ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS ALONG WITH ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTIAL OF TARENNA POLYCARPA LEAF FRACTIONS
Online - 2455-3891
Print - 0974-2441
Vol 11, Issue 4, 2018
Research Article
ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
ALONG WITH ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTIAL OF TARENNA POLYCARPA LEAF FRACTIONS
BUNGA RIMTA BARUS1*, PANAL SITORUS1, MASFRIA2
1
Department of Biological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia. 2Department of
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia. Email: [email protected]
Received: 13 November 2017, Revised and Accepted: 15 December 2017
ABSTRACT
Objective: The aim was to investigate the physicochemical analysis, preliminary phytochemical screening and further evaluation of its antibacterial
activity from morbesi-besi (Tarenna polycarpa) leaf ethyl acetate and hexane fractions (HF).
Methods: The physicochemical parameters were carried out as per the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline from its ethanolic extract. The
phytochemical screening was performed as per Indonesia Pharmacopoeia and conventional method on its ethyl acetate and HF. Ethyl acetate and HF
at different concentration were evaluated using agar well diffusion assay.
Result: The plant was found to be free from contaminations. Morbesi-besi leaf fractions are composed of flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins,
steroids, and triterpenoids. The phytochemical screening showed only ethyl acetate of lotus leaf extract contains the flavonoids. The antibacterials
assay showed that ethyl acetate fraction was better than HF from the inhibition zone.
Conclusion: From the outcomes of this study, morbesi-besi leaf (T. polycarpa) possess potential antibacterial activity.
Keywords: Tarenna polycarpa, Fractions, Antimicrobial, Phytochemical, Physicochemical, Agar well diffusion method.
© 2018 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4. 0/) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i4.23641
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, the use of herbal drugs to bacterial infection and is gaining
popularity due to their effectiveness, fewer side effects, low cost, and
availability [1]. Nature has been the source of many medicinal agents
for thousands of years and large of the population of the people living
in the developing countries almost exclusively using the traditional
medicines [2]. One of the developing countries is Indonesia. Indonesia
has a lot of medicinal plants, but despite this abundance, only around 300
species that have been explored for the beneficial properties [3]. One of
them is morbesi-besi (Tarenna polycarpa (Miq.) Koord. ex Valeton) leaf.
Morbesi plant belongs to the Rubiaceae genus which widespread in the
Central Tapanuli Region in North Sumatera, Indonesia [4].
There is a wide range of reported therapeutic effects which have
been proved by Middle Tapanuli society such as hypoglycemia, anticholesterol, antidote, and antimicrobial. In recent years, with increasing
technology and medical knowledge, people have been becoming aware
of the quality of antimicrobial medical care. This can happen because of
the resistant process from the microbial agent [5].
In this study, the physicochemical parameters were studied, and the
ethyl acetate and hexane fractions (HF) of dried leaf of morbesi-besi
(T. polycarpa) were subjected to phytochemical screening and their
effect on antibacterial properties. This plant may provide the new
source of plant drugs to fight against the bacterial infections.
METHODS
Plant material
The leaf of morbesi-besi leaf was collected in the month of November
2016 from the local area of Sibolga (North Sumatera, Indonesia) and
authenticated by Indonesian Institute of Sciences: Research Center
For Biology (No: 615/IPH.1.01/If.07/III/2016. Voucher specimen was
deposited in the Pharmacognosy Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy,
University of Sumatera Utara for future reference and project.
Plant extraction preparation
Ethanolic extract of the powder was obtained by maceration method for
5 days followed by filtration. The ethanolic solvent was evaporated on a
rotary evaporator to obtain crude ethanolic extract and dried using freeze
dryer to get the dried crude ethanolic extract. The ethanolic extract was
then suspended in distilled water and partitioned with hexane and ethyl
acetate to obtain fractions of these solvents. The solvents were removed
on rotary evaporator to obtain dried fractions [6,7].
Phytochemical screening of various lotus leaf extract
Phytochemical screening carried out on various morbesi-besi leaf
fractions which are hexane, and ethyl acetate includes examine the
chemical secondary metabolites of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides,
tannins, saponins, triterpenoids, and steroids [8-10].
Physicochemical evaluation
Various physicochemical parameters such as total ash value, acid
insoluble ash value, moisture content, alcohol, and water-soluble
extractive value were calculated as per the WHO and Indonesia Materia
Medika guidelines from morbesi-besi leaf powder [8,11].
Antibacterial activity assay
Microorganisms used
The bacteria used are Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus/
ATCC6538 and Staphylococcus epidermis/ATCC 12228) and Gramnegative bacteria (Salmonella thypi/ATCC 14028 and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa/ATCC 9027) which were obtained from Microbiology
Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, with each
concentration of culture test was 106 cfu/ml which has been lined to the
turbidity standard solution of McFarland [4].
Barus et al.
Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 11, Issue 4, 2018, 78-80
Agar well diffusion method
Antibacterial activity was tested by the agar well diffusion method.
Mueller Hinton Agar was prepared and autoclaved for 15–20 min and
poured in Petri plates and then cooled. The different concentrations
(0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg/mL) were used for
this study. The Petri plates were kept for 3–4 h at low temperature and
incubated at 36–37°C for 24 h. Antibacterial activity was recorded by
measurement of the zone of inhibition around each disc in the plate
using zone reader. Each assay was using triplicate for determination of
antibacterial test [4].
ATCC 14028 and P. aeruginosa/ATCC 9027). This was expected because
of the chemical compounds that contained in morbesi-besi leaf drawn
on ethyl acetate provides an antibacterial activity which is very strong
(David and Stout, 1971). According to David and Stout (1971), if the
diameter of the zone of inhibition more than 20 mm, it can be concluded
as a very strong antibacterial agent. With the lowest concentration
(40 mg/ml), morbesi-besi leaf ethyl acetate fraction showed the super
effective as an antibacterial agent rather than hexane fraction.
The results are almost similar to Karthikkumara study (2014) when they
studied the antibacterial activity of Tarenna asiatica extract [16]. This
Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
The MIC of the ethanolic extract was determined according to the
macro broth dilution technique. Standardized suspensions of the test
organism were inoculated into a series of sterile tubes of nutrient broth
containing two-fold dilutions of leaf extracts and incubated at 37°C for
24 h. The MICs were read as the least/minimum concentration that
inhibited the growth of the test organisms [12,13].
Statistical data analysis
The results were given as mean ± standard deviation (SD) from 3 times
measurement. Each assay was used triplicate for determination of
antibacterial test.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
It is believed that the history of humankind medicine treatment
already using herbal medicine to treat with many diseases. Some
of the advantages of herbal medicines are that they have fewer side
effects and safe to use over time. They also inexpensive compared to
the formulated drugs and they are readily available [14]. One of the
common diseases is an infection from microbial. Recently, the antibiotic
drugs mostly have been resistance and become an increasingly serious
problem [5] and this case, making the development of alternative
antibiotics a very urgent issue. One of the rising plants is morbesi-besi
from Central Tapanuli. Central Tapanuli society uses it as antimicrobial
and antidote. Due to this ethnopharmacological usage and the lack of
the information about its biological activities led us to investigate the
phytochemical compound and the antibacterial activity of the ethanolic
extract from morbesi-besi leaf.
Table 1: Phytochemical screening result of various fractions of
morbesi‑besi leaf
No
Screening
HF
EA
1
2
3
4
5
6
Alkaloids
Flavonoids
Glycosides
Tannins
Saponins
Triterpenoid/steroids
Negative
Negative
Negative
Negative
Negative
Positive
Negative
Positive
Positive
Positive
Positive
Negative
HF: Hexane fraction, EA: Ethyl acetate fraction
Table 2: Physicochemical evaluation result of morbesi‑besi leaf
powder
Physicochemical parameters
Value
Total ash value (%)
Acid-insoluble ash (%)
Moisture content (%)
Alcohol extractive soluble (%)
Water extractive soluble (%)
4.75
1.97
6.65
26.31
36.06
Phytochemical screening analysis
Medicinal plants represent a rich source of chemical compounds.
The phytochemical screening of ethyl acetate and HF of morbesi-besi
leaf showed the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, anthraquinone
glycosides, saponins, tannins, triterpenoids, and steroids compounds
(Table 1). Morbesi-besi leaf contains almost all the phytochemical
content except alkaloids. These showed that morbesi-besi ethanolic leaf
extracts effective as an antibacterial agent.
Physicochemical evaluation
The result of physicochemical evaluation shows that morbesi-besi
leaf powder was made with good quality and high purity level, which
accepted by the WHO [15]. The result from the physicochemical
evaluation is presented in Table 2.
Fig. 1: Antibacterial activity of morbesi‑besi leaf hexane fraction
Antibacterial activity
Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of different bacteria such as Grampositive bacteria (S. aureus/ATCC6538 and S. epidermis/ATCC 12228)
and Gram-negative bacteria (S. thypi/ATCC 14028 and P. aeruginosa/
ATCC 9027) was evaluated and compared by a zone of inhibition in disc
diffusion method. The ethyl acetate and HF exhibited maximum activity
on 500 mg/ml concentration (Table 3 and Figs. 1 and 2). The data showed
the ethyl acetate was more potential than HF from morbesi-besi leaf.
From the antibacterial assay, the data from the zone of inhibition showed
the ethyl acetate fraction from morbesi-besi leaf significant activity
against bacteria such as Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus/ATCC6538
and S. epidermis/ATCC 12228) and Gram-negative bacteria (S. thypi/
Fig. 2: Antibacterial activity of morbesi‑besi leaf ethyl acetate
fraction
79
Barus et al.
Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 11, Issue 4, 2018, 78-80
Table 3: MIC (mg/mL) of hexane and EA from morbesi‑besi leaf
No
Concentration of fraction (mg/mL)
Zone of inhibition (in mm)*
S. aureus
S. epidermis
P. aeruginosa
S. thypi
1
HF 500
EA 500
HF 400
EA 400
HF 300
EA 300
HF 200
EA 200
HF 100
EA 100
HF 80
EA 80
HF 60
EA 60
HF 40
EA 40
HF 20
EA 20
HF 0
EA 0
19.8±0.14
27.4±0.25
19.2±0.75
26.2±0.14
18.7±0.75
24.7±0.25
18±0.75
23.3±0.75
16.3±0.75
22.1±0.25
15.2±0.14
21.6±0.18
20.8±0.27
20.7±0.25
-
22.7±0.75
25.6±0.25
21.2±0.18
24.8±0.14
20.2±0.14
23.3±0.3
18.7±0.24
21.4±0.5
16.3±1.0
20.8±0.5
20.4±0.75
18.3±0.25
16.7±0.75
-
22.3±1.0
23.5±0.5
20.8±0.14
22.2±0.25
20.3±0.5
21.7±1.0
18.2±0.65
20.8±0.27
16.7±0.24
20.3±1.0
15.2±0.5
19.7±1.0
18.3±0.07
17.2±0.25
-
19.8±0.14
22.7±0.5
19.2±0.25
21.8±0.14
17.7±0.25
21.3±0.5
17.2±0.75
21.1±0.75
16.3±0.24
20.2±0.48
18.7±0.3
15.8±0.75
14.7±0.18
-
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
*The results were given as mean±SD from 3 times measurement, HF: Hexane fraction, EA: Ethyl acetate fraction. MIC: Minimum inhibitory
concentration, S. aureus: Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermis: Staphylococcus epidermis, P. aeruginosa: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, S. thypi: Salmonella thypi, SD: Standard
deviation
higher inhibition zone of the ethyl acetate fraction of morbesi-besi leaf
showed the effect of flavonoid and tannin compounds [17,18]. The MIC
showed that low concentrations of 40 mg/ml of the plant extract, in disc
method, can inhibit the growth of Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus/
ATCC6538 and S. epidermis/ATCC 12228) and Gram-negative bacteria
(S. thypi/ATCC 14028 and P. aeruginosa/ATCC 9027).
4.
5.
6.
CONCLUSIONS
The present results, therefore, offer a scientific basis for traditional
herbal medicine use of both ethyl acetate and hexane fraction separately
against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This fraction of
morbesi-besi (T. polycarpa) may provide a promising antimicrobial
agent for therapeutic applications against Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author would like to thank Iksen, B. Pharm., M.Sc., for his support
and providing the research work and publication.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
AUTHORS CONTRIBUTION
All the authors have contributed equally.
13.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
14.
Declared none.
15.
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Print - 0974-2441
Vol 11, Issue 4, 2018
Research Article
ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
ALONG WITH ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTIAL OF TARENNA POLYCARPA LEAF FRACTIONS
BUNGA RIMTA BARUS1*, PANAL SITORUS1, MASFRIA2
1
Department of Biological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia. 2Department of
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia. Email: [email protected]
Received: 13 November 2017, Revised and Accepted: 15 December 2017
ABSTRACT
Objective: The aim was to investigate the physicochemical analysis, preliminary phytochemical screening and further evaluation of its antibacterial
activity from morbesi-besi (Tarenna polycarpa) leaf ethyl acetate and hexane fractions (HF).
Methods: The physicochemical parameters were carried out as per the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline from its ethanolic extract. The
phytochemical screening was performed as per Indonesia Pharmacopoeia and conventional method on its ethyl acetate and HF. Ethyl acetate and HF
at different concentration were evaluated using agar well diffusion assay.
Result: The plant was found to be free from contaminations. Morbesi-besi leaf fractions are composed of flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins,
steroids, and triterpenoids. The phytochemical screening showed only ethyl acetate of lotus leaf extract contains the flavonoids. The antibacterials
assay showed that ethyl acetate fraction was better than HF from the inhibition zone.
Conclusion: From the outcomes of this study, morbesi-besi leaf (T. polycarpa) possess potential antibacterial activity.
Keywords: Tarenna polycarpa, Fractions, Antimicrobial, Phytochemical, Physicochemical, Agar well diffusion method.
© 2018 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4. 0/) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i4.23641
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, the use of herbal drugs to bacterial infection and is gaining
popularity due to their effectiveness, fewer side effects, low cost, and
availability [1]. Nature has been the source of many medicinal agents
for thousands of years and large of the population of the people living
in the developing countries almost exclusively using the traditional
medicines [2]. One of the developing countries is Indonesia. Indonesia
has a lot of medicinal plants, but despite this abundance, only around 300
species that have been explored for the beneficial properties [3]. One of
them is morbesi-besi (Tarenna polycarpa (Miq.) Koord. ex Valeton) leaf.
Morbesi plant belongs to the Rubiaceae genus which widespread in the
Central Tapanuli Region in North Sumatera, Indonesia [4].
There is a wide range of reported therapeutic effects which have
been proved by Middle Tapanuli society such as hypoglycemia, anticholesterol, antidote, and antimicrobial. In recent years, with increasing
technology and medical knowledge, people have been becoming aware
of the quality of antimicrobial medical care. This can happen because of
the resistant process from the microbial agent [5].
In this study, the physicochemical parameters were studied, and the
ethyl acetate and hexane fractions (HF) of dried leaf of morbesi-besi
(T. polycarpa) were subjected to phytochemical screening and their
effect on antibacterial properties. This plant may provide the new
source of plant drugs to fight against the bacterial infections.
METHODS
Plant material
The leaf of morbesi-besi leaf was collected in the month of November
2016 from the local area of Sibolga (North Sumatera, Indonesia) and
authenticated by Indonesian Institute of Sciences: Research Center
For Biology (No: 615/IPH.1.01/If.07/III/2016. Voucher specimen was
deposited in the Pharmacognosy Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy,
University of Sumatera Utara for future reference and project.
Plant extraction preparation
Ethanolic extract of the powder was obtained by maceration method for
5 days followed by filtration. The ethanolic solvent was evaporated on a
rotary evaporator to obtain crude ethanolic extract and dried using freeze
dryer to get the dried crude ethanolic extract. The ethanolic extract was
then suspended in distilled water and partitioned with hexane and ethyl
acetate to obtain fractions of these solvents. The solvents were removed
on rotary evaporator to obtain dried fractions [6,7].
Phytochemical screening of various lotus leaf extract
Phytochemical screening carried out on various morbesi-besi leaf
fractions which are hexane, and ethyl acetate includes examine the
chemical secondary metabolites of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides,
tannins, saponins, triterpenoids, and steroids [8-10].
Physicochemical evaluation
Various physicochemical parameters such as total ash value, acid
insoluble ash value, moisture content, alcohol, and water-soluble
extractive value were calculated as per the WHO and Indonesia Materia
Medika guidelines from morbesi-besi leaf powder [8,11].
Antibacterial activity assay
Microorganisms used
The bacteria used are Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus/
ATCC6538 and Staphylococcus epidermis/ATCC 12228) and Gramnegative bacteria (Salmonella thypi/ATCC 14028 and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa/ATCC 9027) which were obtained from Microbiology
Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, with each
concentration of culture test was 106 cfu/ml which has been lined to the
turbidity standard solution of McFarland [4].
Barus et al.
Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 11, Issue 4, 2018, 78-80
Agar well diffusion method
Antibacterial activity was tested by the agar well diffusion method.
Mueller Hinton Agar was prepared and autoclaved for 15–20 min and
poured in Petri plates and then cooled. The different concentrations
(0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg/mL) were used for
this study. The Petri plates were kept for 3–4 h at low temperature and
incubated at 36–37°C for 24 h. Antibacterial activity was recorded by
measurement of the zone of inhibition around each disc in the plate
using zone reader. Each assay was using triplicate for determination of
antibacterial test [4].
ATCC 14028 and P. aeruginosa/ATCC 9027). This was expected because
of the chemical compounds that contained in morbesi-besi leaf drawn
on ethyl acetate provides an antibacterial activity which is very strong
(David and Stout, 1971). According to David and Stout (1971), if the
diameter of the zone of inhibition more than 20 mm, it can be concluded
as a very strong antibacterial agent. With the lowest concentration
(40 mg/ml), morbesi-besi leaf ethyl acetate fraction showed the super
effective as an antibacterial agent rather than hexane fraction.
The results are almost similar to Karthikkumara study (2014) when they
studied the antibacterial activity of Tarenna asiatica extract [16]. This
Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
The MIC of the ethanolic extract was determined according to the
macro broth dilution technique. Standardized suspensions of the test
organism were inoculated into a series of sterile tubes of nutrient broth
containing two-fold dilutions of leaf extracts and incubated at 37°C for
24 h. The MICs were read as the least/minimum concentration that
inhibited the growth of the test organisms [12,13].
Statistical data analysis
The results were given as mean ± standard deviation (SD) from 3 times
measurement. Each assay was used triplicate for determination of
antibacterial test.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
It is believed that the history of humankind medicine treatment
already using herbal medicine to treat with many diseases. Some
of the advantages of herbal medicines are that they have fewer side
effects and safe to use over time. They also inexpensive compared to
the formulated drugs and they are readily available [14]. One of the
common diseases is an infection from microbial. Recently, the antibiotic
drugs mostly have been resistance and become an increasingly serious
problem [5] and this case, making the development of alternative
antibiotics a very urgent issue. One of the rising plants is morbesi-besi
from Central Tapanuli. Central Tapanuli society uses it as antimicrobial
and antidote. Due to this ethnopharmacological usage and the lack of
the information about its biological activities led us to investigate the
phytochemical compound and the antibacterial activity of the ethanolic
extract from morbesi-besi leaf.
Table 1: Phytochemical screening result of various fractions of
morbesi‑besi leaf
No
Screening
HF
EA
1
2
3
4
5
6
Alkaloids
Flavonoids
Glycosides
Tannins
Saponins
Triterpenoid/steroids
Negative
Negative
Negative
Negative
Negative
Positive
Negative
Positive
Positive
Positive
Positive
Negative
HF: Hexane fraction, EA: Ethyl acetate fraction
Table 2: Physicochemical evaluation result of morbesi‑besi leaf
powder
Physicochemical parameters
Value
Total ash value (%)
Acid-insoluble ash (%)
Moisture content (%)
Alcohol extractive soluble (%)
Water extractive soluble (%)
4.75
1.97
6.65
26.31
36.06
Phytochemical screening analysis
Medicinal plants represent a rich source of chemical compounds.
The phytochemical screening of ethyl acetate and HF of morbesi-besi
leaf showed the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, anthraquinone
glycosides, saponins, tannins, triterpenoids, and steroids compounds
(Table 1). Morbesi-besi leaf contains almost all the phytochemical
content except alkaloids. These showed that morbesi-besi ethanolic leaf
extracts effective as an antibacterial agent.
Physicochemical evaluation
The result of physicochemical evaluation shows that morbesi-besi
leaf powder was made with good quality and high purity level, which
accepted by the WHO [15]. The result from the physicochemical
evaluation is presented in Table 2.
Fig. 1: Antibacterial activity of morbesi‑besi leaf hexane fraction
Antibacterial activity
Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of different bacteria such as Grampositive bacteria (S. aureus/ATCC6538 and S. epidermis/ATCC 12228)
and Gram-negative bacteria (S. thypi/ATCC 14028 and P. aeruginosa/
ATCC 9027) was evaluated and compared by a zone of inhibition in disc
diffusion method. The ethyl acetate and HF exhibited maximum activity
on 500 mg/ml concentration (Table 3 and Figs. 1 and 2). The data showed
the ethyl acetate was more potential than HF from morbesi-besi leaf.
From the antibacterial assay, the data from the zone of inhibition showed
the ethyl acetate fraction from morbesi-besi leaf significant activity
against bacteria such as Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus/ATCC6538
and S. epidermis/ATCC 12228) and Gram-negative bacteria (S. thypi/
Fig. 2: Antibacterial activity of morbesi‑besi leaf ethyl acetate
fraction
79
Barus et al.
Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 11, Issue 4, 2018, 78-80
Table 3: MIC (mg/mL) of hexane and EA from morbesi‑besi leaf
No
Concentration of fraction (mg/mL)
Zone of inhibition (in mm)*
S. aureus
S. epidermis
P. aeruginosa
S. thypi
1
HF 500
EA 500
HF 400
EA 400
HF 300
EA 300
HF 200
EA 200
HF 100
EA 100
HF 80
EA 80
HF 60
EA 60
HF 40
EA 40
HF 20
EA 20
HF 0
EA 0
19.8±0.14
27.4±0.25
19.2±0.75
26.2±0.14
18.7±0.75
24.7±0.25
18±0.75
23.3±0.75
16.3±0.75
22.1±0.25
15.2±0.14
21.6±0.18
20.8±0.27
20.7±0.25
-
22.7±0.75
25.6±0.25
21.2±0.18
24.8±0.14
20.2±0.14
23.3±0.3
18.7±0.24
21.4±0.5
16.3±1.0
20.8±0.5
20.4±0.75
18.3±0.25
16.7±0.75
-
22.3±1.0
23.5±0.5
20.8±0.14
22.2±0.25
20.3±0.5
21.7±1.0
18.2±0.65
20.8±0.27
16.7±0.24
20.3±1.0
15.2±0.5
19.7±1.0
18.3±0.07
17.2±0.25
-
19.8±0.14
22.7±0.5
19.2±0.25
21.8±0.14
17.7±0.25
21.3±0.5
17.2±0.75
21.1±0.75
16.3±0.24
20.2±0.48
18.7±0.3
15.8±0.75
14.7±0.18
-
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
*The results were given as mean±SD from 3 times measurement, HF: Hexane fraction, EA: Ethyl acetate fraction. MIC: Minimum inhibitory
concentration, S. aureus: Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermis: Staphylococcus epidermis, P. aeruginosa: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, S. thypi: Salmonella thypi, SD: Standard
deviation
higher inhibition zone of the ethyl acetate fraction of morbesi-besi leaf
showed the effect of flavonoid and tannin compounds [17,18]. The MIC
showed that low concentrations of 40 mg/ml of the plant extract, in disc
method, can inhibit the growth of Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus/
ATCC6538 and S. epidermis/ATCC 12228) and Gram-negative bacteria
(S. thypi/ATCC 14028 and P. aeruginosa/ATCC 9027).
4.
5.
6.
CONCLUSIONS
The present results, therefore, offer a scientific basis for traditional
herbal medicine use of both ethyl acetate and hexane fraction separately
against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This fraction of
morbesi-besi (T. polycarpa) may provide a promising antimicrobial
agent for therapeutic applications against Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author would like to thank Iksen, B. Pharm., M.Sc., for his support
and providing the research work and publication.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
AUTHORS CONTRIBUTION
All the authors have contributed equally.
13.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
14.
Declared none.
15.
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