Microstrip Fractal Array Antenna.
MICROSTRIP FRACTAL ARRAY ANTENNA
FATHIN AFIQAH BINTI GHAZALI
This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
Bachelor of Electronic (Telecommunication Electronics) With Honours
Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
April 2010
UNIVERSTI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
FAKUL TI KEillRUTERAAN ELEKTRONIK DAN KEillRUTERAAN
KOMPUTER
BORANGPENGESAHANSTATUSLAPORAN
PROJEK SARJANA MUDA II
Tajuk Projek
MICROSTRIP FRACTAL ARRAY ANTENNA
Sesi Pengajian
2009/2010
Saya
FATHIN AFIQAH BINTI GHAZALI
mengaku membenarkan Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan
seperti berikut:
1.
Laporan ada1ah hakmi1ik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.
2.
Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.
3.
Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan ini sebagai bahan pe1iukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
4.
Sila tandakan ( --J )
D
D
[21
SULIT*
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau
kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA
RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
TERHAD*
(Mengandungi maklumat terhad yang telah ditentukan oleh
organisasilbadan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh:
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS)
(COP DAN TANDA TANG AN PENYELIA)
ABO. SHUKUR BIN JA'AFAR
Alamat Tetap:
N0:3, LOT 36996, JALAN UTAMA, PUTRA
NUSANTARA,
KG.SG.MERAB
ULU,
BANDAR BARU BANGI, 43657, SELANGOR
DARULEHSAN
Tarikh: 30 APRIL 2010
" K.etua ,labatan (Kej. Te!akomunikasi)
rakult1 KeJu:uteraan Elektronik Dan ｊｦＮ･ｪｵｲｴｾ｡＠
Komputer
ｕｭｶ･ｲｾＱｴ＠
Tekn1kal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM)
Karung Berkunci No 1752
_ Pejabat Pos Durian Tungga1
r6109, Durian Tunggal, Melaka.
Tarikh: 30 APRIL 2010
ii
"I hereby declare that this report is the result of my own work except for quotes as
cited in the references."
Signature
］ ﾷ ﾷｾ
ﾷ ﾷ ﾷ ﾷ ﾷ＠
Author
: FATHIN AFIQAH BINTI GHAZALI
Date
: 30 APRIL 2010
iii
"I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinion this report is
sufficient in terms of the scope and quality for the award of Bachelor of Electronic
Engineering (Telecommunication Electronics) with Honours"
ｾﾷ＠
Signature
: .....
Supervisor's Name
: EN. ABD SHUKUR BIN JA'AFAR
Date
: 30 APRIL 2010
iv
Special gratitude to my family, friends and especially my supervisor,
En. Abd. Shukur Bin Ja'afar.
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Syukur Alhamdullilah to God for giving me the great patient and good health
for me to go through and complete this final year project.
These final year project have been benefited from review by a number of
people, who gave me generously of their time and expertise. The first person I
would like to give my greatest thanks is my supervisor, En. Abd. Shukur Bin
Ja’afar for his encouragement, help and patience for spending his time to taught
me all the way from the beginning until the end of this project. With him as my
supervisor, I can learn something new that so useable for me in future. His
guidance and advice are so much I appreciate. I am glad to have an amazing
supervisor like him.
Deepest thankful to my lovely parents, En. Ghazali Bin Hj. Darusalam and
Pn. Normah Binti Hj.Idris for their pray, supportive, and guidance to me. Not
forget to my siblings and friends for their help and kindness to me during the
project session. Their help are well appreciated.
Finally, may God can repay all your help and kindness with blissfully ways.
vi
ABSTRACT
This project is about an antenna which is electrical device designed to
transmit or receive radio waves or, more generally, any electromagnetic waves. A
microstrip antenna is chosen for this project because it is simple and inexpensive to
fabricate using modern printed- circuit technology. Moreover, the frequencies band
that used in this project is 2.4GHz and 5.0GHz which is the Industrial, Scientific and
Medical (ISM) band. Both of these frequencies represent the Wireless Local Area
Network (WLAN) application. The first step will be designing and simulation. The
design and simulation will be done in the Microwave Office Software which is userfriendly software and easy to handle. The designing begin on the square patch single
element of the antenna. Then, it will be shrinking in size by using the fractal
geometries which is Minkowski Geometry. This fractal antenna will be arranged in
array configurations for performance improvement. Array is the combination of a
single element that can improve the problem in single element antenna which it can
produce better gain and bandwidth. Besides that, this project will include fabrication
which the measurement will be taken and compare with the simulation.
vii
ABSTRAK
Projek ini ialah tentang satu antena yang peranti elektrik mereka untuk
mengalirkan atau menerima gelombang radio atau, lebih umumnya, mana-mana
gelombang elektromagnet. Antena mikrostrip dipilih untuk projek ini kerana ia
mudah dan tidak mahal untuk memfabrikasi menggunakan moden printed- teknologi
litar. Tambahan pula, jalur frekuensi-frekuensi yang menggunakan dalam projek ini
ialah 2.4GHz dan 5.0GHz yang merupakan Jalur Industrial, Scientific dan Medical
(ISM). Kedua-dua frekuensi ini adalah didalam aplikasi Rangkaian Kawasan
Tempatan Tanpa Wayar (WLAN). Operasi pertama akan mereka bentuk dan
simulasi. Reka bentuk dan simulasi akan dibuat dalam Microwave Office Software
yang perisian ramah pengguna dan mudah mengendalikan. Rekaan bermula dalam
faktor tunggal yang berbentuk segi empat sama antena yang akan mengecut pada saiz
dengan menggunakan teknik pengecilan saiz yang dikenali sebagai Geometri
Minkowski. Kemudian, pecahan antena ini akan diatur dalam konfigurasikonfigurasi tatasusunan untuk perbaikan prestasi. Array adalah gabungan lebih dari
satu antena yang membentuk sekelompok antena untuk mencapai suatu tujuan
tertentu, misalnya gain yang lebih besar, atau suatu karakter pancar tertentu. Selain
itu, projek ini akan difabrikasi untuk membuat perbandingan antara yang simulasi
dan yang telah diukur secara benar.
viii
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
I
ITEM
PAGE
PROJECT TITLE
i
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
v
ABSTRACT
vi
ABSTRAK
vii
CONTENTS
viii
LIST OF TABLES
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xvi
LIST OF APPENDIX
xvii
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Brief Technical Overview
1
1.1.1 Wireless Communication
2
1.1.1.1 IEEE 802.11a-1999 or 802.11a
2
1.1.1.2 IEEE 802.11b-1999 or 802.11b
3
1.1.1.3 IEEE 802.11g-2003 or 802.11g
3
1.2
Objectives Project
4
1.3
Problem Statement
4
1.3.1
Problem
4
1.3.2
Solution Overview
4
1.4
Scopes of Work
5
1.5
Project Methodology
5
1.5.1 Work Flow
6
ix
1.6
II
III
Report Structure
7
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
8
2.2
Antenna Theory
9
2.2.1 Microstrip Antenna
9
2.2.2 Fractal Antenna
11
2.2.3 Array Antenna
12
2.2.3.1 Broadside Array
13
2.2.3.2 Ordinary End-Fire Array
14
2.2.3.3 Phased Array
15
2.2.3.4 Hansen-Woodyard End-Fire Array
15
2.3
ISM Band
15
2.4
Parameter of Antenna
16
2.4.1
Radiation Pattern
16
2.4.2
Power Gain
19
2.4.3
Directivity
19
2.4.4
Bandwidth
20
2.4.5
Polarization
21
2.5
Advantages and Disadvantages of Microstrip Antenna
2.6
Minkowski Geometry
22
23
PROJECT METHODOLOGY
3.1
Project Methodology
26
3.1.1
Theoretical Development
28
3.1.2
Simulation
28
3.1.3
Physical Implementation
29
3.1.4
Experimental testing
29
x
3.2
Calculation in MATHCAD
29
3.2.1
Element Width and Length
30
3.2.1.1 Calculation Width and Length on 2.4GHz
32
3.2.1.2 Calculation Width and Length on 5.0GHz
35
Matching Section
37
3.2.2.1 Step on Matching
38
3.2.2
3.2.3
Calculation on 1st and 2nd Iteration on each
Iteration factor; 0.25, 0.5, 0.75
IV
42
3.3
Designing in Microwave Office Software
44
3.4
Fabrication
47
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
4.1
Simulation Results
4.1.1
Results on Return Loss for each of
Iteration Number
4.1.2
60
Radiation Pattern for Microstrip Fractal
Array Antenna
4.1.6
59
Graph of Size Reduction on each of
Iteration Factor at 2nd iteration number
4.1.5
57
Graph on the Iteration Factor versus
Resonance Frequency
4.1.4
49
Summarize of Return Loss on each iteration
factor of Microstrip Patch Antenna
4.1.3
49
64
Summarize of Radiation Pattern and Bandwidth
of Microstrip Fractal Array Antenna
72
4.2
Fabrication Results
74
4.3
Discussions
76
xi
V
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RECOMMENDATION
5.1
Conclusion
78
5.2
Future Work
79
REFERENCES
80
APPENDIX
82
xii
LIST OF TABLES
NO
TITLE
PAGE
3.1
Calculation on Minkowski Geometry at 2.4GHz
42
3.2
Calculation on Minkowski Geometry at 5.0GHz
43
4.1
Return Loss on each iteration at 2.4GHz
57
4.2
Return Loss on each iteration at 5.0GHz
58
4.3
Summary on radiation pattern and bandwidth at 2.4GHz
72
4.4
Summary on radiation pattern and bandwidth at 5.0GHz
73
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
NO
TITLE
2.1
(a) A rectangular microstrip antenna with a microstrip line feed
PAGE
(b) An eight-element linear array of microstrip patches with a coplanar
microstrip feed network
10
2.2
From above of Microstrip Antenna
10
2.3
From side of Microstrip Antenna
11
2.4
The pattern of the conductor in fractal loop antennas
12
2.5
Broadside Arrays
14
2.6
2-D array
14
2.7
The radiation pattern form the side, above and 3-D
17
2.8
Radiation Pattern Lobes
18
2.9
Radiation Pattern Beamwidth
19
2.10
Measuring Bandwidth from Return Loss versus Frequency
21
2.11
Types of Polarization
22
2.12
Generation procedure for Minkowski fractal curve
24
2.13
Basic Calculation of Minkowski
24
3.1
Project expectation’s flow
27
3.2
Basic Construction Square Patch Antenna without Matching
32
3.3
Calculation on width and length for 2.4GHz in Mathcad
32
3.4
Calculation on width and length (Zo=50Ω) for 2.4GHz in Mathcad
33
3.5
Calculation on width and length for 5.0GHz in Mathcad
35
3.6
Calculation on width and length (Zo=50Ω) for 5.0GHz in Mathcad
36
3.7
Quarter-wave Matching Network
37
3.8
Square Patch Antenna with Matching
38
3.9
Calculation on Matching in Mathcad
38
xiv
3.10
Getting the characteristic impedance for 2.4GHz from simulation
39
3.11
Distance of Quarter-Wave Macthing
40
3.12
Set new EM structure
44
3.13
Set the element options for material
44
3.14
Set the element options for dielectric layers
45
3.15
Square patch antenna
45
3.16
1st iteration on 0.25 iteration factor
46
3.17
2nd iteration on 0.25 iteration factor
46
3.18
Fabrication Process
47
4.1
Square patch antenna at 2.4GHz
50
4.2
1st iteration at 2.4GHz (0.25 iteration factor)
50
4.3
2nd iteration at 2.4GHz (0.25 iteration factor)
51
4.4
1st iteration at 2.4GHz (0.5 iteration factor)
51
4.5
2nd iteration at 2.4GHz (0.5 iteration factor)
52
st
4.6
1 iteration at 2.4GHz (0.75 iteration factor)
52
4.7
2nd iteration at 2.4GHz (0.75 iteration factor)
53
4.8
Square patch antenna at 5.0GHz
53
4.9
1st iteration at 5.0GHz (0.25 iteration factor)
54
4.10
2nd iteration at 5.0GHz (0.25 iteration factor)
54
4.11
1st iteration at 5.0GHz (0.5 iteration factor)
55
nd
4.12
2 iteration at 5.0GHz (0.5 iteration factor)
55
4.13
1st iteration at 5.0GHz (0.75 iteration factor)
56
4.14
2nd iteration at 5.0GHz (0.75 iteration factor)
56
4.15
Graph on iteration factor versus frequency at 2.4GHz
59
4.16
Graph on iteration factor versus frequency at 5.0GHz
59
4.17
Graph of size reduction at 2.4GHz
60
4.18
Resonance Frequency on the size reduction of antenna at 2.4GHz
61
4.19
Graph of size reduction at 5.0GHz
62
4.20
Resonance Frequency on the size reduction of antenna at 5.0GHz
63
4.21
0 iteration square patch array antenna at 2.4GHz
64
4.22
2nd iteration on 0.25 iteration factor fractal array antenna at 2.4GHz
65
4.23
nd
2 iteration on 0.5 iteration factor fractal array antenna at 2.4GHz
66
xv
4.24
2nd iteration on 0.75 iteration factor fractal array antenna at 2.4GHz
67
4.25
0 iteration square patch array antenna at 5.0GHz
68
4.26
2nd iteration on 0.25 iteration factor fractal array antenna at 5.0GHz
69
nd
4.27
2 iteration on 0.5 iteration factor fractal array antenna at 5.0GHz
70
4.28
2nd iteration on 0.75 iteration factor fractal array antenna at 5.0GHz
71
4.29
0.25 and 0.5 iteration factor microstrip fractal array antenna at 2.4GHz
74
4.30
0.5 and 0.75 iteration factor microstrip fractal array antenna at 5.0GHz
75
xvi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
GPS
Global Positioning System
ISM Band
Industrial, Scientific, Medical Band
WLAN
Wireless Local Area Network
IEEE
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
GSM
Global Special Mobile (Cellular Phone)
MWO
Microwave Office Software
dB
Decibel
FEA
Fractal Element Array
�qw
Length of Quarter-wave Matching
xvii
LIST OF APPENDIX
NO
TITLE
PAGE
A
MathCad Datasheet
82
B
Microwave Software
83
C
Technical Report
84
D
Calculation of Microstrip Fractal Array Antenna
85
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter about the introduction of the project where it involves of the
overview on this project, objectives, problem statements, scope, methodology, and
report structure.
1.1
Brief Technical Overview
Microstrip antennas have been one of the most innovative topics in antenna
theory and design in recent years, and are increasingly finding application in a wide
range of modern microwave systems. Thus, it can be assemble by a thousand of
designing with variety on application. Examples of application are, on the radar
system, GPS and many of modern wireless communication equipment.
The goal of this project is to design the microstrip fractal array antenna by
using two frequencies which are 2.4 GHz and 5.0 GHz. These frequencies are
commonly use in Wireless Communication. 2.4GHz band is the unlicensed band of
IEEE 802.11b and 802.11g and 802.11a is the 5GHz unlicensed frequency band.
They are commonly used today in their 802.11a, 802.11b, and 802.11g versions to
provide wireless connectivity in the home, office and some commercial
establishments.
2
Fractal shapes antenna had been discovered that it can radiate
electromagnetic energy very well and have several properties that are advantageous
over traditional antenna types.
Applying array on this microstrip antenna can improve the functionality of
modern wireless communication receivers such as cellular handsets.
1.1.1 Wireless Communication
802.11 is a set of IEEE standards that govern wireless networking
transmission methods. IEEE 802.11b and 802.11g using the same frequency which
are 2.4 GHz but they are differ from IEEE 802.11b specification that extended
throughput up to 11 Mbit/s and IEEE 802.11g specification that extended throughput
to up to 54 Mbit/s. For the IEEE 802.11a specification that added a higher
throughput of up to 54 Mbit/s and uses the 5 GHz band.
1.1.1.1 IEEE 802.11a-1999 or 802.11a
The IEEE 802.11a amendment to the original standard was ratified in 1999. It
standard uses the same core protocol as the original standard, operates in 5 GHz
band, and uses a 52-subcarrier orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)
with a maximum raw data rate of 54 Mbit/s, which yields realistic net achievable
throughput in the mid-20 Mbit/s.
Using the 5 GHz band gives 802.11a a significant advantage, since the 2.4
GHz band is heavily used to the point of being crowded. Degradation caused by such
conflicts can cause frequent dropped connections and degradation of service.
However, this high carrier frequency also brings a slight disadvantage: The effective
overall range of 802.11a is slightly less than that of 802.11b/g; 802.11a signals
cannot penetrate as far as those for 802.11b because they are absorbed more readily
3
by walls and other solid objects in their path. On the other hand, OFDM has
fundamental propagation advantages when in a high multipath environment, such as
an indoor office, and the higher frequencies enable the building of smaller antennas
with higher RF system gain which counteract the disadvantage of a higher band of
operation. The increased number of usable channels (4 to 8 times as many in FCC
countries) and the near absence of other interfering systems (microwave ovens,
cordless phones, baby monitors) give 802.11a significant aggregate bandwidth and
reliability advantages over 802.11b/g.
1.1.1.2 IEEE 802.11b-1999 or 802.11b
The IEEE 802.11b has a maximum raw data rate of 11 Mbit/s and uses the
same CSMA/CA media access method defined in the original standard. 802.11b
devices suffer interference from other products operating in the 2.4 GHz band.
Devices operating in the 2.4 GHz range include: microwave ovens, Bluetooth
devices, baby monitors and cordless telephones. Interference issues and user density
problems within the 2.4 GHz band have become a major concern and frustration for
users.
1.1.1.3 IEEE 802.11g-2003 or 802.11g
The IEEE 802.11g was the third modulation standard for Wireless LAN. It
works in the 2.4 GHz band (like 802.11b) but operates at a maximum raw data rate
of 54 Mbit/s, or about 19 Mbit/s net throughputs (identical to 802.11a core, except
for some additional legacy overhead for backward compatibility). 802.11g hardware
is fully backwards compatible with 802.11b hardware. Details of making b and g
work well together occupied much of the lingering technical process. In an 11g
network, however the presence of a legacy 802.11b participant will significantly
reduce the speed of the overall 802.11g network. Even though 802.11g operates in
4
the same frequency band as 802.11b, it can achieve higher data rates because of its
heritage to 802.11a.
1.2
Objectives
The objectives of this project are:
To design the microstrip fractal array antenna using 2.4GHz and 5.0GHz.
To investigate the behaviour of the Minkowski antenna properties.
To miniaturize a square patch antenna using Minkowski geometry.
To compare the measurement taken from fabrication with the simulation.
1.3
Problem statement
1.3.1
Problem
As before, usually the antenna that been used were big size antenna with
rectangular or circular shape. Nowadays, there are needs on a compact and small size
antenna for the usage of certain application such as wireless application. However, to
produce a compact antenna needs the minimization on the actual size antenna. The
minimization is the problem that needs to be focus on.
1.3.2
Solution Overview
To overcome the problem, the minimization use Minkowski geometry so that
the exact minimize antenna is achieve. This geometry is one of many techniques that
apply on producing fractal antenna. Fractal antenna is shaped in a fractal fashion,
either through bending or shaping a volume, or introducing holes. The best way of
5
fractal antenna is it can shrink in size by two or four time from the actual size by
surprisingly maintaining the good performance.
1.4
Scopes of Work
1. Designing and simulation using the Microwave Office.
2. Fabrication.
3. Measurement.
4. Compare the simulation with the measurement.
1.5
Project Methodology
1. Literature review.
Previous project of the antenna is for the GPS and ISM band application.
However, to upgrade the antenna project, frequency of 2.4GHz and 5.0GHz
are applied. 2.4GHz band is the unlicensed band of IEEE 802.11b and
802.11g and 802.11a is the 5GHz unlicensed frequency band. Both of the
frequency are the in the WLANs application.
2. Calculation of Minkowski.
Calculation will be carried out before designing in the Microwave Office.
3. Design and simulation using the Microwave Office.
In the Microwave Office, the designing and simulation with the process of
array will take part.
4. Fabrication.
The fabrication will be done from the printed design. After that, the etching
process will take part.
5. Comparison.
The comparison between the measurement of fabrication and the simulation.
6
1.5.1 Work Flow
START
Literature Review
Calculation of Minkowski geometry
Design and simulate in the Microwave Office
i) Design a square patch antenna
ii) Apply Minkowski geometry to square patch
antenna
iii) Change important parameter, number of iteration
and iteration factor
iv) Analyze data and do prediction on new
v) Design new Minkowski Antenna at specific
operating frequency
vi) Array of structure
No
Analysis
Expected
results?
Yes
Fabrication and Measure
No
Analysis
Expected
results?
Yes
Analysis and report writing
END
FATHIN AFIQAH BINTI GHAZALI
This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
Bachelor of Electronic (Telecommunication Electronics) With Honours
Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
April 2010
UNIVERSTI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
FAKUL TI KEillRUTERAAN ELEKTRONIK DAN KEillRUTERAAN
KOMPUTER
BORANGPENGESAHANSTATUSLAPORAN
PROJEK SARJANA MUDA II
Tajuk Projek
MICROSTRIP FRACTAL ARRAY ANTENNA
Sesi Pengajian
2009/2010
Saya
FATHIN AFIQAH BINTI GHAZALI
mengaku membenarkan Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan
seperti berikut:
1.
Laporan ada1ah hakmi1ik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.
2.
Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.
3.
Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan ini sebagai bahan pe1iukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
4.
Sila tandakan ( --J )
D
D
[21
SULIT*
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau
kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA
RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
TERHAD*
(Mengandungi maklumat terhad yang telah ditentukan oleh
organisasilbadan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh:
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS)
(COP DAN TANDA TANG AN PENYELIA)
ABO. SHUKUR BIN JA'AFAR
Alamat Tetap:
N0:3, LOT 36996, JALAN UTAMA, PUTRA
NUSANTARA,
KG.SG.MERAB
ULU,
BANDAR BARU BANGI, 43657, SELANGOR
DARULEHSAN
Tarikh: 30 APRIL 2010
" K.etua ,labatan (Kej. Te!akomunikasi)
rakult1 KeJu:uteraan Elektronik Dan ｊｦＮ･ｪｵｲｴｾ｡＠
Komputer
ｕｭｶ･ｲｾＱｴ＠
Tekn1kal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM)
Karung Berkunci No 1752
_ Pejabat Pos Durian Tungga1
r6109, Durian Tunggal, Melaka.
Tarikh: 30 APRIL 2010
ii
"I hereby declare that this report is the result of my own work except for quotes as
cited in the references."
Signature
］ ﾷ ﾷｾ
ﾷ ﾷ ﾷ ﾷ ﾷ＠
Author
: FATHIN AFIQAH BINTI GHAZALI
Date
: 30 APRIL 2010
iii
"I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinion this report is
sufficient in terms of the scope and quality for the award of Bachelor of Electronic
Engineering (Telecommunication Electronics) with Honours"
ｾﾷ＠
Signature
: .....
Supervisor's Name
: EN. ABD SHUKUR BIN JA'AFAR
Date
: 30 APRIL 2010
iv
Special gratitude to my family, friends and especially my supervisor,
En. Abd. Shukur Bin Ja'afar.
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Syukur Alhamdullilah to God for giving me the great patient and good health
for me to go through and complete this final year project.
These final year project have been benefited from review by a number of
people, who gave me generously of their time and expertise. The first person I
would like to give my greatest thanks is my supervisor, En. Abd. Shukur Bin
Ja’afar for his encouragement, help and patience for spending his time to taught
me all the way from the beginning until the end of this project. With him as my
supervisor, I can learn something new that so useable for me in future. His
guidance and advice are so much I appreciate. I am glad to have an amazing
supervisor like him.
Deepest thankful to my lovely parents, En. Ghazali Bin Hj. Darusalam and
Pn. Normah Binti Hj.Idris for their pray, supportive, and guidance to me. Not
forget to my siblings and friends for their help and kindness to me during the
project session. Their help are well appreciated.
Finally, may God can repay all your help and kindness with blissfully ways.
vi
ABSTRACT
This project is about an antenna which is electrical device designed to
transmit or receive radio waves or, more generally, any electromagnetic waves. A
microstrip antenna is chosen for this project because it is simple and inexpensive to
fabricate using modern printed- circuit technology. Moreover, the frequencies band
that used in this project is 2.4GHz and 5.0GHz which is the Industrial, Scientific and
Medical (ISM) band. Both of these frequencies represent the Wireless Local Area
Network (WLAN) application. The first step will be designing and simulation. The
design and simulation will be done in the Microwave Office Software which is userfriendly software and easy to handle. The designing begin on the square patch single
element of the antenna. Then, it will be shrinking in size by using the fractal
geometries which is Minkowski Geometry. This fractal antenna will be arranged in
array configurations for performance improvement. Array is the combination of a
single element that can improve the problem in single element antenna which it can
produce better gain and bandwidth. Besides that, this project will include fabrication
which the measurement will be taken and compare with the simulation.
vii
ABSTRAK
Projek ini ialah tentang satu antena yang peranti elektrik mereka untuk
mengalirkan atau menerima gelombang radio atau, lebih umumnya, mana-mana
gelombang elektromagnet. Antena mikrostrip dipilih untuk projek ini kerana ia
mudah dan tidak mahal untuk memfabrikasi menggunakan moden printed- teknologi
litar. Tambahan pula, jalur frekuensi-frekuensi yang menggunakan dalam projek ini
ialah 2.4GHz dan 5.0GHz yang merupakan Jalur Industrial, Scientific dan Medical
(ISM). Kedua-dua frekuensi ini adalah didalam aplikasi Rangkaian Kawasan
Tempatan Tanpa Wayar (WLAN). Operasi pertama akan mereka bentuk dan
simulasi. Reka bentuk dan simulasi akan dibuat dalam Microwave Office Software
yang perisian ramah pengguna dan mudah mengendalikan. Rekaan bermula dalam
faktor tunggal yang berbentuk segi empat sama antena yang akan mengecut pada saiz
dengan menggunakan teknik pengecilan saiz yang dikenali sebagai Geometri
Minkowski. Kemudian, pecahan antena ini akan diatur dalam konfigurasikonfigurasi tatasusunan untuk perbaikan prestasi. Array adalah gabungan lebih dari
satu antena yang membentuk sekelompok antena untuk mencapai suatu tujuan
tertentu, misalnya gain yang lebih besar, atau suatu karakter pancar tertentu. Selain
itu, projek ini akan difabrikasi untuk membuat perbandingan antara yang simulasi
dan yang telah diukur secara benar.
viii
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
I
ITEM
PAGE
PROJECT TITLE
i
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
v
ABSTRACT
vi
ABSTRAK
vii
CONTENTS
viii
LIST OF TABLES
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xvi
LIST OF APPENDIX
xvii
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Brief Technical Overview
1
1.1.1 Wireless Communication
2
1.1.1.1 IEEE 802.11a-1999 or 802.11a
2
1.1.1.2 IEEE 802.11b-1999 or 802.11b
3
1.1.1.3 IEEE 802.11g-2003 or 802.11g
3
1.2
Objectives Project
4
1.3
Problem Statement
4
1.3.1
Problem
4
1.3.2
Solution Overview
4
1.4
Scopes of Work
5
1.5
Project Methodology
5
1.5.1 Work Flow
6
ix
1.6
II
III
Report Structure
7
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
8
2.2
Antenna Theory
9
2.2.1 Microstrip Antenna
9
2.2.2 Fractal Antenna
11
2.2.3 Array Antenna
12
2.2.3.1 Broadside Array
13
2.2.3.2 Ordinary End-Fire Array
14
2.2.3.3 Phased Array
15
2.2.3.4 Hansen-Woodyard End-Fire Array
15
2.3
ISM Band
15
2.4
Parameter of Antenna
16
2.4.1
Radiation Pattern
16
2.4.2
Power Gain
19
2.4.3
Directivity
19
2.4.4
Bandwidth
20
2.4.5
Polarization
21
2.5
Advantages and Disadvantages of Microstrip Antenna
2.6
Minkowski Geometry
22
23
PROJECT METHODOLOGY
3.1
Project Methodology
26
3.1.1
Theoretical Development
28
3.1.2
Simulation
28
3.1.3
Physical Implementation
29
3.1.4
Experimental testing
29
x
3.2
Calculation in MATHCAD
29
3.2.1
Element Width and Length
30
3.2.1.1 Calculation Width and Length on 2.4GHz
32
3.2.1.2 Calculation Width and Length on 5.0GHz
35
Matching Section
37
3.2.2.1 Step on Matching
38
3.2.2
3.2.3
Calculation on 1st and 2nd Iteration on each
Iteration factor; 0.25, 0.5, 0.75
IV
42
3.3
Designing in Microwave Office Software
44
3.4
Fabrication
47
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
4.1
Simulation Results
4.1.1
Results on Return Loss for each of
Iteration Number
4.1.2
60
Radiation Pattern for Microstrip Fractal
Array Antenna
4.1.6
59
Graph of Size Reduction on each of
Iteration Factor at 2nd iteration number
4.1.5
57
Graph on the Iteration Factor versus
Resonance Frequency
4.1.4
49
Summarize of Return Loss on each iteration
factor of Microstrip Patch Antenna
4.1.3
49
64
Summarize of Radiation Pattern and Bandwidth
of Microstrip Fractal Array Antenna
72
4.2
Fabrication Results
74
4.3
Discussions
76
xi
V
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RECOMMENDATION
5.1
Conclusion
78
5.2
Future Work
79
REFERENCES
80
APPENDIX
82
xii
LIST OF TABLES
NO
TITLE
PAGE
3.1
Calculation on Minkowski Geometry at 2.4GHz
42
3.2
Calculation on Minkowski Geometry at 5.0GHz
43
4.1
Return Loss on each iteration at 2.4GHz
57
4.2
Return Loss on each iteration at 5.0GHz
58
4.3
Summary on radiation pattern and bandwidth at 2.4GHz
72
4.4
Summary on radiation pattern and bandwidth at 5.0GHz
73
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
NO
TITLE
2.1
(a) A rectangular microstrip antenna with a microstrip line feed
PAGE
(b) An eight-element linear array of microstrip patches with a coplanar
microstrip feed network
10
2.2
From above of Microstrip Antenna
10
2.3
From side of Microstrip Antenna
11
2.4
The pattern of the conductor in fractal loop antennas
12
2.5
Broadside Arrays
14
2.6
2-D array
14
2.7
The radiation pattern form the side, above and 3-D
17
2.8
Radiation Pattern Lobes
18
2.9
Radiation Pattern Beamwidth
19
2.10
Measuring Bandwidth from Return Loss versus Frequency
21
2.11
Types of Polarization
22
2.12
Generation procedure for Minkowski fractal curve
24
2.13
Basic Calculation of Minkowski
24
3.1
Project expectation’s flow
27
3.2
Basic Construction Square Patch Antenna without Matching
32
3.3
Calculation on width and length for 2.4GHz in Mathcad
32
3.4
Calculation on width and length (Zo=50Ω) for 2.4GHz in Mathcad
33
3.5
Calculation on width and length for 5.0GHz in Mathcad
35
3.6
Calculation on width and length (Zo=50Ω) for 5.0GHz in Mathcad
36
3.7
Quarter-wave Matching Network
37
3.8
Square Patch Antenna with Matching
38
3.9
Calculation on Matching in Mathcad
38
xiv
3.10
Getting the characteristic impedance for 2.4GHz from simulation
39
3.11
Distance of Quarter-Wave Macthing
40
3.12
Set new EM structure
44
3.13
Set the element options for material
44
3.14
Set the element options for dielectric layers
45
3.15
Square patch antenna
45
3.16
1st iteration on 0.25 iteration factor
46
3.17
2nd iteration on 0.25 iteration factor
46
3.18
Fabrication Process
47
4.1
Square patch antenna at 2.4GHz
50
4.2
1st iteration at 2.4GHz (0.25 iteration factor)
50
4.3
2nd iteration at 2.4GHz (0.25 iteration factor)
51
4.4
1st iteration at 2.4GHz (0.5 iteration factor)
51
4.5
2nd iteration at 2.4GHz (0.5 iteration factor)
52
st
4.6
1 iteration at 2.4GHz (0.75 iteration factor)
52
4.7
2nd iteration at 2.4GHz (0.75 iteration factor)
53
4.8
Square patch antenna at 5.0GHz
53
4.9
1st iteration at 5.0GHz (0.25 iteration factor)
54
4.10
2nd iteration at 5.0GHz (0.25 iteration factor)
54
4.11
1st iteration at 5.0GHz (0.5 iteration factor)
55
nd
4.12
2 iteration at 5.0GHz (0.5 iteration factor)
55
4.13
1st iteration at 5.0GHz (0.75 iteration factor)
56
4.14
2nd iteration at 5.0GHz (0.75 iteration factor)
56
4.15
Graph on iteration factor versus frequency at 2.4GHz
59
4.16
Graph on iteration factor versus frequency at 5.0GHz
59
4.17
Graph of size reduction at 2.4GHz
60
4.18
Resonance Frequency on the size reduction of antenna at 2.4GHz
61
4.19
Graph of size reduction at 5.0GHz
62
4.20
Resonance Frequency on the size reduction of antenna at 5.0GHz
63
4.21
0 iteration square patch array antenna at 2.4GHz
64
4.22
2nd iteration on 0.25 iteration factor fractal array antenna at 2.4GHz
65
4.23
nd
2 iteration on 0.5 iteration factor fractal array antenna at 2.4GHz
66
xv
4.24
2nd iteration on 0.75 iteration factor fractal array antenna at 2.4GHz
67
4.25
0 iteration square patch array antenna at 5.0GHz
68
4.26
2nd iteration on 0.25 iteration factor fractal array antenna at 5.0GHz
69
nd
4.27
2 iteration on 0.5 iteration factor fractal array antenna at 5.0GHz
70
4.28
2nd iteration on 0.75 iteration factor fractal array antenna at 5.0GHz
71
4.29
0.25 and 0.5 iteration factor microstrip fractal array antenna at 2.4GHz
74
4.30
0.5 and 0.75 iteration factor microstrip fractal array antenna at 5.0GHz
75
xvi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
GPS
Global Positioning System
ISM Band
Industrial, Scientific, Medical Band
WLAN
Wireless Local Area Network
IEEE
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
GSM
Global Special Mobile (Cellular Phone)
MWO
Microwave Office Software
dB
Decibel
FEA
Fractal Element Array
�qw
Length of Quarter-wave Matching
xvii
LIST OF APPENDIX
NO
TITLE
PAGE
A
MathCad Datasheet
82
B
Microwave Software
83
C
Technical Report
84
D
Calculation of Microstrip Fractal Array Antenna
85
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter about the introduction of the project where it involves of the
overview on this project, objectives, problem statements, scope, methodology, and
report structure.
1.1
Brief Technical Overview
Microstrip antennas have been one of the most innovative topics in antenna
theory and design in recent years, and are increasingly finding application in a wide
range of modern microwave systems. Thus, it can be assemble by a thousand of
designing with variety on application. Examples of application are, on the radar
system, GPS and many of modern wireless communication equipment.
The goal of this project is to design the microstrip fractal array antenna by
using two frequencies which are 2.4 GHz and 5.0 GHz. These frequencies are
commonly use in Wireless Communication. 2.4GHz band is the unlicensed band of
IEEE 802.11b and 802.11g and 802.11a is the 5GHz unlicensed frequency band.
They are commonly used today in their 802.11a, 802.11b, and 802.11g versions to
provide wireless connectivity in the home, office and some commercial
establishments.
2
Fractal shapes antenna had been discovered that it can radiate
electromagnetic energy very well and have several properties that are advantageous
over traditional antenna types.
Applying array on this microstrip antenna can improve the functionality of
modern wireless communication receivers such as cellular handsets.
1.1.1 Wireless Communication
802.11 is a set of IEEE standards that govern wireless networking
transmission methods. IEEE 802.11b and 802.11g using the same frequency which
are 2.4 GHz but they are differ from IEEE 802.11b specification that extended
throughput up to 11 Mbit/s and IEEE 802.11g specification that extended throughput
to up to 54 Mbit/s. For the IEEE 802.11a specification that added a higher
throughput of up to 54 Mbit/s and uses the 5 GHz band.
1.1.1.1 IEEE 802.11a-1999 or 802.11a
The IEEE 802.11a amendment to the original standard was ratified in 1999. It
standard uses the same core protocol as the original standard, operates in 5 GHz
band, and uses a 52-subcarrier orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)
with a maximum raw data rate of 54 Mbit/s, which yields realistic net achievable
throughput in the mid-20 Mbit/s.
Using the 5 GHz band gives 802.11a a significant advantage, since the 2.4
GHz band is heavily used to the point of being crowded. Degradation caused by such
conflicts can cause frequent dropped connections and degradation of service.
However, this high carrier frequency also brings a slight disadvantage: The effective
overall range of 802.11a is slightly less than that of 802.11b/g; 802.11a signals
cannot penetrate as far as those for 802.11b because they are absorbed more readily
3
by walls and other solid objects in their path. On the other hand, OFDM has
fundamental propagation advantages when in a high multipath environment, such as
an indoor office, and the higher frequencies enable the building of smaller antennas
with higher RF system gain which counteract the disadvantage of a higher band of
operation. The increased number of usable channels (4 to 8 times as many in FCC
countries) and the near absence of other interfering systems (microwave ovens,
cordless phones, baby monitors) give 802.11a significant aggregate bandwidth and
reliability advantages over 802.11b/g.
1.1.1.2 IEEE 802.11b-1999 or 802.11b
The IEEE 802.11b has a maximum raw data rate of 11 Mbit/s and uses the
same CSMA/CA media access method defined in the original standard. 802.11b
devices suffer interference from other products operating in the 2.4 GHz band.
Devices operating in the 2.4 GHz range include: microwave ovens, Bluetooth
devices, baby monitors and cordless telephones. Interference issues and user density
problems within the 2.4 GHz band have become a major concern and frustration for
users.
1.1.1.3 IEEE 802.11g-2003 or 802.11g
The IEEE 802.11g was the third modulation standard for Wireless LAN. It
works in the 2.4 GHz band (like 802.11b) but operates at a maximum raw data rate
of 54 Mbit/s, or about 19 Mbit/s net throughputs (identical to 802.11a core, except
for some additional legacy overhead for backward compatibility). 802.11g hardware
is fully backwards compatible with 802.11b hardware. Details of making b and g
work well together occupied much of the lingering technical process. In an 11g
network, however the presence of a legacy 802.11b participant will significantly
reduce the speed of the overall 802.11g network. Even though 802.11g operates in
4
the same frequency band as 802.11b, it can achieve higher data rates because of its
heritage to 802.11a.
1.2
Objectives
The objectives of this project are:
To design the microstrip fractal array antenna using 2.4GHz and 5.0GHz.
To investigate the behaviour of the Minkowski antenna properties.
To miniaturize a square patch antenna using Minkowski geometry.
To compare the measurement taken from fabrication with the simulation.
1.3
Problem statement
1.3.1
Problem
As before, usually the antenna that been used were big size antenna with
rectangular or circular shape. Nowadays, there are needs on a compact and small size
antenna for the usage of certain application such as wireless application. However, to
produce a compact antenna needs the minimization on the actual size antenna. The
minimization is the problem that needs to be focus on.
1.3.2
Solution Overview
To overcome the problem, the minimization use Minkowski geometry so that
the exact minimize antenna is achieve. This geometry is one of many techniques that
apply on producing fractal antenna. Fractal antenna is shaped in a fractal fashion,
either through bending or shaping a volume, or introducing holes. The best way of
5
fractal antenna is it can shrink in size by two or four time from the actual size by
surprisingly maintaining the good performance.
1.4
Scopes of Work
1. Designing and simulation using the Microwave Office.
2. Fabrication.
3. Measurement.
4. Compare the simulation with the measurement.
1.5
Project Methodology
1. Literature review.
Previous project of the antenna is for the GPS and ISM band application.
However, to upgrade the antenna project, frequency of 2.4GHz and 5.0GHz
are applied. 2.4GHz band is the unlicensed band of IEEE 802.11b and
802.11g and 802.11a is the 5GHz unlicensed frequency band. Both of the
frequency are the in the WLANs application.
2. Calculation of Minkowski.
Calculation will be carried out before designing in the Microwave Office.
3. Design and simulation using the Microwave Office.
In the Microwave Office, the designing and simulation with the process of
array will take part.
4. Fabrication.
The fabrication will be done from the printed design. After that, the etching
process will take part.
5. Comparison.
The comparison between the measurement of fabrication and the simulation.
6
1.5.1 Work Flow
START
Literature Review
Calculation of Minkowski geometry
Design and simulate in the Microwave Office
i) Design a square patch antenna
ii) Apply Minkowski geometry to square patch
antenna
iii) Change important parameter, number of iteration
and iteration factor
iv) Analyze data and do prediction on new
v) Design new Minkowski Antenna at specific
operating frequency
vi) Array of structure
No
Analysis
Expected
results?
Yes
Fabrication and Measure
No
Analysis
Expected
results?
Yes
Analysis and report writing
END