Jessie smith`s conflicts as a soldier`s wife during world war II in sally worboyes` over bethnal green - USD Repository
JESSIE SMITH’S CONFLICTS AS A SOLDIER’S WIFE
DURING WORLD WAR II IN SALLY WORBOYES’
OVER BETHNAL GREEN
A THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By:
EDYNA ASTRID NOVALIA SOEGIANTO
Student Number: 011214071
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
JESSIE SMITH’S CONFLICTS AS A SOLDIER’S WIFE
DURING WORLD WAR II IN SALLY WORBOYES’
OVER BETHNAL GREEN
A THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By:
EDYNA ASTRID NOVALIA SOEGIANTO
Student Number: 011214071
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
I don ’t w orry o’er th e fu tu re,
F or I kn ow w h at J es u s s aid;
An d today I ’ll walk bes ide H im ,
F or H e kn ow s w h at is ah ead.-
S tan ph ill
I D e dic ate th is th e s is to:
J e s u s Ch ris t
M y F am ily M ys e lf
STATEMENTS OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY I honestly declared that this thesis which I wrote does not contain the works or part of the works of other people, except those cited in the quotations and bibliography, as a scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta, August 29 , 2007 The writer
Edyna Astrid Novalia Soegianto
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to glorify my Lord Jesus Christ for His wonderful love, grace, blessing and guidance to me so I could finish this thesis and accomplish my study in the English Education Study Program, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University. His gracious love has always given me strength to cope with the hard days. I am fully aware that I would not have been able to complete this thesis without the help of others. In the process of writing this thesis, I have received enormous assistance and support from many people to whom I am obliged to express my gratitude.
My deepest gratitude goes to my family: my beloved father, Eddie Soegianto in heaven, my mother Agustina Tursilawati Laksmidhara, my sister Anastasia Kristiana, and my naughty brother Reynaldo Kasenda, who always encourage and pray for me so that I could finish my thesis. I also would like to thank them for their enormous understanding and support even though I have disappointed them many times. Therefore, I thank God for the wonderful family I have been given.
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my major sponsor A. Hardi Prasetyo, S.Pd., M.A., and Made Frida Yulia, S.Pd., M.Pd., my co-sponsor for sparing their times in their busy hours and for their patient guidance during the writing process of my thesis.
My appreciation goes to all lecturers of the English Education Study Program who have broadened my knowledge through the courses that I had Besides, I would like to thank all the staff at the secretariat of the English Education Study Program for making my thesis writing process easier particularly in administrative matters. My gratitude also goes to Sanata Dharma University librarians for their hospitality, kindness and assistance in finding references. Besides that, I also would like to thank staffs at parking area for their nice service.
My special appreciation also goes to Om Lek, Ko Johan and Cie Silvi for their big financial supports, love and prayers to me. I will not forget their kindness.
I thank Ely for the crazy, stupid, sad and cheerful things that we have shared together. I would also like to thank Widi, Anggie, Frans, Tesong, and all PBI classmates’ 01C for the laughter, support, advice, beautiful moments and friendship.
I thank my friends at GKKK especially Sunday School Teachers for the fun times we had.
I thank all my friends whose names I cannot mention one by one but I will never forget their support and kindness. God bless all these wonderful people.
Finally, I thank myself for the efforts to make my life worth living.
The writer
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page
TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................ i
PAGE OF APPROVAL .............................................................................. ii
PAGE OF BOARD EXAMINERS ............................................................ iii
PAGE OF DEDICATION .......................................................................... iv
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ......................................... v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................ vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................. viii
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................. xi
ABSTRAK ..................................................................................................... xii
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ..............................................................1
1.1 Background of the Study ......................................................................... 1
1.2
3 Objectives of the study ............................................................................
1.3
4 Problem Formulation ...............................................................................
1.4
4 Benefits of the Study ...............................................................................
1.5
4 Definition of Terms ..................................................................................
CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .......................
6 2.1 Theoretical Review .................................................................................
6 2.1. 1 Theories of Character ....................................................................
6
2.1.2 Theories of Characterization .......................................................... 7
2.1.3 Theories of Critical Approaches .................................................... 8
2.1.4 Theories of Conflict ....................................................................... 9
2.1.5 Theories of Conflict Resolution ..................................................... 10
2.1.6 Historical Background .................................................................... 14
2.1.6.1 History of World War II ........................................................ 14
2.1.6.2 World War II in Britain ......................................................... 15
2.2 Criticism .................................................................................................. 17
2.3 Theoretical Framework ........................................................................... 18
CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY ............................................................. 19
3.1 Subject Matter ......................................................................................... 19
3.2 Approach ................................................................................................. 20
3.3 Procedures ............................................................................................... 20
CHAPTER 4. ANALYSIS .......................................................................... 22
4.1 The Description of Jessie ........................................................................ 22
4.1.1 Lovely ............................................................................................. 23
4.1.2 Faithful ........................................................................................... 24
4.1.3. Tough ............................................................................................ 27
4.1.4 Intuitive .......................................................................................... 30
4.2 The Intrapersonal Conflicts ..................................................................... 32 4.2 1 Jessie’s inner conflict to let her husband go to war ........................ 32 4. 2. 2 Jessie’s jealousy to other women ................................................. 33 4. 3 The Interpersonal Conflicts .................................................................... 34
4.3.1 Conflict with Mrs. Catlin ............................................................... 35 4. 3. 2 Conflict with her mother, Rose .................................................... 37 4. 3. 3 Conflict with Mr. Martin .............................................................. 38 4. 4. Jessie resolves the intrapersonal conflicts ............................................. 39 4. 4. 1 Jessie let her husband go to war ................................................... 40 4. 4. 2 Jessie ignores her jealousy ........................................................... 40
4.5 Jessie resolves the interpersonal conflicts ............................................... 41 4. 5. 1 Jessie moves to Kent .................................................................... 41 4. 5. 2 Jessie goes to her parents in law’s house ..................................... 43 4. 5. 3 Jessie goes to Westminster ........................................................... 44
CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ........................... 47
5. 1. Conclusions ........................................................................................... 47 5. 2 Suggestions ............................................................................................. 48 5. 2. 1 Suggestion for Future Researchers ............................................... 48
5. 2. 2 Suggestion for Teaching Learning Activities .............................. 48 5. 2. 3 The Implementation of Teaching Reading ................................... 49
Bibliography ................................................................................................ 51
Appendices .................................................................................................... 53
Appendix 1 Summary of Over Bethnal Green ............................................. 54 Appendix 2 Biography of Sally Worboyes ................................................... 57 Appendix 3 Sally Worboyes and her works .................................................. 58 Appendix 4 Map of Britain .......................................................................... 61 Appendix 5 Map of Bethnal Green ............................................................... 62 Appendix 6 Bethnal Green during World War II .......................................... 63 Appendix 7 Lesson Plan for Extensive Reading II ....................................... 64 Appendix 8 Material for Teaching Extensive Reading II ............................. 65
ABSTRACT
Soegianto, Edyna Astrid Novalia. (2007). Jessie Smith’s Conflicts as a Soldier’s
Wife during World War II in Sally Worboyes’ Over Bethnal Green.
Yogyakarta: Department of Language and Art Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.This study discusses Sally Worboyes’ novel Over Bethnal Green (2000). The novel talks about the life of Jessie Smith as a soldier’s wife during World War II in Britain. Besides, she has to face the conflicts when her husband runs from war. There are three questions discussed in this study. They are: (1) How is Jessie characterized in Over Bethnal Green? (2) What are the conflicts faced by Jessie? (3) How does she overcome the conflicts?
The theories of character and characterization are applied to answer the first question in problem formulation. The second and last questions are about the conflicts from around Jessie and the solution of the conflict, so theory of conflicts and conflict resolution are applied. Since conflict is always related to psychology, a psychological approach is used in order to answer the formulated questions.
Based on the analysis, Jessie’s traits reveal that she is a lovely, faithful, tough and intuitive person. This thesis also figures out that Jessie has intrapersonal (conflicts within oneself) and interpersonal conflicts (conflicts with others). There are two intrapersonal conflicts that she faces. Those are her inner conflicts to let her husband to war and her jealousy to other women. The interpersonal conflicts are from her landlady, Mrs. Catlin; her mother, Rose and her landlord, Mr. Martin. The solution for her intrapersonal conflicts is she let her husband to war and ignores her jealousy. To resolve the conflict with Mrs. Catlin, she chooses to move to Kent. After the quarrel with her mother, Jessie goes to her parents in law’s house. Jessie has no choice when Mr. Martin throws her out from her rented house, thus Jessie decides to go to Westminster.
In conclusion, Jessie is a lovely, faithful, tough and intuitive woman. She faces intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts when her husband becomes a deserter and overcome the conflicts with good solutions. This study also presents suggestions for future researchers and teaching learning activities. For future researchers, the character of Tom is interesting to be analyzed and find out his motivation to run away from war. In this study, the writer proposes some parts of the novel as a material for teaching Extensive Reading II which is intended for Students of English Education Study Program.
ABSTRAK
Soegianto, Edyna Astrid Novalia (2007). Jessie Smith’s Conflicts as a Soldier’s
Wife during World War II in Sally Worboyes’ Over Bethnal Green.
Yogyakarta: Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan. Universitas Sanata Dharma.Skripsi ini membahas novel karya Sally Worboyes yang berjudul Over l Green (2000). Novel tersebut menceritakan tentang kehidupan Jessie
Bethna
Smith sebagai istri prajurit selama perang dunia II di Inggris. Selain itu, dia harus menghadapi konflik-konflik saat suaminya lari dari perang. Ada tiga pertanyaan yang dibahas dalam skripsi ini. (1) bagaimanakah karakter Jessie dalam Over Bethnal Green? (2) Apa saja konflik-konflik yang dihadapi Jessie? (3) Bagaimana Jessie mengatasi konflik-konflik tersebut?
Untuk menjawab pertanyaan pertama dari rumusan permasalahan, digunakan teori-teori karakter dan karakterisasi. Pertanyaan kedua dan terakhir yaitu mengenai konflik- konflik dari sekeliling Jessie dan pemecahannya, maka dari itu, teori konflik dan pemecahan konflik digunakan untuk menjawab kedua pertanyaan tersebut. Karena konflik selalu berhubungan dengan psikologi, pendekatan psikologi digunakan untuk menjawab rumusan masalah tersebut.
Dari hasil analisis, terungkap bahwa Jessie memiliki karakter menyenangkan, setia, tegar dan memiliki firasat yang kuat. Skripsi ini juga mencari tahu bahwa Jessie memiliki banyak sekali konflik intrapersonal (konflik dengan dirinya sendiri) dan konflik interpersonal (konflik dengan orang lain). Ada dua konflik intrapersonal yang Jessie hadapi. Konflik-konflik tersebut yaitu konflik batin dalam dirinya saat ia melepas suaminya untuk berperang dan kecemburuannya terhadap para wanita yang memiliki pekerjaan dan waktu bersenang-senang. Jessie juga menghadapi konflik interpersonal dari induk semangnya yaitu Nyonya Catlin, ibunya sendiri yaitu Rose dan bapak semangnya yaitu Tuan Martin. Solusi untuk konflik-konflik intrapersonal yaitu dia melepaskan suaminya untuk pergi berperang dan mengabaikan perasaan iri hatinya. Untuk menyelesaikan konfliknya dengan Nyonya Catlin, dia memutuskan untuk pindah ke Kent. Setelah pertengkaran dengan ibunya, Jessie pergi ke rumah mertuanya. Jessie tidak memiliki pilihan lagi saat Tuan Martin mengusirnya dari rumah sewanya, sehingga Jessie memutuskan untuk pergi ke Westminster.
Sebagai kesimpulan, Jessie adalah seorang wanita yang menyenangkan, setia, tegar dan memiliki firasat yang kuat. Jessie menghadapi banyak sekali konflik intrapersonal dan interpersonal saat suaminya menjadi seorang pelarian perang dan dia dapat mengatasi konflik-konflik tersebut dengan solusi-solusi yang baik. Skripsi ini juga memberikan saran- saran untuk peneliti yang akan datang dan aktifitas-aktifitas pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris. Untuk para peneliti yang akan datang, karakter Tom sangat menarik untuk dianalisis dan dapat mencari tahu apa motivasi Tom melarikan diri dari perang. Dalam skripsi ini, penulis mengajukan beberapa bagian dari novel untuk digunakan sebagai bahan materi untuk mengajar Extensive Reading II yang ditujukan untuk mahasiswa- mahasiswa program studi pendidikan bahasa inggris.
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This study attempts to discuss the conflicts faced by Jessie Smith as soldier’s wife during World War II in the Sally Worboyes’ Over Bethnal Green. This chapter includes background of the study, problem formulation, objectives of the study, benefits of the study and definition of terms.
1.1 Background of the Study
War is a calamity and disaster because it brings pain, grief, and sorrow for everyone in the world especially for those who get involved in it. War also takes everything away not only wealth, happiness but also human life. Besides the men who were involved in the war itself, most women and children also the victims of war because they are regarded as “weak person”. They could not do anything to reject the war but let their husbands or fathers join the army as a soldier to defend the country and face the worst reality: death.
War brings disadvantages for human. The war that happens on earth takes lots of victims. In this study, the writer gives phenomena of war on earth. Simon Robinson and Vivienne Walt reported that the conflict in Congo has killed 4 million people since 1998. It was the world’s most lethal conflict since World War II. By conventional measures, the conflict is over. Congo is no longer the playground of foreign armies. But the suffering of Congo people continues. The country is plagued by bad sanitation, disease, malnutrition and dislocation. As it recent months. Several of her relatives and neighbors were killed when antigovernment rebels stormed their village last November. Now she is in a refugee camp in Katanga. She is struggling to save her 6- month-old son Amoni Mutumbo from malnutrition, without good medicines he will die of starvation (Time, 2006: 28).
Innocent people such as women and children are the victims in war as it happened in Baghdad where 5 civilians of Iraq including a baby and 2 women died when the jet- fighter of the United States army bombed south of Iraq as reported by Rommy Fibri (Tempo, 2002). The war between the United States and Iraq never ends and the war makes the people there suffer as it happened since Tuesday night that lot of the village in Hilla District (50 kilometres from Baghdad) was destroyed because of cluster bomb. At least 70 civilians were seriously injured and 33 died because of the attack by the United States and British armies. “2 of my children died and 3 others were still in hospital.’’ Said Zahra Abdul Wahadi (25). Another civilian, Saad Al-Faluj (60) sobbed, “ I do not involved in war, why still get bombed too (Tempo, 2003).
The bitterness from war also happened in Al- Haditsa, Iraq. On November, 19, 2005, one member of the Marine died because a bomb exploded under his humvee on a road. Within hours, Marines killed 24 Iraqis almost all of them are unarmed and most of them were women and children ( Time, 2006: 22).
The writer chose the novel Over Bethnal Green (2000) by Sally Worboyes because there are many problems and conflicts faced by Jessie Smith as the main character. The setting of the novel is in Britain in 1939 when the government
In our life there are so many problems that we have to face. Problems of life can trigger a conflict in our society. A conflict could happen if there is any misunderstanding from both sides. Conflict could happen to everyone everywhere. Here, in Over Bethnal Green the author presents many conflicts that should be faced by the main character. Jessie Smith and Tom are a newlywed couple. They have a six- month old son, Billy. Jessie must let her husband join the army because the British Government declared war against Germany. The conflict begins, when her house was bombed and she did not have anything. She moved from one house to another. The conflict that happens between Jessie and her mother also makes Jessie upset. The other conflict was when she was thrown away from her new house because her landlord knew that Jessie’s husband deserted the war and many other conflicts filled the whole story.
In Over Bethnal Green, the writer finds many conflicts and tries to reveal the conflicts that surround Jessie during the war and also figures out how Jessie can overcome her problems.
1.2 Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the stud y are to reveal the conflict faced by Jessie Smith as a soldier’s wife. She faces the intrapersonal conflicts whether she is ready to let her husband go to war or not and her feeling to see other women go to work and live free while she has to take care he r baby and also the interpersonal conflicts such as conflict with her landlady, her mother and her landlord. The writer tries to analyze the resolution of the conflicts.
1.3 Problems Formulation
Based on the background presented in the preceding paragraphs, there are three problems, which are going to be analyzed in this thesis. Those problems are:
1. How is Jessie characterized in Over Bethnal Green? 2.
What are the conflicts faced by Jessie? 3. How does she overcome the conflicts?
1.4 Benefits of the Study
In the writing of this thesis, the writer found many benefits from the novel.
The writer can understand the novel better especially the character of Jessie as a soldier’s wife. The writer realizes that the duty of a soldier’s wife is very hard.
The study helps me to appreciate more a duty of a soldier’s wife. While her husband is gone to war she becomes both father and mother to her child.
Furthermore, she has to face the conflict and fact if her husband died.
Knowing the condition of a soldier’s wife may give awareness to the
readers to enrich their knowledge about experience of life and social conditions that exist in the society. I hope that this study will encourage the other students to analyze and explore many other literary works. Besides, a literary work can be used as a resource of a language teaching.
1.5 Definition of Terms
To understand more about the title, the writer gives the meaning of the terms to help the readers to fully understand the terms of the title. In an Encarta Webster’s College Dictionary, conflict means:
1. War: a continued struggle or battle, especially open warfare between opposing forces.
2. Difference: a disagreement or lash between ideas, principles or people.
3. Mental struggle: a psychological state resulting from the often-unconscious opposition between simultaneous but incompatible desires, needs, drives, or impulses.
4. Plot tension: opposition between or among characters or forces in a literary work that shapes or motivates the action of the plot.
According to Borisoff, conflict is an expressed struggle between individuals over perceived incompatible goals, resources, or rewards.
2. War
In The Critique of Philosophical War Contemporary Explorations, Ginsberg says,” War in its specific sense is a physical expression of conflict between 2 persons (quarrel), between families or clans (Feud), between a person and society (delinquency, crime), between a group of citizens and the police power of government (civil disobedience, riot), between workers and owners (class war), between large groups within a nation (civil war), between nation-states (“defensive” war), and between alliances of nation-states (international or “world” war) (1969: 56)”. In this study the war is World War II that occurred in Britain in 1939 against German.
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE The writer divides this chapter into 3 subtopics. The first is Theoretical
review that consists of theories of character, characterization, critical approach, conflict, conflict resolution and historical background. The Historical background contains history of World War II and World War II in Britain. The second is Criticisms about the novel. The last one is Theoretical Framework.
2.1 Theoretical Review
In this part, some theories related to the study are presented. These theories will be useful to research the information that is used to solve the problems.
2.1.1 Theories of Character
According to Abrams (1985: 23) a character is the person in a dramatic or narrative work who is interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral, dispositional and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say – the dialogue – and by what they do – the action.
E.M Forster (1978: 47-48) states that there are two kinds of characters: flat character and round character. A flat character is static and never changes. It is represented as ‘a single ideas or quality’, whereas a round character is always dynamic and complex in temperament. It is not easy to classify someone as a
Ian Milligan proposes another theory of character (1983: 155). He defines the character based on their role in a story. They are major and minor characters.
Major characters are those who become the focus of the story from the beginning to the end. The major characters perform the most important role in clarifying the theme of the story. Minor or secondary characters are those who appear in a certain setting, just necessarily to become the background of the major characters.
2.1.2 Theories of Characterization
Holman and Horman (1986: 81) define that characterization is the creation of the imagery personages who exist for the readers as lifelike. The characterization is needed to justify the individual’s role and existence in the story.
There are nine ways to make the characters understandable and come alive for the readers according to Murphy (1972: 161-173) as follows:
1. Personal Description Knowing a character by his or her physical appearance. The way he or she wears may also determine his or her character.
2. Character as seen by another Describing a character through the eyes and opinions of another.
3. Speech Interpreting a character through what a person says, whenever a person speaks, whenever he or she is in conversation with another, whenever he or she puts forward an opinion.
Giving a clue to events that happened in a person’s past life to shape a person’s character.
5. Conversation of others Interpreting a character through the conversations of other people and the things they say about him and her.
6. Reactions Analyzing a character by knowing how that person reacts to various situations and events.
7. Direct comment Knowing a character from the author’s comment on a person’s character directly.
8. Thoughts Knowing a character from the author’s direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about.
9. Mannerism Giving the description of a person’s mannerisms, habits or idiosyncrasies, which may also tell the readers something about a person’s character.
2.1.3 Theories of Critical Approaches
Kennedy and Gioia (2002: 629) state that literary criticism is not an abstract, intellectual exercise; it is a natural human response to literature. Literary criticism is nothing more than discourse – spoken or written – about literature. Kennedy and Gioia (2002: 630-659) classified ten critical approaches to literature, psychological criticism, mythological criticism, sociological criticism, gender criticism, reader – response criticism, deconstructionist criticism, cultural criticism.
In this study, the writer uses psychological criticism to analyze the conflict faced by Jessie as a soldier’s wife. Psychological criticism is a diverse category, but it often employs three approaches. First, it investigates the creative process of the artist: what is the nature of literary genius, and how it relates to normal mental functions. Second, the psychological study of a particular artist. Most modern literary biographies employ psychology to understand their subject’s motivation and behavior. Third, the analysis of fictional characters tries to bring modern insights about human behavior into the study of how fictional people act.
2.1.4 Theories of Conflict
Some people are interested in a certain literary work that has conflict in its plot. That is why conflict always becomes the important role for an author when creating a literary work. Worchel and Shebilske (1989: 446) state that conflict is a state that occur s when a person is motivated to choose between two or more mutually exclusive goals or courses of action. Events are mutually exclusive when choosing one automatically eliminates the other. Some conflict occurs almost every time you make a choice; the degree of conflict is influenced by the attractiveness of each choice and by how equally they are matched in attractiveness.
Referring to conflict, Worchel and Cooper (1979: 499) define two basic
1. Intrapersonal conflict refers to conflict within the individual and can be one of four types: approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, approach- avoidance, and double approach-avoidance.
2. Interpersonal conflict involves competition between two or more individuals over a goal (competition) or it involves a disagreement as to the means for reaching a goal. In addition, Worchel and Shebilske classify four types of intrapersonal conflicts. They are Approach-Approach conflict, Avoidance-Avoidance conflict,
Approach-Avoidance conflict and Double Approach-Avoidance conflict. The first is Approach – Approach conflict. The conflict involves a choice between two attractive goals. In theory, this conflict should be easy to resolve, because it is a “no lose” situation. However, this type of conflict can be stressful. The second is Avoidance-Avoidance conflict. This type of conflict results when people must choose between two unattractive goals. This type of conflict is difficult to resolve.
The third is Approach-Avoidance conflict. The conflict involves only one goal that has both attractive and unattractive qualities. People’s desires to both obtain the goal and avoid it trap them in conflict. The last is Double Approach- Avoidance conflict. This type of conflict results when a person has to choose between two goals, each of which has both positive and negative qualities.
2.1.5 Theories of Conflict Resolution
Each person who has conflict surely will seek for the solution of his conflict. He would not keep his conflict for a long time because it will ruin miserable for having many conflicts. Moreover we can manage and solve conflicts that we have. There are several styles of dealing with conflict. Kestner and Ray (2002: 60) state that many people are not aware that they tend to use the same conflict- management style(s) in dealing with all conflicts. Kestner and Ray (2002: 60-62) classify styles of conflict management as follow:
1. Avoidance The avoiding style is characterized by ignoring or withdrawing from a conflict rather than facing it. People who avoid conflict may be hoping that the conflict will go away or resolve itself without their involvement.
2. Accommodation An accommodating person may bend to the will of the other party in a conflict. Accommodators tend to want to appease or please others in order to keep the peace more than they want to meet their personal needs.
3. Passivity A passive conflict-management style is characterized by pretending that there is nothing wrong when there is. However, a passive person can be pushed to violence if there is no timely solution to an ongoing issue.
4. Compromise Compromisers do not avoid the problem, but they also do not engage in full collaboration with the other party. Some people believe that compromising is not a good way to resolve a dispute because one party may wind up giving too much to the other party in order to settle the dispute.
An aggressive style is competitive and frequently unpleasant rather than cooperative. It often creates win- lose power struggles. An aggressive style might include threats of present and future harm to the other person, physically or legally. It is the style that leads to war.
6. Assertion An assertive person addresses his or her own issues and the issue s of other parties with equal respect.
7. Collaboration A collaborating conflict – management style is more likely to result in a potential solution that all parties can agree to.
8. Problem Solving The problem-solving style is one in which the individual operates from a cooperative and collaborative mode.
Meanwhile, Isenhart and Spangle (2000: 45-152) also propose five alternatives to gain the conflict resolution. The five alternatives are negotiation, mediation, facilitation, arbitration and judicial processes. Those are as follows:
1. Negotiation Negotiation refers to mutually beneficial process of conflict resolving.
This way involves the conflicting parties and demands enough cooperation from both parties. The aim is to reconcile or compromise the differences that occur between two conflicting parties. There are two ways of negotiation. Those are integrative and distributive negotiation.
First, integrative negotiation is constructive approach in problem solving. It approaches conflict in a joint venture relationship, an opportunity for mutual gain. In order to get the interest of both parties, they have to cooperate and respect each other through exchanging information and sharing the problems and interest.
Second, distributive negotiation is a bargaining approach to resolving conflict. Each party views issues with a narrow perspective and accepts the outcome as a fixed goal. Both parties have to compete in order to achieve advantage in the process.
2. Mediation In mediation the third party has no stake in outcome and has no power to impose a decision. To make the mediation success is depend on the willingness of both disputants to accept the mediator’s rule and to share the information that might lead to a mutually beneficial agreement.
3. Facilitation In facilitation, the third party becomes a facilitator who enforces both parties to find the best solution. A facilitator manages verbal interactions between group members. Facilitation is applied when the conflict occurs in a high complexity and involves bigger group of parties. The process is fair and does not disadvantage spokespeople with different perspectives.
4. Arbitration Arbitration is an informal way to resolve the problems if both parties fail to conduct mediation or facilitation. The third party in arbitration is the decision maker for the conflict although the form of resolution depends on the conflicting parties’ agreement.
A judicial process is the most formal way to resolve a conflict because the third party is court and it has power in process. The decision of the third party is binding and legal for both conflicting parties. It means any violation of the outcome by the parties is categorized as law violation.
2.1.6 Historical Background
2.1.6.1 History of World War II
Since the setting of the novel Over Bethnal Green is World War II and the thesis analyzes about Jessie’s conflicts as a soldier’s wife during World War II, the writer gives the explanation of the history of World War II as quoted from www.worldwariihistory.info.html. World War II was the largest and most violent armed conflict in the history of mankind. The war began in 1939 and ended in 1945, with the Axis powers (Germany, Italy and Japan) against a coalition of the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, the United States, China and France. The World War II raged in three continents, they are Africa, Asia and Europe. This war was the most enormous war on earth. At least 50.000.000 people died in this war. The war started when in 1933, Adolf Hitler led the National Socialist German Workers' (Nazi) Party, a mass movement that spread nationalistic, antidemocratic, and anti-Semitic ideology. He ended parliamentary government, assumed dictatorial powers, and proclaimed the Third Reich. The Nazi government increased the strength of the German armed forces and sought to overturn the Versailles Treaty, to recover German territory lost at the peace settlement, and to return to the so-called Fatherland German-speaking minorities was to secure "living space" for the German "master race" in Eastern Europe. With the Italian Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini, he announced a Rome-Berlin alliance (the Axis) in 1935. Meanwhile, in the Far East, Japan began a war against China in 1937. The League of Nations failed to prevent Japanese aggression in Manchuria and an Italian invasion of Ethiopia. Soon Germany, Italy, and Japan became allies, facing Western democratic governments that wanted to avoid another war and the Soviet Union whose Communist government was widely distrusted.
During March 1938 German troops had occupied Austria, incorporating it into the Reich. In September Hitler announced that the "oppression" of ethnic Germans living in Czechoslovakia was intolerable and that war was near. England and France met with Hitler (the Munich Pact) and compelled Czechoslovakia to cede its frontier districts to Germany in order to secure "peace in our time." During March 1939 Hitler seized the rest of Czechoslovakia by force of arms and then turned his attention to Poland. Although Britain and France had guaranteed the integrity of Poland, Hitler and Josef Stalin, dictator of the Soviet Union, signed a secret, mutual non-aggression pact in August 1939. With the pact, Stalin built up his strength at the expense of Britain and France, and Hitler invaded Poland. When Hitler's army invaded Poland on 1 September 1939, World War II began.
2.1.6.2 World War II in Britain
The setting of Over Bethnal Green is in Britain, in order to have complete adopted from www.worldwariihistory.info.html. In late 1938, Britain attempted to appease Germany and avoid another world war by signing the Munich Pact. This gave Germany "permission" to invade Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia. When Hitler invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia a few months later, it was clear that this attempt at appeasement did not work. In March 1939, Britain announced that she would support Poland if Germany invaded it. Germany invaded anyway. (In secret, Hitler and Stalin had signed an agreement dividing up Poland between the two powers). On September 3, 1939, Britain declared war on Germany. This marks the beginning of World War II in Europe. Morgan (1984: 556) states that there were massive air-raid precautions, trenches in public parks, barrage balloons aloft, anti-aircraft weaponry deployed on public buildings. Thirty–eight million gas masks were distributed to men, women, and children; hundreds of thousands of schoolchildren were evacuated from major cities to distant, and presumably safer, rural areas (though many later drifted home). Rationing of food, clothing, petrol, and other commodities suddenly became commonplace. In May 1940, Britain got a more aggressive wartime leader Winston Churchill replaced Neville Chamberlain as Prime Minister. That same month, on May 26, 1940, in the face of a large-scale German offensive, British troops on the continent were forced into one of the largest evacuations in history the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force from Dunkirk on the Belgian coast. From July to October 1940, the English people suffered under the Battle of Britain: intense German bombing. German bombers streamed across the Channel to bomb British factories, ports and airfields. On September 7-8, German bombs succeeded in
that served as the shelters for the civilians did not save hundreds of people from being killed and thousands more from being wounded. 60,000 British civilians died as a result of air raids. However, the Royal Air Force valiantly defended its homeland from the German Luftwaffe, and the Nazis were unable to crush British morale. In March 1941, the United States supported British in the form of arms and ammunition through the Lend-Lease Act. In January 1942, Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to establish a Combined Chief of Staff and to the make defe ating Germany their first priority. After three more long years, the Allies won the war in Europe. Germany surrendered unconditionally on May 7, 1945. The effects of World War II in Britain were manifold: 357.000 Britons had been killed (30.000 of them merchant seamen, 60.000 of them civilian air-raid victims) and 600.000 more had been disabled.2.2 Criticism
Sally Worboyes was born and grew up in Stepney with four brothers and a sister, and she took some of the raw history of her own family background to her East End sagas. She now lives in Norfolk with her husband, with whom she has three grown- up children. She has written several plays, which have been broadcast, on Anglia Television and Radio Four. She also adapted her own play and novel, Wild Hops, as a musical, The Hop-Pickers. There are many praises for Sally’s novel. Daily Mail said that the novel was unbridled passions run riot. The Guardian gave the compliment that Over Bethnal Green sizzles with passion.
Eastern Daily Press states that the nove l is rich, vivid, three-dimensional, gutsy
Angelian Daily Times also give their comment about the novel, it said that Sally’s works is a vivid evocation of a way of life.
2.3 Theoretical Framework
The theories that have been explained in the previous part are very useful to analyze the three problems stated in the problem formulation.
The theories of character and characterization provide an instrument in discussing the character of Over Bethnal Green. These theories are very important in collecting and understanding the fact provided by the author in order to determine the character of Jessie Smith.
The writer also uses the theory of conflict and conflict resolution in order to reveal the conflict that faced by Jessie Smith as the main character and how she overcomes it.
Since the novel Over Bethnal Green has many conflicts in it, so the writer applies psychological approach. This approach may reveal the character of Jessie Smith, determine the conflict and know how Jessie overcomes her conflict.
The writer also provides the historical background of World War II especially in Britain where the main character lives and faces the situation directly. Through those theories, the writer hopes that the reader would fully understand this thesis.
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY This chapter consists of three parts, namely the subject matter, the
approach and the procedure. The subject matter consists of a brief description about the no vel Over Bethnal Green and the story. The approaches consist of the explanation and the reason of choosing the approach. The procedure will discuss the steps of analyzing the novel.