6 KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN
6.1 Kesimpulan
Berdasarkan hasil dan pembahasan yang dilakukan maka dapat ditarik beberapa kesimpulan sebagai berikut:
1. Komposisi kelimpahan jenis ikan herbivora di Kecamatan Pulau tiga terdiri dari suku Acanthuridae yang berjumlah 236 individuha 15,64, Scaridae
864 individuha 57,35 dan Siganidae 350 individuha 23,22. Jumlah jenis keseluruhan ikan herbivora yang dijumpai menunjukkan keanekaragaman
yang merata dan relatif stabil, yaitu sebanyak 24 spesies yang terdiri dari suku Acanthuridae 7 spesies, Scaridae 12 spesies dan Siganidae 5 spesies.
2. Tipe habitat yang terbentuk memiliki peranan yang penting dalam hubungannya dengan pola pembentukan struktur komunitas ikan ikan karang
non-herbivora dan herbivora. Struktur komunitas ikan mengelompok berdasarkan pembentukan struktur substrat dasar dan tutupan karang hidup
pada ekosistem terumbu karang .
3. Kelimpahan ikan herbivora berkorelasi positif terhadap persentase penutupan karang hidup dan berkorelasi negatif terhadap tutupan alga DCA.
Kelimpahan ikan herbivora diindikasikan mempengaruhi kesehatan terumbu karang. Kelimpahan spesies ikan herbivora yang berpengaruh nyata terhadap
penutupan karang hidup dan penutupan alga DCA adalah C. microrhinos, S. rivulatus
dan S. doliatus. 4. Implikasi bagi pengelolaan terumbu karang di Kecamatan Pulau Tiga dengan
melakukan : a Melakukan pelarangan terhadap praktek penangkapan ikan yang merusak
lingkungan b Mempertahankan kualitas perairan yang mendukung kesehatan dan
pertumbuhan terumbu karang c Mempertahankan dan meningkatkan kelimpahan dan keanekaragaman
ikan-ikan herbivora. d Pelarangan pengambilan karang hidup dan karang mati
e Melakukan rekayasa lingkungan
86
6.2 Saran
1. Perlu dilakukan upaya peningkatan kesehatan ekosistem terumbu karang di perairan Kecamatan Pulau Tiga yang dapat dilakukan dengan cara
pengelolaan perikanan yang lestari dan ramah lingkungan untuk meningkatkan kelimpahan dan keanekaragaman ikan herbivora, serta mempertahankan
kualitas perairan. 2. Melakukan penelitian lanjutan tentang kesehatan ekosistem terumbu karang
dengan menambah variabel pengamatan yaitu pengaruh eutrofikasi dan sedimentasi dalam kaitannya dengan pertumbuhan beberapa jenis makroalga
dan terumbu karang.
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LAMPIRAN
98
Lampiran 1. Jumlah jenis karang di masing- masing lokasi penelitian
No Nama Genus
Jumlah Jenis Individu
ST-1 ST-2
ST-3 ST-4
1 Acropora
13 15
22 20
2 Anacropora
- 1
1 1
3 Astreopora
- 1
1 1
4 Montipora
2 6
8 5
5 Coeloseris
1 -
1 1
6 Leptoseris
- 1
- -
7 Pachyseris
- -
2 2
8 Pavona
1 1
2 -
9 Madracis
- -
1 1
10 Palauastrea
- -
1 1
11 Stylocoeniella
- -
1 1
12 Euphyllia
- -
- 2
13 Physogyra
- 1
1 -
14 Turbinaria
- 1
3 3
15 Cyphastrea
- 2
- 1
16 Diploastrea
- -
1 1
17 Echinopora
- 1
1 1
18 Favia
4 -
6 3
19 Favites
1 1
4 4
20 Goniastrea
1 4
5 4
21 Leptastrea
- 2
2 2
22 Leptoria
- -
1 -
23 Montastrea
- -
1 2
24 Oulastrea
- -
- 1
25 Platygyra
- -
- 1
26 Plesiastrea
- -
- 1
27 Cycloseris
- 1
1 -
28 Fungia
1 1
4 3
29 Herpolitha
- 1
- -
30 Lithophyllon
- -
- 1
31 Podabacia
- -
1 1
32 Hydnophora
- 1
- -
33 Merulina
- -
1 2
34 Millepora
1 -
1 2
35 Lobophyllia
- -
1 2
36 Mussa
- -
- 1
37 Symphyllia
- -
3 1
38 Galaxea
- 1
2 3
39 Mycedium
- -
1 -
99
Lampiran 1. Lanjutan
No Nama Genus
Jumlah Jenis Individu
ST-1 ST-2
ST-3 ST-4
40 Oxypora
- -
1 -
41 Pectinia
- 2
- -
42 Pocillopora
2 2
2 4
43 Seriatopora
1 1
1 2
44 Stylophora
- -
1 -
45 Goniopora
- -
- 1
46 Porites
5 7
10 8
47 Psammocora
- 1
- 3
48 Trachypyllia
- -
1 -
49 Wellsophyllia
- -
1 1
50 Stylaster
- -
- 1
51 Sinularia
-
Jumlah Jenis 34
55 97
95
Lampiran 2. Persentase tutupan karang masing- masing genus di lokasi penelitian
NO Nama Genus
Tutupan Karang Hidup ST-1
ST-2 ST-3
ST-4
T1-ST1 T2-ST1
T3-ST1 T1-S T2
T2-S T2 T2-S T2
T1-S T3 T2-S T3
T3-S T3 T1-S T4
T2-S T4 T3-S T4
1 Acropora
28,853 13,611
15,667 17,602
6,666 18,538
43,392 39,260
36,220 21,563
26,253 25,682
2 Anacropora
- -
- -
- 0,192
0,174 -
- -
0,086 -
3 Astreopora
- -
- -
0,312 -
0,228 -
- -
0,884 -
4 Montipora
0,795 5,120
1,283 6,236
10,216 0,551
6,823 4,846
10,057 16,799
2,438 9,542
5 Coeloseris
0,117 -
- -
- -
- 0,069
- -
0,070 -
6 Leptoseris
- -
- 2,503
- -
- -
- -
- -
7 Pachyseris
- -
- -
- -
0,086 1,046
4,341 2,518
0,768 0,855
8 Pavona
- 0,725
- 1,018
- -
1,400 -
- -
- -
9 Madracis
- -
- -
- -
- 0,363
- 0,534
2,473 -
10 Palauastrea
- -
- -
- -
0,585 -
- -
- 0,492
11 Stylocoeniella
- -
- -
- -
0,110 0,110
- -
0,210 -
12 Euphyllia
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- 0,339
13 Physogyra
- -
- -
- 0,939
- -
1,278 -
- -
14 Turbinaria
- -
- 4,278
- 4,406
1,436 -
- -
5,946 0,548
15 Cyphastrea
- -
- 0,170
- 1,506
- -
- 0,115
- -
16 Diploastrea
- -
- -
- -
- 2,204
- 2,984
0,517 7,023
17 Echinopora
- -
- -
0,688 1,450
- 0,302
- 0,293
- -
18 Favia
0,206 1,763
- -
- -
0,943 0,383
4,479 1,237
0,228 0,332
19 Favites
0,113 -
- 0,671
- -
1,482 0,253
- 1,451
3,178 0,233
20 Goniastrea
0,108 -
0,531 2,586
- 0,358
0,877 0,972
1,992 2,544
0,934 1,415
21 Leptastrea
- -
- 0,239
0,216 -
- 1,005
0,090 0,205
- 2,088
Lampiran 2. Lanjutan
NO Nama Genus
Tutupan Karang Hidup ST-1
ST-2 ST-3
ST-4
T1-ST1 T2-ST1
T3-ST1 T1-ST2
T2-ST2 T2-ST2
T1-ST3 T2-ST3
T3-ST3 T1-ST4
T2-ST4 T3-ST4
22 Leptoria
- -
- -
- -
0,071 -
- -
- -
23 Montastrea
- -
- -
- -
0,836 -
- -
1,007 -
24 Oulastrea
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
0,057 -
25 Platygyra
- -
- -
- -
- -
- 0,205
- -
26 Plesiastrea
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- 3,683
27 Cycloseris
- -
- 0,090
- -
0,195 -
- -
- -
28 Fungia
- 0,031
- 0,229
0,046 0,184
0,532 -
0,654 0,733
0,282 0,174
29 Herpolitha
- -
- -
- 0,719
- -
- -
- -
30 Lithophyllon
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
0,187 -
31 Podabacia
- -
- -
- -
- 0,525
- -
- 0,488
32 Hydnophora
- -
- -
0,346 -
- -
- -
- -
33 Merulina
- -
- -
- -
- 1,471
- -
0,334 1,592
34 Millepora
0,560 -
- -
- -
- 7,932
- 0,671
- 8,080
35 Lobophyllia
- -
- -
- -
0,752 -
- -
- 4,548
36 Mussa
- -
- -
- -
- -
- 0,288
- -
37 Symphyllia
- -
- -
- -
0,123 -
0,132 -
0,332 -
38 Galaxea
- -
- -
0,593 -
0,905 -
0,219 1,375
0,961 -
39 Mycedium
- -
- -
- -
- 0,828
- -
- -
40 Oxypora
- -
- -
- -
0,420 -
- -
- -
41 Pectinia
- -
- 1,667
- -
- -
- -
- -
42 Pocillopora
0,528 0,967
- 0,263
0,109 -
0,706 -
0,112 0,528
1,565 1,911
43 Seriatopora
12,200 1,719
- 0,592
- 0,527
2,790 1,527
0,199 -
0,208 0,538
Lampiran 2. Lanjutan
No Nama Genus
Tutupan Karang Hidup ST-1
ST-2 ST-3
ST-4
T1-ST1 T2-ST1
T3-ST1 T1-ST2
T2-ST2 T2-ST2
T1-ST3 T2-ST3
T3-ST3 T1-ST4
T2-ST4 T3-ST4
44 Stylophora
- -
- -
- -
1,021 -
- -
- -
45 Goniopora
- -
- -
- -
- -
- 0,808
- 1,352
46 Porites
16,962 11,030
8,548 32,796
43,144 33,425
12,721 9,929
10,712 16,977
14,522 9,876
47 Psammocora
- -
- 0,680
- -
- -
- -
0,186 1,086
48 Trachypyllia
- -
- -
- -
0,083 -
- -
- -
49 Wellsophyllia
- -
- -
- -
- 0,056
0,076 0,110
- -
50 Stylaster
- -
- -
- -
- -
- 0,213
- -
Total
60,442 34,967 26,030 71,619 62,553 62,796 78,581 73,079 70,562 72,154 63,812 81,878
?Rata-rata 40,480
65,584 74,074
72,552
Lampiran 3. Persentase tutupan biota dan substrat di lokasi penelitian
T1-ST1 T2-ST1 T3-ST1 Rerata T1-ST2 T2-ST2 T3-ST2 Rerata T1-ST3 T2-ST3 T3-ST3 Rerata T1-ST4 T2-ST4 T3-ST4 Rerata
1 Karang Hidup
LC 60.442 34.967 26.030 40.480 71.619 62.553 62.796 65.584
78.581 73.079
70.562
74.074
72.154 63.812
81.878 72.552 63.173
Acropora AC
25.527 12.788 11.502 16.606 13.424 3.860
16.261 11.182 40.057
34.150 29.455
35.406 18.356
23.643 18.750 20.250 20.861
- Acropora Muda CJ
3.326 0,823
4.165 2.771
4.178 2.806
2.277 3.087
3.335 2.555
6.765 4.218
3.207 2.610
6.932 4.250
3.582
Non-Acropora NA
31.589 21.356 10.363 21.103 54.017 55.887 44.258 51.315 35.189
33.819 34.342
34.450 50.591
37.559 56.196 48.052 38.730
2 Karang Mati
DC 0,000
0,000 0,000
0,000 0,000
0,000 3.679
1.226
0,000 0,000
0,000 0,000
0,000 0,000
0,000 0,000
0,307
3 Karang Mati dgn Alga DCA
15.366 46.079 43.045 34.830 13.821 23.652 14.966 17.480 10.592
19.369 9.875
13.279 21.732
15.489 7.006
14.742 20.083
4 Karang Lunak
SC 0,000
0,643 0,734
0,459 0,221
0,000 0,000
0,074 0,000
0,000 0,000
0,000 0,635
0,000 0,000
0,212 0,186
5 Biota Lain
OT 0,145
0,232 0,502
0,293 0,651
0,608 0,856
0,705 0,188
0,432 0,000
0,206 0,006
0,140 0,167
0,123 0,332
6 Pecahan Karang
R 22.610 15.469 23.498 20.526 13.427
5.887 12.908 10.741
10.639 7.119
18.787 12.182
5.417 17.989
7.244 10.217 13.417
7 Pasir
S 1.437
2.610 6.191
3.413
0,260 7.516
4.794
4.190
0,000 0,000
0,776 0,259
0,000 2.756
3.705
2.154 2.504
NO BENTHOS
Total Rerata
PERSENTASE TUTUPAN ST-1
ST-2 ST-3
ST-4
104
Lampiran 4. Jumlah jenis S, jumlah individu N, Indeks Keanekaragaman H, Indeks Kemiripan E dan Indeks Dominasi Karang C Terumbu
Karang pada masing- masing stasiun di Lokasi Penelitian
No Stasiun
S N
H E
C
1 ST-1
12 34
2.02355 0.81433
0.19723 2
ST-2 23
55 2.62401
0.83687 0.11802
3 ST-3
36 97
3.01723 0.84197
0.08513 4
ST-4 38
95 3.19806
0.87917 0.07014
105
Lampiran 5. Pertumbuhan koloni karang muda pada stasiun 1
No Jenis
Diameter Koloni Total Tutupan
cm
1 Acropora aspera
8
2.772
2 Acropora aspera
20 3
Acropora gemmifera 10
4 Acropora gemmifera
26 5
Acropora humilis 26
6 Acropora digitifera
18 7
Acropora granulosa 8
8 Acropora granulosa
20 9
Acropora granulosa 29
10 Acropora hyacintus
29 11
Acropora millepora 6
12 Acropora millepora
8 13
Acropora millepora 16
14 Acropora millepora
16 15
Acropora millepora 19
16 Acropora millepora
24 17
Acropora samoensis 8
18 Acropora samoensis
9 19
Acropora tenuis 28
106
Lampiran 6. Pertumbuhan koloni karang muda pada stasiun 2
No Jenis
Diameter Koloni
Total Tutupan
cm
1 Acropora aspera
22
3.087
2 Acropora int ermedia
6 3
Acropora int ermedia 8
4 Acropora gemmifera
11 5
Acropora humilis 7
6 Acropora humilis
10 7
Acropora humilis 13
8 Acropora humilis
29 9
Acropora hyacint hus 12
10 Acropora millepora
6 11
Acropora millepora 13
12 Acropora millepora
23 13
Acropora millepora 24
14 Acropora millepora
26 15
Acropora millepora 30
16 Acropora prost rat a
22 17
Acropora samoensis 13
18 Acropora samoensis
12 19
Acropora samoensis 22
107
Lampiran 7. Pertumbuhan koloni karang muda pada stasiun 3
No Jenis
Diameter Koloni Total Tutupan
cm
1 Acropora aspera
8
4.218
2 Acropora aspera
16 3
Acropora brueggemanni 10
4 Acropora brueggemanni
13 5
Acropora formosa 29
6 Acropora millepora
16 7
Acropora millepora 30
8 Acropora pulchra
6 9
Acropora samoensis 14
10 Acropora samoensis
26 11
Acropora gemmifera 19
12 Acropora humilis
5 13
Acrropora humilis 9
14 Acrropora humilis
9 15
Acrropora humilis 10
16 Acrropora humilis
23 17
Acropora divaricat a 26
18 Acropora granulosa
8 19
Acropora granulosa 23
20 Acropora granulosa
30 21
Acropora loripes 26
22 Acropora palipera
20
108
Lampiran 8. Pertumbuhan koloni karang muda pada stasiun 4
No Jenis
Diameter Koloni Total Tutupan
cm
1 Acropora gomezi
8
4.250
2 Acropora mult iacut a
7 3
Acropora robust a 30
4 Acropora digit ifera
8 5
Acropora gemmifera 18
6 Acropora humilis
5 7
Acropora humilis 6
8 Acropora humilis
6 9
Acropora humilis 21
10 Acropora divaricat a
12 11
Acropora divaricat a 29
12 Acropora granulosa
17 13
Acropora granulosa 20
14 Acropora granulosa
20 15
Acropora granulosa 22
16 Acropora loripes
24 17
Acropora pulchra 18
18 Acropora samoensis
6 19
Acropora samoensis 18
20 Acropora samoensis
19 21
Acropora sarment osa 22
Lampiran 9. Kelimpahan jenis dan suku keseluruhan ikan karang di lokasi penelitian
Kelimpahan Jenis Kelimpahan Suku T1-ST1 T2-ST1 T3-ST1 T1-ST2 T2-ST2 T3-ST2 T1-ST3 T2-ST3 T3-ST3 T1-ST4 T2-ST4 T3-ST4
Kj Ind. Ha Ks Ind. Ha
I ACANTHURIDAE
236
1 Acant hurus aurant icavus
Target 1
1 1
3 21
2 Acant hurus pyroferus
Target 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
7 50
3 Acant hurus t rist is
Target 1
1 7
4 Ct enochaet us st riat us
Target 1
2 1
1 2
7 50
5 Ct enochaet us t ominiensis
M ayor 1
2 1
1 5
36 6
Naso t hynnoides Target
3 2
2 2
9 64
7 Zebrasoma scopas
M ayor 1
1 7
II CAESIONIDAE
357 8
Caesio cuning Target
30 20
50 357
III CHAETODONTIDAE
129 9
Chaet odon adiergast os Indikat or
2 2
14 10
Chaet odon baronessa Indikat or
2 1
1 1
5 36
11 Chaet odon oct ofasciat us
Indikat or 1
1 7
12 Chaet odon t rifascialis
Indikat or 1
1 7
13 Chaet odon t rifasciat us
Indikat or 2
1 2
2 2
9 64
IV HAEM ULIDAE
21 14
Diagramma pict um Target
2
2
14 15
Plect orhinchus gibbosus Target
1
1
7
V LABRIDAE
764 16
Bodianus mesot horax M ayor
2 5
1 8
57 17
Cheilinus fasciat us M ayor
5 2
1 8
57 18
Choerodon anchorago Target
3 3
21 19
Epibulus insidiat or M ayor
4 1
1 1
7 50
20 Gomphosus varius
M ayor 1
2 2
5 36
21 Halichoeres melanurus
M ayor 5
5 5
15 107
22 Halichoeres ornat issimus
M ayor 2
1 1
1 5
36 23
Labroides bicolor M ayor
1 1
7 24
Labroides dimidiat us M ayor
2 2
1 5
36 25
Thalassoma hardw icke M ayor
10 5
4 4
1 2
26 186
26 Thalassoma lunare
M ayor 2
2 2
5 2
3 2
2 4
24 171
VI LUTJANIDAE
50 27
Lut janus carparot at us Target
1 1
7 28
Lut janus decussat us Target
1 1
1 3
21 29
Lut janus fulviflamma Target
1 2
3 21
VII M ONACANTHIDAE
7 30
Oxymonacant hus longirost ris M ayor
1 1
7
Lampiran 9. Lanjutan
Jumlah No
Nama Jenis Suku Kelompok
ST-1 ST-2
ST-3 ST-4
Kelimpahan Jenis Kelimpahan Suku T1-ST1 T2-ST1 T3-ST1 T1-ST2 T2-ST2 T3-ST2 T1-ST3 T2-ST3 T3-ST3 T1-ST4 T2-ST4 T3-ST4
Kj Ind. Ha Ks Ind. Ha
VIII M ULLIDAE
14 31
Parupeneus mult ifasciat us Target
2 2
14
IX NEM IPTERIDAE
29 32
Scolopsis bilineat a Target
1 1
2 14
33 Scolopsis margarit ifer
Target 1
1 7
34 Scolopsis monogramma
Target 1
1 7
X POM ACANTHIDAE
93 35
Cent ropyge vroliki M ayor
4 1
5
36 36
Chaet odont oplus mesoleucus M ayor
1 5
2
8
57
XI POM ACENTRIDAE
26021 37
Abudefduf bengaliensis M ayor
2 2
3 7
50 38
Amblyglyphidodon aureus M ayor
2 2
14 39
Amblyglyphidodon curacao M ayor
5 5
1 15
10 14
8 11
10 8
15 25
127 907
40 Amblyglyphidodon leucogast er
M ayor 2
2 2
3 9
64 41
Amphiprion ocellaris M ayor
3 3
21 42
Chromis margarit ifer M ayor
1 2
2 5
36 43
Chromis t ernat ensis M ayor
20 10
30 214
44 Chromis Viridis
M ayor 60
100 10
20 10
20 50
100 10
1515 30
90 2015
14393 45
Dascyllus aruanus M ayor
4 5
2 11
79 46
Dascyllus ret iculat us M ayor
10 12
29 30
31 45
157 1121
47 Dischist odus melanot us
M ayor 2
1 1
5 2
2 1
14 100
48 Dischist odus prosopot aenia
M ayor 1
3 4
29 49
Neoglyphydodon azysron M ayor
2 10
4 4
20 143
50 Neoglyphydodon melas
M ayor 2
5 5
2 2
2 2
5 25
179 51
Neopomacent rus filament osus M ayor
500 500
1000 7143
52 Pomacent rus alexanderae
M ayor 10
4 16
20 30
20 100
714 53
Pomacent rus moluccensis M ayor
10 5
4 5
1 9
11 6
11 11
6 79
564 54
Pomacent rus nigromanus M ayor
6 6
1 2
10 10
35 250
XII SCARIDAE
864
55 Chlorurus microrhinos
Target 1
1 1
2 1
1 2
9 64
56 Scarus bleekeri
Target 1
2 3
21 57
Scarus dimidiat us Target
4 3
3 2
2 2
1 3
3 3
26 186
58 Scarus frenat us
Target 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 1
13
93 59
Scarus ghobban Target
2 1
1
4
29 60
Scarus hypselopt erus Target
1 1
2 2
1
7
50 61
Scarus niger Target
2 1
1 4
29 62
Scarus oviceps Target
1 1
1 3
21 63
Scarus rivulat us Target
1 1
1 1
1 1
6 43
Lampiran 9. Lanjutan
ST-4 Jumlah
No Nama Jenis Suku
Kelompok ST-1
ST-2 ST-3
Kelimpahan Jenis Kelimpahan Suku T1-ST1 T2-ST1 T3-ST1 T1-ST2 T2-ST2 T3-ST2 T1-ST3 T2-ST3 T3-ST3 T1-ST4 T2-ST4 T3-ST4
Kj Ind. Ha Ks Ind. Ha
64 Scarus schlegeli
Target 5
3 3
2 3
3 3
1 3
2 2
30 214
65 Scarus sordidus
Target 2
2 2
1 2
1 2
2 14
100 66
Scarus t ricolor Target
1 1
2 14
XIII SERRANIDAE
7 67
Cephalopholis boenak Target
1 1
7
XIV SIGANIDAE
307
68 Siganus corallinus
Target 1
2 2
1 2
8 57
69 Siganus doliat us
Target 2
1 2
2 1
1 1
2 12
86 70
Siganus gut t at us Target
2 1
3 21
71 Siganus punct at issimus
Target 2
1 2
1 1
2 4
2 3
2 20
143 72
Siganus vulvinus Target
2 2
2 6
XV ZANCLIDAE
21 73
Zanclus cornut us M ayor
1 1
1 3
21
115 142
48 95
60 78
657 705
112 1618
175 250
16 21
18 24
23 24
31 37
21 20
25 27
Keterangan :
T = Transek kuadrat
ST = St asiun
No Nama Jenis Suku
Kelompok ST-1
ST-2 ST-3
ST-4 Jumlah
JUM LAH INDIVIDU N 305
233 1474
2043 JUM LAH JENIS S
31 42
51 41
112
Lampiran 10. Jumlah jenis S, jumlah individu N, indeks keanekaragaman H dan indeks kemiripan E dan indeks dominasi C keseluruhan ikan
karang di lokasi penelitian
Stasiun S
N H
E C
ST-1 31
305 1.99895
0.58211 0.32463
ST-2 42
233 3.07913
0.82381 0.08784
ST-3 51
1474 1.49187
0.37943 0.47561
ST-4 41
2043 1.01693
0.27384 0.64557
113
Lampiran 11. Jumlah jenis S, jumlah individu N, indeks keanekaragaman H dan indeks kemiripan E dan indeks dominasi C ikan karang
herbivora di lokasi penelitian
Stasiun S
N H
E C
ST-1 13
42 2.17342
0.84735 0.15420
ST-2 18
54 2.75995
0.95488 0.07202
ST-3 19
59 2.82439
0.95923 0.07440
ST-4 17
48 2.66648
0.94115 0.07986
114
Lampiran 12. Korelasi dan PCA antara persentase tutupan karang hidup LC, karang mati ditutupi alga DCA, karang muda CG dan ikan
herbivora Ks
Correlat ion mat rix Pearson n: Variables
LC DCA
CJ Ks
LC 1
-0.915 0.404
0.550 DCA
-0.915 1
-0.525 -0.640
CJ 0.404
-0.525 1
0.324 Ks
0.550 -0.640
0.324 1
Values in bold are different from 0 w it h a significance level alpha=0.05
Principal Component Analysis:
Eigenvalues: F1
F2 F3
F4 Eigenvalue
2.726 0.709
0.497 0.068
Variabilit y 68.147
17.723 12.432
1.698 Cumulat ive
68.147 85.870
98.302 100.000
Eigenvect ors: F1
F2 F3
F4 LC
-0.546 -0.210
-0.509 0.631
DCA 0.580
0.094 0.281
0.759 CJ
-0.391 0.892
0.194 0.116
Ks -0.462
-0.388 0.790
0.108 Cont ribut ion of t he variables :
F1 F2
F3 F4
LC 29.806
4.430 25.954
39.809 DCA
33.583 0.876
7.881 57.660
CJ 15.258
79.622 3.766
1.354 Ks
21.353 15.072
62.399 1.177
115
Lampiran 13. Korelasi dan PCA antara persentase tutupan karang hidup LC, karang mati ditutupi alga DCA, karang muda CG dan ikan
herbivora dari jenis C. microninos, S. rivulatus dan S. doliatus.
Correlat ion mat rix Pearson n: Variables
LC DCA
CJ C.
microninos S.
Rivulatus S.
dolliat us LC
1 -0.915
0.404 0.665
0.607 0.772
DCA -0.915
1 -0.525
-0.586 -0.596
-0.665
CJ 0.404
-0.525 1
0.263 0.514
0.355 C. microninos
0.665 -0.586
0.263 1
0.577 0.707
S. Rivulat us 0.607
-0.596 0.514
0.577 1
0.612
S. dolliat us 0.772
-0.665 0.355
0.707 0.612
1
Values in bold are different from 0 w it h a significance level alpha=0.05
Principal Component Analysis:
Eigenvalues: F1
F2 F3
F4 F5
F6 Eigenvalue
3.979 0.835
0.515 0.337
0.276 0.060
Variabilit y 66.309
13.909 8.578
5.617 4.592
0.995 Cumulat ive
66.309 80.218
88.796 94.413
99.005 100.000
Eigenvect ors: F1
F2 F3
F4 F5
F6 LC
0.459 -0.155
-0.439 0.171
-0.040 0.736
DCA -0.447
-0.059 0.537
-0.173 0.259
0.641 CJ
0.296 0.835
0.036 -0.445
0.038 0.118
C. microninos 0.396
-0.406 0.384
-0.515 -0.516
-0.012 S. Rivulat us
0.399 0.189
0.602 0.663
-0.055 -0.007
S. dolliat us 0.430
-0.273 0.090
-0.197 0.812
-0.182 Cont ribut ion of t he variables :
F1 F2
F3 F4
F5 F6
LC 21.068
2.397 19.277
2.908 0.159
54.191 DCA
19.993 0.345
28.858 2.992
6.727 41.084
CJ 8.772
69.793 0.129
19.778 0.145
1.382 C. microninos
15.692 16.452
14.712 26.482
26.647 0.015
S. Rivulat us 15.958
3.568 36.213
43.949 0.308
0.005 S. dolliat us
18.517 7.445
0.811 3.890
66.014 3.323
116
Lampiran 14 Regresi linier antara persentase tutupan karang hidup Y
1
dan DCA Y
2
terhadap spesies-spesies ikan herbivora C. microrhinos X
1
, S. rivulatus
X
2
, dan S. doliatus X
3
.
a Y
1
vs X
1
ANOVA df
SS M S
F Significance F
Regression 1 1358.755 1358.755 7.914427
0.018372 Residual
10 1716.808 171.6808 Total
11 3075.564 t St at
= 2.81326 t Tab = 2.22814 P-value
= 0.018 selang kepercayaan 95, a=0.05
Grafik fungsi regresi
b Y
1
vs X
2
ANOVA df
SS M S
F Significance F
Regression 1 1135.044 1135.044 5.849172
0.036154 Residual
10 1940.52
194.052 Total
11 3075.564 t St at
= 2.41851 t Tab = 2.22814 P-value
= 0.036 selang kepercayaan 95, a=0.05
Grafik fungsi regresi
117
Lampiran 14 lanjutan c Y
1
vs X
3
ANOVA df
SS M S
F Significance F
Regression 1
1835.12 1835.12 14.79405
0.003232 Residual
10 1240.444 124.0444 Total
11 3075.564 t St at
= 3.84630 t Tab = 2.22814 P-value
= 0.003 selang kepercayaan 95, a=0.05
Grafik fungsi regresi
d Y
2
vs X
1
ANOVA df
SS M S
F Significance F
Regression 1 581.6586 581.6586
5.23359 0.04519
Residual 10 1111.395 111.1395
Total 11 1693.054
t St at = 2.2877 t Tab = 2.22814
P-value = 0.045 selang kepercayaan 95, a=0.05
Grafik fungsi regresi
118
Lampiran 14 lanjutan
e Y
2
vs X
2
ANOVA df
SS M S
F Significance F
Regression 1 602.1967 602.1967 5.520399
0.040672 Residual
10 1090.857 109.0857 Total
11 1693.054 t St at
= 2.34955 t Tab = 2.22814 P-value
= 0.040 selang kepercayaan 95, a=0.05
Grafik fungsi regresi
f Y
2
vs X
3
ANOVA df
SS M S
F Significance F
Regression 1 747.9552 747.9552 7.914044
0.018374 Residual
10 945.0986 94.50986 Total
11 1693.054 t St at
= 2.81319 t Tab = 2.22814 P-value
= 0.018 selang kepercayaan 95, a=0.05
Grafik fungsi regresi
Lampiran 15. Contoh keanekaragaman spesies karang dalam 1 satu petakan transek kuadrat ukuran 1m x 1m dari photo bawah air di lokasi
penelitian
Keterangan: Mellepora sp. a, Porites mayeri b, Acropora humilis c, Acopora formosa
d, Acropora formosa e, Acropora gemmifera f, Fungia fungites
g, Acropora acuminata h, Diploastrea heliopora i.
a b
b c
f
h e
d
g i
ABSTRACT
DEDY DAMHUDY. Coral Reef Health Condition based on Herbivorous Fish Density in Pulau Tiga Subdistrict, Natuna District. Under direction of M. MUKHLIS
KAMAL, and YUNIZAR ERNAWATI
The research was conducted in Pulau Tiga Subdistrict, Natuna District, Riau islands Province from April to August 2009. Pulau Tiga is an area dominated by a
sea area with marine resource potential, particularly coral reefs. Around the area of coral reefs, fishing activities have been carried out intensively by fishermen
using explosives bombs and toxic potassium. Consequently, aquatic ecosystems have been exploited, take time to make a natural recovery in order to
maintain and restore the quality and quantity of available resources. Especially for coral reef ecosystem, one of the factors that influence the resilience rate is the
availability of hard substrate in a bottom waters as a settlement for coral larvae. Herbivorous animal has a major influence in determining the rate of coral reef
animal larval settlement on a substrate because it can prevent the occurrence of a macro-algae excessive closure of hard substrate. This study was aimed to know
the relationship between the conditions of the abundance of herbivorous fish with coral reef recovery rate. The methods used were the square transect for
determining the condition of coral reefs, growth of juvenile corals and algae cover DCA, whereas for the determination of herbivorous fish community structure
using modification of Line Intercept Transect LIT, Quadrat Method QM and Underwater Fish Visual Census UVC. The analysis used was standard
ecological analysis, correlation test, linier regression and multivariate analysis to find the relationship between the abundance of herbivorous fish, algae DCA and
coral reefs. The results showed that coral reefs ecosystem in the area are still in good condition with live coral cover average of 63.17, and shown an indication
of an increase in the percentage of coral cover which previously 25. The result of multivariate analysis can be stated that the higher the abundance of herbivorous
fish, then live coral cover and growth of juvenile corals increasing, and decreasing algae cover on coral reef ecosystems. The results of correlation test, multivariate
analysis and linear regression t-Student test, show that from 24 species of herbivorous fish recorded then obtained three species of herbivorous fish that play
a role in herbivory in stabilizing coral reefs ecosystem in Pulau Tiga Subdistrict, they are Chlorurus microrhinos, Scarus rivulatus and Siganus doliatus.
Keywords: herbivorous fish, herbivory, DCA dead coral with algae, coral reef
health, coral growth, Pulau Tiga
RINGKASAN
DEDY DAMHUDY. Kondisi Kesehatan Terumbu Karang berdasarkan Kelimpahan Ikan Herbivora di Kecamatan Pulau Tiga Kabupaten Natuna. Dibimbing oleh M.
MUKHLIS KAMAL dan YUNIZAR ERNAWATI.
Pulau Tiga sebagai salah satu kecamatan di Kabupaten Natuna merupakan kawasan yang didominasi oleh wilayah laut dengan sumberdaya laut yang sangat
potensial, khususnya terumbu karang. Di sekitar kawasan terumbu karang, kegiatan penangkapan ikan telah dilakukan secara intensif oleh nelayan lokal dan
nelayan luar dengan menggunakan bahan peledak bom dan beracun biuspotas. Konsekuensinya, ekosistem perairan yang telah dieksploitasi di daerah tersebut,
membutuhkan waktu untuk melakukan pemulihan secara alami agar dapat mempertahankan dan mengembalikan kualitas dan kuantitas sumberdaya yang
tersedia. Khusus untuk ekosistem terumbu karang, salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi tingkat pemulihannya adalah tersedianya substrat keras di suatu
dasar perairan sebagai tempat penempelan larva hewan karang.
Biota herbivora mempunyai pengaruh besar dalam menentukan laju penempelan larva hewan karang pada suatu substrat karena dapat mencegah
terjadinya penutupan makroalga yang berlebihan terhadap substrat keras. Di antara berbagai biota herbivora laut, jenis-jenis ikan herbivora yang dijadikan
indikasi kesehatan ekosistem laut umumnya berasal dari tiga suku yaitu suku Siganidae, Scaridae, dan suku Acanthuridae.
Adapun tujuan yang ingin dicapai dalam penelitian ini adalah mengetahui kelimpahan dan keanekaragaman jenis ikan herbivora, mengetahui hubungan
antara struktur benthik dan struktur komunitas ikan ikan karang non-herbivora dan herbivora, mengetahui hubungan antara kondisi kelimpahan jenis-jenis ikan
herbivora dengan tingkat pemulihan terumbu karang, dan merumuskan rekomendasi untuk arahan pengembangan pengelolaan ekologi terumbu karang
dan ikan karang secara terpadu dan berkelanjutan. Hasil dari penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi acuan dalam pengembangan pengelolaan ekologi
terumbu karang dan ikan karang secara berkelanjutan dan konsep penangkapan ikan yang lestari bagi nelayan setempat.
Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di perairan Kecamatan Pulau Tiga Kabupaten Natuna Propinsi Kepulauan Riau. Waktu pelaksanaan penelitian dilaksanakan
selama 5 lima bulan yaitu dimulai pada bulan April sampai dengan Agustus 2009.
Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode survei untuk mengumpulkan data primer dan data sekunder dengan
penelusuran literatur. Metode yang digunakan untuk penentuan kondisi terumbu karang, persentase tutupan alga dan pertumbuhan karang muda adalah transek
kuadrat dengan penentukan luasan areal pengamatan secara permanen yaitu 10 m x 10 m, yang dimodifikasi dengan metode transek garis menyinggung
sepanjang 70 meter sejajar garis pantai. Pengukuran untuk menentukan tingkat pertumbuhan karang baru, dengan menghitung sebaran koloni karang muda dari
jenis Acropora spp. ukuran diameter: 1 - 30 cm. Sedangkan pengukuran ikan
herbivora dilakukan dengan menggunakan modifikasi dari metode transek garis menyinggung, transek kuadrat dan sensus visual ikan bawah air.
Analisis yang digunakan adalah secara kualitatif dan kuntitatif, yaitu analisis ekologi standar, uji korelasi, regresi linier dan analisis multivariate untuk
menent ukan hubungan antara kelimpahan ikan herbivora, tutupan karang hidup dan tutupan alga kategori DCA.
Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa persentase tutupan terendah berada pada stasiun 1 yang termasuk dalam lokasi yang mewakili daerah relatif
terganggu 40,48 dan tertinggi pada stasiun 3 yang termasuk dalam lokasi yang mewakili daerah yang relatif tidak terganggu 74,07 dengan rata-rata
persentase tutupan sebesar 63,17 atau termasuk dalam kategori ”baik”. Pertumbuhan koloni karang muda diperoleh panjang rata-rata diameter koloni
antara 16,00 – 17,26 cm dengan persentase tutupan antara 2,77 - 4,25 dan jumlah rata-rata koloni per transek per 100 m
2
antara 100 – 200 koloni. Sebaliknya, tutupan alga DCA tertinggi ditemukan pada stasiun 1 34,83 dan
terendah pada stasiun 3 13,28. Jumlah jenis ikan herbivora yang diperoleh selama penelitian adalah
sebanyak 24 spesies. Dari jumlah 203 individu yang terdata, total rata-rata kelimpahan ikan herbivora di seluruh stasiun berjumlah 1.450 individuha atau
5,01 dari total kelimpahan ikan karang, dengan perbandingan antara suku ikan herbivora, kelimpahan tertinggi adalah dari suku Scaridae 864 individuha
57,35, kemudian diikuti oleh Siganidae 350 individuha 23,22 dan Acanthuridae 236 individuha 15,64.
Hasil analisis multivariate terhadap hubungan antara kelimpahan ikan herbivora, tutupan karang hidup dan tutupan alga kategori DCA menunjukkan
bahwa alga berkorelasi negatif terhadap kelimpahan ikan herbivora, tutupan karang hidup dan pertumbuhan karang muda. Sedangkan berdasarkan hasil uji
korelasi, regresi linier dan analisis multivariate, terseleksi tiga jenis ikan yang memiliki hubungan kelimpahan signifikan terhadap tutupan karang hidup dengan
korelasi positif yaitu C. microrinos t
hit
2,813t
tab
2,228, P=0,018, S. rivulatus t
hit
2,418t
tab
2,228, P=0,036, dan S. doliatus t
hit
3,846t
tab
2,228, P=0,003 dan signifikan terhadap tutupan alga DCA dengan korelasi negatif
yaitu C. microrinos t
hit
2,288t
tab
2,228, P=0,045, S. rivulatus t
hit
2,349t
tab
2,228, P=0,041 dan S. doliatus t
hit
2,813t
tab
2,228, P=0,018. Implikasi bagi pengelolaan terumbu karang di Kecamatan Pulau Tiga dengan melakukan
beberapa langkah strategi yang meliputi: a melakukan pelarangan terhadap praktek penangkapan ikan yang merusak lingkungan, b mempertahankan kualitas
perairan yang mendukung kesehatan dan pertumbuhan terumbu karang, c mempertahankan dan meningkatkan kelimpahan dan keanekaragaman ikan- ikan
herbivora, d pelarangan pengambilan karang hidup dan karang mati, dan e melakukan rekayasa lingkungan.
Kata kunci: ikan herbivora, herbivori, DCA karang mati yang ditutupi alga, kesehatan terumbu karang, pertumbuhan karang muda, Pulau Tiga.
1 PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang