TEACHERS’ PERCEPTION S OF ORAL CORRECTIVE FEEDBACK AND THEIR ACTUAL PRACTICE IN EFL CLASSROOM ( A Descriptive Study on English Teachers of State Junior High Schools in Banyumas) - repository perpustakaan

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Qualitative Research Method used in carrying out this research was descriptive method. Descriptive method can be defined as a method that is intentionally done to

  collect information about a phenomenon as in the real condition (Arikunto, 2010:262). According to Sugiyono (2013:8), descriptive research is usually called as qualitative research using qualitative method collecting the information toward data naturally. This qualitative research is mainly about collecting and examining verbal data; it is known to be essential in helping practicing teachers to gain “a deeper knowledge […] of learning and teaching language” (Heigham & Crocker, 2009, cited in Mahdi & Saadany, 2013:17).

  Descriptive method is not intentionally done to examine a hypothesis, but only to describe an authentic condition (Moloeng, 2005:3).

  This research was done as descriptive study. Indeed, by interviewing teachers and observing a current language classroom it was possible to find out and describe the teachers‟ perceptions of oral corrective feedback and their actual practice in EFL classroom.

B. Place and Time of Research

  1. The Place of Research The investigation was conducted at 3 state of junior high school in

  Banyumas regency. These include:

  25

   SMP N 1 Sokaraja  SMP N 3 Sokaraja  SMP N 3 Banyumas

  2. The Time of Research Based on the schedule, this research was conducted on March

  2015. Table 2.1 shows the schedule of this research as follows: Table 3.1

  Schedule of research February March April Mei

  Activities

  1

  2

  3

  4

  1

  2

  3

  4

  1

  2

  3 4 1 2 Making proposal     Making

    instruments Doing     observation and interview    Analyzing data

    Making report C.

   Research Participations

  1. Population Population is a set or correlation elements that was observed

  (Arikunto, 2010: 107). Sugiyono (2013:80) adds population is generalization range consisting of object/subject having quality and certain characteristic which is chosen by researcher to be learnt and drawn conclusion. Based on the data from Dinas Pendidikan Banyumas

  (Banyumas Education Department), there are 71 state junior high schools of 160 junior high schools in Banyumas. Furthermore, the data showed that researcher took English teachers of all state junior schools in Banyumas as a population.

  2. Sampling Technique In qualitative research, sampling is determined based on the purpose, that is, to find out the information as a basic of term and theory

  (Moloeng, 2002:165). Thus, this research used purposive sampling technique. Purposive sampling is a technique which takes sample by determining such consideration. The consideration of choosing the sample was based on the school. The school which implements curriculum 2006 (KTSP). This is as a result of consideration toward the number of the population (Arikunto, 2010:85). In a fact, English teachers of those Schools were certified as a teacher if they had graduated in teacher‟s requirements such certain tests. The consideration incured the research to take English teachers who had been certified in those schools as the sample.

  3. Sample Actually, sample is a part of numbers and characteristics of certain population chosen by researcher (Sugiyono, 2013:81). Amount of population of English teachers who have been certified were too excessive so that the researcher decided to minimize the number of teachers dealing with schools where they teach. Therefore, there were 6

  English teachers from 3 representatives of junior high schools which implements curriculum 206 in Banyumas regency as subjects of this study.

D. Data Collection

  Collecting data is a way used to collect, accumulate, get, or find the data of research (Suwartono, 2014:41). Additionally, there are two influential points in the result of research as quality of instrument research and quality of data collection (Sugiyono, 2013:222).

  In collecting data, the researcher chose 2 techniques in doing systematic steps of research. These techniques were purposed to investigate different aspect as follows:

  1. Interview Interview is one of techniques to collect data of research by conducting direct communication (conversation/dialogue) with the subjects. This communication happens between interviewer and interviewee. Furthermore, the interviewer is a person who delivers the question and interviewee is a subject who responds the interviewer‟s question (Moleong, 2005:186).

  In this interview, the researcher used semi-structured interview considering interview guide as instrument. This type requires the researcher to design or arrange guideline from the topic (Moleong, 2005:87). This guideline acts as a main focus of interview. Thus, interview will be more effective (Suwartono, 2014:50).

  The semi-structured interview guide was prepared for investigating teachers‟ perceptions on roles, strategies and timing of oral corrective feedback. This interview used open-ended questions which are to give free thought, suggestions, recall information learnt, or detailed answers from the respondents (Leo, 2002:72). The researcher covered the data by recording the interview processes. There were 8 basic questions and around 10-15 minutes in interview stage for each respondent.

  There is interview guide which explains the topics or indicators of questions and the number of questions in the table 3.2 as follows: Table 3.2

  Interview Guide No Topics/Indicators

  Interview Number of

  Item Item Number

  1 Teachers‟ perception on roles of oral corrective feedback 3 1,2,3

  2 Teachers‟ perception on strategies of oral corrective feedback 3 4,5,6

  3 Teachers‟ perception on timing of oral corrective feedback 2 7,8

  Total

  8

  2. Observation The next technique used in collecting data is observation technique.

  The researcher chose this technique and considered some reasons to guarantee the validity of data (Moloeng, 2005:174). These reasons requires observer to: 1) ask permittion to investigate the case in real condition, 2) see and observe the actual teaching and learning process, and 3) record the data happening based on real situation.

  This observation began after interview technique had been conducted. Researcher, especially, used non-participant observation which it did not involve the researcher as an active participant, but only as an observer. According to Sugiyono (2013:145), Observation technique uses to collect data as human life, process of event, nature case and to investigate only a few participants.

  There was a basic instrument (observation sheet) to collect data in class observation. There were 5 topics/indicators in observation sheet included 17 sub-topics of oral corrective feedback. The observation sheet depended on observation guide (Table 3.3) as follows:

  Table 3.3 Observation Guide

  Observation sheet No Topics / Indicators

  Number of Item Item Number

  1 Types of error in actual teaching 3 1,2,3 practice

  2 Strategies of oral corrective 2 4,5 feedback in actual teaching and learning process

  3 Types of oral corrective 7 6,7,8,9,10,11 feedback in actual teaching and ,12 learning process

  4 Timings of corrective feedback 2 13,14 in actual teaching practice

  5 Providers of corrective feedback 3 15,16,17 in actual practice Total

  17 The observation stage was executed in all respondents ‟ teaching practices. Those needed 2 x 40 minutes for each respondent.

E. Data Analysis

  Interview and observation sheet (tally) delivered qualitative and quantitative data as it needs qualitative and quantitative data analysis.

  Basically, the qualitative data collected by interview instrument which was analyzed teachers‟ perceptions of topic.

  There were several ways in analyzing qualitative data. By using Miles and Huberman model the researcher did data reduction, data display and conclusion drawing/verfication (Sugiyono, 2013:246) as follows. a. Data reduction Data reduction aimed to reduce original data by choosing the important point, focusing on particular part of topic so that the result can give the researcher clear description, and facilitating researcher to continue the next step (Sugiyono, 2013:247).

  Actually, there are lots of unimportant data from interview stage. Data reduction assisted the researcher to centralize their critical thinking in reducing data. Hence, the researcher could display the clear data depending on the topic in observation guide (Sugiyono, 2013:249).

  b. Data display This stage was done after data reduction. Furthermore, it showed the clear data in several categories. Thus, data display can be called as stage which provides qualitative data in short explanation, chart, flowchart, and many other kinds (Sugiyono, 2013:249). By displaying the data after data reduction, it was easy to be understood and continued to the next stage.

  c. Conclusion Drawing/verification After data display, the last stage in analyzing data from Miles and Huberman model is conclusion drawing/verification. According to

  Sugiyono (2013:252), the collected data is categorized, found pattern, and finally concluded by the researcher. There were some specific conclusions analyzed from each respondent‟s interview. It supported the basic conclusion of the research.

  Then, in analyzing observation sheet (tally), percentage and likert scale (Skala Likert) are used for analyzing accurately quantitative as follows:

  1. Percentage According to Ardiansyah (2014:42-43), after quantitative data will be collected, the researcher used the following steps:

  1. Calculating the number of frequency placed in each statement

  2. Calculating the total score of each indicator

  3. Calculating the percentage of each statement by considering total score of each indicator P = F/N x 100% Where P : Percentage of each statement F : The score of each indicator N : The total score

  2. Likert Scale Likert scale is used for analyzing attitude, opinion, and perception of someone or group toward event or social indication

  (Riduan & Kuncoro, 2008:20). It was used after percentage of observation sheet had been calculated before.

  According to Riduan and Kuncoro (2008:20), this technique is appropriate for analyzing observation sheet which has several indicators and measuring frequency of each statement. Those scales are shown in Table 3.4 as follows:

  Table 3.4 Likert-scale

  Percentage Likert scale 81 % - 100 % Very High 61 % - 80 % High 41 % - 60 % Medium 21 % - 40 % Low 0 % - 20 % Very low (Adapted from Riduan & Kuncoro, 2008:21)