Coastal Resouces Assessment On Southeast Salawesi by Using Remote Sensing Techniques. Case Study: Tiwoto Islands And Its Surroundings
THESIS
COAmAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT ON SOUTHEAST
SULAWESI BY USING REMOTE SENSING
TECHNIQUES
Case Study: Tiwon, Islands And
Its Surroundings
Halili
99735/MIT
GRADUATE PROGRAM
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
INDONESIA
2001
COASTAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT O N SOUTHEAST
SULAWESI BY USING REMOTE SENSING
TECHNlQUES
Case Study: Tiworo Islands And
Its Surroundings
'Phc?iis Submitted to
The Gduate Sch~olof'1k)gor Agticulture University, Indonesia
In fulfill of the requimments fix the degree of
k \ % wof Science in 1nfi)tmation I+echm)logyfor N a t d Kesources Management
GRADUATE PROGRAM
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
INDONESIA
200 1
Restarch Titk
:Coastal Resoumes Assessment On Southeast
Salawesi by Using Remote Sensing Techniques.
Case Study: Tiwoto Lsbds And Its Surroundings
Student Name
:Halili
Student ID
:997351MrT
Study Program
:Master of Science in Information Techaobgy for
Naturnl Resources Management
The& approved by the Advisory Board:
Dr. ir. Vhceatias P. Sirwar
Supervisor
Dr. Ir. Joko Purwanto
Co-supervisor
Chainnan of the Study Pro
e\-/
Dr. Ir. Haedob
Date: November, 20th 200 1
Coastal Resources Assessment On Southeast Sulawesi
By Using Remote Sensing Techniques.
Case Study: Tiworo Islands And Its Surrounding
By HaIiIi
Abstract
Kernore senqing offm the potential to o b w e coastal ecosystem in order to
identi@ and a s s the coastal ~wunxs.'k
study area is located in T i m
Islands and Its smunding, Southeast Sulatwsi kovince. Applying several
algorithm and 3-band cobr combination to awss coastal resource include
Mangrove, Coral reef, Suqwnded Sdiment and Chlorophyll-a.
The imagine system ullow li)r either 3-hand color composite images to be
displaywl or on-line algorithm pn~esing.Selcstwl R(iR band combinations were
evaluate for their potential to mhanct. coastal d marine features of two time
series data. A l(~d
or 5 singlc-pass algorithms were developing for on line
proc&ng. 'I'wrkliud theme algoriihm were developd fbr mangrove and NDVI;
d three -e
h e m s wrt dwel~pedfOr suspended solid, water chlorophyll-a
and coral reef ecosystem.
The result of data d y w s idicared that utili~~tionseveral coastal
resources (exploitation) such as mangmve, cr~dreef and waters quality has
ra
and Brugeuria dominate
changed envimnmmt's y ual ity. K i / ~ ~ p k ~Sanneratia
the m v e distributions on various formations in T i m Island and Its
Swunding. Cienerrllly mangrove density sbwed the decreasing of its density in
two yeam period particular on high density. Envinjnrnmt condition of coastal area
in the study area also changed with assigning by coml reef category c-.
S e v d algorithms and color comp~sitt:technique have been wed for coastal
resources in that area include water qualities based concentration analysis on
chlomphyll-a and suspmdd solid nf I d w t 'I'M data that dominant on shallow
water, however that waters ~~:cumedhigh-suspended solid, Chlorophyll-a
concentration also influenced by ocem>graphy phenomenon in the waters
mvirnnment.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Many individuals ruwl orgmimtion a~ntrihuledin different ways to the successful
completion o r this thesis and 1 rcvuld like to take the opportunity to express my
gratitude to them.
Firsily, I would like a) gritef'ul t h m b lo Al1i1l-1 swt for hlaxing me, and
g n r e M m f i ~ rmy pmnk and me krtutiful wifk. l'atmawati also my handsome
kid, -1
and Abrnr for their mcouragemnt. patient, prays, and love.
I w u l d like to express my sincere appreciation to Dr. Ir. Vincentius P. Siregar,
nE& and Dr. Ir. Joko I'urwanto, IIEA for their advisory, guidance, and
encouragement fix finishing this mearch. I am alm most gatell to the M T
program and CLiPI-IJCII (C'ullah~rative I.:nvirnnment Project in IndonesiaUniversity Consortium I lnvinmmcmt) Canada) my spwwcship, for giving me the
(~pprtunityto joint this study pnlgram.
My special thank to Ik. i'im I&hkockand IXsy Susanto as Coodimtor and
wcx-emy of CE.:PI-UC'I:. d ~gave
) me lhtt chance to carry out this research by
sharing their excellent suggestion and managed my scholarship. I am thankful to
Ir. Abdul Manan, MSc as I kd 01' Center I hvirrjnmmt Study of FIaluoleo
IJniversity as om of' IJniversilies that uollnhnratd to CEPI-IJC'E, gave me
clpportunity.
I am also thankful u, Mr. Ilclmi l i ~ his
r sharing knowledge and his guiding in
mastering Remote Smsing applicrrlion.
I will not forget to afl my M k cr~llmgues.'Ihanks a lot lbr Mas Mulyadi for his
Ciawi. To my 24 hours puRn~7in the Remote Sensing md GIs lab of ha,
1% Nyoman, Mm 13udi and Agung (1 'm appreciate for your laughing). Also
h r b to my junior colleague Nani. lkwi and Idung. 1'0 my overseas partner,
I'alm
for your kindness relalionship.
sate
I am grateful to Joemar (iorvdes and M d a m Imelda for checking and proof
reading my thesis, also for t k i r positive influence on my English.
A special thank you for Mr. &tia 13udi and &Ian (Ikolab slaffof Biotrop) at their
discussion on Remote Sensing application cases. Also I would like to thank all
MI'T stafF and o h that no1 mentioned here by name that contributed in their
way to the successful of this thesis.
Finttlly, I dedicated this t h i s
country Indonesia.
to my
college at IJnhaIu Kendari, and my lovely
Table o f Contents
i
lkfxe
..
u
Abstract
Acht~wledgments
'Tableof Contents
1,ist of Figures
1.is1 of Tahks
I .is1 of Appendix
1.
Introduction
1. t ,
1 -2.
I3ackground
2.1.
2.2,
2.3.
2.4.
2.5.
Coastal Ecosystem
Cam1I Iabitar
Small I s h d s
RemoteSersiing
Objectivtx
1.3, Strategic Issued
1.4. l'rohlems
3.
Description of Study Area
Material and Methods
3.1. Time And Location
3.1.1. Image a d Supponing l h t a
3.1.2. R e q u i d '1'0015
3.2. Meth~xlology
3.2. I . Image i'n~cessit~g
3.2.2. IrnageArulysih
3.2.3 Ground 'l'ruth
4.
Rmult and Discussion
4.1.
Dab processing
4.1.1, Radiometric ('c~nection
4.1.2. Cmmetric Glrrection
4.2, Field Ilata Awilysis
4.3. Image Analysis
4.3.1. Mangmve 1 kc~system
4.3.2. Distrihuti~mzlnd Condition of'Coral Reef
4.3.3. Sea Bottom I:raturc: Cover
4.3.4 Waters Qwliiics
4.4. Ihta Validation
iii
iv
v
viii
5.
Conclusions And Recommendstions
5.1. Conclucions
5.2. Recornrnedat ions
References
l.ist o i Figures
Fig. I .
Fig. 2.
Fig, 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5 .
Fig. 7.
'Ihe Effect of Light 'Tmsmissic~nthmugh Water Bodies
Study Area Ihwd on I d.wt-'I'M Image
Study Area Map
Flow Direction of Mehdology
Illustration of Campy I knsity of'Mangrr~vearid NDVI Range
Value
Sketch of Coral Iieef nrd Mangrove Sampling Method base on
I d s a t 'I'M Kewlulion
Atmospheric Corrtstir~no f ' I d u t - ' I ' M 1% Acquired Augusz
14 1 9 8
'l'ransforrnation Uurvt: r ~ l the
' Imge I,andsut-'I'M Data of 13arad 1,
A c q u i d August 1 4 1 V08
Contml Points fbr < ieometric Corrwtit~nof 1,dsat-'I'M ,
Acquired Nov. 1 1 200H
Coral Reef Ctmlition fhwd on I.ifi Form Percentage Covaring
Study Area I
d C ' O V ~I3a.d on I mdsat-I'M I)a& July 14
1998
Study Area Iand C'tlver Iktwrl on I mdsrlt-I'M Ilata, Nov. I 1
2000
Fig. 13
Fig, 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 2 1
Fig. 22
Fig. 23
Fig. 24
Fig. 25
Fig. 26
Mangmve I>isrrihution Ibud on I d s a t - I ' M
Mmgrlwe IXstrihution in 'l'iwggea I k L 4 on f m&t-'I'M
Rzuad Composite 5.4,2 ol' I mdsat-'I'M. 1998 und 2000 in
Tinanggeu
One of Type Mangrove Appearance in 'I'iwon)Islands
Mangrove Area in 'I iwlrtl Islands on I .andsat-TM Data, 1998
and 2000
I.IistogramMangrove Condition Ikud on I mdsat-TM 1 998
and 2000
Mangrove Density I kwd on NIlVI Value in Tiw ro Islands and
Its Surrounding on 1 998
Mangrove Dmsity Ihwd on NDVI Value in Iiworo Islands and
Its Surmunding on 1998
Mangrove M s i t y in I h i a on 1 998 and 2000 I h t a
Mangrove Density in 'l'inanggeaon 1998 and 2000 Data
Mangrove Density in 'l'iwvr,n)on 1998 and 2000 Data
Mangrove D m s i t y in 'l'ohwon 1998 and 2000 Data
Unutilizd of Fishpond in t 'imggea
Coral Reef Mstribution in 'l'iwr)m Islands and Its Surroundings
Based on Imdsat-'I'M Ilaw 1996
List o i Figures (cont.)
F i g 27
Coral Reef JXstrihution in 'l'iw~ro
Islands and Its Surroundings
-1
on lmdsut-'I'M 1 h m 2tK)O
I'ig. 27a
Coral Reef Distribution in Miginti Islands and Its Sum~undings
fhdon Imdwt-'I'M 1)it:l
Coml I
Islrinds and I t s
Fig. 32
Sumlunrling I b d on I amil;rl~-'I'M
1 Yitm 1 996
C'hlort~phyll-aI Iistrihution in -1'iwr)ro Islands and Its
Fig. 33
Surmuding Ihwl un I adsat-'I'MIkta 2000
2.
1 Iistograrn Adjuqmnt o t' Atmospheric Scattering C'orrwtion I d s a t 'lM1996, 1998 and 2000
Coral Reef Fkosystem 1.ocatiodStaliom Sampling
'I'hematic Mapper Spxtral I hnd s of 1mdsat-'I'M
I d Cover 13ad on Image Classification on Tiworn Islands aml Its
Surrounding in 1998 luK1 2000
6 . T h e ~ o f M ~ ~ v e 1 3 a w d o n I ~ ~ i t y l e v eRatio
l a ninTiwuro
d
Islands and Its Surn~unrling
7. Utilkaions of Mangrove Rest)urces in Northward of Muna Island
8. Sea Bottom 1:errtures Cover in I'iwm) I s l d a d Its Surroundings
According to Image h l y s i s in 1996 and 2000
9. AcreageofC'hanging~a1k~~toml:rat~sCoverClategoriesIhdon
M s a t - T M Data in 1996 tmd 2000 Classification in '1-iwom Islands
and Its Sumundings
3.
4.
5.
COAmAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT ON SOUTHEAST
SULAWESI BY USING REMOTE SENSING
TECHNIQUES
Case Study: Tiwon, Islands And
Its Surroundings
Halili
99735/MIT
GRADUATE PROGRAM
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
INDONESIA
2001
COASTAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT O N SOUTHEAST
SULAWESI BY USING REMOTE SENSING
TECHNlQUES
Case Study: Tiworo Islands And
Its Surroundings
'Phc?iis Submitted to
The Gduate Sch~olof'1k)gor Agticulture University, Indonesia
In fulfill of the requimments fix the degree of
k \ % wof Science in 1nfi)tmation I+echm)logyfor N a t d Kesources Management
GRADUATE PROGRAM
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
INDONESIA
200 1
Restarch Titk
:Coastal Resoumes Assessment On Southeast
Salawesi by Using Remote Sensing Techniques.
Case Study: Tiwoto Lsbds And Its Surroundings
Student Name
:Halili
Student ID
:997351MrT
Study Program
:Master of Science in Information Techaobgy for
Naturnl Resources Management
The& approved by the Advisory Board:
Dr. ir. Vhceatias P. Sirwar
Supervisor
Dr. Ir. Joko Purwanto
Co-supervisor
Chainnan of the Study Pro
e\-/
Dr. Ir. Haedob
Date: November, 20th 200 1
Coastal Resources Assessment On Southeast Sulawesi
By Using Remote Sensing Techniques.
Case Study: Tiworo Islands And Its Surrounding
By HaIiIi
Abstract
Kernore senqing offm the potential to o b w e coastal ecosystem in order to
identi@ and a s s the coastal ~wunxs.'k
study area is located in T i m
Islands and Its smunding, Southeast Sulatwsi kovince. Applying several
algorithm and 3-band cobr combination to awss coastal resource include
Mangrove, Coral reef, Suqwnded Sdiment and Chlorophyll-a.
The imagine system ullow li)r either 3-hand color composite images to be
displaywl or on-line algorithm pn~esing.Selcstwl R(iR band combinations were
evaluate for their potential to mhanct. coastal d marine features of two time
series data. A l(~d
or 5 singlc-pass algorithms were developing for on line
proc&ng. 'I'wrkliud theme algoriihm were developd fbr mangrove and NDVI;
d three -e
h e m s wrt dwel~pedfOr suspended solid, water chlorophyll-a
and coral reef ecosystem.
The result of data d y w s idicared that utili~~tionseveral coastal
resources (exploitation) such as mangmve, cr~dreef and waters quality has
ra
and Brugeuria dominate
changed envimnmmt's y ual ity. K i / ~ ~ p k ~Sanneratia
the m v e distributions on various formations in T i m Island and Its
Swunding. Cienerrllly mangrove density sbwed the decreasing of its density in
two yeam period particular on high density. Envinjnrnmt condition of coastal area
in the study area also changed with assigning by coml reef category c-.
S e v d algorithms and color comp~sitt:technique have been wed for coastal
resources in that area include water qualities based concentration analysis on
chlomphyll-a and suspmdd solid nf I d w t 'I'M data that dominant on shallow
water, however that waters ~~:cumedhigh-suspended solid, Chlorophyll-a
concentration also influenced by ocem>graphy phenomenon in the waters
mvirnnment.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Many individuals ruwl orgmimtion a~ntrihuledin different ways to the successful
completion o r this thesis and 1 rcvuld like to take the opportunity to express my
gratitude to them.
Firsily, I would like a) gritef'ul t h m b lo Al1i1l-1 swt for hlaxing me, and
g n r e M m f i ~ rmy pmnk and me krtutiful wifk. l'atmawati also my handsome
kid, -1
and Abrnr for their mcouragemnt. patient, prays, and love.
I w u l d like to express my sincere appreciation to Dr. Ir. Vincentius P. Siregar,
nE& and Dr. Ir. Joko I'urwanto, IIEA for their advisory, guidance, and
encouragement fix finishing this mearch. I am alm most gatell to the M T
program and CLiPI-IJCII (C'ullah~rative I.:nvirnnment Project in IndonesiaUniversity Consortium I lnvinmmcmt) Canada) my spwwcship, for giving me the
(~pprtunityto joint this study pnlgram.
My special thank to Ik. i'im I&hkockand IXsy Susanto as Coodimtor and
wcx-emy of CE.:PI-UC'I:. d ~gave
) me lhtt chance to carry out this research by
sharing their excellent suggestion and managed my scholarship. I am thankful to
Ir. Abdul Manan, MSc as I kd 01' Center I hvirrjnmmt Study of FIaluoleo
IJniversity as om of' IJniversilies that uollnhnratd to CEPI-IJC'E, gave me
clpportunity.
I am also thankful u, Mr. Ilclmi l i ~ his
r sharing knowledge and his guiding in
mastering Remote Smsing applicrrlion.
I will not forget to afl my M k cr~llmgues.'Ihanks a lot lbr Mas Mulyadi for his
Ciawi. To my 24 hours puRn~7in the Remote Sensing md GIs lab of ha,
1% Nyoman, Mm 13udi and Agung (1 'm appreciate for your laughing). Also
h r b to my junior colleague Nani. lkwi and Idung. 1'0 my overseas partner,
I'alm
for your kindness relalionship.
sate
I am grateful to Joemar (iorvdes and M d a m Imelda for checking and proof
reading my thesis, also for t k i r positive influence on my English.
A special thank you for Mr. &tia 13udi and &Ian (Ikolab slaffof Biotrop) at their
discussion on Remote Sensing application cases. Also I would like to thank all
MI'T stafF and o h that no1 mentioned here by name that contributed in their
way to the successful of this thesis.
Finttlly, I dedicated this t h i s
country Indonesia.
to my
college at IJnhaIu Kendari, and my lovely
Table o f Contents
i
lkfxe
..
u
Abstract
Acht~wledgments
'Tableof Contents
1,ist of Figures
1.is1 of Tahks
I .is1 of Appendix
1.
Introduction
1. t ,
1 -2.
I3ackground
2.1.
2.2,
2.3.
2.4.
2.5.
Coastal Ecosystem
Cam1I Iabitar
Small I s h d s
RemoteSersiing
Objectivtx
1.3, Strategic Issued
1.4. l'rohlems
3.
Description of Study Area
Material and Methods
3.1. Time And Location
3.1.1. Image a d Supponing l h t a
3.1.2. R e q u i d '1'0015
3.2. Meth~xlology
3.2. I . Image i'n~cessit~g
3.2.2. IrnageArulysih
3.2.3 Ground 'l'ruth
4.
Rmult and Discussion
4.1.
Dab processing
4.1.1, Radiometric ('c~nection
4.1.2. Cmmetric Glrrection
4.2, Field Ilata Awilysis
4.3. Image Analysis
4.3.1. Mangmve 1 kc~system
4.3.2. Distrihuti~mzlnd Condition of'Coral Reef
4.3.3. Sea Bottom I:raturc: Cover
4.3.4 Waters Qwliiics
4.4. Ihta Validation
iii
iv
v
viii
5.
Conclusions And Recommendstions
5.1. Conclucions
5.2. Recornrnedat ions
References
l.ist o i Figures
Fig. I .
Fig. 2.
Fig, 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5 .
Fig. 7.
'Ihe Effect of Light 'Tmsmissic~nthmugh Water Bodies
Study Area Ihwd on I d.wt-'I'M Image
Study Area Map
Flow Direction of Mehdology
Illustration of Campy I knsity of'Mangrr~vearid NDVI Range
Value
Sketch of Coral Iieef nrd Mangrove Sampling Method base on
I d s a t 'I'M Kewlulion
Atmospheric Corrtstir~no f ' I d u t - ' I ' M 1% Acquired Augusz
14 1 9 8
'l'ransforrnation Uurvt: r ~ l the
' Imge I,andsut-'I'M Data of 13arad 1,
A c q u i d August 1 4 1 V08
Contml Points fbr < ieometric Corrwtit~nof 1,dsat-'I'M ,
Acquired Nov. 1 1 200H
Coral Reef Ctmlition fhwd on I.ifi Form Percentage Covaring
Study Area I
d C ' O V ~I3a.d on I mdsat-I'M I)a& July 14
1998
Study Area Iand C'tlver Iktwrl on I mdsrlt-I'M Ilata, Nov. I 1
2000
Fig. 13
Fig, 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 2 1
Fig. 22
Fig. 23
Fig. 24
Fig. 25
Fig. 26
Mangmve I>isrrihution Ibud on I d s a t - I ' M
Mmgrlwe IXstrihution in 'l'iwggea I k L 4 on f m&t-'I'M
Rzuad Composite 5.4,2 ol' I mdsat-'I'M. 1998 und 2000 in
Tinanggeu
One of Type Mangrove Appearance in 'I'iwon)Islands
Mangrove Area in 'I iwlrtl Islands on I .andsat-TM Data, 1998
and 2000
I.IistogramMangrove Condition Ikud on I mdsat-TM 1 998
and 2000
Mangrove Density I kwd on NIlVI Value in Tiw ro Islands and
Its Surrounding on 1 998
Mangrove Dmsity Ihwd on NDVI Value in Iiworo Islands and
Its Surmunding on 1998
Mangrove M s i t y in I h i a on 1 998 and 2000 I h t a
Mangrove Density in 'l'inanggeaon 1998 and 2000 Data
Mangrove Density in 'l'iwvr,n)on 1998 and 2000 Data
Mangrove D m s i t y in 'l'ohwon 1998 and 2000 Data
Unutilizd of Fishpond in t 'imggea
Coral Reef Mstribution in 'l'iwr)m Islands and Its Surroundings
Based on Imdsat-'I'M Ilaw 1996
List o i Figures (cont.)
F i g 27
Coral Reef JXstrihution in 'l'iw~ro
Islands and Its Surroundings
-1
on lmdsut-'I'M 1 h m 2tK)O
I'ig. 27a
Coral Reef Distribution in Miginti Islands and Its Sum~undings
fhdon Imdwt-'I'M 1)it:l
Coml I
Islrinds and I t s
Fig. 32
Sumlunrling I b d on I amil;rl~-'I'M
1 Yitm 1 996
C'hlort~phyll-aI Iistrihution in -1'iwr)ro Islands and Its
Fig. 33
Surmuding Ihwl un I adsat-'I'MIkta 2000
2.
1 Iistograrn Adjuqmnt o t' Atmospheric Scattering C'orrwtion I d s a t 'lM1996, 1998 and 2000
Coral Reef Fkosystem 1.ocatiodStaliom Sampling
'I'hematic Mapper Spxtral I hnd s of 1mdsat-'I'M
I d Cover 13ad on Image Classification on Tiworn Islands aml Its
Surrounding in 1998 luK1 2000
6 . T h e ~ o f M ~ ~ v e 1 3 a w d o n I ~ ~ i t y l e v eRatio
l a ninTiwuro
d
Islands and Its Surn~unrling
7. Utilkaions of Mangrove Rest)urces in Northward of Muna Island
8. Sea Bottom 1:errtures Cover in I'iwm) I s l d a d Its Surroundings
According to Image h l y s i s in 1996 and 2000
9. AcreageofC'hanging~a1k~~toml:rat~sCoverClategoriesIhdon
M s a t - T M Data in 1996 tmd 2000 Classification in '1-iwom Islands
and Its Sumundings
3.
4.
5.