mechanical mechanism such a wave generator.
Figure 2 shows the analogy of movement and how it works.
Figure 2: The Ocean object rolls down and up follows the wave shape
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The wave power formula in the deep water can be written as:
p
Eq. (1)
Where:
P- Wave energy flux,
p- Water density,
g- Acceleration by gravity,
Hmo-
Wave height.
T- Wave period.
2.1.6
Biomass
Biomass is related to living organisms such as plants or others that can produce heat and
gasses whose energy can be converted to other forms (e.g. electrical energy). The simple
example is that of burning wood to get heat from the fire.
2.1. 7
Bio fuel
Bio fuel as a biodiesel which made from plants (such as vegetable oil, palm oil etc.) or
animal fats and added with diesel and usually also add with diesel additive to reduce the
carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon to operate the vehicles. As oil prices increase,
biodiesel is becoming more popular, notably in Europe. Figure 3 shows a bus fuelled with
biodiesel. Biodiesel also contributes to climate change, but only in a specific area.
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Figure 3: Bio Fuel Diesel made from soya beans to power the vehicle
2.1.8
Nuclear
Nuclear energy is produced by splitting the nucleus of an atom to produce large amounts
of energy and heat. The heat is used to boil water to get the steam. The steam rotates the
turbine blades to produce electrical energy. The strength of the decay process of the
radioactive material depends on the half life of the material, which is typically hundreds
of years. The half life is a term to measure the strength of the material and usually when
the materials have reached the half life time, at which point radioactivity decreases to less
lethal levels (weak). The drawback of nuclear stations is nuclear waste, which poses a
catastrophic environmental hazard and a security concern. Most communities resist the
storage of radioactive waste.
In 2002 the UK planned a new strategy to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by
introducing the Renewable Obligation, giving a fillip to the green technology market. The
new scheme gives companies a discount of up to 80% on the levy if they are signatories
of Climate Change Agreements. The Energy Efficiency Commitment (EEC) also was
introduced to the electricity and gas supplier to increase the efficiency energy uses and
the government will save 6.2 MtC per year [2].
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2.2
OCEAN WAVE THEORY
The fundamental knowledge to understand in the wave energy converter is the ocean
wave environment. How does it occur? How does it work? How the ocean energy is
converted to electrical energy? In this chapter the ocean energy and the wave energy
converter are explained. Finally, the power created by ocean energy and the resulting
phenomena will be discussed.
Energy is inherent in ocean waves, and has long been used by humans (e.g. tides used by
ships), but the commercial exploitation of this energy did not emerge until the carbon
emission issue was raised. In the theoretical, the total wave energy is 8xl06 TWh/year. It
can generate 100 times more electricity than the current hydroelectric generation
throughout the world. Wave energy could save 2 million of tons of C02 emissions. The
wave energy could reduce the pollutant gases in the atmosphere, as defended by the
Kyoto Protocol [31.
The ocean wave occurs due to wind flows on the ocean surface. Air circulation begins
from sunlight beamed to the Earth carry heat directly from the sun to the earth. The heat
reaches the earth's surface uneven. High heat increases the earth surface temperature and
the pressure drop. It causes the air to expand and rise to the top. When warm air rises,
cold air will drop down to fill the empty space left by the warm air. The ventilation
process occurs is known as wind.
Ocean and land is like the liquid and solid that stays together. In the daylight the
mainland having quicker heating than the ocean. The mainland has a low pressure and the
ocean has a high pressure. Therefore in the daylight the wind is blowing from the ocean
to the mainland as the high pressure flows to the low pressure place. At night the wind
blows from the mainland to the ocean. This phenomenon was named as Sea Breeze and
Land Breeze. Figure 4 shows how the Sea Breeze occurs.
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