Positive politeness strategies used by the judges in “K-Pop Star 6: The last Chance” Program.

POSITIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIES USED BY THE JUDGES IN
“K-POP STAR 6: THE LAST CHANCE” PROGRAM

A THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree
of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities UIN Sunan Ampel
Surabaya

By:
Fadilla Nuzulul Romadhani
A03213018

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SUNAN AMPEL
SURABAYA
2017

POSITIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIES USED BY THE JUDGES IN
“K-POP STAR 6: THE LAST CHANCE” PROGRAM

A THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree
of English Department Faculty of Letters and Humanities UIN Sunan Ampel
Surabaya

By:
Fadilla Nuzulul Romadhani
Reg. Number: A03213018

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SUNAN AMPEL
SURABAYA
2017

ii

ABSTRACT

Romadhani, F.N. 2017. Positive Politeness Strategies Used by the Judges in the

K-pop Star 6: The Last Chance Program. English Department,
Faculty of Arts and Humanities. The State Islamic University of
Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
The advisor: Prof. Dr. Hj. Zuliati Rohmah. M. Pd
Key words: Pragmatic, Positive Politeness Strategy, Utterances.

This research discusses positive politeness strategies used by the judges in
K-pop Star 6: The Last Chance program. The aims of this research are to find out
the types of the positive politeness strategies that used by the judges in K-pop Star
6: The Last Chance program and the social factors influencing the judges to use
those strategies in relation to Brown and Levinson’s politeness strategy.
In this research, the writer applied content analysis and descriptive
research designs. The data are taken from the transcript of K-pop Star 6: The Last
Chance program. The main theory to analyze the data taken from the book
entitled Politeness: Some Universal in Language Usage by Penelope Brown and
Stephen C. Levinson (1987).
As the result of this research, the writer finds 82 data which contain
positive politeness strategies. The writer finds 11 types of positive politeness
strategies. The strategies are noticing, exaggerating, intensifing interest to the
hearer, seeking agreement, joking, assert/pressupose speaker knowledge of a

concern for hearer, offering or promising, being optimistic, including both speaker
and hearer in activity, giving or asking for reason, giving gift to the hearer. The
most positive politeness strategies used by the judges in K-pop Star 6: The Last
Chance program are “exaggerate” and “intensify interest to the hearer”. Also
there are three factors that influence the choice of using positive politeness
strategies; they are payoff, power rating, and social distance.

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INTISARI
Romadhani, F.N. 2017. Positive Politeness Strategies used by the Judges in K-pop
Star 6: The Last Chance program. Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Adab dan
Humaniora. Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Pembimbing: Prof. Dr. Hj. Zuliati Rohmah. M. Pd
Kata kunci: Pragmatik, Strategi kesantunan positif, Ungkapan.

Penelitian ini membahas tentang strategi kesantunan positif yang
digunakan oleh juri di dalam program K-pop Star 6: The Last Chance. Tujuan dari

penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis – jenis strategi kesantunan positif
yang digunakan oleh juri di program K-pop Star 6: The Last Chance dan factor
social yang mempengaruhi juri untuk menggunakan strategi tersebut menurut
teori Brown dan Levinson.
Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menerapkan bentuk analisa isi kualitatif dan
desain penelitian deskriptif. Data diambil dari transkrip program K-pop Star 6:
The Last Chance. Teori utama untuk menganalisis data diambil dari buku yang
berjudul Politeness: Some Universal in Language Usage karya Penelope Brown
dan Stephen C. Levinson (1987).
Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penulis telah menemukan 82 data
yang berisi strategi kesantunan positif. Penulis menemukan 11 jenis strategi
kesantunan positif. Strategi tersebut adalah noticing, exaggerating, intensifing
interest to the hearer, seeking agreement, joking, assert/pressupose speaker
knowledge of a concern for hearer, offering or promising, being optimistic,
including both speaker and hearer in activity, giving or asking for reason, giving
gift to the hearer. Strategi kesantunan positif yang paling sering digunakan oleh
juri di program K-pop Star 6: The Last Chance adalah “exaggerate” dan “intensify
interest to the hearer”. Ada juga tiga factor yang mempengaruhi penggunaan
strategi kesantunan positif adalah payoff, power rating dan social distance.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Inside cover page ........................................................................................ i
Inside title page ........................................................................................... ii
Declaration .................................................................................................. iii
Motto ........................................................................................................... iv
Dedication ................................................................................................... v
Approval Sheet ........................................................................................... vi
Examiner Sheet ........................................................................................... vii
Acknowledgments ...................................................................................... viii
Table of Content ......................................................................................... x
Abstrack ...................................................................................................... xii
Intisari ......................................................................................................... xiii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTIONS .............................................................. 1
1.1 Background of the Study ...................................................................... 1

1.2. Research Problems .............................................................................. 4
1.3. Reseach Objectives .............................................................................. 4
1.4. Significance of the Study ..................................................................... 4
1.5. Scope and Limitation ........................................................................... 5
1.6. Definitions of Key Terms .................................................................... 5
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ........................... 6
2.1. Politeness Strategy ............................................................................... 6

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2.1.1. Positive Politeness Strategy .............................................................. 7
2.2. Factor Influence Use of Positive Politeness ........................................ 15
2.3. Context ................................................................................................ 17
2.4. K-pop Star 6: The Last Chance ........................................................... 18

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODS ................................................... 19
3.1. Research Design ................................................................................... 19
3.2. Data Collection ..................................................................................... 19

3.2.1. Data and Data Sources ....................................................................... 19
3.2.2. Instruments ......................................................................................... 20
3.2.3. Technique of Data Collection ............................................................ 20
3.3. Data Analysis ........................................................................................ 21
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ........................................ 25
4.1. Findings ................................................................................................. 25
4.1.1. Types of Positive Politeness Strategy................................................. 25
4.1.2. The Factors that Influence’s the Choice of Strategies ....................... 46
4.2. Discussion ............................................................................................. 49

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION .................................................................... 51
5.1. Conclusion ............................................................................................ 51
5.2. Suggestion ............................................................................................ 52
References ................................................................................................... 53
Appendices .................................................................................................. 55
Appendix 1 .................................................................................................. 55
Appendix 2 .................................................................................................. 59
Appendix 3 .................................................................................................. 61
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

The writer of this study analyzes the positive politeness strategies used by the
judges in the K-pop Star 6: The Last Chance program. This chapter contains
background of the study, problem of the study, objective of the study, significance
of the study, scope and limitation, and definition of the key terms.

1.1. Background of Study
Understanding politeness is very important. Being polite means speaking to
people appropriately in the right time and the right place. Listeners will give a
good response to the speaker’s question or request, when the speaker uses
politeness. Everybody has face needs or basic wants, and people generally
cooperate in maintaining each other’s and partially satisfying each other’s face
needs. Politeness involves showing concern for 2 different kinds of face needs:
first is positive face needs or the need to be imposed upon and for the second is
negative faces needs, the need to be liked and admired. Many researchers have
been interested in doing studies about positive politeness strategies in various

ways, such as, movie (Septyaningsih, 2007; Archia, 2014; Indriani, 2014), novel
(Maisaroh, 2015), oral communication textbook (Yuka, 2009), dover trial (Kunsti,
2012), and conversation (Shigetmitsu et. al, 2006; Kurniawan, 2015). In the
present research the writer applies content analysis design which has never been
done before, since there were no researchers interested in competition show.

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Therefore, the writer analyzed politeness strategies used by the judges in K-pop
Star 6: The Last Chance.
Yule (1996: 60) stated that politeness is showing awareness of another
person’s face, it is related to social distance or closeness. Politeness means that
being polite is not as simple as like saying “please” or “thank you” in the right
place. It is the matter of how people can use their language appropriately toward
their addressee (Holmes, 2001:267). Brown and Levinson (1987:17) also stated
that “Politeness is how people behave in a way that attempts in considering of the

feelings of their addressee”. Based on those explanations above, it means that in
conversation, politeness is important to provide someone’s relationship with
others. In forming good conversation, people should be realized because the use of
language can reflect the behavior or the attitude.
Another researcher who conducted the same research of similar topic is
Pusparini (2015). The objectives of her research are to find out the kinds of the
positive politeness strategies used by the main characters, and the social factors
influencing the characters. The researcher uses descriptive qualitative analysis
approach. As the result of her research, the researcher has found 47 data which
contain positive politeness strategies. Also, there are three factors that influence
the choice of using positive politeness strategies; they are power rating, social
distance, and size of imposition.
Furthermore, Munjidah (2015) aimed to analyze the types of positive
politeness strategies used by Elinor Dashwood in Sense and sensibility movie
2008, and the factors Elinor Dashwood used positive politeness strategies. The

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writer used descriptive analysis approach. The result of the data, the writer found
some types of positive politeness strategies such as being optimistic, including
both speaker and hearer in the activity, avoiding disagreement, noticing, giving or
asking for the reason, using in group identity markers, exaggerating and joking.
The most dominant of the strategy is to avoid disagreement. The factors of this
strategy are payoff and social distance.
In brief, several researchers above have analyzed their researches in the
movie, textbook, conversation, etc. Then for the present research, the writer
analyzes in different data sources which in the competition show. The writer has
not found another research that analyzed positive politeness strategies in the
competition show. Therefore, the writer wants to analyze more about positive
politeness strategies because the writer is curious in the types of positive
politeness strategies used by the judges in the K-pop Star 6: The Last Chance.
This competition program is a South Korean reality TV competition series where
three entertainment or talent agencies in South Korea hold a worldwide audition to
find the next potential K-pop Star. The three judges for the series were Yang
Hyun-Suk, founder of YG Entertainment, Park Jin-young, singer or songwriter
and founder of JYP Entertainment, and Yoo Hye-Yeol, singer and songwriter of
Antenna Music. The winner of K-pop Star 6: The Last Chance will be awarded
300.000 USD, as well as a luxurious massage chair. Also the winner will be given
a brand new vehicle.
The writer chooses this program because the writer is interested about the
program and the writer also likes to watch competition program. Although this

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program is a series program, the writer chooses the last season because this season
is different from other season. It can help the writer to analyze about the
politeness strategies easier and it can help the writer find the positive politeness
strategy in this program easier. The reason for choosing this topic “positive
politeness strategy” is the writer curious about those strategies and the writer
wants to explore more about that topic.

1.2. Research Problems
Based on the background of the study above, there are two statements of the
problems addresses in this study, they are:
1. What are the types of positive politeness strategies used by the judges in
K-pop Star 6: The Last Chance?
2. What are the factors of the positive politeness strategies used by the judges
in K-pop Star 6: The Last Chance?

1.3. Research Objectives
Related to the research problems above, the research objectives can be
specified as follows:
1. To analyze the types of positive politeness strategies used by the judges
in K-pop Star 6: The Last Chance.
2. To analyze the factors of the positive politeness strategies used by the
judges in K-pop Star 6: The Last Chance.

1.4. Significance of the Study
There are two kinds of significance of this study, those are:

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Theoretically, the research is significant to provide further information on the
use of positive politeness strategy for those who are interested in the study of
positive politeness strategy. Therefore, the writer can help them deeper their
understanding in study about positive politeness strategy. It also hopes can
contribute to the development of linguistic knowledge.
Practically, the concept of positive politeness strategies asserted in this
research can give some information about positive politeness strategies insight,
especially how the types of positive politeness strategies are used.

1.5. Scope and Limitation
The scope of this study is pragmatic. The writer limits this study on positive
politeness strategies to the utterances used by the judges in K-pop Star 6: The Last
Chance. The writers analyze what are the types of positive politeness strategies
and explain the factors of using positive politeness strategies.

1.6. Definition of the Key Term
Politeness Strategy is strategies that are used to minimize or avoid the face
threatening acts that a speaker makes. (Brown and Levinson 1987)
Positive Politeness Strategy is the positive politeness strategy to the
addressee’s positive face, his perennial desire that his want should be thought of
as desirable (Brown and Levinson, 1987:101)
K-pop Star 6: The Last Chance is the sixth and final season of the South
Korean reality television competition show.

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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter consists of many important aspects concerning the theoretical
framework and the related studies.

1.1. Politeness Strategy
According to Brown and Levinson (1987:61) and Goffman (1967:215),
politeness is showing concern for people’s face. Mills (2003:6) also stated that
politeness is the expression of the speaker’s intention to minimize face threats
carried by certain face threatening act’s toward another. Another definition about
politeness is from Yule (1998:60). Politeness is a way to show awareness of
another person’s public self-image. In line with Yule, Cruse (2006:131) stated that
politeness is a matter of maximizing the positive effects and minimizing the
negative effects of what someone says on the feeling of others. Everybody has
face needs or basic wants and people generally cooperate in maintaining each
other’s face and partially satisfying each other’s face needs. Politeness involves
showing concern for two different kinds of face needs. First, negative face needs
or the need not to be imposed upon. Second, positive face needs or the need to be
admired or liked. The evidence of negative politeness is behavior which avoids
imposing on others (or avoids “threatening their face”), while positive politeness
is sociable behavior expressing warmth towards addresses (Brown and Levinson
1987:102). Any utterance which could be interpreted as making a demand or
disturb on another person’s right can be regarded as a potential face-threatening

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act. Requests and advices can be regarded as face-threatening acts, since they
potentially disturb the other person’s freedom of action. Polite people avoid
obvious face-threatening acts, such as humiliates and reigns; the generally attempt
to minimize the threat of unavoidable face-threatening acts such as requests or
warnings by expressing them directly or softening them; and they use positively
polite utterance such as greetings and compliments where possible. Politeness
consist of attempting to save face of another. “Model person” is the idea of Brown
and Levinson (1987:55) which means that these rational agents think strategically
and are conscious of their language choices. This influenced Brown and Levinson
when testing the version of Goofman of the face where they agreed that rational
agents have both positive and negative politeness.

1.1.1. Positive Politeness Strategies
Brown and Levinson defined “positive face” as the positive and consistent
image people have of themselves, and their pretension for agreement. The positive
politeness strategy shows that the hearer has a pretension to be respected. It means
that the relationship is friendly and expresses group reciprocity. Positive
politeness strategy (showing solidarity): FTA is avoided by drawing to the
listener’s positive face.
Examples:
Can you close the window?
Is it okay if I borrow your book?
Can you pass me the salt?

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Positive face can be used when the speaker and listener have relationship in
terms of power (friends, siblings, students) and the speaker wishes to phrase his
request as a positive appeal. It means that positive politeness strategy is used for
people who have a close relationship like family, friend or etc. It will keep the
relationship between the speaker and the hearer.
Positive politeness is redress directed to the addressee’s positive face, his
perennial desire that he wants (or the actions/ acquisitions/ values resulting from
them) should be thought of as desirable. Redress consist in partially satisfying that
desire by communicating that one’s own wants (or some them) are in some
respects similar to the addressee’s wants.
According to Brown and Levinson (1987:101) there are 15 lists of positive
politeness strategies:

1. Notice, Attend to Hearer (his or her wants, interest, needs and goals)
Brown and Levinson (1987) stated that in this strategy the speaker should
take notice or pay attention to the hearer’s condition. The speaker should give
a response to the hearer’s condition. By doing it, the hearer will know and
realize that the speaker notices to his condition. This kind of strategy is used
by the speaker to show the solidarity and make close relationship with the
hearer. Therefore, the speaker can redress the FTA on the hearer.
Example: Goodness, you cut your hair! By the way, I came to borrow
some flour.

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2. Exaggerate (interest, approval, sympathy with the hearer)
Brown and Levinson (1987) argued that for showing his interest, approval,
and sympathy, the speaker can exaggerate intonation, stress, or other aspects
of prosodic, such as really, for sure, exactly, and absolutely. Example: How
absolutely marvelous!

3. Intensify Interest to the Hearer
Another way for the speaker to communicate to hearer is to intensify his
interest to the conversation. The speaker tries to put the hearer into the middle
of the events being discussed so that he can get his hearer’s through his story.
It can also be said that when the speaker puts the hearer into the speaker’s
conversation or story, he is increasing his intrinsic interest. Example: I came
down the stairs, and what do you think I see? A huge mess all over the place,
the phone‟s off the hook and clothes are scattered all over….
4. Use in-group Identity Markers
Brown and Levinson (1987) argued that the speaker can claim the
common ground with the hearer by conveying in group membership. These
include in group usage of address forms, of language or dialect, of jargon or
slang, and of contraction.
In this strategy the solidarity of the people can be seen because they are
approves as the same members of a group. In case the approval identity of the
members can be seen through address form, language or dialect, jargon or
slang and ellipses that they use.

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a. Address Form
Address form that is used to convey such in-group membership
includes generic names and term of address like mate, buddy, honey,
dear, duckie, mom, brother, sister, cuty, sweetheart, guys and fellas.
Example: Come here Mate!
b. Language or Dialect
To redress the FTA such as giving request, the speaker can use
nickname or full name of the hearer on his utterance in calling the name
of his hearer.
Example:
Come here Johnny! (First call)
John Henry Smith, you come here right away! (Second call)
c. Jargon or Slang
According to Brown and Levinson (1987) by referring to an object
with a slang term, the speaker may evoke all the associations and
attitudes that he and his hearer have toward the object. It stresses that the
speaker and the hearer share an (in-group) rely on the required object. It
is used for the FTA redress.
Example: Lend us two bucks then, wouldja Mac?
Bucks on the utterance above means Dollar while wouldja.

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d. Contraction and Ellipsis
The speaker can share the common ground with the hearer by using
uncompleted sentence on his utterance.
Example: Mind if I smoke!

5. Seek Agreement
In the communication process, the speaker seeks ways to agree with the
hearer. When the speaker shows his agreement to the hearer means that the
speaker tries to satisfy.
In the communication process, the speaker seeks way to agree with the
hearer. When the speaker shows his agreement to the hearer means that the
speaker tries to satisfy the hearer’s positive face.
Example:
A: I got a flat tyre on the way home.
B: Oh God, a flat tyre!

6. Avoid Disagreement
a. Token Agreement
Sacks (1973) quoted by Brown and Levinson (1987) argued that
someone can hide the disagreement by twisting his utterances. It can
be done by saying “yes… but”. It is better than a blatant, such as by
saying “No”.
Example:
A: What is she, small?

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B: yes… yes.. she is small…uhm… not really small but certainly not
very big.
b. Pseudo-agreement
The speaker uses then a conclusory marker. It makes become an
indication that the speaker drawing a conclusion to a line of reasoning
carried out cooperatively with the addressee.
Example: I‟ll meet you in front of the theatre just before 8, then.
c. White Lies
A further output of positive politeness desires to avoid
disagreement is the social “white lie”. Here, the speaker is better to
say the lie to his hearer than damage the positive face of his hearer in
hiding the disagreement.
Example: Oh, I can‟t. The batteries are dead.
d. Hedging Opinion
The speaker can choose to be vague his own opinion, so as not to
be seen to disagree. The unclear opinion of the speaker is marked by
sort of, kind of, like, or in a way.
Example: It‟s really beautiful, in a way.
7. Presuppose/ Raise/ Assert Common Ground
This is where the speaker as if he was the hearer or his knowledge is same
as the hearer’s. An example is the use of question tag with falling intonation.
Another example can be seen in cases where, in giving empathy or someone

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asserts what only the hearer can know. It is for showing that the hearer is a
central of the conversation.
Example:
A: Oh, this curt hurt awfully, Mom!
B: I know.

8. Joke
Since jokes are based on mutual shared background knowledge and
values, they can to stress that shared background or those shared values. They
attempt to redefine the size of the FTA.
Example: How about lending me this old heap of junk?

9. Assert/ Presuppose Speaker Knowledge of a Concern for Hearer
Brown and Levinson (1987) argued that to indicate the speaker and hearer
are cooperation is by putting pressure on the hearer. The speaker may put
other utterance that the speaker knows before asking for requests and offering
something to the hearer in order to make the hearer accept that request.
Example: Look, I know you want the car at 5 o‟clock, so shouldn‟t I got to the
town now?

10. Offer or Promise
The speaker can claim whatever the hearer wants; he will help to obtain it.
This strategy is used by the speaker to redress the potential threat of some
FTAs on his hearer.
Example: I‟ll drop by sometime next week.

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11. Be Optimistic
This strategy suggests that the speaker can assume the hearer wants the
speaker’s intention for the speaker and will help obtain them.
Example: Look, I‟m sure you won‟t mind if I borrow your typewriter.
12. Include Both Speaker and Hearer in Activity
The speaker uses the term we while actually the speaker’s intention is
“you” or “me”. It is to show his cooperation and redress the hearer’s FTA.
Example: Let‟s get on with dinner, eh?
13. Give or Ask for Reason
The other way for the speaker to include the hearer in the activity is by
showing his reason as to why he wants what his intention.
Example: Why don‟t we go to the seashore?
14. Assume or Assert Reciprocity
The existence of cooperation between the speaker and hearer may also be
claimed or urged by giving evidence of reciprocal rights. It means the speaker
promise to do something as long as the hearer does something for the speaker
to for cooperation.
Example: I‟ll give you a bonus if you can sell these clothes.

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15. Give Gift to the Hearer
The speaker can satisfy the hearer by giving gifts, human relation wants
such as desire of being liked, admired, cared about, understood, and listened
to.
Example: I‟m sorry to hear that.
1.2.Factors Influence Use of Positive Politeness
The employment of politeness strategy is influenced by several factors.
According to Brown and Levinson (1987: 71) there are two factors that influence
the speaker to employ politeness strategy. The factors are payoff and
circumstances.
1. Payoff
The speaker employs the politeness strategy because they can get
advantages. The speaker can minimize the FTA by assuring the listener that he
likes the listener and wants to fulfill the listener’s wants. Thus, the listener’s
positive face is not threatened by the speaker because it can be seen in their
mutual shares.
Example: Let‟s get on dinner
The example above shows that the speaker minimizes the FTA (request) to
the listener by including the speaker himself equally as the participant.
2. Relevant circumstances
The seriousness of an FTA is also influenced by the circumstances.
Sociological variable and thus to a determination of the level of politeness,
according to Brown and Levinson in Rahardi (2005) there are three dimensions

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to determine the level of politeness. Among them are relative power (P), social
distance (D) and size of imposition (R).
a. Relative Power
According Brown and Levinson (1987:77) power is an asymmetric
social distance of relative power, roughly in Weber’s sense. In general
point, relative power (P) is that we tend to use a greater degree
politeness with people who have more power or authority over us to
those who do not. It is based on the asymmetric relation between the
speaker and the hearer. These types of power are most found in
obviously hierarchical setting, such as the courts, the military,
workplace.
For example, you would probably be more polite about conveying
to your employer because he or she always arrive late, than in
conveying to your brother. This is because of your employer can
influence your career in a positive way (reward power) or negative
way (coercive way).
b. Social Distance
Social distance (D) can be seen as the composite of
psychologically real factors (status, age, sex, degree, of intimacy, etc.)
which together determine the overall degree of respectfulness within a
given speech situation. It is based on the symmetric relation between
the speaker and the hearer.

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17

For example, you feel so close to your friend because he is similar
in terms of age or sex then you will get closer or maintaining to him
and the distance rating will get smaller. As a result you will not
employ polite utterance when you ask him to do something. So, you
will employ the polite utterance when you interact with the person
whom you are not known well, such as a person who is older than
you.
c. Size of Imposition
According Brown and Levinson (1987:77) size of the imposition is
culturally defines ranking of impositions by the degree which they are
considered to interfere with an agent’s wants of self-determination or
of approval. Size of the Imposition (R) can be seen from the relative
status between one speech acts to another in a context.
For example, borrowing a car in the ordinary time will make us
feel reluctant, but in urgent situation it will natural. Thus, in the first
context, we will employ the polite utterance because the situation is
urgent.

1.3. Context
Context is an important aspect to interpreting the meaning of an utterance.
According to Leech, context deals with relevant aspect of physical or social
setting of an utterance. It is the background of knowledge, which is shared by the
speaker and the hearer in understanding the utterance (1983:13). Therefore,
context has many contributions in spoken and written language. It functions to

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18

help the speaker and the hearer or the writer and the reader deliver and to
understand the meaning of an utterance.
From the statement above, it can be concluded that speech context is all
aspects in speaking, whether social or physical including the speech, time, place,
social environment, political condition, etc. Then, context is a set of propositions
describing the beliefs, knowledge, and commitments and so forth of the
participant in a discourse on order to understand the meaning of an utterance.
Because the researcher is investigating the use of language in context by the
speaker, so it is more concerned with the relation between the speaker and
utterance, on the particular occasion of use. During the proses of communicating
with other, it is necessary to be polite, so the speaker context or illocution will be
delivered completely. If the speaker speaks by polite, it will satisfy to the hearer,
so their communicating is running well.

1.4. K-pop Star 6: The Last Chance
The program was renewed for a sixth and final season premiering in
November 2016. Changes to the format have been made to the final season, with
restrictions lifted for potential contestants to encourage anyone to participate in
"the last chance" to become a K-pop Star. Existing trainees of companies as well
as singers who have already debuted are allowed to participate. The winner of the
final season will not choose which company to debut with, but instead will be
jointly debuted and promoted by all three companies (YG, JYP, and Antenna).
Also the winner will be awarded 300.000 USD, as well as a luxurious massage
chair, and will be given a brand new vehicle.

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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODS

This part tells about how the writer collects the data and analysed this
research. This research include of research design, data collection, data and data
source, instruments, techniques of data collection.

3.1. Research Design
In conducting this research, the writer adopted content analysis in her
research. Busch, et al. (2012) stated that content analysis is a research tool used to
determine the presence of certain words or concepts within texts or sets of texts.
Texts can be defined broadly as books, book chapters, essays, interviews,
discussions, newspaper headlines and articles, historical documents, etc. To
conduct a content analysis on any such text, the text is coded or broken down, into
manageable categories on a variety of level word, word sense, phrase, sentence, or
theme and then examined using one of content analysis.

3.2. Data Collection
3.2.1. Data and Data Sources
K-pop Star 6: The Last Chance is a Korean survival program with English
subtitle. The data source of this research was taken from the transcripts of the Kpop Star 6: The Last Chance program. While the data of this research was taken
from the utterances of the judges that the writer finds in the K-pop Star 6: The
Last Chance program.

19

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3.2.2. Instruments
Research instrument is very important to obtain the data of research. In this
research, the instrument was the writer herself by finding, identifying, classifying,
and analyzing the positive politeness strategies in utterances which produced by
the judges of K-pop Star 6: The Last Chance.

3.2.3. Technique of Data Collection
The data in this research were taken from the utterances which consist
words, phrase and sentence that expressed by the judges in K-pop Star 6: The Last
Chance. There are some steps that the writer applied in collecting the data:
1. Watched all 11 episodes of K-pop Star 6: The Last Chance.
2. Searched and download the transcript of the video.
3. Read and get an understanding in the content of the transcript.
4. Selected the data from the transcripts by underlining the utterances of
the judges that include the positive politeness strategies.

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3.3. Data Analysis
After the process of the data collection has been completed, the writer did
several activities to analysis the data. The writer did several steps:
1. Identifying
In this part the writer identified all the utterances of the judges,
which include positive politeness strategies. The writer used underline
with various colors in each kind of positive politeness strategies.

For the coding can be seen in the examples below:

see appendix 1: example of data analysis

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2. Classifying
The writer classified every utterance which produced by the judges
in K-pop Star 6: The Last Chance based on the positive politeness
strategies. In order to make the classification and analysis of the data in
this research easier, each utterance is marked with a code. The coding of
data in this research can be seen through the following ways:
Codes for positive politeness strategies:
- Notice, Attend to Hearer (NAH)
- Exaggerate (EGT)
- Intensify Interest to the Hearer (IIH)
- Use in group Identity Markers (UID)
- Seek Agreement (SAG)
- Avoid Disagreement (ADA)
- Presuppose/ Raise/ Assert Common Ground (PRA)
- Joke (JK)
- Assert/ Presuppose Speaker Knowledge of an Concern for Hearer
(SKCH)
- Offer or Promise (OPM)
- Be Optimistic (BOP)
- Include Both Speaker and Hearer in Activity (BSH)
- Give or Ask For Reason (GAS)
- Assume or Assert Reciprocity (AAR)
- Give Gift to the Hearer (GGH)

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No

Code

Episode/ Page/ Line

1.

NAH

06/17/14

2.

EGT

01/11/10

3.

IIH

4.

UID

5.

SAG

6.

ADA

7.

PRA

8.

JK

9.

SKCH

10.

OPM

11.

BOM

12.

BSH

13.

GAS

14.

AAR

15.

GGH

Note: Data 1 was found in Episode 1 page 17 and line 14.
3. Interpreting
In this research, the researcher made interpretation of the data of
utterances which contain of positive politeness strategies. The reason is
to find out the impact which to reveal in using positive politeness
strategies that expressed by the judges in the K-pop Star 6: The Last
Chance. It represents to answer the research problem no. 2.

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24

The example:
JYP : Sung-eun. Listen. Your guitar is so unstable right now. But your
vocal is just amazing. As a judge, your singing is shocking. That’s
why I want to give you this opportunity
Lee Sung-eun : Thank you
The conversation above JYP uses relative power because the relation
between JYP and Lee Sung-eun is judge and the contestant. In this case the power
of JYP as the judge and Lee Sung-eun as the contestant, so JYP does not need to
express very polite utterances to Lee Sung-eun when they are talking.

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CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter contains the findings and analysis of positive politeness
strategies used by the jugdes in K-pop Star The Last Chance program. The writer
analyzes 23 data of positive politeness strategies. In doing the analysis, first the
writer tries to identify positive politeness strategies used by the judges in K-pop
Star the Last Chance program. Second, the writer classifies the data based on the
positive politeness strategies that appeared in the dialogue. The last, the writer
explains the data based on the factor influencing the positive politeness strategies.
In this research, the writer only uses the theory of positive politeness strategies by
Brown and Levinson.

1.1. Findings
The findings in this research are divided into two parts according to the
research problem. The first is about the types of positive politeness strategies used
by the judges in K-pop Star the Last Chance program. Second, about the factors
that might influence the choice of the strategies in K-pop Star the Last Chance
program.

1.1.1. Types of Positive Politeness Strategy
Based on the data analysis, the writer finds 82 data containing positive
politeness strategies. The writer finds 11 strategies out of 15 kinds of positive
politeness strategies suggested by Brown and Levinson theory. The table below

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26

shows the data of 11 positive politeness strategies which present in total number
and frequency of each other.

Figure 1: Positive politeness strategies of the judges

The pie chart above shows that “exaggerate” and “intensify interest to the
hearer” strategies are the highest frequencies among the strategies expressed by
the judges in K-pop Star the Last Chance. They are the highest number of the
strategies, both of them are 14 data out of 82 data or 17%. Then the second is
“seek agreement” strategy which is consisting of 13 data or 16%. The third place
the writer finds 12% or 10 data in “give or ask for reason” strategy. In the “notice,
attend to the hearer” strategy, the writer finds 11% or 9 data out of 82 data. “Be
optimistic” and “assert/presuppose speaker knowledge of a concern for hearer”
strategy are the fifth highest among other and the writer finds 6 data out of 82
data. The sixth highest strategy with 4 data out of 82 data is “joke” strategy. The
seventh and eighth highest strategy are “both speaker and hearer in activity”

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27

strategy, with 3 data and “give gift to the hearer” strategy with 2 data out of 82
data. The last, there is “offer or promise” strategy with only 1 data out of 82 data.
The writer shows the first chart above about the whole positive politeness
strategies used by the judges in K-pop Star the Last Chance program. It is to know
which strategies are mostly used by all judges while commenting on the
contestants of K-pop Star the Last Chance program. To show more specific data
which judges mostly use positive politeness strategies can be seen in the table
below.
NO

Strategy

The Judges
YG

JYP

Ant

Freq

Percent

Freq

Percent

Freq

Percent

1

NAH

2

10%

1

3,1%

6

20%

2

EGT

3

15%

8

25%

3

10%

3

IIH

2

10%

7

21,9%

5

16,7%

4

SAG

3

15%

2

6,2%

8

26,7%

5

JK

1

5%

3

10%

6

SKCH

1

5%

1

3,3%

7

OPM

1

5%

8

BOP

4

20%

9

BSH

2

10%

1

3,3%

10

GAS

1

5%

11

GGH
TOTAL

20

32

4

10,2%

2

6,2%

7

21,9%

2

6.7%

1

3,1%

1

3,3%

30

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28

As seen in the table above, it shows that the dominant uses of positive
politeness strategies is by JYP with total number of 32 data. Then the dominant
strategy used by JYP is “exaggerate”. ANT as the second highest with 30 data out
of 82 and “seek agreement” strategy is the dominant strategy used by ANT. The
last is YG, with 20 data and “be optimistic” become the dominant strategy uses by
YG.

4.1.1.1 Notice, Attend to the Hearer
Brown and Levinson (1987) stated that in this strategy the speaker should
take notice or pay attention to the hearer’s condition. The speaker should give a
response to the hearer’s condition. By doing it, the hearer will know and realize
that the speaker notices to his condition. This kind of strategy is used by the
speaker to show the solidarity and make close relationship with the hearer.
Therefore, the speaker can redress the FTA on the hearer. Here the writer takes
three data to be discussed.
Data 1 (02/05/24)
Ant

: Are you? By any chance, did you put camellia oil in
your face?
Myeongsong : My face is quite oily.
A young boy entered the stage, he is one of the contestants in K-pop Star
the Last Chance program. His name is Seo Myeongsong and he wears his school
uniform in the audition. Before he shows his talent in singing, the judges give
some interviews to him. The three judges give him some questions about his daily
life before he takes the audition. Also, they ask about the talent of Myeongsong,

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29

but suddenly Antenna, one of the judges asks him about the condition of his face.
The question is “By any chance, did you put camellia oil in your face?”.
The conversations above shows that Antenna uses positive politeness
strategy 1, namely “notice, and attend to the hearer” (goods). The words “By any
chance, did you put camellia oil in your face?” show that Antenna notices
Myeongsong’s face condition. The term notice comes out when Antenna pays
attention fully to Myeongsong’s face.
Data 2 (04/02/39)
Ant
Minjoo

: Your hair color’s changed, and you look much
slimmer. Did you lose weight?
: Yes.

There is one contestant that has changed so much from the first round
whose name is Minjoo. In the first round, this girl has debuted become a girl
group, but poor her for getting her group disband. Then in the first round of this
program, she shows her talent in singing and playing guitar, then she is making
into the second round. Here she comes to join the K-pop Star to hold her dream to
become a singer. In the second round when she enters the stage, almost all of the
judges do not realize her. Then one of the judges Antenna, said to her about her
change. The question is “Your hair color’s changed, and you look much
slimmer”.
The data above shows that Antenna uses positive politeness strategy 1,
namely “notice, attend to the hearer” (interest). Antenna is one of the judges in Kpop star the last chance. The words, “Your hair color’s changed, and you look
much slimmer” indicate that Antenna notice Minjoo’s condition. Minjoo is one
of the contestants in K-pop star the last chance.

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Data 3 (07/08/33)
YG

Ant

: This makes me realize how important heels are to
women. Shannon looks tall and skinny today. Even
Jinee looks thin.
: Thinner than she was. Right.

This situation happens when two girls of the contestants appear on the
stage, they are Shannon and Jinee. When they have entered into the stage all of
the judges realize that they are very beautiful and also cannot turn their eyes into
them. After Shannon