Taxonomy Study on Trepang collected from Karimunjawa, Situbondo, Spermonde and Ambon
TAXONOMY STUDY ON TREPANG COLLECTED FROM
KARIMUNJAWA, SITUBONDO, SPERMONDE AND AMBON
ANA SETYASTUTI
GRADUATE SCHOOL
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNVERSITY
BOGOR
2013
ISSUES RELATED TO THIS THESIS AND THE SOURCE OF
INFORMATION AND COPYRIGHT*
Herewith I declare myself that this thesis, entitled “Taxonomy Study on
Trepang collected from Karimunjawa, Situbondo, Spermonde and Ambon” is my
own work under the direction of an advisory committe. It has not yet been
presented in any form to any education institution. The sources of information
which have been published or not yet published by other researchers were
mentioned and listed in the references of this thesis.
Hence I grant the copyright of my thesis to Bogor Agricultural University.
Bogor, September 2013
Ana Setyastuti
NIM C551110174
SUMMARY
ANA SETYASTUTI. Taxonomy Study on Trepang collected from Karimunjawa,
Situbondo, Spermonde and Ambon. Supervised by NEVIATY PUTRI ZAMANI
and PRADINA PURWATI.
Trepang is a group of sea cucumbers or holothurians (Class Holothuroidea,
Phylum Echinodermata) which has been consumed as food and traditional
medicine mostly by Chinese communities worldwide. Due to the increasing
demand of trepang recently, trepang industries tend to expanse fast both national
(Indonesia) and international. The numbers of countries involving in trepang
industries become doubled during a period of two decades.
Indonesia was the largest trepang (beche-de-mer) producer countries before
the year 2000, and the main importer country is Hong Kong SAR (China).
Lacking of regulation has been threatening the trepang’s populations in the nature
and issues of over-exploitation and depleting resources have already been
pronounced from Indonesia and other contries. The large volume of trepang in
world markets has been attracted many countries and generates the CITES
(Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Flora) to discuss the population’s status and potential of trepang in each producer
country. Problems that encounter Indonesia to participate in CITES conservation
efforts are: (1) list of trepang species traded in Indonesia which has been
taxonomic confirmed is not available; (2) some processed trepang (dried or salted)
losses most of the body characteristics, making them difficult to identify the
species. Therefore, the objectives of this research are (1) to identified the species
of trepang which are collected from Karimunjawa, Situbondo, Spermonde and
Ambon based on their morphology and ossicles characteristics and (2) to possibly
trace their species identity from processed trepangs (dried and salted).
Samples for this study were collected from December 2011 to February
2013, from four different areas: Karimunjawa, Situbondo, Spermonde and Ambon.
Samples of trepang were collected from the fishermens and trepang collector.
Trepang samples collected in various conditions: fresh (from Karimunjawa and
Situbondo), salted (from Spermonde) and dried (from Ambon). Species
identification was done through (1) determining macroscopic characteristic of
body morphology and anatomy (calcareous ring, tentacle ampulae, polian vesicle,
longitudinal muscle, respiratory tree, cuvierian tubulus, gonad) and (2) observing
ossicles from the body wall, tentacle, dorsal papillae, ventral tube feet,
longitudinal muscle, gonad, respiratory tree, cloaca, cloaca retractor muscle and
cuvierian tubulus under a compound microscope.
Thirty four (34) specimens have been succesfully collected from
Karimunjawa (6 specimen), Situbondo (11 specimen), Spermonde (9 specimen)
and Ambon (8 specimen). Those were grouped into 27 species: 14 species were
considered common trepang traded in the international market (Actinopyga
lecanora, Bohadschia vitiensis, B. subrubra, Holothuria nobilis, H. fuscopunctata,
H. edulis, H. atra, H. scabra, H. fuscocinerea, H. coluber, Pearsonothuria
graeffei, Stichopus chloronotus, Thelenota anax and T. ananas); 13 species have
been rarely or never been reported as trepang in the local or international market
(Holothuria excellens, H. lessoni, H. cf. albiventer, H. turriscelsa, H. cf. imitans,
Stichopus vastus, S. pseudohorrens, S. monotuberculatus, S. quadrifasciatus, S.
noctivagus); and 3 Bohadschia species which were unable to be identified.
Concerning the species composition, it was difficult to determine whether the
fishermen did not have any preference on the species or there has been a species
composition change due to depleting the main species targets.
Disagreeing the previous reports, processed trepang in the present study
(salted and dried) were still able to be species identified. Even though most of the
external body characters has been damage, the ossicles remained recognizable.
Thus, in order to determine trepang species that enter the markets, both fresh and
processed specimens can be sampled and identified.
RINGKASAN
ANA SETYASTUTI. Studi Taksonomi Teripang dari Karimunjawa, Situbondo,
Spermonde dan Ambon. Dibimbing oleh NEVIATY PUTRI ZAMANI and
PRADINA PURWATI.
Teripang merupakan kelompok timun laut atau holothuria (Kelas
Holothuroidea, Filum Ekinodermata) yang dikonsumsi sebagai makanan dan obatobatan tradisional oleh masyarakat Cina diseluruh dunia. Tingginya permintaan
teripang di pasar dunia, menyebabkan perburuan teripang semakin meluas baik di
tingkat nasional (Indonesia) maupun internasional. Jumlah negara yang terlibat
dalam perdagangan teripang turut meningkat dua kali lipat dalam kurun waktu dua
dekade.
Indonesia merupakan negara eksportir teripang (beche-de-mer) terbesar
sebelum tahun 2000, dimana negara tujuan utamanya adalah Hong Kong SAR
(Cina). Kurangnya peraturan mengenai penangkapan dan perdagangan teripang
menyebabkan populasinya di alam terancam. Terjadinya tangkap lebih dan
kepunahan teripang semakin banyak dibicarakan di Indonesia dan juga negaranegara eksportir lainnya. Penurunan populasi teripang akibat tangkap lebih
menarik perhatian CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) untuk mendiskusikan mengenai status populasi
dan potensi teripang di masing-masing negara eksportir.
Permasalahan yang dihadapi Indonesia dalam kaitannnya dengan usaha
konservasi yang dilakukan oleh CITES adalah: (1) tidak tersedianya daftar jenisjenis teripang yang diperdagangkan yang telah divalidasi secara taksonomi; (2)
teripang yang telah diolah (kering dan digarami) banyak kehilangan karakteristik
tubuh, sehingga proses identifikasi hingga tingkat jenis sulit dilakukan. Oleh
karenanya, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah: (1) studi taksonomi untuk
mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis teripang yang ditangkap dari Karimunjawa,
Situbondo, Spermonde dan Ambon; (2) mencoba mengidentifikasi teripang
olahan (kering dan digarami) hingga tingkat jenis.
Sampel teripang di dapatkan dari nelayan dan pengepul dalam kurun waktu
Desember 2011 hingga Februari 2013 di empat lokasi penelitian: Karimunjawa,
Situbondo, Spermonde dan Ambon. Spesimen teripang yang didapat dalam
beberapa kondisi: segar (Karimunjawa dan Situbondo), digarami (Spermonde) dan
Kering (Ambon). Identifikasi spesimen dengan cara (1) melihat morfologi dan
anatomi tubuh (calcareous ring, tentacle ampulae, polian vesicle, longitudinal
muscle, respiratory tree, cuvierian tubulus, gonad); (2) mengamati bentuk spikula
dari dinding tubuh, tentakel, papila dorsal, kaki tabung, longitudinal muscle,
gonad, respiratory tree, cloaca, cloaca retractor muscle dan cuvierian tubulus
dibawah mikroskop.
Hasilnya 34 spesimen berhasil didapatkan dari nelayan dan pengepul di
Karimunjawa (6 specimen), Situbondo (11 specimen), Spermonde (9 specimen)
and Ambon (8 specimen). Hasil identifikasi didapatkan 27 jenis, dimana 14 jenis
diantaranya merupakan jenis-jenis yang umum diperdagangkan di pasar
internasional (Actinopyga lecanora,Bohadschia vitiensis, B. subrubra, Holothuria
nobilis, H. fuscopunctata, H. edulis, H. atra, H. scabra, H. fuscocinerea, H.
coluber, Pearsonothuria graeffei, Stichopus chloronotus, Thelenota anax danT.
ananas); 13 jenis lainnya, merupakan jenis-jenis yang jarang bahkan tidak pernah
dilaporkan sebelumnya sebagai teripang baik di pasar Indonesia maupun dunia
(Holothuria excellens, H. lessoni, H. cf. albiventer, H. turriscelsa, H. cf. imitans,
Stichopus vastus, S. pseudohorrens, S. monotuberculatus, S. quadrifasciatus, S.
noctivagus); dan 3 spesimen Bohadschia yang sulit diidentifikasi hingga tingkat
jenis. Berdasarkan komposisi jenis teripang yang diperoleh, sulit untuk
menentukan apakah nelayan memang mengambil semua jenis timun laut yang
ditemui saat turun ke laut ataukah karena jenis-jenis teripang target memang telah
mengalami penurunan populasinya di alam akibat tangkap lebih.
Tidak seperti laporan sebelumnya, ternyata teripang yang sudah digarami
ataupun dikeringkan masih bisa diidentifikasi hingga tingkat jenis. Meskipun
banyak karakter morfologi yang rusak, tetapi spikulanya masih bisa diamati. Oleh
karenanya, dalam rangka penentuan jenis-jenis teripang yang diperdagangkan
maka spesimen segar maupun olahan perlu diambil dan diidentifikasi.
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TAXONOMY STUDY ON TREPANG COLLECTED FROM
KARIMUNJAWA, SITUBONDO, SPERMONDE AND AMBON
ANA SETYASTUTI
Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirement of the Marine Science
Study Program for the degree of Master of Science
GRADUATE SCHOOL
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2013
External Examiner on the thesis:
Prof. Dr. Suharsono
Title
Nama
NIM
: Taxonomy study on trepang collected from Karimunjawa,
Situbondo, Spennonde and Ambon
: Ana Setyastuti
: C551110174
Approved by
Advisory committee
Dr Ir Neviatv Putri Zamani, MSc
Advisory
Ｈ
ｾ ｾ
radinJ Purwati, MSc
Co-Advisory
Known by
Head of
Marine Science Study Program
Dr Ir Neviaty Putri Zamani, MSc
Date of examination:
September 18 th 2013
Date of graduation:
2 1 0C1 2U r
Title
Nama
NIM
: Taxonomy study on trepang collected from Karimunjawa,
Situbondo, Spermonde and Ambon
: Ana Setyastuti
: C551110174
Approved by
Advisory committee
Dr Ir Neviaty P. Zamani, MSc
Advisory
Dra Pradina Purwati, MSc
Co-Advisory
Known by
Head of Marine Science Study Program
Dean of Graduate School
Dr Ir Neviaty P. Zamani, MSc
Dr Ir Dahrul Syah, MScAgr
Date of examination:
September 18th 2013
Date of graduation:
FOREWORD
Bismillah. Research topic for this thesis is Taxonomy Study on Trepang
Collected from Karimunjawa, Situbondo, Spermonde and Ambon, which has been
started from November 2011.
The author gratefully acknowledge all parties who gave supports and helps
making the research and thesis done. The supervisors: Dr. Neviaty P. Zamani and
Pradina Purwati, M.Sc who had provided their time and efforts, patiently
supervised from the start to end, shared experience, knowledge and also fun.
Thanks are delivered to Prof. Dr. Suharsono as external examiner, Dr. Agus S.
Atmadipoera as a Delegation Examiner of the Marine Science Study Program, Dr.
Tri Prartono as an Editor of Marine Science and Technology Department Quality
Control. Thanks also subjected to Dr. Alexander M. Kerr (Guam University), Dr.
Gustaf Paulay (Florida Museum Natural History) and Dr. Yves Samyn (Free
University Brussel) for their assistance in identification. Thanks to Dr. Karen Von
Juterzenka, Dr. Rosichon Ubaidillah, Dr. Teguh Triono for valuable discussion.
Thank to Mr. Abdul Rochim, Wawan, Raf, Mrs. Sumarni, Andi Haerul, Mr. La
Pay, Dr. Mu’jizat Kawaroe for their assistance in collecting specimens and labworks and Mrs. Denti for her helps in administration stuffs. Role of RC
Oceanography-LIPI and Conservation International as project funding and
scholarship are acknowledged.
It is with a great pleasure to recall the important role of parents (Mr. Edi
Suharto and Mrs. Suyati), husband (M. Dinarsa Kurniawan) and children (Kenzie
Keandra Ramadan and Andrea Zivareta Ramadani), thank you for the pray,
supports, inspiration, motivation, reminding to do the best, on time, always learn,
humble, work hard and smart for the better and the best to reach the goals. Thanks
to all friends (all of the member of IKL and BKL year 2011) for the friendships,
critizising and spirits.
May this thesis bring benefits.
Bogor, September 2013
Ana Setyastuti
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
vi
LIST OF APPENDICES
vi
1. INTRODUCTION
Background
1
1
Problems
2
Objectives
2
2. LITTERATURE REVIEW
2
3. STUDY METHODS
8
Study period
8
Specimen collection and handling
9
Materials
9
Species identification
9
4. RESULTS
10
5. DISCUSSION
39
6. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
43
Conclusion
43
Suggestion
43
REFERENCES
43
APPENDICES
51
BIOGRAPHY
108
LIST OF TABLES
1. Orders of the Class Holothuroidea
6
2. List of trepang in trade based on Choo (2008)
7
3. Trepang in Indonesia
8
4. List of trepang species collected during the study
11
LIST OF FIGURES
1. a.External morphology of Holothuroidea, Aspidochirotida
4
1. b.The internal organs of Holothuroidea
4
2. Ossicles of trepang
5
3. Locations where trepang specimens were collected from
9
4. Schematic procedure of ossicle preparation
10
LIST OF APPENDICES
1. Figures of species described
51
2. Specimens of trepang collected for study
100
3. Ossicles isolated from each body part of fresh and processed specimen
101
4. Local name and price list of trepang collected in 2011-2013
103
5. Species list of Indonesia trepang
105
1. INTRODUCTION
Background
Trepang, a group of sea cucumbers or holothurians (Class Holothuroidea,
Phylum Echinodermata), is one of the economically potential marine commodities,
and has been consumed as food and traditional medicine mostly by Chinese
communities worldwide (Bruckner et al. 2003; Chen 2003; Choo 2008). Due to
the increasing demand of trepang recently (Purwati and Yusron 2005; Purcell et al.
2009; Choo 2008; Purcell et al. 2011), trepang industries tend to expanse fast both
national (Indonesia) and international. The numbers of countries involving in
trepang industries become doubled during a period of two decades (Conand and
Byrne 1993; Purcell et al. 2011).
Trepang takes up only ± 4.5% of the total number of sea cucumber species.
Sixty six (66) species of trepan have been fished worlwide although they are
mostly produced in Indo-Pacific waters (Purcell et al. 2011,Conand and Byrne
1993). Countries which include in coral triangle, Melanesia and in the area of
Indian Ocean approximately produce more than 20 species (Purcell et al. 2011).
Purwati (2005) reported 26 species of trepang have ever been and still being
traded in Indonesian waters. Whereas, Choo (2008) listed the trepang from
Indonesia that entered the international market were 35 species. These
informations are compiled from fishery reports which do not include taxonomic
examination. In addition, trepang is considered single product in export statistic
book published by The Ministry of Indonesia Marine Affairs and Fisheries (2011).
In order to understand the distribution, population potentials and species involve,
taxonomy of trepang species is important to be achieved not only for the trade
needs but also for the protection of their natural resources (Bruckner et al. 2003;
Conand 2004; Massin et al. 2009; Purcell et al. 2011).
Indonesia has once been the largest trepang (beche-de-mer) producer
country refering to Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (FAO)
global statistics with Hong Kong SAR (China) the main importer country
(Bruckner et al. 2003; Tuwo 2004; Choo 2008). Issues of over-exploitation and
depleting resource have already been pronounced from Indonesia and other
countries, and un-regulated fishing is considered as the main cause (Bruckner et al.
2003; Tuwo 2004; Purwati and Yusron 2005; Choo 2008; Purwati et al. 2010;
Purcell et al. 2011).
At present, IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)
evaluates more than 300 species of sea cucumber order Aspidochirotida to
determine their population status (Palidoro in Purcell et al. 2011). Meanwhile,
CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna
and Flora) with producer countries discuss the urgency of trepang to be listed in
Appendix II or Appendix III (Bruckner et al. 2003; Conand 2004; Kinch et al.
2008; Purcell et al. 2011). Recently, only one species of trepang that listed in
Appendix III, Isostichopus fuscus (Purcell et al. 2011). For doing so, CITES
notes: 1) limitted (uncertain) information on trepang’s species which have been
taxonomic confirmed at each exporter country; 2) inadequacy of biological
information (habitat, reproduction, life cycles, etc.) for almost all trepang’s
2
species except for high value species; 3) difficulty to distinguish or identify
trepangs taxa in the form they are traded (dried or salted) (Bruckner et al. 2003;
Choo 2008; Purcell et al. 2011).
For Indonesia, constraints in responding the above conditions are that:
Indonesia has vast waters (70 % of total area 5.2 million km2) with limited
taxonomists, while trepang fishermen are scattered throughout the waters. These
generates difficulty to determine the main producing location/areas related to their
species composition (Tuwo 2004; review Purwati 2005; Choo 2008).
Furthermore, trepang that have been entering the market are in form of processed
product (dried or gutted and salted)s. Many experts state that those forms are hard
to species identify as they lose their species characters.
Problems
1. List of trepang species traded in Indonesia which has been taxonomic
confirmed is not available. Whilst, this list is the most required information for
population protection and conservation program.
2. Some processed trepang (dried or salted) losses most of the body
characteristics, making them difficult to identify the species.
Objectives
The purposes of this study are: (1) to identify the species of trepang fished
for trade in Karimunjawa, Situbondo, Spermonde and Ambon, (2) to possibly
trace their species identity from processed trepang (i.e. dried and salted).
2. LITTERATURE REVIEW
The word “trepang”, commonly used in international markets, is known
originally from Indonesia (Malayan ethnic), teripang, this country is considered as
the first producer (see review Purwati 2005; Manez and Ferse 2010). Trepang is a
group of marine species, and member of Class Holothuroidea, Phylum
Echinodermata (Greek echinos,”spiny” and derma, “skin”) (Brusca and Brusca
2003). Echinodermata consists of five classes: i.e. Crinoidea (sea lilies),
Asteroidea (sea stars), Ophiuroidea (brittle stars), Echinoidea (sea urchins), and
Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers). Holothuroidea is the only class in which the
members possess no external skeleton (Fig. 1a-b). In general, members of
Holothuroidea show sausage-shape or cylindrical body like cucumber (from
which it gets the name) with relatively thick and body wall (Cannon and Silver
1986; Brusca and Brusca 2003). Holothuroidea is divided into six orders as
present in Table 1. Most species fished as trepang are members of order
Aspidochirotida. Only few are members of order Dendrochirotida and Molpadiida
and produced from sub-tropical countries (Canada and Japan) (Choo 2008).
Several publications including Tuwo (2004), Purwati (2005, 2010) and Choo
(2008) indicate that trepang of Indonesia are species of shallow water
Aspidochirotida.
3
Sixty six (66) among 1400 species of sea cucumber world-known were
listed by Purcell et al. (2011) as trepang. Compiled from many taxonomy
resources before year 2009, Indonesia deposits ca. 350 species (Sluiter 1901;
Massin 1996; Massin 1999; Clark and Rowe 1971; Jangoux and Sukarno 1974;
Aziz 1976; Aziz 1980; Massin and Lane 1991; Massin and Tomascik 1996;
Wirawati et al. 2007; Purwati and Wirawati 2009; Setyastuti 2009). Out of them,
35 species were listed as trepang (Choo 2008).
Molecular study on sea cucumbers that has been conducted by several
scientists, is mostly subjected to the phylogeny of this marine animals. Among
those, several study i.e. Uthicke and Benzie (2000, 2001), Uthicke et al. (2003,
2004, 2005, 2009) are focussed on commercial sea cucumbers or trepang species,
determine the taxonomic status of species complex, population genetic or gene
flow, and DNA fingerprints to investigate the resistance and resilience of trepang
populations
Trepang are sold in many forms i.e. frozen, boiled, dried and salted, but
the most common product in local and international market is dried form (Fox
2000; Bruckner et al. 2003; Purwati 2005; Purcell et al. 2009; Manez and Ferse
2010; Purcell et al. 2011). Dried trepang are processed through six steps: first
boiling, stomach cutting, second boiling, releasing stomach content, fumigation
followed with sun drying. Variation may occur during these steps depending on
the species (Conand and Byrne 1993). It is therefore that processed trepang lose
their species characters (morphology and ossicles). Several expert including
Bruckner et al. (2003); Conand and Tuwo (2004); Choo (2008); Purcell (2010)
and Uthicke et al. (2009) stated that most processed trepang cannot be species
distinguished.
Taxonomy is a theory and practise on describing, naming the organism
(nomenclature) and grouping thembased on their relationship (taxon)
(Adisoemarto 2008; Ubaidillah and Sutrisno 2009). A taxon is a named or
unamed group of organisms that can be recognized as a formal entity at any level
of hierarchical classification (Samyn et al. 2010). Taxonomy needs to determine
the unique identifier of a taxon (scientific name). Samyn et al. (2010)
recommands taxonomical research on trepang species. This is necesssary to give
unique, stable, and universil scientific name which ease efforts on conservation
and sustainable trepang industries (Mace 2004; Massin et al. 2009).
On identification of trepang (or sea cucumbers in general), the most
important taxonomical characters of species beside morphology is ossicles
(Samyn et al. 2004). Two or more species are possible to have the same types of
ossicles. In order to distinguish each species, composition of their ossicles and the
detailed modification of each ossicle type played the essential role. In addition,
observing the characters of anatomy is also necessary (see Fig. 1a-b, 2).
5
Fig. 2. Ossicles of trepang. a: table from the side; b: table from downside; c: table
from upside; d-g: button; h-l: rod; m-o: plate; p-q: rossete; r: grain. 1-3:
crown, spire and disc. (Source: Wirawati et al. 2007, Purwati and Wirawati
2009).
Classification of trepangs that are internationally traded (review based on
Brusca and Brusca 2003; Kerr and Kim 2003; Kerr and Kim 2001 and Choo
2008):
Phylum: Echinodermata
Class : Holothuroidea
Order : 1. Aspidochirotida Grube, 1840
Family : 1) Holothuriidae Ludwig, 1894
Genus : a. Actinopyga Bronn, 1860
b. Bohadscia Jaeger, 1833
c. Holothuria Linnaeus, 1767
d. Pearsonothuria Levin, Kalinin dan Stonik, 1984
Family : 2) Stichopodidae Haeckel, 1896
Genus : a. Sctichopus Brandt, 1835
b. Parastichopus
c. Thelenota H. L. Clark, 1921
d. Apostichopus
Order : 2. Dendrochirotida Grube, 1840
Family : 1) Cucumariidae Ludwig, 1894
Genus : a. Mensamaria
b. Cucumaria
c. Pentacta
Order : 3. Molpadiida Haeckel, 1896
Family : 1) Caudinidae Heding, 1931
Genus : a. Acaudina
Family : 2) Molpadiidae J. F. muller, 1850
Genus : a. Paracaudina
7
Table 2. List of trepang in trade based on Choo (2008). (x) Commercial
important species at each country.
8
Table 3. Trepang in Indonesia. Asteric refers to rarely traded (see review Purwati
2005).
No
.
1
Species
Local names
Actinopyga echinites
2
3
4
5
Actinopyga lecanora
Actinopyga mauritania
Actinopyga miliaris
Bohadschia argus
kunyit, ladu-ladu, kapok/kapuk,
bilalo
batu, balibi
buntal
kapok/kapuk, lotong, gamet, sepatu
ular mata, cempedak
6
Bohadschia
marmorata
Bohadschia
tenuissima*
Holothuria atra
Holothuria coluber
Holothuria edulis
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Holothuria
fuscopunctata
Holothuria fuscogilva
Holothuria hilla
Holothuria impatiens
Holothuria
leucospilota
Holothuria nobilis
Holothuria ocelata
Holothuriapervicax
Holothuria scabra
olok-olok, getah putih, pulut,
benang, krido polos
karet
Stonefish
Surf redfish
Blackfish
Leopard
fish/tigerfish/spottedfis
h
-
teripang hitam, dara/darah
taikokong
dada merah, takling, perut merah,
cerak, batu keling
?
Lollyfish/black trepang
Snakefish
Pinkfish
susu putih
White teatfish,
susufish
-
?
donga, babi, ular-ular, tempulo
salengko, talengko, getah
Elephant trunkfish
susu hitam, lotong, koro, susuan
kacang goreng
?
pasir, buang kulit, gosok, putih,
kamboa
krido, krido bintik
bintik merah
Black teatfish
Tiger spotted trepang
Sandfish
Greenfish/squarefish
Dragonfish
Curryfish/yellow meat
22
23
24
Holothuria similis
Pearsonothuria
graeffei
Stichopus chloronotus
Stichopus horrens
Stichopus variegatus
25
Thelenota ananas
jepung, jepun
kacang goreng, kacang, susu
gamet, kasur, taikongkong, anjing,
kapok, gama
nanas, nenas
26
Thelenota anax
Duyung
20
21
International market
name
Deepwater redfish
Chalkfish/whitefish
Flowerfish
Prickly redfish/plum
flower trepang
amberfish
3. STUDY METHODS
Study period
Samples were collected from December 2011 to February 2013, from four
different areas: (1) Karimunjawa Island; (2) Situbondo; (3) Spermonde Island and
(4) Ambon Island (Fig. 3). Those four locations were choosen based on technical
reasons including time frame, access and budget.
9
Fig.3. Locations where trepang specimens were collected from.
Specimen collection and handling
Samples of trepang were collected from the fishermen at each study
regions to ensure that the sea cucumbers were fished for trepang trade. All
information related to the samples was documented (i.e. fishing sites, equipment
used, local names and sampling date). Samples collected were in various
conditions: fresh (from Karimunjawa and Situbondo), salted (from Spermonde)
and dried (from Ambon). Fresh and salted specimen was preserved in 90%
ethanol while dried specimen deposited in dried condition.
According to the fishermen during interview at Karimunjawa and
Situbondo, samples were collected from the given areas. On the contrary,
fishermen at Spermonde and Ambon were fished from extended areas, reaching
East Kalimantan and Maluku waters.
Materials
Material used in this study were: specimens of trepang, camera for
documentation, sample bottles for preserved specimens, labels for detail
information of each specimens, dissecting set, pipette, object glass, compound
microscope, microscope with lucida camera, alcohol, domestic bleaching (NaClO),
aquadest.
Species identification
Samples were identify macroscopically by observing the characteristic of
external body and internal organs (calcareous ring, tentacle ampulae, polian
vesicle, longitudinal muscle, respiratory tree, cuvierian tubulus, gonad). To
determine the species, ossicles from body wall, tentacle, dorsal papillae, ventral
tube feet, longitudinal muscle, gonad, respiratory tree, cloaca, cloaca retractor
muscle and cuiverian tubulus were examined microscopically.
Ossicles need to be isolated prior examination. Small cuts (1-5 mm2) of each
part of the body and internal organ were rinsed, put on an objective glass and
10
dipped with several drops of NaClO for 5-10 minutes. Afterward, they were
rinsed (4-7 times) with several drops of distilled water, and ended with 70%
ethanol and ready to be observed under a compound microscope (Fig. 4). Drawing
tube was set for line drawing .
Literature refered for identification included Semper (1868); Sluiter
(1887); Sluiter (1901); Koehler and Vaney (1908); Deichman (1938); Heding
(1940); Cherbonnier (1951a, 195 1c, 1952, 1967, 1988); Cherbonnier and Feral
(1984a and 1984b); Rowe (1969); Clark and Rowe (1971); Rowe and Doty
(1977); Canon and Silver (1986); Rowe and Gates (1995); Massin and Lane
(1991); Massin (1996b), Massin (1999); Samyn and Massin (2003); Samyn
(2003); Samyn et al. (2006); Wirawati et al. (2007); Setyastuti (2009); Massin et
al. (2009); Purcell et al. (2012).
Fig. 4. Schematic procedure followed for ossicle preparation: Small cut was made
from each observed organs using scapel or scissor put it on an object glass
and give several drops of domestic bleaching and left for 5-10 minutes to
allow the flash tissue dissolved and remained the ossicles on the glass base
(A-C). The supernatan was then pipetted (D), and rinsed the ossicles on
the glass with distilled water (E). For permanent ossicle preparats, a drop
of eupharal liquid was used to embed the ossicles prior to be covered (FH) (source: modified from Samyn et al. 2006).
The examined samples were record as KJ, STB, SPM and AMQ which
subsequently refered to collecting location Karimunjawa, Situbondo, Spermonde
and Ambon. All speciemen were deposited at RC Oceanography-LIPI reference
collection.
4. RESULTS
Thirty four (34) specimen were succesfully collected from Karimunjawa,
Situbondo (6 and 11 fresh specimens, respectively), Spermonde (9 salted
specimens) and Ambon (8 specimens in dried condition). Salted specimens were
intact, cut open longitudinally, and fully covered with salt including the body
cavity. Even so, their body color and internal organs remained observable. The
11
specimens in dried condition lost their body color and the internal organs. Their
bodies were stiff and dark all over. The sizes of dried specimens were smaller than
those fresh and salted.
Identifying the dried specimens were more difficult because of the limitted
access to ossicles except those from the body wall (Appendix 3). Three
Bohadschia were also still questioning. In this case, confinis (cf.) which mean
“close to the species” was used. The 27 species described were presented in Table
4.
Table 4. List of trepang species collected during the study.
N
o
1
Species
Location
Actinopyga lecanora (Jaeger, 1835)
Situbondo
Spesimen
condition
Fresh
2
3
4
5
6
7
Bohadschia vitiensis (Semper, 1868)
Bohadschia subrubra (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833)
Bohadschia sp1.
Bohadschia sp2.
Bohadschia sp3.
Holothuria (Microthele) nobilis (Selenka,
1867)
Holothuria (Microthele) fuscopunctata Jaeger,
1833
Holothuria (Halodeima) edulis Lesson, 1830
Spermonde
Spermonde
Spermonde
Karimunjawa
Ambon
Spermonde,
Ambon
Ambon
Salted
Salted
Salted
Fresh
Dried
Salted,
Dried
Dried
Karimunjawa,
Spermonde
Karimunjawa
Situbondo
Fresh,
Salted
Fresh
Fresh
Karimunjawa
Fresh
KJ006;
SPM008
KJ002
STB05;
STB11
KJ001
Situbondo
Ambon
Fresh
Dried
STB07
AMQ06
Situbondo
Fresh
STB06
Situbondo
Fresh
STB03
Karimunjawa
Fresh
KJ004
Ambon
Dried
AMQ07
Spermonde,
Ambon
Situbondo,
Salted,
Dried
Fresh,
Spermonde
Spermonde
Karimunjawa
Salted
Salted
Fresh
SPM009;
AMQ01
STB01;
STB08;
SPM004
SPM006
KJ003
Situbondo
Ambon
Situbondo
Spermonde
Ambon
Fresh
Dried
Fresh
Salted
Fresh
STB04
AMQ08
STB02
SPM005
AMQ03
8
9
19
Holothuria (Halodeima) atra Jaeger, 1833
Holothuria (Platyperona) exellens Ludwig,
1875
Holothuria (Metriatyla) cf. lessoni Massin,
Uthicke, Purcell, Rowe & Samyn, 2009
Holothuria (Metriatyla) scabra Jaeger, 1833
Holothuria (Metriatyla) cf. albiventer Semper,
1868
Holothuria (Theelothuria ) turriscelsa
Cherbonnier, 1980
Holothuria (Stauropora) fuscocinerea Jaeger,
1833
Holothuria (Acanthotrapeza) coluber Semper,
1868
Holothuria (Semperothuria) cf. imitans
Ludwig, 1875
Pearsonothuria graeffei (Semper, 1868)
20
Stichopus vastus Sluiter, 1887
21
22
Stichopus pseudohorrens Cherbonnier, 1967
Stichopus cf. monotuberculatus (Quoy &
Gaimard, 1833)
Stichopus quadrifasciatus Massin, 1999
Stichopus chloronotus Brandt, 1835
Stichopus noctivagus Cherbonnier, 1980
Thelenota anax Clark, 1921
Thelenota ananas (Jaeger, 1833)
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
23
24
25
26
27
Recorded
specimen
STB09;
STB10
SPM003
SPM007
SPM002
KJ005
AMQ02
SPM001;
AMQ04
AMQ05
12
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT
Order Aspidochirotida Grube, 1840
Family Holothuridae Ludwig, 1894
Genus Actinopyga Broon, 1860
Actinopyga lecanora (Jaeger, 1833)
Fig. 1A-C, 2A-G, 3 (see Appendix 1)
Muelleria lecanora Jaeger, 1833: 18, pl. 2 figs 2, 2b, pl. 3 Fig. 8.
Holothuria (Actinopyga) lecanora; Panning, 1929: 127, Fig. 9a-c (complete
synonym).
Actinopyga lecanora; Clark & Rowe, 1971: 176, pl. 27 Fig. 2; Cherbonnier, 1988:
20, Fig. 4A-I; Massin, 1996: 8, Fig. 4A-G; Massin, 1999: 8, Fig. 3a-j, 4,
110a; Samyn, 2000: 15 (tab. 1); Samyn, 2003:12, Fig. 3A-E, 51C; Purcell et
al., 2012: 16.
Material examined - STB09 (1 fresh specimen, 220x75 mm in ethanol); STB10 (1
fresh specimen, 215x130 mm in ethanol).
Morphology - Color in alcohol: dorsally brown yellowish; ventrally lighter than
dorsal; 45 to 50 mm above the anus with a lighter zone with pale whitish lines.
Body wall smooth, up to 110 mm thick. Mouth ventral, surrounded by 13 to 17
brown to yellow large tentacles. Anus terminal, surrouded by five white to brown
anal teeth. Dorsal papillae long; up to 8 mm; conical; bright yellow; scattered in
interambulacral and ambulacral areas; the number more numerous in the anterior
side. Ventral tube feet up to 6 mm; brown to yellow; in ambulacral areas only, in
nine to ten rows, the number very numerous.
Internal organ - Calcareous ring stout; radial pieces one and half times as wide as
the interradial pieces (in specimen STB09 the radial piece up to 8 mm wide and
10 mm high, the interradial up to 6 mm wide and 6 mm high; in specimens STB10
the radial piece up to 12 mm wide and 10 mm high, the interradial up to 7 mm
wide and 6 mm high); radial pieces with narrow slit on their central anterior tooth
(Fig. 1c). Cuvierian tubulus not observed in the preserved specimens. 20 Tentacle
ampulae. Single polian vesicle; sac like; white tranparent with many black-purple
dots. One short stone canal, convulated. Gonad not observed in the preserved
specimens. Rate mirabile absent. Respiratory tree arise from single stalk.
Longitudinal muscle flat in structure; medially attached and lateral margins free.
Inner body wall white with numerous black-purple dots. Cloaca and cloaca
retractor muscle white transparent.
Ossicles - Tentacles with massive rods up to 250 µm long, spiny at their
extremities (Fig. 2g). Dorsal body wall with small slender rossetes, 12-25 µm
(Fig. 2a). ventral body wall with slender dichotomously branched rossetes and
rods, 20-45 µm(Fig. 2b). Dorsal papilae with rods, 80-120 µm (Fig. 2c) and
branching rossetes, 20-30 µm (Fig. 2d). Ventral tube feet with rossetes similar to
the ones from vental body wall, and plate-like ossicle (Fig. 2e). Cloaca with
numerous perforated plate-like ossicle, spiny at the edge (Fig. 2f).
13
Geographic distribution - see Appendix 1, Fig. 3.
Genus Bohadschia Jaeger, 1833
Bohadscia vitiensis (Semper, 1868)
Fig. 4A-C, 5A-K, 6 (see Appendix 1)
Holothuria vitiensis Semper, 1868: 80, pl. 30 Fig. 2; Domantay, 1933: 76, pl. 1
Fig. 2; Domantay, 1935: 119.
Holothuria (Bohadschia) vitiensis; Panning, 1929: 122, Fig. 3a-k (complete
synonym).
Bohadschia vitiensis; Rowe, 1969: 130; Clark & Rowe, 1971: 176, pl. 27 Fig. 5;
cherbonnier 1988: 42, Fig. 14A-I; Conand, 1989: 21, Fig. 3; Massin, 1999:
13, figs 8a-k, 9.
Material examined - SPM003 (1 salted specimen, 270x120 mm in ethanol).
Morphology - Large species. Body color white pale to brown dorsally with dark
brown transverse banding; ventrally, white pale with a brown median longitudinal
line (Fig. 4a-b). Body wall rough to the touch, 10 mm thick. Mouth ventral
surrounded by 20 small brownish tentacles (8 mm length). Anus terminal, black in
color. Dorsal papilae conically, very numerous, spreading overall; ventral tube
feet succer-like, densely crowded without allignment.
Internal organ - Calcareous ring stout; radial with an anterior notch (Fig. 4c).
Radial pieces one and half times as wide as interradial pieces (the radial piece up
to 10 mm wide and 10 mm high, the interradial piece up to 8 mm wide and 8 mm
high). Since the specimens observed was processed specimens (salt processed),
internal organ a little bit difficult to observed, most of them already broke.
Cuvierian tubulus not observed in the specimen; tentacle ampulae present 20
pieces, translucent; single polian vesicle, sac-like, 45 mm long; stone canal, gonad
and rate mirabile not observed in the specimen; respiratory tree arise from single
stalk; longitudinal muscle, flat, attached medially, lateral margins free. Cloaca and
cloaca retractor muscle black in color.
Ossicles - Tentacles with spiny rods, bifurcated or bended extremities, 50-250 µm
long (Fig. 5k). Dorsal body wall with rosettes and grains, 15-30 µm long (Fig. 5ab). Ventral body wall, perforated and unperforated grains together with rosettes,
15-40 µm long (Fig. 5e-f). Dorsal papilae with rosettes, 15-25 µm long (Fig. 5c),
and banched rods, 15-50 µm long (Fig. 5d). Ventral tube feet as ventral body wall
with no clear separation between rosettes and grains, 15-30 µm long (Fig. 5g-h),
rods is 20-75 µm long (Fig. 5i), perforated plates 150-250 µm accros (Fig. 5j).
Cloaca retractor muscle with miliarly grains.
Geographic distribution - see Appendix 1, Fig. 6.
Bohadschia subrubra (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833)
Fig. 7A-C, 8A-D, 9 (see Appendix 1)
14
Holothuria subrubra Quoy & Gaimard, 1833: 136.
Bohadschia subrubra; Cherbonnier, 1988: 40, Fig. 13, A-K; Massin et al. 1999:
155 (complete synonym), figs. 3, 4, 5, pl.1A, C, D; Samyn, 2000: 15 (tab.
1); Samyn, 2003: 24, Fig. 10A-D, Fig. 52B, pl. 2B; Purcell et al. , 2012: 34.
Material examined - SPM007 (1 salted specimen, 250x140 mm in ethanol).
Morphology - Large species, loaf-like shape. Body color dark brown dorsally with
irregular light-brown patches scaterred overall the dorsal surface. Ventral, white
to yellow. Body wall smooth, 18 mm thick. Mouth ventral, surrounded by 20
brown tentacles. Anus terminal. Dorsal papilae very small, scatered overall the
surface. Ventral tube feet, very long, succer-like, spreading overall the surface.
Internal organ - Calcareous ring stout with radial pieces three times as wide as
interadial pieces (the radial piece up to 12 mm wide and 10 mm high, the
interradial piece up to 4 mm wide and 8 mm high); radial pieces with a deep
central anterior and posterior notch, two lateral hollows in the anterior side (Fig.
7c). Since the specimens observed was processed specimens (salt processed),
internal organ a little bit difficult to observed, most of them already broke.
Cuvierian tubulus not observed in the specimen; tentacle ampulae present; polian
vesicle not observed in the specimen; single short stone canal (< 1/12 of body
length), straight; gonad, rate mirabile, respiratory tree and longitudinal miscle
already broke.
Ossicles - Tentacles with large spiny rods (Fig. 8d); dorsal body wall with
rossetes, 20-40 µm long (Fig. 8a); ventral body wall with more involute-shape of
rosettes than dorsal body wall, 20-45 µm long (Fig. 8b); ventral tube feet with
rosettes like in ventral body wall (Fig. 8c) and perforated plate, 100 µm across
(Fig. 8e).
Geographic distribution - see Appendix 1, Fig. 9.
Bohadscia sp1.
Fig. 10A-C, 11A-P, 12A-C, 13 (see Appendix 1)
Material examined - SPM002 (1 salted specimen, 300x70 mm in ethanol).
Morphology - Large-slender species, subcylindrical with a sole. Body color
uniformly dark brown with many irregular small to wide spots scattered overall
the dorsal surface. The spots, yellowish with black line encircling it. Ventral,
yellowish with many irregular spots just like in dorsal surface, in median the dark
brown spots arrange even closer forming a longitudinal line from anterior to
posterior. Body wall smooth to the touch, 5 mm thick. Mouth ventral, surrounded
by 16 light brown tentacles. Anus terminal, surrounded by anal podia that papilaelike. Dorsal papilae, brown, appear from the yellow to light brown base, numerous
and scattered in dorsal surface. Ventral tube feet, succer-like, spreading overall
the ventral surface.
15
Internal organ - Calcareous ring stout with radial pieces twice as wide as interadial
pieces (the radial piece up to 12 mm wide and 14 mm high, the interradial piece
up to 6 mm wide and 8 mm high); radial pieces with a deep central anterior notch
and two lateral attachment sites for the longitudinal muscles; interradial pieces
with an anterior tooth and shallow concave posterior side. Cuvierian tubulus not
observed in the specimen; tentacle ampulae long (85 mm); single polian vesicle,
sac-like, up to 60 mm long; longitudinal muscles, yellow and flat, medially
attached with lateral margins free.
Ossicles - Tentacles with numerous rugose and smooth surface of rods and a few
rossetes and perforated grains (Fig. 12A-C); dorsal body wall with numerous large
rosettes from simple to involute shape, 25-50 µm long (Fig. 11A), and irregular
small rods, 15-35 µm long (Fig. 11B); ventral body wall with numerous
perforated grains, 15-35 µm (Fig. 11G), imperforated grains up to 20 µm long
(Fig. 11I), rosettes with more simple shape than dorsal body wall, 15-40 µm long,
and straight smooth rods, 55-165 µm long; dorsal papilae with rosettes, smaller
than in dorsal body wall, 25-40 µm long (Fig. 11C), but irregular rods larger than
in dorsal body wall, up to 60 µm long (Fig. 11D), straight rods up to 70 µm long
(Fig. 11E), and perforated end plates up to 160 µm accross (Fig. 11F); ventral
tube feet with regular and irregular rods, 20-65 µm long (Fig. 11K-L),
imperforated and perforated grains, 15-30 µm long (Fig. 11N-O); anal papilae
with rosettes, 15-50 µm long (Fig. 11M), and rods up to 65 µm long.
Bohadschia sp2.
Fig. 14A-C, 15A-O (see Appendix 1)
Material examined - KJ005 (1 fresh specimen, 160x90 mm in ethanol).
Morphology - Medium species. Dorsal, creamy-brown uniformly with three
irregular large spots transversally (Fig. 14A). Ventral, cream to white color with
whitish median longitudinal line (Fig. 14B). Rugosity of body wall, smooth to the
touch, 5 mm thick. Mouth ventral, surrounded by 20 small tentacle. Anus
terminal, surrounded by anal papillae. Dorsal papilae uniformly orange but in the
area of irregular spot brown color, appear from the darker circle base, numerous
and scattered on all surface of dorsal body wall. Ventral tube feet, succer-like,
brown transparent, numerous, spreading on the surface of dorsal body wall.
Internal organ - Calcareous ring stout with radial pieces twice as wide as
interradial pieces (the radial piece up to 8 mm wide and 10 mm high, the
interradial piece up to 4 mm wide and 4 mm high). Radial pieces with deep
anterior notch and two lateral hollows. Interradial pieces with anterior tooth.
Cuvierian tubulus observed expellable, adhesive, long-thick, white, distal part of
tube smooth, more than 10 attachment site. Tentacle ampulae, 20 pieces (25 mm).
Single polian vesicle, sac-like, 24 mm long. single stone canal, short (4 mm),
helical. Rate mirabile present. Longitudinal muscle, flat, medially attached, ;ateral
margins free.
16
Ossicles - Tentacles with moderate spiny, unperforated, most with branched
extremities, 30-70 µm long (Fig. 15M); dorsal body wall with involute rosettes
shape, 25-45 µm long (Fig. 15A), many small grains, and endplate; ventral body
wall with numerous simple shape rosettes, 15-45 µm long (Fig. 15E), bigger
perforated and imperforated grains than dorsal body wall, 10-30 µm long (Fig.
15F-G); dorsal papilae with rosettes, 10-30 µm long (Fig. 15B), irregular rods, 2550 µm long (fig 15C) and perforated irregular rods (Fig. 15D); ventral tube feet
with simple rosettes like in ventral body wall, 20-40 µm long (Fig. 15H), irregular
rods, 25-45 µm long (Fig. 15I), perforated and imperforated grains, 15-30 µm
long (Fig. 15J); anal papilae with rosettes and irregular rods with no clear
separation, 10-40 µm long (Fig. 15K); cloaca with rosettes and irregular rods with
no clear separation, 15-45 µm long (Fig. 15L), and straight rods (Fig. 15O);
respiratory tree with numerous small rods, 25-55 µm long (Fig. 15N).
Remarks – color pattern of the body was slightly different from Bohadschia
vitiensis as transversal bands absent. Instead, its transverse irregular large spots
with dark color was observed. One crustacean family of Pinnotheridae
(D.L.Rahayu pers. comm.) was found inside the respiratory tree.
Bohadschia sp3.
Fig. 17A-B, 18A-G (see Appendix 1)
Material examined - AMQ02 (1 dried specimen, 95x40 mm).
Morphology - Dorsal, light brown with numerous black conical papilae scattered
on the surface of dorsal body wall. Ventral, dark brown with black median
longitudinal line. Ventral tube feet, brown to black spreading on the surface.
Ossicles - dorsal body wall with perforated and imperforated grains, 15-40 µm
long (Fig. 18A-B), rods up to 50 µm long and perforated end plate up to 150 µm
across; ventral body wall have no rosettes, numerous irregular rods and grains, 530 µm long (Fig. 18C-D), button-like ossicle up to 55 µm long (Fig. 18F).
Remarks - Calcareous ring and internal organs have already been removed. There
was button-like ossicles in the ventral body wall, and no single rosette present.
Genus Holothuria Linnaeus, 1767
Subgenus Microthele Brandt, 1835
Holothuria (Microthele) nobilis (Selenka, 1867)
Fig. 20A-C, 21A-G, 22A-O, 23 (see Appendix 1)
Holothuria nobilis Selenka, 1867: 313, pl. 17 figs 13-15.
Holothuria (Microthele) nobilis; Cherbonnier, 1979: 861; Massin, 1999: 33
(complete synonym), 110g, h; Samyn, 2000: 15 (tab. 1); Samyn, 2003: 58,
figs 23A-K, 24A-B, 25A-C, Fig. 53H, pl. 3D; Purcell et al. 2012: 70.
Material examined - SPM001 (1 salted specimen, 250x150 mm in ethanol) and
AMQ04 (1 dried specimen, 95x25 mm).
17
Morphology - Large species. Specimen SPM001, dorsal, creamy-brown uniformly
with large irregular black spot on median tranversally and small irregular black
spot scattered overall the surface of dorsal body wall (Fig. 20A). Ventral, lighter
than dorsal (Fig. 20B). Specimen AMQ4, dorsal and ventral with black color.
Description below based on Specimen SPM001. Body wall smooth to the touch,
15 mm thick. Mouth ventral, surrounded by 20 small tentacles. Anus terminal,
surounded by 10 anal papilae. Dorsal papillae, conically brownish, spreading on
the surface of dorsal body wall. Ventral tube feet, succer-like, creamy-transparant,
spreading overall the ventral surface.
Internal organ - Calcareous ring stout with radial pieces one and half time as wide
as interradial pieces (the radial piece up to 10 mm wide and 8 mm high, the
interradial piece up to 7 mm wide and 7 mm high). Radial pieces with two slightly
convex anterior notch. Interradial pieces with anterior tooth. Cuvierian tubulus not
observed in this specimen. Twenty tentacles ampulae present with 52 mm long.
Single polian vesicles, sac-like, 48 mm long. Longitudinal muscle, flat, medially
attached and lateral margins free.
Ossicles - Tentacles with rods, the extremities smooth to moderate spiny, 75-200
µm long (Fig. 22I), small perforated rods-like button (Fig. 22J). Dorsal body wall
with tables, ellipsoids and plates. Table numerous; disc usually square-shape with
smooth to slightly undulate rim (diameter disc 90-130 µm across); perforated by
four central hole and 4-10 peripheral hole; four pillar forming a short spire united
by single cross beam or circle ending in a dense crown of blunt spines (Fig. 21A).
Ellipsoids, numerous, knobbed, four to ten pair of holes, 60-80 µm long (Fig.
21B). Plate, elongated, smooth to slightly knobbed, 75-100 µm long (Fig. 21C).
Ventral body wall with tables, buttons, ellipsoids, rods and plate. Tables similar in
size and shape as those found in the dorsal body wall, but ellipsoids here more
simple than dorsal ellipsoids (Fig. 22A-B); button, smooth to knobbed, very
numerous, three to six pair of hole, 120-150 µm long (Fig. 22F); rods-like plates,
numerous, 110-180 µm long (Fig. 22C-D); elongated plates, many (Fig. 22E),
rarely found narrow plates. Dorsal papillae with tables, ellipsoids, elongated plates
and rods-like plates. Tables as similar as those found in dorsal body wall (Fig.
21D); some ellipsoids more complex in shape than those in dorsal body wall, 6585 µm long (Fig. 21E); elongated multiperforated plates longer than those in
dorsal body wall, 65-185 µm long (Fig. 21F); very numerous rods-like plates,
140-200 µm long (Fig. 21G). Ventral tube feet with tables, buttons, ellipsoids,
rods and elongated plates. Tables as similar as those found in ventral body wall
(Fig. 22G); ellipsoids, a few, smaller than those in ventral body wall; smooth to
knobbed button very numerous, 30-70 µm long (Fig. 22H); rod-like plates, 110200 µm long (Fig. 22K), and elongated perforated plates, 100-180 µm long (Fig.
22L). Overall, anal papillae has smaller tables and ellipsoids compares to body
wall, dorsal papillae or ventral tube feet (Fig. 22M-N), the elongated plates as
long as those found in dorsal body wall (Fig. 22O).
Remarks - in Samyn (2003), H. nobilis differ from H. fuscogilva in number of
polian vesicle. Only single polian vesicle were observed in examined specimen. It
18
was possible that others were completely damage during trepang process. In
addition, Samyn (2003) mentioned that the tentacles of H. nobilis were large, but
in the examined specimen the tentacles were relatively small compared to its body
length. One crab was found inside the mouth, between tentacle ampulae.
Geographic distribution - see Appendix 1, Fig. 23.
Holothuria (Microthele) fuscopunctata Jaeger, 1833
Fig. 24A-B, 25A-H, 26A-B, 27 (see Appendix 1)
Holothuria fu
KARIMUNJAWA, SITUBONDO, SPERMONDE AND AMBON
ANA SETYASTUTI
GRADUATE SCHOOL
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNVERSITY
BOGOR
2013
ISSUES RELATED TO THIS THESIS AND THE SOURCE OF
INFORMATION AND COPYRIGHT*
Herewith I declare myself that this thesis, entitled “Taxonomy Study on
Trepang collected from Karimunjawa, Situbondo, Spermonde and Ambon” is my
own work under the direction of an advisory committe. It has not yet been
presented in any form to any education institution. The sources of information
which have been published or not yet published by other researchers were
mentioned and listed in the references of this thesis.
Hence I grant the copyright of my thesis to Bogor Agricultural University.
Bogor, September 2013
Ana Setyastuti
NIM C551110174
SUMMARY
ANA SETYASTUTI. Taxonomy Study on Trepang collected from Karimunjawa,
Situbondo, Spermonde and Ambon. Supervised by NEVIATY PUTRI ZAMANI
and PRADINA PURWATI.
Trepang is a group of sea cucumbers or holothurians (Class Holothuroidea,
Phylum Echinodermata) which has been consumed as food and traditional
medicine mostly by Chinese communities worldwide. Due to the increasing
demand of trepang recently, trepang industries tend to expanse fast both national
(Indonesia) and international. The numbers of countries involving in trepang
industries become doubled during a period of two decades.
Indonesia was the largest trepang (beche-de-mer) producer countries before
the year 2000, and the main importer country is Hong Kong SAR (China).
Lacking of regulation has been threatening the trepang’s populations in the nature
and issues of over-exploitation and depleting resources have already been
pronounced from Indonesia and other contries. The large volume of trepang in
world markets has been attracted many countries and generates the CITES
(Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Flora) to discuss the population’s status and potential of trepang in each producer
country. Problems that encounter Indonesia to participate in CITES conservation
efforts are: (1) list of trepang species traded in Indonesia which has been
taxonomic confirmed is not available; (2) some processed trepang (dried or salted)
losses most of the body characteristics, making them difficult to identify the
species. Therefore, the objectives of this research are (1) to identified the species
of trepang which are collected from Karimunjawa, Situbondo, Spermonde and
Ambon based on their morphology and ossicles characteristics and (2) to possibly
trace their species identity from processed trepangs (dried and salted).
Samples for this study were collected from December 2011 to February
2013, from four different areas: Karimunjawa, Situbondo, Spermonde and Ambon.
Samples of trepang were collected from the fishermens and trepang collector.
Trepang samples collected in various conditions: fresh (from Karimunjawa and
Situbondo), salted (from Spermonde) and dried (from Ambon). Species
identification was done through (1) determining macroscopic characteristic of
body morphology and anatomy (calcareous ring, tentacle ampulae, polian vesicle,
longitudinal muscle, respiratory tree, cuvierian tubulus, gonad) and (2) observing
ossicles from the body wall, tentacle, dorsal papillae, ventral tube feet,
longitudinal muscle, gonad, respiratory tree, cloaca, cloaca retractor muscle and
cuvierian tubulus under a compound microscope.
Thirty four (34) specimens have been succesfully collected from
Karimunjawa (6 specimen), Situbondo (11 specimen), Spermonde (9 specimen)
and Ambon (8 specimen). Those were grouped into 27 species: 14 species were
considered common trepang traded in the international market (Actinopyga
lecanora, Bohadschia vitiensis, B. subrubra, Holothuria nobilis, H. fuscopunctata,
H. edulis, H. atra, H. scabra, H. fuscocinerea, H. coluber, Pearsonothuria
graeffei, Stichopus chloronotus, Thelenota anax and T. ananas); 13 species have
been rarely or never been reported as trepang in the local or international market
(Holothuria excellens, H. lessoni, H. cf. albiventer, H. turriscelsa, H. cf. imitans,
Stichopus vastus, S. pseudohorrens, S. monotuberculatus, S. quadrifasciatus, S.
noctivagus); and 3 Bohadschia species which were unable to be identified.
Concerning the species composition, it was difficult to determine whether the
fishermen did not have any preference on the species or there has been a species
composition change due to depleting the main species targets.
Disagreeing the previous reports, processed trepang in the present study
(salted and dried) were still able to be species identified. Even though most of the
external body characters has been damage, the ossicles remained recognizable.
Thus, in order to determine trepang species that enter the markets, both fresh and
processed specimens can be sampled and identified.
RINGKASAN
ANA SETYASTUTI. Studi Taksonomi Teripang dari Karimunjawa, Situbondo,
Spermonde dan Ambon. Dibimbing oleh NEVIATY PUTRI ZAMANI and
PRADINA PURWATI.
Teripang merupakan kelompok timun laut atau holothuria (Kelas
Holothuroidea, Filum Ekinodermata) yang dikonsumsi sebagai makanan dan obatobatan tradisional oleh masyarakat Cina diseluruh dunia. Tingginya permintaan
teripang di pasar dunia, menyebabkan perburuan teripang semakin meluas baik di
tingkat nasional (Indonesia) maupun internasional. Jumlah negara yang terlibat
dalam perdagangan teripang turut meningkat dua kali lipat dalam kurun waktu dua
dekade.
Indonesia merupakan negara eksportir teripang (beche-de-mer) terbesar
sebelum tahun 2000, dimana negara tujuan utamanya adalah Hong Kong SAR
(Cina). Kurangnya peraturan mengenai penangkapan dan perdagangan teripang
menyebabkan populasinya di alam terancam. Terjadinya tangkap lebih dan
kepunahan teripang semakin banyak dibicarakan di Indonesia dan juga negaranegara eksportir lainnya. Penurunan populasi teripang akibat tangkap lebih
menarik perhatian CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) untuk mendiskusikan mengenai status populasi
dan potensi teripang di masing-masing negara eksportir.
Permasalahan yang dihadapi Indonesia dalam kaitannnya dengan usaha
konservasi yang dilakukan oleh CITES adalah: (1) tidak tersedianya daftar jenisjenis teripang yang diperdagangkan yang telah divalidasi secara taksonomi; (2)
teripang yang telah diolah (kering dan digarami) banyak kehilangan karakteristik
tubuh, sehingga proses identifikasi hingga tingkat jenis sulit dilakukan. Oleh
karenanya, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah: (1) studi taksonomi untuk
mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis teripang yang ditangkap dari Karimunjawa,
Situbondo, Spermonde dan Ambon; (2) mencoba mengidentifikasi teripang
olahan (kering dan digarami) hingga tingkat jenis.
Sampel teripang di dapatkan dari nelayan dan pengepul dalam kurun waktu
Desember 2011 hingga Februari 2013 di empat lokasi penelitian: Karimunjawa,
Situbondo, Spermonde dan Ambon. Spesimen teripang yang didapat dalam
beberapa kondisi: segar (Karimunjawa dan Situbondo), digarami (Spermonde) dan
Kering (Ambon). Identifikasi spesimen dengan cara (1) melihat morfologi dan
anatomi tubuh (calcareous ring, tentacle ampulae, polian vesicle, longitudinal
muscle, respiratory tree, cuvierian tubulus, gonad); (2) mengamati bentuk spikula
dari dinding tubuh, tentakel, papila dorsal, kaki tabung, longitudinal muscle,
gonad, respiratory tree, cloaca, cloaca retractor muscle dan cuvierian tubulus
dibawah mikroskop.
Hasilnya 34 spesimen berhasil didapatkan dari nelayan dan pengepul di
Karimunjawa (6 specimen), Situbondo (11 specimen), Spermonde (9 specimen)
and Ambon (8 specimen). Hasil identifikasi didapatkan 27 jenis, dimana 14 jenis
diantaranya merupakan jenis-jenis yang umum diperdagangkan di pasar
internasional (Actinopyga lecanora,Bohadschia vitiensis, B. subrubra, Holothuria
nobilis, H. fuscopunctata, H. edulis, H. atra, H. scabra, H. fuscocinerea, H.
coluber, Pearsonothuria graeffei, Stichopus chloronotus, Thelenota anax danT.
ananas); 13 jenis lainnya, merupakan jenis-jenis yang jarang bahkan tidak pernah
dilaporkan sebelumnya sebagai teripang baik di pasar Indonesia maupun dunia
(Holothuria excellens, H. lessoni, H. cf. albiventer, H. turriscelsa, H. cf. imitans,
Stichopus vastus, S. pseudohorrens, S. monotuberculatus, S. quadrifasciatus, S.
noctivagus); dan 3 spesimen Bohadschia yang sulit diidentifikasi hingga tingkat
jenis. Berdasarkan komposisi jenis teripang yang diperoleh, sulit untuk
menentukan apakah nelayan memang mengambil semua jenis timun laut yang
ditemui saat turun ke laut ataukah karena jenis-jenis teripang target memang telah
mengalami penurunan populasinya di alam akibat tangkap lebih.
Tidak seperti laporan sebelumnya, ternyata teripang yang sudah digarami
ataupun dikeringkan masih bisa diidentifikasi hingga tingkat jenis. Meskipun
banyak karakter morfologi yang rusak, tetapi spikulanya masih bisa diamati. Oleh
karenanya, dalam rangka penentuan jenis-jenis teripang yang diperdagangkan
maka spesimen segar maupun olahan perlu diambil dan diidentifikasi.
©Copyright by IPB, Year 2013
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permission from IPB.
TAXONOMY STUDY ON TREPANG COLLECTED FROM
KARIMUNJAWA, SITUBONDO, SPERMONDE AND AMBON
ANA SETYASTUTI
Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirement of the Marine Science
Study Program for the degree of Master of Science
GRADUATE SCHOOL
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2013
External Examiner on the thesis:
Prof. Dr. Suharsono
Title
Nama
NIM
: Taxonomy study on trepang collected from Karimunjawa,
Situbondo, Spennonde and Ambon
: Ana Setyastuti
: C551110174
Approved by
Advisory committee
Dr Ir Neviatv Putri Zamani, MSc
Advisory
Ｈ
ｾ ｾ
radinJ Purwati, MSc
Co-Advisory
Known by
Head of
Marine Science Study Program
Dr Ir Neviaty Putri Zamani, MSc
Date of examination:
September 18 th 2013
Date of graduation:
2 1 0C1 2U r
Title
Nama
NIM
: Taxonomy study on trepang collected from Karimunjawa,
Situbondo, Spermonde and Ambon
: Ana Setyastuti
: C551110174
Approved by
Advisory committee
Dr Ir Neviaty P. Zamani, MSc
Advisory
Dra Pradina Purwati, MSc
Co-Advisory
Known by
Head of Marine Science Study Program
Dean of Graduate School
Dr Ir Neviaty P. Zamani, MSc
Dr Ir Dahrul Syah, MScAgr
Date of examination:
September 18th 2013
Date of graduation:
FOREWORD
Bismillah. Research topic for this thesis is Taxonomy Study on Trepang
Collected from Karimunjawa, Situbondo, Spermonde and Ambon, which has been
started from November 2011.
The author gratefully acknowledge all parties who gave supports and helps
making the research and thesis done. The supervisors: Dr. Neviaty P. Zamani and
Pradina Purwati, M.Sc who had provided their time and efforts, patiently
supervised from the start to end, shared experience, knowledge and also fun.
Thanks are delivered to Prof. Dr. Suharsono as external examiner, Dr. Agus S.
Atmadipoera as a Delegation Examiner of the Marine Science Study Program, Dr.
Tri Prartono as an Editor of Marine Science and Technology Department Quality
Control. Thanks also subjected to Dr. Alexander M. Kerr (Guam University), Dr.
Gustaf Paulay (Florida Museum Natural History) and Dr. Yves Samyn (Free
University Brussel) for their assistance in identification. Thanks to Dr. Karen Von
Juterzenka, Dr. Rosichon Ubaidillah, Dr. Teguh Triono for valuable discussion.
Thank to Mr. Abdul Rochim, Wawan, Raf, Mrs. Sumarni, Andi Haerul, Mr. La
Pay, Dr. Mu’jizat Kawaroe for their assistance in collecting specimens and labworks and Mrs. Denti for her helps in administration stuffs. Role of RC
Oceanography-LIPI and Conservation International as project funding and
scholarship are acknowledged.
It is with a great pleasure to recall the important role of parents (Mr. Edi
Suharto and Mrs. Suyati), husband (M. Dinarsa Kurniawan) and children (Kenzie
Keandra Ramadan and Andrea Zivareta Ramadani), thank you for the pray,
supports, inspiration, motivation, reminding to do the best, on time, always learn,
humble, work hard and smart for the better and the best to reach the goals. Thanks
to all friends (all of the member of IKL and BKL year 2011) for the friendships,
critizising and spirits.
May this thesis bring benefits.
Bogor, September 2013
Ana Setyastuti
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
vi
LIST OF APPENDICES
vi
1. INTRODUCTION
Background
1
1
Problems
2
Objectives
2
2. LITTERATURE REVIEW
2
3. STUDY METHODS
8
Study period
8
Specimen collection and handling
9
Materials
9
Species identification
9
4. RESULTS
10
5. DISCUSSION
39
6. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
43
Conclusion
43
Suggestion
43
REFERENCES
43
APPENDICES
51
BIOGRAPHY
108
LIST OF TABLES
1. Orders of the Class Holothuroidea
6
2. List of trepang in trade based on Choo (2008)
7
3. Trepang in Indonesia
8
4. List of trepang species collected during the study
11
LIST OF FIGURES
1. a.External morphology of Holothuroidea, Aspidochirotida
4
1. b.The internal organs of Holothuroidea
4
2. Ossicles of trepang
5
3. Locations where trepang specimens were collected from
9
4. Schematic procedure of ossicle preparation
10
LIST OF APPENDICES
1. Figures of species described
51
2. Specimens of trepang collected for study
100
3. Ossicles isolated from each body part of fresh and processed specimen
101
4. Local name and price list of trepang collected in 2011-2013
103
5. Species list of Indonesia trepang
105
1. INTRODUCTION
Background
Trepang, a group of sea cucumbers or holothurians (Class Holothuroidea,
Phylum Echinodermata), is one of the economically potential marine commodities,
and has been consumed as food and traditional medicine mostly by Chinese
communities worldwide (Bruckner et al. 2003; Chen 2003; Choo 2008). Due to
the increasing demand of trepang recently (Purwati and Yusron 2005; Purcell et al.
2009; Choo 2008; Purcell et al. 2011), trepang industries tend to expanse fast both
national (Indonesia) and international. The numbers of countries involving in
trepang industries become doubled during a period of two decades (Conand and
Byrne 1993; Purcell et al. 2011).
Trepang takes up only ± 4.5% of the total number of sea cucumber species.
Sixty six (66) species of trepan have been fished worlwide although they are
mostly produced in Indo-Pacific waters (Purcell et al. 2011,Conand and Byrne
1993). Countries which include in coral triangle, Melanesia and in the area of
Indian Ocean approximately produce more than 20 species (Purcell et al. 2011).
Purwati (2005) reported 26 species of trepang have ever been and still being
traded in Indonesian waters. Whereas, Choo (2008) listed the trepang from
Indonesia that entered the international market were 35 species. These
informations are compiled from fishery reports which do not include taxonomic
examination. In addition, trepang is considered single product in export statistic
book published by The Ministry of Indonesia Marine Affairs and Fisheries (2011).
In order to understand the distribution, population potentials and species involve,
taxonomy of trepang species is important to be achieved not only for the trade
needs but also for the protection of their natural resources (Bruckner et al. 2003;
Conand 2004; Massin et al. 2009; Purcell et al. 2011).
Indonesia has once been the largest trepang (beche-de-mer) producer
country refering to Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (FAO)
global statistics with Hong Kong SAR (China) the main importer country
(Bruckner et al. 2003; Tuwo 2004; Choo 2008). Issues of over-exploitation and
depleting resource have already been pronounced from Indonesia and other
countries, and un-regulated fishing is considered as the main cause (Bruckner et al.
2003; Tuwo 2004; Purwati and Yusron 2005; Choo 2008; Purwati et al. 2010;
Purcell et al. 2011).
At present, IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)
evaluates more than 300 species of sea cucumber order Aspidochirotida to
determine their population status (Palidoro in Purcell et al. 2011). Meanwhile,
CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna
and Flora) with producer countries discuss the urgency of trepang to be listed in
Appendix II or Appendix III (Bruckner et al. 2003; Conand 2004; Kinch et al.
2008; Purcell et al. 2011). Recently, only one species of trepang that listed in
Appendix III, Isostichopus fuscus (Purcell et al. 2011). For doing so, CITES
notes: 1) limitted (uncertain) information on trepang’s species which have been
taxonomic confirmed at each exporter country; 2) inadequacy of biological
information (habitat, reproduction, life cycles, etc.) for almost all trepang’s
2
species except for high value species; 3) difficulty to distinguish or identify
trepangs taxa in the form they are traded (dried or salted) (Bruckner et al. 2003;
Choo 2008; Purcell et al. 2011).
For Indonesia, constraints in responding the above conditions are that:
Indonesia has vast waters (70 % of total area 5.2 million km2) with limited
taxonomists, while trepang fishermen are scattered throughout the waters. These
generates difficulty to determine the main producing location/areas related to their
species composition (Tuwo 2004; review Purwati 2005; Choo 2008).
Furthermore, trepang that have been entering the market are in form of processed
product (dried or gutted and salted)s. Many experts state that those forms are hard
to species identify as they lose their species characters.
Problems
1. List of trepang species traded in Indonesia which has been taxonomic
confirmed is not available. Whilst, this list is the most required information for
population protection and conservation program.
2. Some processed trepang (dried or salted) losses most of the body
characteristics, making them difficult to identify the species.
Objectives
The purposes of this study are: (1) to identify the species of trepang fished
for trade in Karimunjawa, Situbondo, Spermonde and Ambon, (2) to possibly
trace their species identity from processed trepang (i.e. dried and salted).
2. LITTERATURE REVIEW
The word “trepang”, commonly used in international markets, is known
originally from Indonesia (Malayan ethnic), teripang, this country is considered as
the first producer (see review Purwati 2005; Manez and Ferse 2010). Trepang is a
group of marine species, and member of Class Holothuroidea, Phylum
Echinodermata (Greek echinos,”spiny” and derma, “skin”) (Brusca and Brusca
2003). Echinodermata consists of five classes: i.e. Crinoidea (sea lilies),
Asteroidea (sea stars), Ophiuroidea (brittle stars), Echinoidea (sea urchins), and
Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers). Holothuroidea is the only class in which the
members possess no external skeleton (Fig. 1a-b). In general, members of
Holothuroidea show sausage-shape or cylindrical body like cucumber (from
which it gets the name) with relatively thick and body wall (Cannon and Silver
1986; Brusca and Brusca 2003). Holothuroidea is divided into six orders as
present in Table 1. Most species fished as trepang are members of order
Aspidochirotida. Only few are members of order Dendrochirotida and Molpadiida
and produced from sub-tropical countries (Canada and Japan) (Choo 2008).
Several publications including Tuwo (2004), Purwati (2005, 2010) and Choo
(2008) indicate that trepang of Indonesia are species of shallow water
Aspidochirotida.
3
Sixty six (66) among 1400 species of sea cucumber world-known were
listed by Purcell et al. (2011) as trepang. Compiled from many taxonomy
resources before year 2009, Indonesia deposits ca. 350 species (Sluiter 1901;
Massin 1996; Massin 1999; Clark and Rowe 1971; Jangoux and Sukarno 1974;
Aziz 1976; Aziz 1980; Massin and Lane 1991; Massin and Tomascik 1996;
Wirawati et al. 2007; Purwati and Wirawati 2009; Setyastuti 2009). Out of them,
35 species were listed as trepang (Choo 2008).
Molecular study on sea cucumbers that has been conducted by several
scientists, is mostly subjected to the phylogeny of this marine animals. Among
those, several study i.e. Uthicke and Benzie (2000, 2001), Uthicke et al. (2003,
2004, 2005, 2009) are focussed on commercial sea cucumbers or trepang species,
determine the taxonomic status of species complex, population genetic or gene
flow, and DNA fingerprints to investigate the resistance and resilience of trepang
populations
Trepang are sold in many forms i.e. frozen, boiled, dried and salted, but
the most common product in local and international market is dried form (Fox
2000; Bruckner et al. 2003; Purwati 2005; Purcell et al. 2009; Manez and Ferse
2010; Purcell et al. 2011). Dried trepang are processed through six steps: first
boiling, stomach cutting, second boiling, releasing stomach content, fumigation
followed with sun drying. Variation may occur during these steps depending on
the species (Conand and Byrne 1993). It is therefore that processed trepang lose
their species characters (morphology and ossicles). Several expert including
Bruckner et al. (2003); Conand and Tuwo (2004); Choo (2008); Purcell (2010)
and Uthicke et al. (2009) stated that most processed trepang cannot be species
distinguished.
Taxonomy is a theory and practise on describing, naming the organism
(nomenclature) and grouping thembased on their relationship (taxon)
(Adisoemarto 2008; Ubaidillah and Sutrisno 2009). A taxon is a named or
unamed group of organisms that can be recognized as a formal entity at any level
of hierarchical classification (Samyn et al. 2010). Taxonomy needs to determine
the unique identifier of a taxon (scientific name). Samyn et al. (2010)
recommands taxonomical research on trepang species. This is necesssary to give
unique, stable, and universil scientific name which ease efforts on conservation
and sustainable trepang industries (Mace 2004; Massin et al. 2009).
On identification of trepang (or sea cucumbers in general), the most
important taxonomical characters of species beside morphology is ossicles
(Samyn et al. 2004). Two or more species are possible to have the same types of
ossicles. In order to distinguish each species, composition of their ossicles and the
detailed modification of each ossicle type played the essential role. In addition,
observing the characters of anatomy is also necessary (see Fig. 1a-b, 2).
5
Fig. 2. Ossicles of trepang. a: table from the side; b: table from downside; c: table
from upside; d-g: button; h-l: rod; m-o: plate; p-q: rossete; r: grain. 1-3:
crown, spire and disc. (Source: Wirawati et al. 2007, Purwati and Wirawati
2009).
Classification of trepangs that are internationally traded (review based on
Brusca and Brusca 2003; Kerr and Kim 2003; Kerr and Kim 2001 and Choo
2008):
Phylum: Echinodermata
Class : Holothuroidea
Order : 1. Aspidochirotida Grube, 1840
Family : 1) Holothuriidae Ludwig, 1894
Genus : a. Actinopyga Bronn, 1860
b. Bohadscia Jaeger, 1833
c. Holothuria Linnaeus, 1767
d. Pearsonothuria Levin, Kalinin dan Stonik, 1984
Family : 2) Stichopodidae Haeckel, 1896
Genus : a. Sctichopus Brandt, 1835
b. Parastichopus
c. Thelenota H. L. Clark, 1921
d. Apostichopus
Order : 2. Dendrochirotida Grube, 1840
Family : 1) Cucumariidae Ludwig, 1894
Genus : a. Mensamaria
b. Cucumaria
c. Pentacta
Order : 3. Molpadiida Haeckel, 1896
Family : 1) Caudinidae Heding, 1931
Genus : a. Acaudina
Family : 2) Molpadiidae J. F. muller, 1850
Genus : a. Paracaudina
7
Table 2. List of trepang in trade based on Choo (2008). (x) Commercial
important species at each country.
8
Table 3. Trepang in Indonesia. Asteric refers to rarely traded (see review Purwati
2005).
No
.
1
Species
Local names
Actinopyga echinites
2
3
4
5
Actinopyga lecanora
Actinopyga mauritania
Actinopyga miliaris
Bohadschia argus
kunyit, ladu-ladu, kapok/kapuk,
bilalo
batu, balibi
buntal
kapok/kapuk, lotong, gamet, sepatu
ular mata, cempedak
6
Bohadschia
marmorata
Bohadschia
tenuissima*
Holothuria atra
Holothuria coluber
Holothuria edulis
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Holothuria
fuscopunctata
Holothuria fuscogilva
Holothuria hilla
Holothuria impatiens
Holothuria
leucospilota
Holothuria nobilis
Holothuria ocelata
Holothuriapervicax
Holothuria scabra
olok-olok, getah putih, pulut,
benang, krido polos
karet
Stonefish
Surf redfish
Blackfish
Leopard
fish/tigerfish/spottedfis
h
-
teripang hitam, dara/darah
taikokong
dada merah, takling, perut merah,
cerak, batu keling
?
Lollyfish/black trepang
Snakefish
Pinkfish
susu putih
White teatfish,
susufish
-
?
donga, babi, ular-ular, tempulo
salengko, talengko, getah
Elephant trunkfish
susu hitam, lotong, koro, susuan
kacang goreng
?
pasir, buang kulit, gosok, putih,
kamboa
krido, krido bintik
bintik merah
Black teatfish
Tiger spotted trepang
Sandfish
Greenfish/squarefish
Dragonfish
Curryfish/yellow meat
22
23
24
Holothuria similis
Pearsonothuria
graeffei
Stichopus chloronotus
Stichopus horrens
Stichopus variegatus
25
Thelenota ananas
jepung, jepun
kacang goreng, kacang, susu
gamet, kasur, taikongkong, anjing,
kapok, gama
nanas, nenas
26
Thelenota anax
Duyung
20
21
International market
name
Deepwater redfish
Chalkfish/whitefish
Flowerfish
Prickly redfish/plum
flower trepang
amberfish
3. STUDY METHODS
Study period
Samples were collected from December 2011 to February 2013, from four
different areas: (1) Karimunjawa Island; (2) Situbondo; (3) Spermonde Island and
(4) Ambon Island (Fig. 3). Those four locations were choosen based on technical
reasons including time frame, access and budget.
9
Fig.3. Locations where trepang specimens were collected from.
Specimen collection and handling
Samples of trepang were collected from the fishermen at each study
regions to ensure that the sea cucumbers were fished for trepang trade. All
information related to the samples was documented (i.e. fishing sites, equipment
used, local names and sampling date). Samples collected were in various
conditions: fresh (from Karimunjawa and Situbondo), salted (from Spermonde)
and dried (from Ambon). Fresh and salted specimen was preserved in 90%
ethanol while dried specimen deposited in dried condition.
According to the fishermen during interview at Karimunjawa and
Situbondo, samples were collected from the given areas. On the contrary,
fishermen at Spermonde and Ambon were fished from extended areas, reaching
East Kalimantan and Maluku waters.
Materials
Material used in this study were: specimens of trepang, camera for
documentation, sample bottles for preserved specimens, labels for detail
information of each specimens, dissecting set, pipette, object glass, compound
microscope, microscope with lucida camera, alcohol, domestic bleaching (NaClO),
aquadest.
Species identification
Samples were identify macroscopically by observing the characteristic of
external body and internal organs (calcareous ring, tentacle ampulae, polian
vesicle, longitudinal muscle, respiratory tree, cuvierian tubulus, gonad). To
determine the species, ossicles from body wall, tentacle, dorsal papillae, ventral
tube feet, longitudinal muscle, gonad, respiratory tree, cloaca, cloaca retractor
muscle and cuiverian tubulus were examined microscopically.
Ossicles need to be isolated prior examination. Small cuts (1-5 mm2) of each
part of the body and internal organ were rinsed, put on an objective glass and
10
dipped with several drops of NaClO for 5-10 minutes. Afterward, they were
rinsed (4-7 times) with several drops of distilled water, and ended with 70%
ethanol and ready to be observed under a compound microscope (Fig. 4). Drawing
tube was set for line drawing .
Literature refered for identification included Semper (1868); Sluiter
(1887); Sluiter (1901); Koehler and Vaney (1908); Deichman (1938); Heding
(1940); Cherbonnier (1951a, 195 1c, 1952, 1967, 1988); Cherbonnier and Feral
(1984a and 1984b); Rowe (1969); Clark and Rowe (1971); Rowe and Doty
(1977); Canon and Silver (1986); Rowe and Gates (1995); Massin and Lane
(1991); Massin (1996b), Massin (1999); Samyn and Massin (2003); Samyn
(2003); Samyn et al. (2006); Wirawati et al. (2007); Setyastuti (2009); Massin et
al. (2009); Purcell et al. (2012).
Fig. 4. Schematic procedure followed for ossicle preparation: Small cut was made
from each observed organs using scapel or scissor put it on an object glass
and give several drops of domestic bleaching and left for 5-10 minutes to
allow the flash tissue dissolved and remained the ossicles on the glass base
(A-C). The supernatan was then pipetted (D), and rinsed the ossicles on
the glass with distilled water (E). For permanent ossicle preparats, a drop
of eupharal liquid was used to embed the ossicles prior to be covered (FH) (source: modified from Samyn et al. 2006).
The examined samples were record as KJ, STB, SPM and AMQ which
subsequently refered to collecting location Karimunjawa, Situbondo, Spermonde
and Ambon. All speciemen were deposited at RC Oceanography-LIPI reference
collection.
4. RESULTS
Thirty four (34) specimen were succesfully collected from Karimunjawa,
Situbondo (6 and 11 fresh specimens, respectively), Spermonde (9 salted
specimens) and Ambon (8 specimens in dried condition). Salted specimens were
intact, cut open longitudinally, and fully covered with salt including the body
cavity. Even so, their body color and internal organs remained observable. The
11
specimens in dried condition lost their body color and the internal organs. Their
bodies were stiff and dark all over. The sizes of dried specimens were smaller than
those fresh and salted.
Identifying the dried specimens were more difficult because of the limitted
access to ossicles except those from the body wall (Appendix 3). Three
Bohadschia were also still questioning. In this case, confinis (cf.) which mean
“close to the species” was used. The 27 species described were presented in Table
4.
Table 4. List of trepang species collected during the study.
N
o
1
Species
Location
Actinopyga lecanora (Jaeger, 1835)
Situbondo
Spesimen
condition
Fresh
2
3
4
5
6
7
Bohadschia vitiensis (Semper, 1868)
Bohadschia subrubra (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833)
Bohadschia sp1.
Bohadschia sp2.
Bohadschia sp3.
Holothuria (Microthele) nobilis (Selenka,
1867)
Holothuria (Microthele) fuscopunctata Jaeger,
1833
Holothuria (Halodeima) edulis Lesson, 1830
Spermonde
Spermonde
Spermonde
Karimunjawa
Ambon
Spermonde,
Ambon
Ambon
Salted
Salted
Salted
Fresh
Dried
Salted,
Dried
Dried
Karimunjawa,
Spermonde
Karimunjawa
Situbondo
Fresh,
Salted
Fresh
Fresh
Karimunjawa
Fresh
KJ006;
SPM008
KJ002
STB05;
STB11
KJ001
Situbondo
Ambon
Fresh
Dried
STB07
AMQ06
Situbondo
Fresh
STB06
Situbondo
Fresh
STB03
Karimunjawa
Fresh
KJ004
Ambon
Dried
AMQ07
Spermonde,
Ambon
Situbondo,
Salted,
Dried
Fresh,
Spermonde
Spermonde
Karimunjawa
Salted
Salted
Fresh
SPM009;
AMQ01
STB01;
STB08;
SPM004
SPM006
KJ003
Situbondo
Ambon
Situbondo
Spermonde
Ambon
Fresh
Dried
Fresh
Salted
Fresh
STB04
AMQ08
STB02
SPM005
AMQ03
8
9
19
Holothuria (Halodeima) atra Jaeger, 1833
Holothuria (Platyperona) exellens Ludwig,
1875
Holothuria (Metriatyla) cf. lessoni Massin,
Uthicke, Purcell, Rowe & Samyn, 2009
Holothuria (Metriatyla) scabra Jaeger, 1833
Holothuria (Metriatyla) cf. albiventer Semper,
1868
Holothuria (Theelothuria ) turriscelsa
Cherbonnier, 1980
Holothuria (Stauropora) fuscocinerea Jaeger,
1833
Holothuria (Acanthotrapeza) coluber Semper,
1868
Holothuria (Semperothuria) cf. imitans
Ludwig, 1875
Pearsonothuria graeffei (Semper, 1868)
20
Stichopus vastus Sluiter, 1887
21
22
Stichopus pseudohorrens Cherbonnier, 1967
Stichopus cf. monotuberculatus (Quoy &
Gaimard, 1833)
Stichopus quadrifasciatus Massin, 1999
Stichopus chloronotus Brandt, 1835
Stichopus noctivagus Cherbonnier, 1980
Thelenota anax Clark, 1921
Thelenota ananas (Jaeger, 1833)
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
23
24
25
26
27
Recorded
specimen
STB09;
STB10
SPM003
SPM007
SPM002
KJ005
AMQ02
SPM001;
AMQ04
AMQ05
12
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT
Order Aspidochirotida Grube, 1840
Family Holothuridae Ludwig, 1894
Genus Actinopyga Broon, 1860
Actinopyga lecanora (Jaeger, 1833)
Fig. 1A-C, 2A-G, 3 (see Appendix 1)
Muelleria lecanora Jaeger, 1833: 18, pl. 2 figs 2, 2b, pl. 3 Fig. 8.
Holothuria (Actinopyga) lecanora; Panning, 1929: 127, Fig. 9a-c (complete
synonym).
Actinopyga lecanora; Clark & Rowe, 1971: 176, pl. 27 Fig. 2; Cherbonnier, 1988:
20, Fig. 4A-I; Massin, 1996: 8, Fig. 4A-G; Massin, 1999: 8, Fig. 3a-j, 4,
110a; Samyn, 2000: 15 (tab. 1); Samyn, 2003:12, Fig. 3A-E, 51C; Purcell et
al., 2012: 16.
Material examined - STB09 (1 fresh specimen, 220x75 mm in ethanol); STB10 (1
fresh specimen, 215x130 mm in ethanol).
Morphology - Color in alcohol: dorsally brown yellowish; ventrally lighter than
dorsal; 45 to 50 mm above the anus with a lighter zone with pale whitish lines.
Body wall smooth, up to 110 mm thick. Mouth ventral, surrounded by 13 to 17
brown to yellow large tentacles. Anus terminal, surrouded by five white to brown
anal teeth. Dorsal papillae long; up to 8 mm; conical; bright yellow; scattered in
interambulacral and ambulacral areas; the number more numerous in the anterior
side. Ventral tube feet up to 6 mm; brown to yellow; in ambulacral areas only, in
nine to ten rows, the number very numerous.
Internal organ - Calcareous ring stout; radial pieces one and half times as wide as
the interradial pieces (in specimen STB09 the radial piece up to 8 mm wide and
10 mm high, the interradial up to 6 mm wide and 6 mm high; in specimens STB10
the radial piece up to 12 mm wide and 10 mm high, the interradial up to 7 mm
wide and 6 mm high); radial pieces with narrow slit on their central anterior tooth
(Fig. 1c). Cuvierian tubulus not observed in the preserved specimens. 20 Tentacle
ampulae. Single polian vesicle; sac like; white tranparent with many black-purple
dots. One short stone canal, convulated. Gonad not observed in the preserved
specimens. Rate mirabile absent. Respiratory tree arise from single stalk.
Longitudinal muscle flat in structure; medially attached and lateral margins free.
Inner body wall white with numerous black-purple dots. Cloaca and cloaca
retractor muscle white transparent.
Ossicles - Tentacles with massive rods up to 250 µm long, spiny at their
extremities (Fig. 2g). Dorsal body wall with small slender rossetes, 12-25 µm
(Fig. 2a). ventral body wall with slender dichotomously branched rossetes and
rods, 20-45 µm(Fig. 2b). Dorsal papilae with rods, 80-120 µm (Fig. 2c) and
branching rossetes, 20-30 µm (Fig. 2d). Ventral tube feet with rossetes similar to
the ones from vental body wall, and plate-like ossicle (Fig. 2e). Cloaca with
numerous perforated plate-like ossicle, spiny at the edge (Fig. 2f).
13
Geographic distribution - see Appendix 1, Fig. 3.
Genus Bohadschia Jaeger, 1833
Bohadscia vitiensis (Semper, 1868)
Fig. 4A-C, 5A-K, 6 (see Appendix 1)
Holothuria vitiensis Semper, 1868: 80, pl. 30 Fig. 2; Domantay, 1933: 76, pl. 1
Fig. 2; Domantay, 1935: 119.
Holothuria (Bohadschia) vitiensis; Panning, 1929: 122, Fig. 3a-k (complete
synonym).
Bohadschia vitiensis; Rowe, 1969: 130; Clark & Rowe, 1971: 176, pl. 27 Fig. 5;
cherbonnier 1988: 42, Fig. 14A-I; Conand, 1989: 21, Fig. 3; Massin, 1999:
13, figs 8a-k, 9.
Material examined - SPM003 (1 salted specimen, 270x120 mm in ethanol).
Morphology - Large species. Body color white pale to brown dorsally with dark
brown transverse banding; ventrally, white pale with a brown median longitudinal
line (Fig. 4a-b). Body wall rough to the touch, 10 mm thick. Mouth ventral
surrounded by 20 small brownish tentacles (8 mm length). Anus terminal, black in
color. Dorsal papilae conically, very numerous, spreading overall; ventral tube
feet succer-like, densely crowded without allignment.
Internal organ - Calcareous ring stout; radial with an anterior notch (Fig. 4c).
Radial pieces one and half times as wide as interradial pieces (the radial piece up
to 10 mm wide and 10 mm high, the interradial piece up to 8 mm wide and 8 mm
high). Since the specimens observed was processed specimens (salt processed),
internal organ a little bit difficult to observed, most of them already broke.
Cuvierian tubulus not observed in the specimen; tentacle ampulae present 20
pieces, translucent; single polian vesicle, sac-like, 45 mm long; stone canal, gonad
and rate mirabile not observed in the specimen; respiratory tree arise from single
stalk; longitudinal muscle, flat, attached medially, lateral margins free. Cloaca and
cloaca retractor muscle black in color.
Ossicles - Tentacles with spiny rods, bifurcated or bended extremities, 50-250 µm
long (Fig. 5k). Dorsal body wall with rosettes and grains, 15-30 µm long (Fig. 5ab). Ventral body wall, perforated and unperforated grains together with rosettes,
15-40 µm long (Fig. 5e-f). Dorsal papilae with rosettes, 15-25 µm long (Fig. 5c),
and banched rods, 15-50 µm long (Fig. 5d). Ventral tube feet as ventral body wall
with no clear separation between rosettes and grains, 15-30 µm long (Fig. 5g-h),
rods is 20-75 µm long (Fig. 5i), perforated plates 150-250 µm accros (Fig. 5j).
Cloaca retractor muscle with miliarly grains.
Geographic distribution - see Appendix 1, Fig. 6.
Bohadschia subrubra (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833)
Fig. 7A-C, 8A-D, 9 (see Appendix 1)
14
Holothuria subrubra Quoy & Gaimard, 1833: 136.
Bohadschia subrubra; Cherbonnier, 1988: 40, Fig. 13, A-K; Massin et al. 1999:
155 (complete synonym), figs. 3, 4, 5, pl.1A, C, D; Samyn, 2000: 15 (tab.
1); Samyn, 2003: 24, Fig. 10A-D, Fig. 52B, pl. 2B; Purcell et al. , 2012: 34.
Material examined - SPM007 (1 salted specimen, 250x140 mm in ethanol).
Morphology - Large species, loaf-like shape. Body color dark brown dorsally with
irregular light-brown patches scaterred overall the dorsal surface. Ventral, white
to yellow. Body wall smooth, 18 mm thick. Mouth ventral, surrounded by 20
brown tentacles. Anus terminal. Dorsal papilae very small, scatered overall the
surface. Ventral tube feet, very long, succer-like, spreading overall the surface.
Internal organ - Calcareous ring stout with radial pieces three times as wide as
interadial pieces (the radial piece up to 12 mm wide and 10 mm high, the
interradial piece up to 4 mm wide and 8 mm high); radial pieces with a deep
central anterior and posterior notch, two lateral hollows in the anterior side (Fig.
7c). Since the specimens observed was processed specimens (salt processed),
internal organ a little bit difficult to observed, most of them already broke.
Cuvierian tubulus not observed in the specimen; tentacle ampulae present; polian
vesicle not observed in the specimen; single short stone canal (< 1/12 of body
length), straight; gonad, rate mirabile, respiratory tree and longitudinal miscle
already broke.
Ossicles - Tentacles with large spiny rods (Fig. 8d); dorsal body wall with
rossetes, 20-40 µm long (Fig. 8a); ventral body wall with more involute-shape of
rosettes than dorsal body wall, 20-45 µm long (Fig. 8b); ventral tube feet with
rosettes like in ventral body wall (Fig. 8c) and perforated plate, 100 µm across
(Fig. 8e).
Geographic distribution - see Appendix 1, Fig. 9.
Bohadscia sp1.
Fig. 10A-C, 11A-P, 12A-C, 13 (see Appendix 1)
Material examined - SPM002 (1 salted specimen, 300x70 mm in ethanol).
Morphology - Large-slender species, subcylindrical with a sole. Body color
uniformly dark brown with many irregular small to wide spots scattered overall
the dorsal surface. The spots, yellowish with black line encircling it. Ventral,
yellowish with many irregular spots just like in dorsal surface, in median the dark
brown spots arrange even closer forming a longitudinal line from anterior to
posterior. Body wall smooth to the touch, 5 mm thick. Mouth ventral, surrounded
by 16 light brown tentacles. Anus terminal, surrounded by anal podia that papilaelike. Dorsal papilae, brown, appear from the yellow to light brown base, numerous
and scattered in dorsal surface. Ventral tube feet, succer-like, spreading overall
the ventral surface.
15
Internal organ - Calcareous ring stout with radial pieces twice as wide as interadial
pieces (the radial piece up to 12 mm wide and 14 mm high, the interradial piece
up to 6 mm wide and 8 mm high); radial pieces with a deep central anterior notch
and two lateral attachment sites for the longitudinal muscles; interradial pieces
with an anterior tooth and shallow concave posterior side. Cuvierian tubulus not
observed in the specimen; tentacle ampulae long (85 mm); single polian vesicle,
sac-like, up to 60 mm long; longitudinal muscles, yellow and flat, medially
attached with lateral margins free.
Ossicles - Tentacles with numerous rugose and smooth surface of rods and a few
rossetes and perforated grains (Fig. 12A-C); dorsal body wall with numerous large
rosettes from simple to involute shape, 25-50 µm long (Fig. 11A), and irregular
small rods, 15-35 µm long (Fig. 11B); ventral body wall with numerous
perforated grains, 15-35 µm (Fig. 11G), imperforated grains up to 20 µm long
(Fig. 11I), rosettes with more simple shape than dorsal body wall, 15-40 µm long,
and straight smooth rods, 55-165 µm long; dorsal papilae with rosettes, smaller
than in dorsal body wall, 25-40 µm long (Fig. 11C), but irregular rods larger than
in dorsal body wall, up to 60 µm long (Fig. 11D), straight rods up to 70 µm long
(Fig. 11E), and perforated end plates up to 160 µm accross (Fig. 11F); ventral
tube feet with regular and irregular rods, 20-65 µm long (Fig. 11K-L),
imperforated and perforated grains, 15-30 µm long (Fig. 11N-O); anal papilae
with rosettes, 15-50 µm long (Fig. 11M), and rods up to 65 µm long.
Bohadschia sp2.
Fig. 14A-C, 15A-O (see Appendix 1)
Material examined - KJ005 (1 fresh specimen, 160x90 mm in ethanol).
Morphology - Medium species. Dorsal, creamy-brown uniformly with three
irregular large spots transversally (Fig. 14A). Ventral, cream to white color with
whitish median longitudinal line (Fig. 14B). Rugosity of body wall, smooth to the
touch, 5 mm thick. Mouth ventral, surrounded by 20 small tentacle. Anus
terminal, surrounded by anal papillae. Dorsal papilae uniformly orange but in the
area of irregular spot brown color, appear from the darker circle base, numerous
and scattered on all surface of dorsal body wall. Ventral tube feet, succer-like,
brown transparent, numerous, spreading on the surface of dorsal body wall.
Internal organ - Calcareous ring stout with radial pieces twice as wide as
interradial pieces (the radial piece up to 8 mm wide and 10 mm high, the
interradial piece up to 4 mm wide and 4 mm high). Radial pieces with deep
anterior notch and two lateral hollows. Interradial pieces with anterior tooth.
Cuvierian tubulus observed expellable, adhesive, long-thick, white, distal part of
tube smooth, more than 10 attachment site. Tentacle ampulae, 20 pieces (25 mm).
Single polian vesicle, sac-like, 24 mm long. single stone canal, short (4 mm),
helical. Rate mirabile present. Longitudinal muscle, flat, medially attached, ;ateral
margins free.
16
Ossicles - Tentacles with moderate spiny, unperforated, most with branched
extremities, 30-70 µm long (Fig. 15M); dorsal body wall with involute rosettes
shape, 25-45 µm long (Fig. 15A), many small grains, and endplate; ventral body
wall with numerous simple shape rosettes, 15-45 µm long (Fig. 15E), bigger
perforated and imperforated grains than dorsal body wall, 10-30 µm long (Fig.
15F-G); dorsal papilae with rosettes, 10-30 µm long (Fig. 15B), irregular rods, 2550 µm long (fig 15C) and perforated irregular rods (Fig. 15D); ventral tube feet
with simple rosettes like in ventral body wall, 20-40 µm long (Fig. 15H), irregular
rods, 25-45 µm long (Fig. 15I), perforated and imperforated grains, 15-30 µm
long (Fig. 15J); anal papilae with rosettes and irregular rods with no clear
separation, 10-40 µm long (Fig. 15K); cloaca with rosettes and irregular rods with
no clear separation, 15-45 µm long (Fig. 15L), and straight rods (Fig. 15O);
respiratory tree with numerous small rods, 25-55 µm long (Fig. 15N).
Remarks – color pattern of the body was slightly different from Bohadschia
vitiensis as transversal bands absent. Instead, its transverse irregular large spots
with dark color was observed. One crustacean family of Pinnotheridae
(D.L.Rahayu pers. comm.) was found inside the respiratory tree.
Bohadschia sp3.
Fig. 17A-B, 18A-G (see Appendix 1)
Material examined - AMQ02 (1 dried specimen, 95x40 mm).
Morphology - Dorsal, light brown with numerous black conical papilae scattered
on the surface of dorsal body wall. Ventral, dark brown with black median
longitudinal line. Ventral tube feet, brown to black spreading on the surface.
Ossicles - dorsal body wall with perforated and imperforated grains, 15-40 µm
long (Fig. 18A-B), rods up to 50 µm long and perforated end plate up to 150 µm
across; ventral body wall have no rosettes, numerous irregular rods and grains, 530 µm long (Fig. 18C-D), button-like ossicle up to 55 µm long (Fig. 18F).
Remarks - Calcareous ring and internal organs have already been removed. There
was button-like ossicles in the ventral body wall, and no single rosette present.
Genus Holothuria Linnaeus, 1767
Subgenus Microthele Brandt, 1835
Holothuria (Microthele) nobilis (Selenka, 1867)
Fig. 20A-C, 21A-G, 22A-O, 23 (see Appendix 1)
Holothuria nobilis Selenka, 1867: 313, pl. 17 figs 13-15.
Holothuria (Microthele) nobilis; Cherbonnier, 1979: 861; Massin, 1999: 33
(complete synonym), 110g, h; Samyn, 2000: 15 (tab. 1); Samyn, 2003: 58,
figs 23A-K, 24A-B, 25A-C, Fig. 53H, pl. 3D; Purcell et al. 2012: 70.
Material examined - SPM001 (1 salted specimen, 250x150 mm in ethanol) and
AMQ04 (1 dried specimen, 95x25 mm).
17
Morphology - Large species. Specimen SPM001, dorsal, creamy-brown uniformly
with large irregular black spot on median tranversally and small irregular black
spot scattered overall the surface of dorsal body wall (Fig. 20A). Ventral, lighter
than dorsal (Fig. 20B). Specimen AMQ4, dorsal and ventral with black color.
Description below based on Specimen SPM001. Body wall smooth to the touch,
15 mm thick. Mouth ventral, surrounded by 20 small tentacles. Anus terminal,
surounded by 10 anal papilae. Dorsal papillae, conically brownish, spreading on
the surface of dorsal body wall. Ventral tube feet, succer-like, creamy-transparant,
spreading overall the ventral surface.
Internal organ - Calcareous ring stout with radial pieces one and half time as wide
as interradial pieces (the radial piece up to 10 mm wide and 8 mm high, the
interradial piece up to 7 mm wide and 7 mm high). Radial pieces with two slightly
convex anterior notch. Interradial pieces with anterior tooth. Cuvierian tubulus not
observed in this specimen. Twenty tentacles ampulae present with 52 mm long.
Single polian vesicles, sac-like, 48 mm long. Longitudinal muscle, flat, medially
attached and lateral margins free.
Ossicles - Tentacles with rods, the extremities smooth to moderate spiny, 75-200
µm long (Fig. 22I), small perforated rods-like button (Fig. 22J). Dorsal body wall
with tables, ellipsoids and plates. Table numerous; disc usually square-shape with
smooth to slightly undulate rim (diameter disc 90-130 µm across); perforated by
four central hole and 4-10 peripheral hole; four pillar forming a short spire united
by single cross beam or circle ending in a dense crown of blunt spines (Fig. 21A).
Ellipsoids, numerous, knobbed, four to ten pair of holes, 60-80 µm long (Fig.
21B). Plate, elongated, smooth to slightly knobbed, 75-100 µm long (Fig. 21C).
Ventral body wall with tables, buttons, ellipsoids, rods and plate. Tables similar in
size and shape as those found in the dorsal body wall, but ellipsoids here more
simple than dorsal ellipsoids (Fig. 22A-B); button, smooth to knobbed, very
numerous, three to six pair of hole, 120-150 µm long (Fig. 22F); rods-like plates,
numerous, 110-180 µm long (Fig. 22C-D); elongated plates, many (Fig. 22E),
rarely found narrow plates. Dorsal papillae with tables, ellipsoids, elongated plates
and rods-like plates. Tables as similar as those found in dorsal body wall (Fig.
21D); some ellipsoids more complex in shape than those in dorsal body wall, 6585 µm long (Fig. 21E); elongated multiperforated plates longer than those in
dorsal body wall, 65-185 µm long (Fig. 21F); very numerous rods-like plates,
140-200 µm long (Fig. 21G). Ventral tube feet with tables, buttons, ellipsoids,
rods and elongated plates. Tables as similar as those found in ventral body wall
(Fig. 22G); ellipsoids, a few, smaller than those in ventral body wall; smooth to
knobbed button very numerous, 30-70 µm long (Fig. 22H); rod-like plates, 110200 µm long (Fig. 22K), and elongated perforated plates, 100-180 µm long (Fig.
22L). Overall, anal papillae has smaller tables and ellipsoids compares to body
wall, dorsal papillae or ventral tube feet (Fig. 22M-N), the elongated plates as
long as those found in dorsal body wall (Fig. 22O).
Remarks - in Samyn (2003), H. nobilis differ from H. fuscogilva in number of
polian vesicle. Only single polian vesicle were observed in examined specimen. It
18
was possible that others were completely damage during trepang process. In
addition, Samyn (2003) mentioned that the tentacles of H. nobilis were large, but
in the examined specimen the tentacles were relatively small compared to its body
length. One crab was found inside the mouth, between tentacle ampulae.
Geographic distribution - see Appendix 1, Fig. 23.
Holothuria (Microthele) fuscopunctata Jaeger, 1833
Fig. 24A-B, 25A-H, 26A-B, 27 (see Appendix 1)
Holothuria fu