Mother - Daughter bond in Rodrigo Garcia`s Mother and Child - USD Repository

  MOTHER – DAUGHTER BOND IN RODRIGO GARCIA’S

MOTHER AND CHILD

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

  Presented a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

  By

ANNISA RAHMAWATI

  Student Number: 064214009

  

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

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The role of a writer is not to say what we

can all say, but what we are unable to say.

  Anais Nin

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  for all daughters…

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

  I would like to thank my thesis advisor, Dra. A. B. Sri Mulyani M.A., Ph. D and J. Harris Hermansyah S., S.S., M.Hum for their patience and guidance during the process of this thesis. I also would like to thank Anna Fitriati S. Pd., M.Hum and Ni Luh Putu Rosiandani S.S., M.Hum as my academic advisors during my years in Sanata Dharma University.

  I also would like to express my sincerely gratitude to my wonderful parents, because just saying thank you will not be enough, Mr. Mas Wigrantoro Roes Setiadi and my step mother, Mrs. Nunung Setiawati, and for my biological mother, Mrs. Pudjanti Setiowati for their love, their praying, their patience and their support for me to keep on trying and finish this thesis. I am very blessed to be their daughter, Alhamdulillah.

  However, this thesis could not be done without their praying and support from all of my friends in Sastra Inggris, Drumplus, and in Teater Kepik. Thanks for the massive effect that you guys have made in my world and for being there in good times and bad times.

  Special thanks for Mas Faizal for letting me learn so many things from him. The most important, I would thank the Almighty God for giving me those people in my life, through its ups and downs. Cheers.

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  TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE............................................................................................... i APPROVAL PAGE

  …………………………………………..…………... ii

  ACCEPTANCE PAGE

  ……………………………………..…………….. iii Lembar Pernyataan Persetujuan Publikasi Karya Ilmiah...............................iv

  STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY…......................................v MOTTO PAGE

  ………………………………………………..…………..vi

  DEDICATION PAGE

  ……………………………………….……………vii

  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  ……………………………….………………viii

  TABLE OF CONTENTS

  ………………………………….………………ix

  ABSTRACT

  ……………………………………………….………………. x

  ABSTRAK

  ………………………………………………………………… xi

  CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

  ……………………………………….. 1 A. Background of the Study ……………………………….……... 1 B. Problem Formulation …………………………………….….... 4 C. Objectives of the Study ………………………………….……. 4 D.

  Definition of Terms ……………………………………….…... 5

  CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW

  …………….……………… 6 A. Review of Related Studies ……………………………………. 6 B. Review of Related Theories …………………………………... 8 C. Theoretical Framework ……………………………………….. 15

  CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY

  …………………………………….. 18 A. Object of the Study ……………………………………………. 18 B. Approach of the Study ………………………………………… 19 C. Method of the Study …………………………………………… 20

  CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS

  ……………………………………………… 22 A. The Depiction of the Main Character ……………………..…… 22 B. The Depiction of the Bond Between the Main Characters and Their

  Mother ……………..……............................................................ 40 C.

  The Effects of the Bond Between the Main Characters and Their Mother

  ………………………………………………..………… 48

  CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION

  ………………………………………....... 55

  BIBLIOGRAPHY

  ………………………………………………………… 57

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ABSTRACT

  ANNISA RAHMAWATI. Mother – Daughter Bond in Rodrigo Garcia’s Mother

  

and Child Screenplay. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of

Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2013.

  Mother has important roles in the development of her children, since she is the one who gives birth to all children. Therefore, there is a special bond between a mother and her children, especially the daughters. The bond between a mother and a daughter is special because there are some particular values of womanhood that

• – cannot be found in any other family bond. This thesis examines the mother daughter bond and its effects toward the daughters in

  Rodrigo Garcia’s Mother and

  

Child screenplay. The screenplay explores the story of the relationship between three

  women and their mothers. Thus, the title that chosen is Mother

• – Daughter Bond in Rodrigo Garcia’s Mother and Child.

  The researcher formulates three questions in this thesis to reach the final answer of the study. The first problem discusses the description of the main characters as the daughters. The second discusses the analysis of the bond between the main characters and their mothers. The last problem discusses the effects of bond between the main characters and their mothers toward them as the daughters, as seen in the screenplay.

  The researcher uses library research method to finish the study. The sources of the study are books, encyclopedia, articles, and online journals. They contain of theories which are important to the study. The researcher uses theories on character and characterization and psychoanalysis theories on mother

• – daughter bond. The researcher uses feminism psychoanalytical approach to analyze these problems.

  The result of the analysis of the study shows that the daughters are affected by the bond between them and their mothers. Karen, the character who has difficult bond with her mother, has difficult attitude and characteristic. Elizabeth, the character who does not have the mother figure in her life, becomes very independent and does not believe in the values of a family. Lucy, the character who has the least difficult bond with her mother, becomes confident and has positive attitude toward the values of a family. To conclude, the bond between mother and daughter does affect the daughter.

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ABSTRAK

  ANNISA RAHMAWATI. Mother

• – Daughter Bond in Rodrigo Garcia’s Mother

  

and Child Screenplay. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra,

Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2013.

  Ibu mempunyai peranan penting dalam perkembangan anak-anaknya, karena ia yang melahirkan semua anak-anaknya. Oleh karena itu, ada ikatan yang istimewa antara seorang ibu dengan anak-anaknya, terlebih lagi pada anak perempuan. Ikatan antara seorang ibu dengan anak perempuannya sangat istimewa karena ada nilai-nilai khusus keperempuanan yang tidak dapat ditemukan pada ikatan antara anggota keluarga lainnya. Makalah ini meneliti tentang ikatan antara ibu dan anak perempuan dan efek-efek dari ikatan tersebut terhadap karakter anak perempuan seperti yang terlihat pada naskah film Mother and Child karya Rodrigo Garcia. Naskah ini mengangkat cerita tentang hubungan antara tiga orang perempuan dengan ibunya

• – masing-masing. Adapun judul yang dipilih untuk makalah ini adalah Mother Daughter Bond in Rodrigo Garcia’s Mother and Child.

  Peneliti merumuskan tiga pertanyaan dalam makalah ini untuk mencapai jawaban akhir dari studi ini. Rumusan masalah yang pertama membahas deskripsi dari karakter-karakter utama sebagai anak perempuan. Rumusan masalah kedua membahas ikatan antara karakter-karakter utama dengan ibu mereka. Rumusan masalah terakhir membahas efek dari ikatan para karakter utama dengan ibu mereka terhadap karakter utama sebagai anak perempuan, seperti yang terlihat pada naskah film.

  Penulis menggunakan metode penelitian pustaka untuk menyelesaikan studi ini. Sumber-sumber untuk studi ini adalah buku-buku, ensiklopedia, artikel-artikel, dan jurnal daring. Sumber-sumber tersebut berisikan teori-teori yang penting untuk studi ini. Penulis menggunakan teori karakter dan karakterisasi dan teori psikoanalisis pada ikatan ibu

• – anak perempuan. Peneliti menggunakan pendekatan psikoanalitikal feminisme.

  Hasil dari studi ini menunjukkan bahwa para karakter anak perempuan terpengaruh oleh ikatan antara mereka dengan para ibu mereka. Karen, karakter yang mempunyai ikatan yang sulit dengan ibunya, mempunyai karakteristik dan perilaku yang sulit. Elizabeth, karakter yang tidak mempunyai figur ibu dalam hidupnya, menjadi sangat independen dan tidak mempercayai nilai-nilai dalam sebuah keluarga. Lucy, karakter yang mempunyai ikatan yang tidak sulit dengan ibunya, menjadi percaya diri dan mempunyai pandangan positif terhadap nilai-nilai dalam sebuah keluarga. Dapat disimpulkan, ikatan antara ibu dan anak perempuan mempunyai pengaruh terhadap anak perempuan.

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Sigmund Freud described the mother as the child’s primary love object

  and the parent most responsible for its optimal development (1963:129). This supports the fact that a bond between a mother and her child is special. When the baby was born, its first social interaction is with its mother. They both directly make a close connection. Therefore, a mother has significant roles in forming the characterization of her children, especially daughters. Nancy Chodorow says

  Women, as mothers, produce daughters with mothering capacities and the desire to mother. These capacities and needs are built into and grow out of the mother-daughter relationship itself. By contrast, women as mothers (and men as non-mothers) produce son whose nurturant capacities and needs have been systematically curtailed and repressed. (In Humm, 1992:278)

  The bond between mothers and daughters has some particular values of womanhood that will give some effects to the daughters, and these values cannot be found in a relationship between mothers to sons or fathers to daughters. This thesis will try to analyze specifically about the relationship or the bonds between mothers and daughters and how the bond between them affects the characterizations of the daughters.

  To study this mother

• – daughter bond elaborately, this research uses a

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  States. These three women undergo the complex experience of being a woman that involves their roles as a mother, as a daughter, and as a wife.

  Karen, the first woman, is a therapist who lives with her mother. She is uneasy and bitter. When she was a teenager, she got pregnant and she had to give up the baby for adoption.

  She feels like being her mother’s disappointment because of this mistake. She lives her life with regrets and unsent letters for her daughter.

  The second woman is Elizabeth, who grew up as a motherless child because her adoptive father died when she was four and she did not really get along with her adoptive mother. She knows that she was given up by her real mother. She becomes an ambitious, fierce, and self-domination lawyer. Elizabeth is independent, she used to take care all of things by herself. Elizabeth does not believe in family values. She is not sure whether she wants a baby or not in her life.

  The third woman is Lucy, a happily married woman who desperately wants a baby but she cannot have it on her own. Lucy is the only character that does not have a complicated issue with her mother and she is the only character who has a husband. She wants to adopt a baby. Lucy has to face her skeptical husband and the in-laws who do not get the idea of adoption.

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  that Karen had given up, and Lucy is about to adopt the baby daughter of Elizabeth’s.

  This screenplay is really intriguing because the characters are complex and each character has different problems and her ways to overcome the problems.

  The screenplay was made into a movie in 2010 and the author, Rodrigo Garcia is also the director. Rodrigo Garcia is famous for his works as the director of The

  

Sopranos (2004), Nine Lives (2005), Passengers (2008), Things You Can Tell By

Looking at Her (2000), and his latest movie is Albert Nobbs (2011) which was

  nominated for three nominations in Academy Awards. Some movie critics describe Garcia as a male director who loves woman since most of his movies are woman-centric and make women as strong characters.

  Gerald Mast says in his essay entitled “Literature and Film” that there are reasons that a film or screenplay is a “proper province of an organization devoted to literary and langu age study” (1982: 285). He says

  Films are works

• – indeed a works of art – sequential, patterned, temporal wholes that begin and end and, progressing from beginning to end, elaborate some kind of content in some kind of style that illuminates, reflects, or reveals that content. As works, films are analogous to plays, novels, poems, and essays, the specific kinds of works implied by the general study of literature. (1982: 285)

  Thus, the screenplay is relevant to be the subject of this research because a screenplay can be considered as a literary work based on what Mast says.

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  relate themselves to their mothers and learn to be good parents in the future. According to Guerin, literary works sometimes become the media to express or to show the feelings of the author or to share the authors’ ideas of something that happens around them.

  Literature is human creation in certain time to say something or events in certain period or year. It is intended to share some idea or issue to other human beings, because the greatness of the literature work is brought out by the wisest and the most sensitive mind in the form of information, experience, knowledge, or non aesthetic values. (Guerin, 1979:18)

  While for the readers, by reading a literary work, they can enrich their knowledge since literary works may contain special values of life which is useful to learn, although it is not exactly the same as their real experience.

B. Problem Formulation

  In order to make the study organized, the research questions below are formulated as the guide and limitation of the subject that will be discussed:

  1. How are the main characters depicted in Rodrigo Garcia’s Mother and

  Child ? 2.

  How are the bond between the main characters and their mothers depicted in Rodrigo Garcia’s Mother and Child?

  3. How does the bond affect the main characters?

C. Objectives of the Study

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  objective is to describe the main characters that have significant roles in the story through what they say, think, and does and how their characterization are described in Rodrigo Garcia’s Mother and Child screenplay.

  The second objective is to understand the bond between the main characters and their mothers. This objective will help to figure the third objective.

  The third objective is to figure how the bonds are affecting the main characters as it is depicted in Rodrigo Garcia’s Mother and Child screenplay.

D. Definition of Terms

  To avoid ambiguity, the researcher will give explanation about the terms presented in the thesis;

1. Bond

  According to American Psychological Association: Dictionary of

  Psychology, bond is

  “a relation between two or more individuals that signifies trust and alliance. In a social context, the existence of such ATTACHMENT enables individuals to provide emotional support for each other

  ”. (2007: 129) 2. Screenplay

  In Understanding Movies , screenplay is “a written description of a

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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW This chapter consists of some theories, reviews, and review of other

  studies which are considered to be related to this study. There are three parts that will be explained further. The first part is the review of related studies containing some previous studies which are related to this study. The second

  part is the review of related theories to be applied to this study. The last part is the theoretical framework which will explain further about the function of those studies and theories and how they apply in this study.

A. Review of Related Studies

  Rodrigo Garcia is a Colombian director. He has directed many winning-awards films and television serials.

  Garcia‟s first debut was Things

  You Can Tell Just by Looking at Her (2000) which he wrote in 1999. This

  film won an award in Cannes Film Festival and nominated for an Emmy Award in 2001. Mother and Child (2010) won Grand Prix du jury at Deauville American Film Festival 2010 in France. His latest film, Albert (2011) was nominated for Oscar award.

  Nobbs

  Ann Hornaday, a correspondent who writes for Washington Post,

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  Mother and Child (2010), Albert Nobbs (2011) are based on his structural

  studies of women‟s experiences, she concluded that he is a male director who really understands woman.

  It‟s difficult to think of a male director other that Garcia – whom Close calls “just a big bear of a sexy, warm man” – who could underst and the nuances, not just of being a woman in a man‟s world, but a woman impersonating a man in a man‟s world.

  www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/movies/rogrigo-garcia-the-man-

  (

  who-loves-women/2012/01/17/glQAmryhVQ_story.html )

  She also compared him with George Cukor, an Oscar winning director, for Garcia‟s film Mother and Child (2010) which becomes the subject of this thesis.

  In 2009, he made Mother and Child, starring Naomi Watts and Annette Bening as an adopted daughter and a birth mother, respectively. It‟s no wonder that by that time Garcia was being compared to George Cukor, whose sensitivity with women characters and female driven stories made him a favorite with such stars as Katherine Hepburn and Joan Crawford.

  www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/movies/rogrigo-garcia-the-man-

  (

  who-loves-women/2012/01/17/glQAmryhVQ_story.html

  ) It can be concluded that Rodrigo Garcia is a very good as a director and as a screenplay writer. He also has special attention about women‟s experiences and roles in men‟s world.

  The study about how mother

• – daughter bond affects the daughter

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  In her thesis, Sucipto states that the relationship between the mother characters and the daughter characters affects the characterization of the daughters.

  The influence of mother

• – daughter relationship in characterization is reflected in the presence of the conflict, the opposition of past lives, opinions, life style, thoughts, and manners, between the mother and the daughter. The mother, representing the older generation, is opposed with the daughter, representing the younger generation.(2001: 53)

  The researcher agrees on what Sucipto has stated in her thesis because the bond between a mother and her daughter affects the characterization of the daughter herself. Thus, these effects will be discussed further on this thesis.

B. Review of Related Theories The researcher applies some theories related to develop this thesis.

  The theories are:

  1. Theories on Character and Characterizations Character is the most important element in a literary work. It is the element that makes the story seems alive and makes the literary work easier to understand. According to Abrams in his book of A Glossary of Literary

  Terms ,

  Characters are the persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with

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  Whether a character remains stable or changes, the reader of a traditional and realistic work expects "consistency". (1999: 32

• – 33). In the previous edition, Abrams states that;

  “Character is the persons in a dramatic or narrative work, endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say- the dialogue- and what they do-the action

  ” (1981:20). Reaske says that there are active characters and passive characters. Characters that do not change from the beginning to the end of the story are called passive characters. These characters are usually static or unchanging. Conversely, active characters are the characters that have large

  part in the play. They usually undergo some changes as a result of the action of the play (1966: 40). Here in this Rodrigo Garcia‟s Mother and Child, the main characters are active characters and developed instantly. After knowing the real situation of their mothers, the main characters are constantly changing their attitudes toward the values of their relationship with their mothers.

  Mast states that film is like a play because it is “a sort performance art, presented for a group of persons gathered together at a specific place and time” and concretely presents the characters in physical beings rather than abstract characters to enact their thoughts and feeling directly to the audience (1982: 288). Bas ed on Mast‟s statement, the researcher has

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  To present characters in a play script or a drama, an author may use the way a character portrayal which is known as characterization. According to Reaske, there are six devices of characterization: a.

  The appearance of the character Reaske states that the appearance of the character might help the readers to understand the characterization. The prologue or the playwright often describes the character in physical sense.(1966: 46) b. Asides and soliloquies

  We learn about the characters as they speak. And specifically, we are apt to understand the characters best when they speak in short asides or in longer soliloquies. On the occasions the character is, in effect; telling the audience of his specific characteristics: if he is a villain, he usually explains his evil intentions or at least his malicious hopes; if a lover, he offers us poetic statements of devotions: if a hero torn between love and duty, he tells us about his conflict, and his resulting agony. The use of soliloquies and asides is one of the most expert devices of characterization.(1966:46)

  From the quotation above, the writer concludes that the characters‟ soliloquies can be used as a device to characterize the characters.

  c.

  Dialogue between characters The way character uses his language and makes a dialogue to other characters also sheds a great deal of light on understanding his personality. (1966:47) d. Hidden narration

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  employed is having one character in a play narrate something about another character. (1966:47)

  e.

  Language Reaske says that we must pay close attention to the kind words which the character uses and how the character speaks. The way a character speaks and his expression should be the first concern. (1966:47-48) f. Character in action

  As the character become more involved in the action of the play we quite naturally learn more about them. For once a playwright chooses to have a character act in one way rather than another, we immediately understand that character much better.(1966:48)

  Reaske is saying that through a character‟s action in the play, we can get a better way to understand the characterization of the character.

  Meanwhile in Mastering English Literature, Richard Gill states that You can only learn about a character from the words of the play.

  This means that your sources of information are dialogue, soliloquy, and in certain special cases, stage direction. A playwright, unlike a novelist, can‟t tell things directly. When we look at the words of a play we see four ways in which characters are created: (1) The way they speak (2) What they say about themselves (3) What they say about each other (4) How they are contrasted. (1995: 235)

  It can be concluded that a character and its characterization are the important elements in the literary work itself. Some indications to

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  other characters‟ opinion and attitude toward the character, and its own dialogue and behavior.

  In Drama and Performance: an Anthology, it is stated that as for the audiences and for them who read the script, there are some challenges to get complete understanding about the characterizations of the characters. The characters do not always reveal their thoughts with dialogues, but sometimes their gestures impl icate more than their words.”We must see and understand what is explicitly said and done, as well as be alerted to what is implied and left un spoken.”(Vena and Nouryeh, 1996: vii)

  2. Mother

• – Daughter Bond Psychoanalytic theorists have analyzed the maternal roles, examined the mothers‟ unconscious action and explored the attachment of the children to the mothers. The theorists also have proved the particular values of mother
• – daughter bond and how the roles of the mothers and the bond affect the characterizations of the daughter.

  Melanie Klein, as cited in From Klein to Kristeva: Psychoanalytic

  Feminism and the Search for the ‘Good Enough’ Mother written by Janice

  Doane and Devon Hodges, explains the mother as the child‟s primary love

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  nervous and depressive anxieties in later life could be related to the way child had coped with the nursing experience (in Doane and Hodges, 1992: p.8, p.12). In The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the

  Sociology of Gender , Chodorow says that women mother not only bear

  children but also take primary responsibility, spend more of their time with the children than men, and sustain primary emotional ties with the children (1978: 3). Both Klein and Chodorow agree that mothers have vital role and responsibility in the development of the infants and children.

• – As it is mentioned before, there are particular values in mother daughter bond that cannot be found in mother
• – son or father – daughter relationship. Chodorow says

  Women, as mothers, produce daughters with mothering capacities and the desire to mother. These capacities and needs are built into and grow out of the mother-daughter relationship itself. By contrast, women as mothers (and men as non-mothers) produce son whose nurturant capacities and needs have been systematically curtailed and repressed. (in Humm, 1992:278)

  She also adds that mothers tend to experience their daughters like themselves. Thus, girls are likely to remain part of the dyadic primary mother

• – daughter relationship itself. This means that a girl experience herself get involved in issues of merging and separation continuously, and in an attachment characterized by primary identification and the fusion of

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  „female identity‟. Thus, the mother – daughter bond is considered to be more special than the other bond in the family.

  The bond itself effects the characterizations of the daughter. In

  Journal of Marriage and the Family , Baruch and Barnett

  state that “when daughters‟ relationship with mothers is positive, the well-being of daughters improves regardless of the number of family roles they have

  ” which show the positive effect of the mother

• – daughter bond. However, there is also a negative effect that could happen when the bond between them is fragile and unestablished. It is

  “when the daughters‟ relationship with mothers is negative, daughters who have more family roles are less delicate than daughters who have fewer roles

  ” (1983: 601-606). Adrienne Rich explains how mother

• – daughter relationship sometimes are wrongly interpreted by the daughter and sometimes the daughters blame their mothers. She states

  Women, mothers or not, who feel committed to other women, are Increasingly giving each other a quality of character filled with the diffuse kinds of identification that exist between actual mothers and daughters. Into the mere notion of „mothering‟ we may carry, as daughters, negative echoes of our mothers‟ martyrdom, the burden of their valiant, necessarily limited efforts on our behalf, the confusion of their double message (in Humm, 1992: 275)

  In her book, For Mothers of Difficult Daughters, Dr. Charney Herst states It‟s no surprise (mothers) blame themselves: for the past thirty years,

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  She also states that the bond between mother and daughter can be “intensely rewarding or brutally painfu l” (1998: xv).

C. Theoretical Framework

  This thesis examines the mother

• – daughter bond in Rodrigo Garcia‟s Mother and Child. The bond between the mother and the daughter is special because there are some particular values of womanhood that cannot be found in other family bond, thus, the topic of this thesis is the mother
• – daughter bond. The researcher specifically analyzes the mother – daughter bond itself and its effects toward the characterizations of the daughters. Accordingly, the title chosen is “Mother – Daughter Bond as Seen in Rodrigo Garcia‟s Mother and Child”.

  To elaborately study this topic, the researcher uses a screenplay by Rodrigo Garcia, Mother and Child, as the object of this study. The screenplay explores the story of the relation between three women and their mothers. The first woman is Karen, a therapist. She has difficult relationship with her mother. When she was fourteen she had a baby daughter outside the wedlock and had to give up her daughter for adoption, thus she always thinks that she is the disappointment of her mother. Karen becomes a bitter and uneasy woman. The second woman is Elizabeth, who grew up as an

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  concept of family. The third woman is Lucy. Lucy is the only character who does not have a difficult relationship with her mother, and she desperately wants to have a daughter on her own. The roles of the mother characters and their bond with the daughters in the screenplay affect the characterization of these main characters.

  The researcher has formulated three questions in the problem formulation in order to guide and to limit this thesis. The first question examines how the characteristics of the main characters are described in Rodrigo Garcia‟s Mother and Child. The second question analyzes how the bond between the main characters and their mothers are depicted in the screenplay. The last question reveals how the bond affects the characterizations of the daughter characters in the screenplay.

  There are theories that help to answer the questions given in the problem formulation. The researcher uses theories that have been discussed to answer the questions in the problem formulation. To answer the first question, the character and characterization theories are used. By using these theories, how the main characters are depicted in Rod rigo Garcia‟s Mother

  and Child and their characterizations can be understood. The researcher can

  identify the characters by their dialogues, thoughts, and reactions. The

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  used to help in answering the second question, to help defining the

• – importance of the existence of the mother to the characters, the mother daughter bond between the main characters and their mother. This is concluded to help in answering the third question, to understand how the bond itself affects them as the daughters.

  This thesis uses a feminism psychoanalytical approach. Since the developments of characterizations and the lives of women, which are being discussed in this thesis, are connected to psychoanalytical problems and specifically discuss the values of womanhood.

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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study The object of this thesis is a screenplay written by Rodrigo Garcia entitled Mother and Child. The screenplay was made into a movie in 2010, and was

  directed by Rodrigo Garcia himself. The movie was well played by brilliant actresses such as Annette Bening, Naomi Watts, and Kerry Washington. The screenplay that is used for this thesis is the original version because it is taken from www.sonyclassics.com, the internet site of the production house who published the movie.

  Rodrigo Garcia is a Colombian director. He has directed many winning- awards films and television serials.

  Garcia‟s first debut was Things You Can Tell

  

Just by Looking at Her (2000) which he wrote in 1999. This film won an award in

  Cannes Film Festival and nominated for an Emmy Award in 2001. Mother and

  

Child (2010) won Grand Prix du jury at Deauville American Film Festival 2010 in

France. His latest film, Albert Nobbs (2011) was nominated for an Oscar award.

  The screenplay covers mainly the life of three women who live separately. They do not have any relationship in between each other. The first woman is

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  19

  give up the baby daughter for adoption. She thought that what has happened to her is the disappointment to her mother. The second woman is Elizabeth, a full-skilled lawyer. She is independent and full of ambitions. Elizabeth does not believe in the concept of family. The third woman is Lucy. Lucy is the only character who does not have a difficult relationship with her mother. She is also the only character who has a husband. Lucy desperately wants a baby daughter but she cannot conceive it. As the story goes, it is told that Elizabeth was the baby that Karen had given up, and Lucy is about to adopt the baby daughter of Elizabeth‟s.

B. Approach of the Study

  To analyze the literary work, the writer needs to understand deeper what happened in the screenplay. To figure out the situation happened in the screenplay, the writer needs a literary approach. Therefore, the researcher uses the feminism psychoanalytical approach.

  It is stated in Guerin‟s A Handbook of

  Critical Approaches to Literature

  , “In the 1980s, French feminism developed as one of the most exciting of new feminist practices in the use of psychoanalytic tools for literary analysis” (2005: 227). In A Reader’s Guide to Contemporary

  Feminist Literary Criticism, Maggie Humm says

  The dialogue between feminist criticism and psychoanalysis is invaluable for several reasons. While not all feminist criticism shares similar concerns with psychoanalysis, both address common themes: the psychic relation of mothers, fathers and children; the relation between sexuality and its expression; the instability of identity shared by authors and readers.

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  20 Since this thesis is related to the bond between the mother characters and the

  daughter characters and how the bond itself affecting the characterizations of the daughters, therefore psychoanalytical feminism is appropriate to be applied in the analysis of this thesis.

  By watching the movie and reading the screenplay, the researcher comes into an assumption that there is a relationship between mothers‟ role in the bond between them and their daughters and the characterizations of the daughters, since mothers have the important role in the development of the children. However, this thesis is using the screenplay which, according to Mast, has the similarity with play (1928: 288) and focusing on how the main characters are affected by other characters, so the researcher has considered to only using the literary approach. By using this approach, the researcher can relate the theories and the story in the screenplay.

C. Method of the Study

  The library research method is appropriate to use to analyze the screenplay. The researcher also uses the sources from internet. The primary data that is used is the screenplay itself, Mother and Child, written by Rodrigo Garcia. The secondary data are taken from several books, such as A Handbook of Critical

  

Approaches to Literature , A Glossary of Literary Terms, How to Analyze Drama,

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  21 Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender, A Reader’s Guide to

Contemporary Feminist Literary Criticism, Feminisms: A Reader, Journal of

  

Marriage and the Family, For Mothers of Difficult Daughters and sources that are

taken from the internet.

  There were several steps that have been done in this research. First, the researcher watched the movie, found the screenplay, read the screenplay for many times to understand the real situation of the characters and the topic to be chosen for this thesis. Second, the researcher tried to figure the problem formulation that would help to limit the topic and to analyze. In this step, the researcher also had to find out and collect the secondary data. The secondary data were found in the reference books and other information that also discussed the same topic and theories which were related to this thesis. Then, the researcher tried to apply the theories. The theories were the theories of characters and characterization and mother

• – daughter bond. In this step, the researcher gathered the information that has been collected from the books and the internet. Third, the researcher analyzed the screenplay by answering the questions which were mentioned in the problem formulation. The researcher applied the theories on characters and characterizations that stated in related theories to answer the first question. The next step was answering the second question and third question by applying the theories on mother
• – daughter bond and its effects. By applying the theories and approach, the researcher was able to relate and answer the questions in the

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CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS In this chapter, the analysis is divided into three parts. The first part analyzes

  the main characters, they are three women who live separately and do not have any relationship in between in the beginning. The second part reveals the bond between the main characters and their mothers. The third part reveals how the bond between the main characters and their mothers affects their personalities.