Design and traction performance of movable lug wheel equipped with lug spring mechanisms
AESA
2009
Bogor, Indonesia,
November 17-19,
ISBN 978-602-95924-0-5
International Symposium
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING TOWARDS
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN ASIA
Editors :
Prof VM Salokhe ( AE Regional Association), Dr Madan K.Jha (AE Regional Association)
Dr G Srzednicki (UNSW, Australia), Prof Hadi K Purwadaria (PERTETA),
Prof Kamaruddin Abdullah (PERTETA), Prof Sahid Susanto (PERTETA),
Prof Asep Sapei (PERTETA), Dr Agung Hendriadi (PERTETA),
Prof Armansyah Tambunan (PERTETA)Prof Tineke Mandang (PERTETA),
Dr Bambang Prastowo (PERTETA),Dr Handaka (PERTETA),
Dr Sam Herodian (PERTETA), Dr Rafi Paramawati (PERTETA)
PROCEEDINGS
PERTETA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE
GROUP A : FARM MACHINERY AND MANAGEMENT (FMM)
Screen Types Affecting Efficiency of Soil Separation from SugarCane
Stalks (Y.Suphan W.Seree and L. Juckamas)
1
Design of Simple Nyamplung Oil Presser (Puspitahati, Tri Tunggal, Edward
Saleh)
9
Optimum Soil Tillage Method on Dry Land Sugarcane Cultivation (Gatot
Pramuhadi)
16
Application of Neuro-Fuzzy Controller to Autonomous Agricultural Vehicle
Operating on Unstructured Changing Terrain- Control Software
Development (Lilik Sutiarso, Tomohiro Takigawa)
24
Analysis on Optimal Sugar Cane Harvesting System in Jatitujuh SCP,
Majalengka
(Setyo Pertiwi and Vidy Haryanti)
34
City Waste Reduction Efforts for Environmental Quality Improvement
(Trough Improved Agricultural Commodities Distribution System)
(Emmy Darmawati)
42
Specific Soil Draft Resistance of Some Mould Board Ploughs Performed in
Wetland Paddy Soil (Ade Moetangad Kramadibrata)
52
Mathematical Model for Turf Grass Mowing Torque by Using Rotary-Type
Mower Blade (I Nengah Suastawa, Siti Suharyatun)
59
Machine Vibration Analysis for Determining Optimum Operational Engine
Speed
(Gatot Pramuhadi, Mad Yamin and Siti Khoirunnisa)
72
Two Wheels Hybrid Com Seeds Holes Maker (TWHYCOM) (Astiti Puriwigati,
Arief Sabdo Yuwono)
76
Development of Push Type Rotary Mower Powered by Engine of Back Pack
Brush Cutter (A Modffication from Potrum BBE-G1 Prototype to
Potrum BBE-G2 Prototype) (I Nengah Suastawa)
86
Design of a Ditcher Equipped With Scrapers for Making Drainage Channel
on Dry Land Sugar Cane Plantation (Wawan Hermawan, 1 Nengah
Suastawa and Samsul Bahri)
95
Design and Traction Performance of Movable Lug Wheel Equipped with
Spring Mechanism (Wawan Hermawan)
103
Development of Powered Disk Type Sugar cane Stubble Saver (Radite
PAS., Lisyanto, 1N. Suastawa)
111
1
Evaluation of Diesel and Farm Tractor Performance Powered
Cocodiesel (CME) (Desrial)
by
121
Development and Testing of Automatic Sorting and Grading Machine for
Citrus (Usman Ahmad, Mardison S., Rudy Tjahjohutomo, and Ana
Nurhasanah)
132
Sieving Effect of Sorting Machine with Vibration Table Type on Cocoa Pod
Based Compost (Siswoyo Soekarno, Edy Suharyanto, Ahmad Hudi Arit)
142
Mechanical Cocoa Podbreaker Utilization in Cocoa Handling for Improving
Labor and Production Efficiency (Sukrisno Widyotomo, Sri mulato and
Siswoyo Soekamo)
152
The Effect of Tractor Traffic and Organic Matter on Soil Compaction and
Performance of Peanut Crop (Iqbal, Tineke Mandang, E. Namaken
Sembiring)
162
GROUP B : LAND, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT
Development of ANN Extension on Arcview-GIS for Prediction Land
Plantation Productivity (Hermantoro Sastrohartono)
169
Hydraulical Approach in Designing of Proportional Division Structures in
Traditional Irrigation Schemes (M. Hasan Yahya)
176
Plant Speaking Approach For Automatic Fertigation System In Greenhouse
(Usman Ahmad, I Dewa Made Subrata, Chusnul Arit)
185
Study on Phisic & Hidro-Meteorologycal Characteristics of Two Identical
Catchments (Indarto and Sri Wahyuningsih)
194
Landuse Classification Using Aster Multispectral Data : Case StUdy at
Sampean Watershed (East Java) (Indarto and Arit Faisol)
204
Land Use Classification at Sampean Watershed Using Multispectral Spot
Image (Januar Ferry Irawan and Indarto)
213
Development of Digital Elevation Model For East Java (DEM-JATIM) Using
Catchmentsim and Mapwindow GIS (Indarto)
220
Climate Change Adaption Using Reservoir Rule (M. Yanuar J. Purwanto)
231
Quantification of Methane (CH4) Gas Emission as selection Parameter of
Rice Variety (P. Setyanto, S. Ambarwati, Ariet Sabdo Yuwono)
240
Trend Study of Greenhouse Gases Emission and Carbon Balance of
Several of Rice-Plant Management System (P. Setyanto, Isminingsih,
Rina Kartikawati, Arief Sabdo Yuwono)
247
11
Analysis of Water Absorption at Bandarlampung City (Ahmad Tusi and Moh.
Amin)
255
Evaluation of Moments on Water Scoop-Wheel (Kincir) for Irrigation By
Kincirmod (Mohammad Agita Tjandra)
265
The Environmentally Design of Water Management System for Sustainable
Peat Land Development in Indonesia (Dedi Kusnadi Kalsim)
274
Urban Water Demand on Interbasin Water Resources Management System
(Sutoyo, M. Yanuar J. Purwanto, Kato Tasuku and Goto Akira)
285
Tide-Aquifer Interaction Dynamics in Unconfined and Confined Coastal
Aquifer Systems (Madan K. Jha, Yasunori Kamii)
297
Model 20 of Bank Erosion for Non Cohesive Soil River Banks (Case Study
: Sorachigawa River, Hokkaido Japan) (Januar Fery Irawan)
310
Intelligent Computation of Potential Land for Food Production Using a
Spatial-Based System (Rakhmat Jaya Lahay, Kudang B. Seminar, Ade
Komara Mulyana)
319
Determining Defferences in Soil Organic Matter Content Between Two
Compost Types Used in Urban Agriculture (Ida Ayu Gede Bintang
Madrini, Sakae Shibusawa)
331
Design of Supervisory Environmental Parameter Ammonia (NH3) Control
of Closed House System Model For Broilers (Alimuddin, Kudang Boro
Seminar, I Dewa Made Subrata, Sumiati)
342
Influence of Water in Sri Method to Yield and Growth of Paddy Hybrid
Variety on Field Experimental Plot at Desa Gemuruh, Kundur Islan,
Karimun Regency, Kepulauan Riau Province (Wagiono)
354
Utilization of Sidoarjo Mud to Develop Pitcher for Irrigation (Budi I.
Setiawan, M.Bagus Hermanto, Agus Pakpaha)
363
SESSION C : FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS PROCESS
ENGINEERING (FAPE)
Drying Characteristics and Quality Attributes of Asiatic Pennyworth
Leather (Wiriya Phomkong, Nittiya Homhuan, SUkanya Noranate)
371
Degradation of ascorbic acid during preparation and heat treatment of
syrup from guava fruit (Psidium guajava) (Indera Sakti N)
383
Non Destructive Inner Quality Prediction In Intact Mango With Near
Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (Agus A. Munawar & f Wayan
Budiastra)
391
Effects of Water contents and Packaging Materials on Storage Life Time of
Stick Sweet Potato Chip (Tamrin & Lela Ameli)
400
III
Simple Refining Technique of Coconout Oil for Small Holder Industries
(Sugeng Triyono and Agus Haryanto)
406
Effect of Heat Shock Treatment and Aloe Vera Coating to Chilling Injury
Induced in Tomato (Sutrisno, Y. Aris Purwanto, Sugiyono, Ismi M. Edris,
Oily S. Hutabarat)
413
Improving Volatile and Lipid Quality of Macadamia Nut Through the Use of
Hybrid Drying (Phatanayindee, S.,Borompichaichartkul,G. ,Craske,J.and
Wooton,M)
'"
420
3D Visualization of Cell Membrane of Cucumber Fruits Stored Under
Chilled and Non Chilled Temperature (Yohanes Aris Purwanto, Seiichi
Oshita, Yoshinori Kawagoe, Yoshio Makino)
427
Study of Respiration Rate and Texture of Bali Snake Fruit Using
Polyethyline Plastic Packaging During Modified Atmosphere Storage
(I.A. Rina Pratiwi Pudja)
434
Preparation of Styrene and Methyl Methacrylate Grafted Onto Natural
Rubber (Ahmad Randy, Dewi Sondari, Kuntari AS., Ariadi B., Surasno)
439
Improvement of The Technology Packaging for The Transportation of
Mangosteen (Niluh Yulianti, Sutrisno, Emmy Darmawati)
444
Influence of Potassium Persulfate Initiator in Emulsion Polymeryzation of
Polymethyl Methacrylate Onto Natural Rubber (Dewi Sondari, Agus
Haryono and Evi Triwulandari)
452
Ultrasonic Wave Characteristic of Arumanis Mangoes and Damage
arumanis mangoes by fruit fly (Warji and Rokhani Hasbullah)
460
Biodegradable Plasticizers From Isobutyl Oleate Based on Palm Oil as The
Substitute of Dop on PVC Resin (Evi Triwulandari and Agus Haryono)
469
Technical Performance Evaluation of Cooffee Bean Roaster with Rotating
Cylinder Type (Sutarsi, Siswoyo Soekamo and Sukrisno Widyotomo)
479
Thin Layer Charateristic of Fermented and Unfermented Cocoa Beans (S.
Salengke)
488
Determination of Soluble Solids Content (SSC) of Orange and Lemon by a
Portable NIR Spectroscopy (Rudiati Evi Masitoh, Sumio Kawano,
Sirinnapa Saranwong)
500
Identification and Quantitative Analysis of Catechin in Dried "Gambir"
Leaves Extract (Devi Yuni Susanti, Umar Santoso, Kapti Rahayu)
508
Mathematical Model of Heat Transfer During Compression at Tablet
Processing (Ansar, Budi Rahardjo, Zuheid Noor, and Rochmadi)
519
IV
The Novel of Benzaldehyde In Controlling the Growth of Green Mould
(Penicillium Digitatum) Valencia Oranges (I Made S. Utama)
528
Characteristic of Six Indonesia Corn Grains and Their Flours (Titi C. Sunarti,
Riyahi, N.A. Permatasari, N.Richana, F. Kasim)
538
Retention Pond Design and Charateristics Modelling in Fermented Pulp
Cocoa (Pandu Gunawan, Gardjito)
548
Grafting Ability of Plasticized Tapioca on Poly (butylenes adipate-coterephthalate) (Raffi Paramawati, Weipeng Liu, Ramani Narayan)
559
Characteristics of Easter Lily Flower (Lilium longitflorum Thunb) in Cool
Storage (I. A. longdong, D. Tooy)
570
Fruitfly Disinfestation of Mango cv Gedong Gincu Using Vapor Heat
Treatment (VHT) Method (Rokhani Hasbullah, Elpodesy Martisa, Dadang)
579
Group D : GLOBAL ISSUES (BIOENERGY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY,
WORK SAFETYAND ERGONOMICS) (GIS)
Kinetic Model of Biodiesel Processing with Ultrasound (Bambang Susilo)
590
Effect of Crude Glycerol Addition on Hardwood Ships Gasification Using a
Downdraft Gasifier (Agus Haryanto, lester R. Pordesimo, Sandun D.
Fernando, James R. Wooten, Eugene P. Colombus, Lin Wei)
600
Performance of Pressurize Stove by Utilizing Plant Oils in Indonesia
(Bambang Prastowo, Srimulato and Elita Rahmarestia)
610
Comprasion of Two Burners on Charcoal Yield and Compositons
(W.Songchai, Y. Suphan and l. Juckamas)
Production of Charcoal Mixed with Egg - shell (Bopit Bubphachot and
Songchai Wiriyaumpaiwong)
618
623
Energy Auditing in Urea Production Process (Case Study in PT Pupuk
Kujang-eikampek, West Java) (S. Endah Agustina and Hera Pratiwi)
630
Sustainability Parameters in Dissemination
Technologies (Kamaruddin Abdullah)
641
Renewable
Energy
Supporting ESSV Program with The E31 Village Concept (Karnaruddin
Abdullah)
648
Design of Rotary Rack Type Greenhouse Effect (GHE) Hybrid Solar Dryer
for Cardamon (Wulandani, D., S.E Agustina, Y. Aris Purwanto,
l.O.Nelwan)
657
Analysis of Energy Consumption for Paddy Production in Indonesia
(Agung Hendriadi and Lilik Mulyantoro)
666
v
Session A : Fann Machinery an{1 Management (FMM)
DESIGN AND TRACTION PERFORMANCE OF MOVABLE LUG WHEEL
EQUIPPED WITH LUG-SPRING MECHANISMS
Wawan Hermawan
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and
Technology, Bogor Agricultural University
ABSTRACT
A movable lug wheel has been designed to improve the traction performance
of two-wheel tractor in wet rice field. Each lug-plate of the lug wheel was equipped
with lug-spring mechanisms so that the lug-plate could swing to the optimum
inclination angle for producing the bigger traction force. The movable lug wheel was
85 cm in diameter, had 14 lugs (8 cm width x 35 cm length) which was equipped
with a pair of torsion type springs. A set of field test has been conducted using a
two-wheel tractor equipped with the movable lug wheel for plowing a wet rice field
plot in Cianjur District, West Java. The test result showed that the movable lug
wheel had a better traction performance than the conventional lug wheel. The
average wheel slip of the movable lug wheel was 11%, which was lower than the
wheel slip of the conventional lug wheel (21%). The swing action of the movable
lugs could remove the adhered soil on the lug plates, and eliminated soil blocking
between the lugs. The average of plowing efficiency using the movable lug wheel
was 76%, which was bigger than the conventional lug wheel (68%).
INTRODUCTION
To improve traction performance and overcome mobility problem of two wheel
tractor in lowland rice field operation, it is necessary to develop a new concept of lug
wheel. As the result of previous researches [1, 2, and 3], a new concept of movable
lug wheel had been developed and showed a better traction performance than the
conventional (fixed) lug wheel. Using rollers and a sliding groove mechanism, the
lug plate of the movable lug is held in a certain constant inclination angle to the
horizontal soil surface during the contact period with soil to produce better pull and
lift forces and also eliminate soil blocking over neighboring lug plates. It was found
that the puff and lift forces obtained by the flat movable lug with 45° lug inclination
angle was higher than those by the fixed lug [3]. A spring mechanism for the lug
motion mechanism of the movable lug wheel then was introduced and evaluated [4].
The mechanism was designed to fit the best lug motion pattern that was founded by
Hermawan et at. [3]. The test result showed that in comparison with the conventional
fixed lug wheel, the lug wheel equipped with spring - lug mechanisms has a great
potential for better traction and flotation.
The movable lug wheel with spring mechanisms should be applied in the real
operation of two wheel tractor in wet rice filed of rice production area such as Cianjur
District, West Java. For that purpose, the movable lug wheel should be designed
based on the actual rice field condition, tractor and tillage implement used.
International Symposium Agricultural Engineering Towards
Suistainable Agriculture in Asia, Bogar, Indonesia, November 18-19, 2009
103
Session A : Fann Machinery and Management (FMM)
The objective of this research was to design and test a movable lug wheel
equipped with spring mechanism for a hand tractor in tillage operation of wet paddy
field.
RESEARCH METHOD
Measurement of soil condition and tractor specification
In order to design the proper movable lug wheel that meet the soil condition
and tractor specification, the soil condition of wet paddy field in Cianjur District was
measured, and the specification of the hand tractor used in that area was identified.
The soil resistance on the plate penetration was measured using a penetrometer
equipped with a steel plat at the tip and supported by inclination setting support base
(Figure 1).
Ｍ Ｌｾ
Penetrometer
Figure 1. Penetrometer for measuring the soil resistance on plate penetration.
Using this apparatus, the inclination angle of plate penetration could be set to
measure the soil resistance on the plate penetration on penetration angle of 30°,45°,
60°, 75° and 90°. Three sizes of plate were used, i.e. a} 5 cm x 7 cm, b} 7.5 cm x 5
cm, and c} 10 cm x 5 cm. The soil resistance was measured on the depth of 2.5 cm,
5 em, 7.5 em, 10 cm, 12.5 cm and 15 cm. Furthermore, specification of a hand
tractor used on the experiment area was identified. Tractor weight, wheel flange size
and wheel bolt position, and relative position of gear box base and engine starter
crank to the wheel axle were measured and identified.
Movable lug wheel design analysis
Design parameters of the movable lug wheel such as: a} lug plate size, b}
spring coefficient for the spring mechanism, c} wheel diameter, and d} number of lug
plate, were determined using the appropriate data obtained. In addition, the basic
formation of two wheel tractor during paddy field plowing operation (Figure 2) and
the ground clearance should be considered, in determining the wheel size.
International Symposium Agricultural Engineering Towards
Suistainable Agriculture in Asia, Bogor, Indonesia, November 18-19, 2009
104
Session A : Farm Machinery anp Management (FMM)
Soil surface
Lug wheel
Lug plate
Figure 2. Basic formation of two wheel tractor during paddy field plowing operation.
Then, the movable lug wheel was designed using the following steps [5]: (a)
determining the outer diameter of the lug wheel; (b) determining lug number; (c)
determining lug plate size and lug plate material; (d) designing the spring
mechanism for the movable lug; (e) determining spring size and material; (f)
planning number, outer diameter and material of rim; (g) planning shape of wheel
spokes and their size and material; (h) designing the wheel flange; (i) planning the
arrangement of spokes, wheel flange, rims and rims connecting bars.
L
Hb
ｾ
w
ｾ
Lug plate
Spoke
Outer rim
ｾＪ］ ｵｲｴｬ Ｍ ＺｾｍＱＧ Ｍ
Flange
Soil surface
Inner rim
Figure 3. Lug wheel components and schema for determining the wheel size.
According to Figure 3, the outer wheel diameter R w can be determined by
Rw=Ht+Hc +Z
(1)
where: HI is the radius of the gear box, He is ground clearance, and Z is wheel
sinkage. Then, wheel diameter is:
D w =2Rw
(2)
In addition, the maximum diameter of the wheel is limited by clear space for
the wheel rotation which is bordered by engine starter crank at the front side and
Intemational Symposium Agricu«ural Engineering Towards
Suistainable Agricu«ure in Asia, Bogor, Indonesia, November 18-19, 2009
105
Session A : Farm Machinery am! Management (FMM)
tillage implement at the rear side. These dimensions should be measured on the
tractor used in the area.
Lug plate size then should be determined precisely considering the
relationship of the pull force, vertical load, wheel diameter, lug number, lug plate size,
and wheel sinkage. The data of soil resistance on plate penetration was used to
determine the lug plate size. In the design analysis, the horizontal component of the
resultant of soil reaction forces on the active lug plates (working lugs) should be
P
2
bigger than half of the pull force (-' ) and rolling resistance (Frr). The vertical
component of the resultant of soil reaction forces should be bigger than the vertical
W
load supporting by the wheel (_t ).
2
n
LF
sh ｾ
i=l
n
LFsv
i=l
=
ｴ｟ｾ
(P +F )
-'
2
(3)
rr
W
(4)
2
Fs Fsh + Fsv
(5)
where: FSh is horizontal component of the soil reaction force, Fsv is vertical
component of the soil reaction force, and Fs is the resultant of soil reaction forces on
the active lug plates.
Moving direction
ｾ
Soil surface
Fff
.
Fs2
Figure 4. Working forces on the lug wheel.
Intemational Symposium Agricultural Engineering Towards
Suistainable Agriculture in Asia, Bogor, Indonesia, November 18-19, 2009"
106
Session A : Farm Machinery and Management (FMM)
Soil reaction forces on the active lugs FS1 ' FS2 ' FS3 etc. were calculated using
the data of soil resistance to the plate penetration, according to the depth of the
corresponding lug plate (lug position in the soil) and its inclination angle.
ｾ］
ｾ
where: Fsn is soil reaction force on the nih lug plate, As is lug plate area, and Tpn is
soil resistance on the nth lug plate (measurement result at the corresponding depth
and inclination angle). From the soil reactions, the horizontal and vertical
components then can be determined accordingly.
m
ｾ］ ｡
Fsvn
= Fsn sin a
(8)
where: Fshn is horizontal component of the soil reaction force on the nih lug plate, a
is the inclination angle of the nih lug plate, and Fsvn is vertical component of the soil
reaction force on the nih lug plate.
Active lug number Jsa , lug plate size (lug plate area, As) and wheel sinkage Z
are interrelated in achieving the force equilibrium on the wheel system. Then, the
lug plate size was optimized and determined using the mentioned equations (3) - (8).
The spring mechanism for the movable lug plate (Figure 5) was designed in
such a way that the lug plates can swing or deflect to make a 45° inclination angle
by the soil reaction force on the lug plate. Therefore, the spring characteristic (size,
spring constant and material) for the mechanism is determined by working forces
equilibrium on the lug plate. As the lug plate was supposed to have a 45° inclination
angle at its lowest position in the soil, the soil reaction force on the lug plate
(according to the lug plate size and the wheel sinkage) was applied in designing the
spring mechanism and determining the spring characteristic.
Figure 5. The spring mechanism for the movable lug wheel.
Intemational Symposium Agricultural Engineering Towards
SuistainableAgriculture in Asia, Bogar, Indonesia, November 18-19, 2009
107
Session A : Farm Machinery and Management (FMM)
,I
Figure 6. Dimension and shape of the wheel flange.
Wheel flange (Figure 6) is an important part of the lug wheel. Its size should
be determined by the standard size of the wheel axle nap and its flange on the
wheel axle of the tractor. Dimensions that should be determined are: flange
diameter Dh , diameter of flange hole Da, diameter of bolt hole Db, circle diameter of
bolt holes Dg , and flange thick Th .
The number of wheel spoke depends on the wheel diameter, loads supported,
and size and quality of the spoke. Number and size of the rim depend on the loads
supported by the wheel.
Wheel performance test
Based on the design analysis, a pair of the movable lug wheels was
fabricated. The prototype then was applied to the two wheel tractor (local tractor) for
paddy field tillage operation. The plowing operation using a mold board plow was
conducted at three plots of wet paddy field in Cianjur District. The plot size was 25 m
x 40 m. The same operation was also conducted using the conventional fixed lug
wheel (local wheel). During the plowing operation, following field performances
were measured: 1) effective field capacity and field efficiency, 2) wheel sinkage,
and 3} wheel slip.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The prototype of the movable lug wheel
As the result of the design analysis, the following design parameters had been
determined: the wheel diameter was 85 cm; the number of lug plate was 14; lug
plate width was 8 cm; lug plate length was 35 cm; lug plate thickness was 4 mm; lug
angle was 36°; maximum lug plate deflection was 9°; rim material was 19 mm in
diameter; and spoke material was 19 mm in diameter. Helical torsion spring was
used for the spring mechanism of the movable lug, where pair of the springs was
installed on each lug plate. The spring wire was 8 mm in diameter, the diameter of
the coil was 19 mm, coil number was 3.1, and the distance of the load to the spring
axis was 39.6 mm. Based on the design parameters, a pair of prototypes of the
movable lug wheel (Figure 7) has been fabricated. The spring mechanism is shown
in Figure 8.
International Symposium Agricultural Engineering Towards
Suistainable Agriculture in Asia, Bogar, Indonesia, November 18-19, 2009
108
Session A : Farm Machinery andManagement (FMM)
Figure 7. The prototype of the movable lug wheel
Torsion
spring
Hinge
Figure 8. The spring mechanism of the movable lug.
The prototype had two rims installed 188 mm apart, had eight spokes (4 inner
spokes and 4 outer spokes). The wheel flange was extended by a steel pipe to
support the outer spokes. As the result of the optimum design, the wheel design
has been corrected as shown in Table 1.
h IdeSlqn
. Improvements
Table 1 l uqwee
local lug wheel
Movable lug wheel
No.
Wheel desiqn specification
1
Wheel diameter (mm)
820
850
luq plate area (em;')
217
280
2
Inter-rim distance (mm)
255
188
3
Wheel weight (kq)
4
30
50
The wheel working performances
Functional test showed that the wheel flanges of the wheel prototype could be
installed properly to the wheel axle nap of the tested tractor, and the movable lug
mechanism worked well, and the prototype could be utilized as a traction device for
the tractor accordingly.
The result of the field test showed that the movable lug wheel performed
better than the local fixed lug wheel. Average slip of the movable lug wheel was
11.54% which was lower than the average slip of the fixed lug wheel (20.89%). The
average of plowing efficiency using the movable lug wheel was 76%, which was
bigger than the conventional lug wheel (68%).
International Symposium Agricultural Engineering Towards
Suistainable Agriculture in Asia, Bogor, Indonesia, November 18-19, 2009
109
Session A : Farm Machinery ang Management (FMM)
As observed on the performance test, the movable lug mechanism could
improve the tractor mobility in the deep muddy paddy field. As the local fixed wheel
sank deeper to about 20 cm depth, whereas the movable lug wheel could work well
at about 15 cm sinkage. The lug plates of the movable lug wheel could deflect to the
optimum inclination angle for attaining the bigger soil reaction forces. In contrast, as
the wheel sank deeper, the rolling resistance became bigger and caused the poor
mobility of the fixed lug wheel. Furthermore, as observed on the field test, the swing
action of the movable lugs, as it departed form the soil, could remove the adhered
soil on the lug plates, and eliminated soil blocking between the lugs (Figure 9 (b».
-.'-,
-
Figure 9. Soil blocking on the fixed lug wheel (a), and the swing action of the lug
plate of the movable lug wheel which removed the adhered soil (b).
CONCLUSIONS
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The movable lug wheel equipped with lug-spring mechanisms for a hand tractor
in tillage operation of wet paddy field was designed and fabricated.
The movable lug wheel had a better traction performance than the conventional
lug wheel. The spring mechanism of the movable lug wheel could improve the
wheel mobility on wet paddy field. The swing action of the movable lugs could
remove the adhered soil on the lug plates, and eliminated soil blocking between
the lugs.
REFERENCES
Hermawan, W., A. Oida, and M. Yamazaki. 1996. Measurement of soil reaction
forces on a single movable lug. J. Terramechanics. 33(2): 91-101.
Herrnawan, W., A. Oida, and M. Yamazaki. 1997. The characteristics of soil
reaction forces on a single movable lug. J. Terramechanics. 34(1): 23-35.
Hermawan, W., A. Oida, and M. Yamazaki. 1998. Design and traction
performance ofthe movable lug wheel. J. Terramechanics. 35: 159-177.
Hermawan, W., Suastawa, I.N., and Sudianto, D. 2001. Traction performance
of movable lug wheels with spring mechanism and rubber lug. Journal of
ISSAAS 7(1):58-67.
Cebro, I.S., Hermawan, W. 2006. Computer aided design system for lug wheel
of two wheel type tractors. ISAE-Agricultural Engineering Journal. 20(2).
Intemational Symposium Agricultural Engineering Towards
Suistainable Agriculture in Asia, Bogor, Indonesia, November 18-19, 2009
110
2009
Bogor, Indonesia,
November 17-19,
ISBN 978-602-95924-0-5
International Symposium
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING TOWARDS
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN ASIA
Editors :
Prof VM Salokhe ( AE Regional Association), Dr Madan K.Jha (AE Regional Association)
Dr G Srzednicki (UNSW, Australia), Prof Hadi K Purwadaria (PERTETA),
Prof Kamaruddin Abdullah (PERTETA), Prof Sahid Susanto (PERTETA),
Prof Asep Sapei (PERTETA), Dr Agung Hendriadi (PERTETA),
Prof Armansyah Tambunan (PERTETA)Prof Tineke Mandang (PERTETA),
Dr Bambang Prastowo (PERTETA),Dr Handaka (PERTETA),
Dr Sam Herodian (PERTETA), Dr Rafi Paramawati (PERTETA)
PROCEEDINGS
PERTETA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE
GROUP A : FARM MACHINERY AND MANAGEMENT (FMM)
Screen Types Affecting Efficiency of Soil Separation from SugarCane
Stalks (Y.Suphan W.Seree and L. Juckamas)
1
Design of Simple Nyamplung Oil Presser (Puspitahati, Tri Tunggal, Edward
Saleh)
9
Optimum Soil Tillage Method on Dry Land Sugarcane Cultivation (Gatot
Pramuhadi)
16
Application of Neuro-Fuzzy Controller to Autonomous Agricultural Vehicle
Operating on Unstructured Changing Terrain- Control Software
Development (Lilik Sutiarso, Tomohiro Takigawa)
24
Analysis on Optimal Sugar Cane Harvesting System in Jatitujuh SCP,
Majalengka
(Setyo Pertiwi and Vidy Haryanti)
34
City Waste Reduction Efforts for Environmental Quality Improvement
(Trough Improved Agricultural Commodities Distribution System)
(Emmy Darmawati)
42
Specific Soil Draft Resistance of Some Mould Board Ploughs Performed in
Wetland Paddy Soil (Ade Moetangad Kramadibrata)
52
Mathematical Model for Turf Grass Mowing Torque by Using Rotary-Type
Mower Blade (I Nengah Suastawa, Siti Suharyatun)
59
Machine Vibration Analysis for Determining Optimum Operational Engine
Speed
(Gatot Pramuhadi, Mad Yamin and Siti Khoirunnisa)
72
Two Wheels Hybrid Com Seeds Holes Maker (TWHYCOM) (Astiti Puriwigati,
Arief Sabdo Yuwono)
76
Development of Push Type Rotary Mower Powered by Engine of Back Pack
Brush Cutter (A Modffication from Potrum BBE-G1 Prototype to
Potrum BBE-G2 Prototype) (I Nengah Suastawa)
86
Design of a Ditcher Equipped With Scrapers for Making Drainage Channel
on Dry Land Sugar Cane Plantation (Wawan Hermawan, 1 Nengah
Suastawa and Samsul Bahri)
95
Design and Traction Performance of Movable Lug Wheel Equipped with
Spring Mechanism (Wawan Hermawan)
103
Development of Powered Disk Type Sugar cane Stubble Saver (Radite
PAS., Lisyanto, 1N. Suastawa)
111
1
Evaluation of Diesel and Farm Tractor Performance Powered
Cocodiesel (CME) (Desrial)
by
121
Development and Testing of Automatic Sorting and Grading Machine for
Citrus (Usman Ahmad, Mardison S., Rudy Tjahjohutomo, and Ana
Nurhasanah)
132
Sieving Effect of Sorting Machine with Vibration Table Type on Cocoa Pod
Based Compost (Siswoyo Soekarno, Edy Suharyanto, Ahmad Hudi Arit)
142
Mechanical Cocoa Podbreaker Utilization in Cocoa Handling for Improving
Labor and Production Efficiency (Sukrisno Widyotomo, Sri mulato and
Siswoyo Soekamo)
152
The Effect of Tractor Traffic and Organic Matter on Soil Compaction and
Performance of Peanut Crop (Iqbal, Tineke Mandang, E. Namaken
Sembiring)
162
GROUP B : LAND, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT
Development of ANN Extension on Arcview-GIS for Prediction Land
Plantation Productivity (Hermantoro Sastrohartono)
169
Hydraulical Approach in Designing of Proportional Division Structures in
Traditional Irrigation Schemes (M. Hasan Yahya)
176
Plant Speaking Approach For Automatic Fertigation System In Greenhouse
(Usman Ahmad, I Dewa Made Subrata, Chusnul Arit)
185
Study on Phisic & Hidro-Meteorologycal Characteristics of Two Identical
Catchments (Indarto and Sri Wahyuningsih)
194
Landuse Classification Using Aster Multispectral Data : Case StUdy at
Sampean Watershed (East Java) (Indarto and Arit Faisol)
204
Land Use Classification at Sampean Watershed Using Multispectral Spot
Image (Januar Ferry Irawan and Indarto)
213
Development of Digital Elevation Model For East Java (DEM-JATIM) Using
Catchmentsim and Mapwindow GIS (Indarto)
220
Climate Change Adaption Using Reservoir Rule (M. Yanuar J. Purwanto)
231
Quantification of Methane (CH4) Gas Emission as selection Parameter of
Rice Variety (P. Setyanto, S. Ambarwati, Ariet Sabdo Yuwono)
240
Trend Study of Greenhouse Gases Emission and Carbon Balance of
Several of Rice-Plant Management System (P. Setyanto, Isminingsih,
Rina Kartikawati, Arief Sabdo Yuwono)
247
11
Analysis of Water Absorption at Bandarlampung City (Ahmad Tusi and Moh.
Amin)
255
Evaluation of Moments on Water Scoop-Wheel (Kincir) for Irrigation By
Kincirmod (Mohammad Agita Tjandra)
265
The Environmentally Design of Water Management System for Sustainable
Peat Land Development in Indonesia (Dedi Kusnadi Kalsim)
274
Urban Water Demand on Interbasin Water Resources Management System
(Sutoyo, M. Yanuar J. Purwanto, Kato Tasuku and Goto Akira)
285
Tide-Aquifer Interaction Dynamics in Unconfined and Confined Coastal
Aquifer Systems (Madan K. Jha, Yasunori Kamii)
297
Model 20 of Bank Erosion for Non Cohesive Soil River Banks (Case Study
: Sorachigawa River, Hokkaido Japan) (Januar Fery Irawan)
310
Intelligent Computation of Potential Land for Food Production Using a
Spatial-Based System (Rakhmat Jaya Lahay, Kudang B. Seminar, Ade
Komara Mulyana)
319
Determining Defferences in Soil Organic Matter Content Between Two
Compost Types Used in Urban Agriculture (Ida Ayu Gede Bintang
Madrini, Sakae Shibusawa)
331
Design of Supervisory Environmental Parameter Ammonia (NH3) Control
of Closed House System Model For Broilers (Alimuddin, Kudang Boro
Seminar, I Dewa Made Subrata, Sumiati)
342
Influence of Water in Sri Method to Yield and Growth of Paddy Hybrid
Variety on Field Experimental Plot at Desa Gemuruh, Kundur Islan,
Karimun Regency, Kepulauan Riau Province (Wagiono)
354
Utilization of Sidoarjo Mud to Develop Pitcher for Irrigation (Budi I.
Setiawan, M.Bagus Hermanto, Agus Pakpaha)
363
SESSION C : FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS PROCESS
ENGINEERING (FAPE)
Drying Characteristics and Quality Attributes of Asiatic Pennyworth
Leather (Wiriya Phomkong, Nittiya Homhuan, SUkanya Noranate)
371
Degradation of ascorbic acid during preparation and heat treatment of
syrup from guava fruit (Psidium guajava) (Indera Sakti N)
383
Non Destructive Inner Quality Prediction In Intact Mango With Near
Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (Agus A. Munawar & f Wayan
Budiastra)
391
Effects of Water contents and Packaging Materials on Storage Life Time of
Stick Sweet Potato Chip (Tamrin & Lela Ameli)
400
III
Simple Refining Technique of Coconout Oil for Small Holder Industries
(Sugeng Triyono and Agus Haryanto)
406
Effect of Heat Shock Treatment and Aloe Vera Coating to Chilling Injury
Induced in Tomato (Sutrisno, Y. Aris Purwanto, Sugiyono, Ismi M. Edris,
Oily S. Hutabarat)
413
Improving Volatile and Lipid Quality of Macadamia Nut Through the Use of
Hybrid Drying (Phatanayindee, S.,Borompichaichartkul,G. ,Craske,J.and
Wooton,M)
'"
420
3D Visualization of Cell Membrane of Cucumber Fruits Stored Under
Chilled and Non Chilled Temperature (Yohanes Aris Purwanto, Seiichi
Oshita, Yoshinori Kawagoe, Yoshio Makino)
427
Study of Respiration Rate and Texture of Bali Snake Fruit Using
Polyethyline Plastic Packaging During Modified Atmosphere Storage
(I.A. Rina Pratiwi Pudja)
434
Preparation of Styrene and Methyl Methacrylate Grafted Onto Natural
Rubber (Ahmad Randy, Dewi Sondari, Kuntari AS., Ariadi B., Surasno)
439
Improvement of The Technology Packaging for The Transportation of
Mangosteen (Niluh Yulianti, Sutrisno, Emmy Darmawati)
444
Influence of Potassium Persulfate Initiator in Emulsion Polymeryzation of
Polymethyl Methacrylate Onto Natural Rubber (Dewi Sondari, Agus
Haryono and Evi Triwulandari)
452
Ultrasonic Wave Characteristic of Arumanis Mangoes and Damage
arumanis mangoes by fruit fly (Warji and Rokhani Hasbullah)
460
Biodegradable Plasticizers From Isobutyl Oleate Based on Palm Oil as The
Substitute of Dop on PVC Resin (Evi Triwulandari and Agus Haryono)
469
Technical Performance Evaluation of Cooffee Bean Roaster with Rotating
Cylinder Type (Sutarsi, Siswoyo Soekamo and Sukrisno Widyotomo)
479
Thin Layer Charateristic of Fermented and Unfermented Cocoa Beans (S.
Salengke)
488
Determination of Soluble Solids Content (SSC) of Orange and Lemon by a
Portable NIR Spectroscopy (Rudiati Evi Masitoh, Sumio Kawano,
Sirinnapa Saranwong)
500
Identification and Quantitative Analysis of Catechin in Dried "Gambir"
Leaves Extract (Devi Yuni Susanti, Umar Santoso, Kapti Rahayu)
508
Mathematical Model of Heat Transfer During Compression at Tablet
Processing (Ansar, Budi Rahardjo, Zuheid Noor, and Rochmadi)
519
IV
The Novel of Benzaldehyde In Controlling the Growth of Green Mould
(Penicillium Digitatum) Valencia Oranges (I Made S. Utama)
528
Characteristic of Six Indonesia Corn Grains and Their Flours (Titi C. Sunarti,
Riyahi, N.A. Permatasari, N.Richana, F. Kasim)
538
Retention Pond Design and Charateristics Modelling in Fermented Pulp
Cocoa (Pandu Gunawan, Gardjito)
548
Grafting Ability of Plasticized Tapioca on Poly (butylenes adipate-coterephthalate) (Raffi Paramawati, Weipeng Liu, Ramani Narayan)
559
Characteristics of Easter Lily Flower (Lilium longitflorum Thunb) in Cool
Storage (I. A. longdong, D. Tooy)
570
Fruitfly Disinfestation of Mango cv Gedong Gincu Using Vapor Heat
Treatment (VHT) Method (Rokhani Hasbullah, Elpodesy Martisa, Dadang)
579
Group D : GLOBAL ISSUES (BIOENERGY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY,
WORK SAFETYAND ERGONOMICS) (GIS)
Kinetic Model of Biodiesel Processing with Ultrasound (Bambang Susilo)
590
Effect of Crude Glycerol Addition on Hardwood Ships Gasification Using a
Downdraft Gasifier (Agus Haryanto, lester R. Pordesimo, Sandun D.
Fernando, James R. Wooten, Eugene P. Colombus, Lin Wei)
600
Performance of Pressurize Stove by Utilizing Plant Oils in Indonesia
(Bambang Prastowo, Srimulato and Elita Rahmarestia)
610
Comprasion of Two Burners on Charcoal Yield and Compositons
(W.Songchai, Y. Suphan and l. Juckamas)
Production of Charcoal Mixed with Egg - shell (Bopit Bubphachot and
Songchai Wiriyaumpaiwong)
618
623
Energy Auditing in Urea Production Process (Case Study in PT Pupuk
Kujang-eikampek, West Java) (S. Endah Agustina and Hera Pratiwi)
630
Sustainability Parameters in Dissemination
Technologies (Kamaruddin Abdullah)
641
Renewable
Energy
Supporting ESSV Program with The E31 Village Concept (Karnaruddin
Abdullah)
648
Design of Rotary Rack Type Greenhouse Effect (GHE) Hybrid Solar Dryer
for Cardamon (Wulandani, D., S.E Agustina, Y. Aris Purwanto,
l.O.Nelwan)
657
Analysis of Energy Consumption for Paddy Production in Indonesia
(Agung Hendriadi and Lilik Mulyantoro)
666
v
Session A : Fann Machinery an{1 Management (FMM)
DESIGN AND TRACTION PERFORMANCE OF MOVABLE LUG WHEEL
EQUIPPED WITH LUG-SPRING MECHANISMS
Wawan Hermawan
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and
Technology, Bogor Agricultural University
ABSTRACT
A movable lug wheel has been designed to improve the traction performance
of two-wheel tractor in wet rice field. Each lug-plate of the lug wheel was equipped
with lug-spring mechanisms so that the lug-plate could swing to the optimum
inclination angle for producing the bigger traction force. The movable lug wheel was
85 cm in diameter, had 14 lugs (8 cm width x 35 cm length) which was equipped
with a pair of torsion type springs. A set of field test has been conducted using a
two-wheel tractor equipped with the movable lug wheel for plowing a wet rice field
plot in Cianjur District, West Java. The test result showed that the movable lug
wheel had a better traction performance than the conventional lug wheel. The
average wheel slip of the movable lug wheel was 11%, which was lower than the
wheel slip of the conventional lug wheel (21%). The swing action of the movable
lugs could remove the adhered soil on the lug plates, and eliminated soil blocking
between the lugs. The average of plowing efficiency using the movable lug wheel
was 76%, which was bigger than the conventional lug wheel (68%).
INTRODUCTION
To improve traction performance and overcome mobility problem of two wheel
tractor in lowland rice field operation, it is necessary to develop a new concept of lug
wheel. As the result of previous researches [1, 2, and 3], a new concept of movable
lug wheel had been developed and showed a better traction performance than the
conventional (fixed) lug wheel. Using rollers and a sliding groove mechanism, the
lug plate of the movable lug is held in a certain constant inclination angle to the
horizontal soil surface during the contact period with soil to produce better pull and
lift forces and also eliminate soil blocking over neighboring lug plates. It was found
that the puff and lift forces obtained by the flat movable lug with 45° lug inclination
angle was higher than those by the fixed lug [3]. A spring mechanism for the lug
motion mechanism of the movable lug wheel then was introduced and evaluated [4].
The mechanism was designed to fit the best lug motion pattern that was founded by
Hermawan et at. [3]. The test result showed that in comparison with the conventional
fixed lug wheel, the lug wheel equipped with spring - lug mechanisms has a great
potential for better traction and flotation.
The movable lug wheel with spring mechanisms should be applied in the real
operation of two wheel tractor in wet rice filed of rice production area such as Cianjur
District, West Java. For that purpose, the movable lug wheel should be designed
based on the actual rice field condition, tractor and tillage implement used.
International Symposium Agricultural Engineering Towards
Suistainable Agriculture in Asia, Bogar, Indonesia, November 18-19, 2009
103
Session A : Fann Machinery and Management (FMM)
The objective of this research was to design and test a movable lug wheel
equipped with spring mechanism for a hand tractor in tillage operation of wet paddy
field.
RESEARCH METHOD
Measurement of soil condition and tractor specification
In order to design the proper movable lug wheel that meet the soil condition
and tractor specification, the soil condition of wet paddy field in Cianjur District was
measured, and the specification of the hand tractor used in that area was identified.
The soil resistance on the plate penetration was measured using a penetrometer
equipped with a steel plat at the tip and supported by inclination setting support base
(Figure 1).
Ｍ Ｌｾ
Penetrometer
Figure 1. Penetrometer for measuring the soil resistance on plate penetration.
Using this apparatus, the inclination angle of plate penetration could be set to
measure the soil resistance on the plate penetration on penetration angle of 30°,45°,
60°, 75° and 90°. Three sizes of plate were used, i.e. a} 5 cm x 7 cm, b} 7.5 cm x 5
cm, and c} 10 cm x 5 cm. The soil resistance was measured on the depth of 2.5 cm,
5 em, 7.5 em, 10 cm, 12.5 cm and 15 cm. Furthermore, specification of a hand
tractor used on the experiment area was identified. Tractor weight, wheel flange size
and wheel bolt position, and relative position of gear box base and engine starter
crank to the wheel axle were measured and identified.
Movable lug wheel design analysis
Design parameters of the movable lug wheel such as: a} lug plate size, b}
spring coefficient for the spring mechanism, c} wheel diameter, and d} number of lug
plate, were determined using the appropriate data obtained. In addition, the basic
formation of two wheel tractor during paddy field plowing operation (Figure 2) and
the ground clearance should be considered, in determining the wheel size.
International Symposium Agricultural Engineering Towards
Suistainable Agriculture in Asia, Bogor, Indonesia, November 18-19, 2009
104
Session A : Farm Machinery anp Management (FMM)
Soil surface
Lug wheel
Lug plate
Figure 2. Basic formation of two wheel tractor during paddy field plowing operation.
Then, the movable lug wheel was designed using the following steps [5]: (a)
determining the outer diameter of the lug wheel; (b) determining lug number; (c)
determining lug plate size and lug plate material; (d) designing the spring
mechanism for the movable lug; (e) determining spring size and material; (f)
planning number, outer diameter and material of rim; (g) planning shape of wheel
spokes and their size and material; (h) designing the wheel flange; (i) planning the
arrangement of spokes, wheel flange, rims and rims connecting bars.
L
Hb
ｾ
w
ｾ
Lug plate
Spoke
Outer rim
ｾＪ］ ｵｲｴｬ Ｍ ＺｾｍＱＧ Ｍ
Flange
Soil surface
Inner rim
Figure 3. Lug wheel components and schema for determining the wheel size.
According to Figure 3, the outer wheel diameter R w can be determined by
Rw=Ht+Hc +Z
(1)
where: HI is the radius of the gear box, He is ground clearance, and Z is wheel
sinkage. Then, wheel diameter is:
D w =2Rw
(2)
In addition, the maximum diameter of the wheel is limited by clear space for
the wheel rotation which is bordered by engine starter crank at the front side and
Intemational Symposium Agricu«ural Engineering Towards
Suistainable Agricu«ure in Asia, Bogor, Indonesia, November 18-19, 2009
105
Session A : Farm Machinery am! Management (FMM)
tillage implement at the rear side. These dimensions should be measured on the
tractor used in the area.
Lug plate size then should be determined precisely considering the
relationship of the pull force, vertical load, wheel diameter, lug number, lug plate size,
and wheel sinkage. The data of soil resistance on plate penetration was used to
determine the lug plate size. In the design analysis, the horizontal component of the
resultant of soil reaction forces on the active lug plates (working lugs) should be
P
2
bigger than half of the pull force (-' ) and rolling resistance (Frr). The vertical
component of the resultant of soil reaction forces should be bigger than the vertical
W
load supporting by the wheel (_t ).
2
n
LF
sh ｾ
i=l
n
LFsv
i=l
=
ｴ｟ｾ
(P +F )
-'
2
(3)
rr
W
(4)
2
Fs Fsh + Fsv
(5)
where: FSh is horizontal component of the soil reaction force, Fsv is vertical
component of the soil reaction force, and Fs is the resultant of soil reaction forces on
the active lug plates.
Moving direction
ｾ
Soil surface
Fff
.
Fs2
Figure 4. Working forces on the lug wheel.
Intemational Symposium Agricultural Engineering Towards
Suistainable Agriculture in Asia, Bogor, Indonesia, November 18-19, 2009"
106
Session A : Farm Machinery and Management (FMM)
Soil reaction forces on the active lugs FS1 ' FS2 ' FS3 etc. were calculated using
the data of soil resistance to the plate penetration, according to the depth of the
corresponding lug plate (lug position in the soil) and its inclination angle.
ｾ］
ｾ
where: Fsn is soil reaction force on the nih lug plate, As is lug plate area, and Tpn is
soil resistance on the nth lug plate (measurement result at the corresponding depth
and inclination angle). From the soil reactions, the horizontal and vertical
components then can be determined accordingly.
m
ｾ］ ｡
Fsvn
= Fsn sin a
(8)
where: Fshn is horizontal component of the soil reaction force on the nih lug plate, a
is the inclination angle of the nih lug plate, and Fsvn is vertical component of the soil
reaction force on the nih lug plate.
Active lug number Jsa , lug plate size (lug plate area, As) and wheel sinkage Z
are interrelated in achieving the force equilibrium on the wheel system. Then, the
lug plate size was optimized and determined using the mentioned equations (3) - (8).
The spring mechanism for the movable lug plate (Figure 5) was designed in
such a way that the lug plates can swing or deflect to make a 45° inclination angle
by the soil reaction force on the lug plate. Therefore, the spring characteristic (size,
spring constant and material) for the mechanism is determined by working forces
equilibrium on the lug plate. As the lug plate was supposed to have a 45° inclination
angle at its lowest position in the soil, the soil reaction force on the lug plate
(according to the lug plate size and the wheel sinkage) was applied in designing the
spring mechanism and determining the spring characteristic.
Figure 5. The spring mechanism for the movable lug wheel.
Intemational Symposium Agricultural Engineering Towards
SuistainableAgriculture in Asia, Bogar, Indonesia, November 18-19, 2009
107
Session A : Farm Machinery and Management (FMM)
,I
Figure 6. Dimension and shape of the wheel flange.
Wheel flange (Figure 6) is an important part of the lug wheel. Its size should
be determined by the standard size of the wheel axle nap and its flange on the
wheel axle of the tractor. Dimensions that should be determined are: flange
diameter Dh , diameter of flange hole Da, diameter of bolt hole Db, circle diameter of
bolt holes Dg , and flange thick Th .
The number of wheel spoke depends on the wheel diameter, loads supported,
and size and quality of the spoke. Number and size of the rim depend on the loads
supported by the wheel.
Wheel performance test
Based on the design analysis, a pair of the movable lug wheels was
fabricated. The prototype then was applied to the two wheel tractor (local tractor) for
paddy field tillage operation. The plowing operation using a mold board plow was
conducted at three plots of wet paddy field in Cianjur District. The plot size was 25 m
x 40 m. The same operation was also conducted using the conventional fixed lug
wheel (local wheel). During the plowing operation, following field performances
were measured: 1) effective field capacity and field efficiency, 2) wheel sinkage,
and 3} wheel slip.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The prototype of the movable lug wheel
As the result of the design analysis, the following design parameters had been
determined: the wheel diameter was 85 cm; the number of lug plate was 14; lug
plate width was 8 cm; lug plate length was 35 cm; lug plate thickness was 4 mm; lug
angle was 36°; maximum lug plate deflection was 9°; rim material was 19 mm in
diameter; and spoke material was 19 mm in diameter. Helical torsion spring was
used for the spring mechanism of the movable lug, where pair of the springs was
installed on each lug plate. The spring wire was 8 mm in diameter, the diameter of
the coil was 19 mm, coil number was 3.1, and the distance of the load to the spring
axis was 39.6 mm. Based on the design parameters, a pair of prototypes of the
movable lug wheel (Figure 7) has been fabricated. The spring mechanism is shown
in Figure 8.
International Symposium Agricultural Engineering Towards
Suistainable Agriculture in Asia, Bogar, Indonesia, November 18-19, 2009
108
Session A : Farm Machinery andManagement (FMM)
Figure 7. The prototype of the movable lug wheel
Torsion
spring
Hinge
Figure 8. The spring mechanism of the movable lug.
The prototype had two rims installed 188 mm apart, had eight spokes (4 inner
spokes and 4 outer spokes). The wheel flange was extended by a steel pipe to
support the outer spokes. As the result of the optimum design, the wheel design
has been corrected as shown in Table 1.
h IdeSlqn
. Improvements
Table 1 l uqwee
local lug wheel
Movable lug wheel
No.
Wheel desiqn specification
1
Wheel diameter (mm)
820
850
luq plate area (em;')
217
280
2
Inter-rim distance (mm)
255
188
3
Wheel weight (kq)
4
30
50
The wheel working performances
Functional test showed that the wheel flanges of the wheel prototype could be
installed properly to the wheel axle nap of the tested tractor, and the movable lug
mechanism worked well, and the prototype could be utilized as a traction device for
the tractor accordingly.
The result of the field test showed that the movable lug wheel performed
better than the local fixed lug wheel. Average slip of the movable lug wheel was
11.54% which was lower than the average slip of the fixed lug wheel (20.89%). The
average of plowing efficiency using the movable lug wheel was 76%, which was
bigger than the conventional lug wheel (68%).
International Symposium Agricultural Engineering Towards
Suistainable Agriculture in Asia, Bogor, Indonesia, November 18-19, 2009
109
Session A : Farm Machinery ang Management (FMM)
As observed on the performance test, the movable lug mechanism could
improve the tractor mobility in the deep muddy paddy field. As the local fixed wheel
sank deeper to about 20 cm depth, whereas the movable lug wheel could work well
at about 15 cm sinkage. The lug plates of the movable lug wheel could deflect to the
optimum inclination angle for attaining the bigger soil reaction forces. In contrast, as
the wheel sank deeper, the rolling resistance became bigger and caused the poor
mobility of the fixed lug wheel. Furthermore, as observed on the field test, the swing
action of the movable lugs, as it departed form the soil, could remove the adhered
soil on the lug plates, and eliminated soil blocking between the lugs (Figure 9 (b».
-.'-,
-
Figure 9. Soil blocking on the fixed lug wheel (a), and the swing action of the lug
plate of the movable lug wheel which removed the adhered soil (b).
CONCLUSIONS
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The movable lug wheel equipped with lug-spring mechanisms for a hand tractor
in tillage operation of wet paddy field was designed and fabricated.
The movable lug wheel had a better traction performance than the conventional
lug wheel. The spring mechanism of the movable lug wheel could improve the
wheel mobility on wet paddy field. The swing action of the movable lugs could
remove the adhered soil on the lug plates, and eliminated soil blocking between
the lugs.
REFERENCES
Hermawan, W., A. Oida, and M. Yamazaki. 1996. Measurement of soil reaction
forces on a single movable lug. J. Terramechanics. 33(2): 91-101.
Herrnawan, W., A. Oida, and M. Yamazaki. 1997. The characteristics of soil
reaction forces on a single movable lug. J. Terramechanics. 34(1): 23-35.
Hermawan, W., A. Oida, and M. Yamazaki. 1998. Design and traction
performance ofthe movable lug wheel. J. Terramechanics. 35: 159-177.
Hermawan, W., Suastawa, I.N., and Sudianto, D. 2001. Traction performance
of movable lug wheels with spring mechanism and rubber lug. Journal of
ISSAAS 7(1):58-67.
Cebro, I.S., Hermawan, W. 2006. Computer aided design system for lug wheel
of two wheel type tractors. ISAE-Agricultural Engineering Journal. 20(2).
Intemational Symposium Agricultural Engineering Towards
Suistainable Agriculture in Asia, Bogor, Indonesia, November 18-19, 2009
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