Internetworking and Computing Over Satellite Networks pdf pdf
INTERNETWORKING AND COMPUTING
OVER SATELLITE NETWORKS
INTERNETWORKING ANO COMPUTING
OVER SATELLITE NETWORKS
Edited by
YONGGUANG ZHANG
HRL Laboratories, LLC
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Intemetworking and Computing over Satellite Networks
Yongguang Zhang (Ed.)
ISBN 978-1-4613-5073-6
ISBN 978-1-4615-0431-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-0431-3
Copyright O 2003 by Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2003
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 2003
AII rights resetved. No part ofthis work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without prior written
permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied
specificalIy for the purpose ofbeing entered and executed on a computer system,
for exclusive use by the purchaser ofthe work.
Permission for books published in Europe: [email protected]
Permissions for books published in the United States of America: [email protected]
Printed on acid-free paper.
The Publisher offers discounts on this bookfor course use and bulk purchases.
For further information, send email lo •
Contents
List of Figures
xi
List of Tables
xv
Preface
xvii
Contributing Authors
xxi
1
The Role of Satellite Networks in the 21st Century
SanK. Dao
1
2
3
4
5
Introduction
Internet over Satellite Architecture
2.1
The Roles of Satellite Network in the Internet
2.2
The Role of Satellite in the Satellite Network
Common Applications
Visions for the Future
4.1
Commercial Market
4.2
The DARPA NGI Vision
Challenges
2
Satellite Constellation Networks
Lloyd Wood
1
Introduction
2
Benefits of Going to LEO
3
4
Describing the Systems
Geometry, Topology and Delay
5
6
7
8
9
Delay
Handover
Networking Design
Simulators
Summary
1
3
4
5
7
9
9
10
11
13
13
15
17
19
23
26
28
31
32
vi
INTERNE1WORKING AND COMPUTING OVER SATELLITE NE1WORKS
3
Medium Access Control Protocols for Satellite Communications
Srikanth V. Krishnamurthy and Chen Liu and Vikram Gupta
I
Introduction
2
Polling Based Access Protocols
3
Fixed Assignment Multiple Access (FAMA) Protocols
3.1
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
3.2
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
3.3
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
4
Random Access Protocols
4.1
Asynchronous Random Access Protocols
4.1.1 Aloha
4.1.2 Selective-Reject Aloha (SREJ-Aloha)
4.2
Synchronous Random Access Protocols
4.3
Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)
5
Demand Assignment Multiple Access (DAMA) Protocols
5.1
Demand Assignment Based on FDMA
5.2
Making Reservations by Contention Based Access
5.2.1 Reservation Aloha (R-Aloha)
5.2.2 Priority-Oriented Demand Assignment (PODA)
5.2.3 Split-Channel Reservation Multiple Access (SRMA)
5.2.4 The Time-of-Arrival Collision Resolution Algorithm (CRA)
5.2.5 Packet-Demand Assignment Multiple Access (PDAMA)
6
Hybrid Protocols
6.1
Round-Robin Reservations (RRR)
6.2
Interleaved Frame Flush-Out (IFFO)
6.3
Split-Channel Reservation Upon Collision (SRUC)
6.4
Announced Retransmission Random Access (ARRA)
6.5
Scheduled-Retransmission Multiple Access (SRMA)
6.6
Response Initiated Multiple Access (RIMA)
6.7
Combined FreelDemand Assignment Multiple Access
6.8
Fixed Boundary Integrated Access Scheme (FBIA)
6.9
Combined Random/Reservation Multiple Access (CRRMA)
7
Conclusions and Summary
35
35
41
41
42
43
45
46
47
47
49
50
52
52
56
57
57
58
62
63
67
69
69
71
74
75
77
81
83
85
87
90
4
Direct Broadcast Satellites and Asymmetric Routing
95
Yongguang Zhang
1
2
3
4
5
Introduction
Problems with Dynamic Asymmetric Routing
2.1
Unicast
2.2
Multicast
Tunneling: A Practical Solution
Demonstration of Tunneling Approach
RFC 3077: The IETF Standard
5.1
Topology and Requirements
5.2
Tunneling Mechanism Details
5.3
Dynamic Tunnel Configuration
5.4
Tunneling Protocol
95
96
96
98
98
100
103
104
105
107
109
vii
Contents
6
5.5
Current Status
Limitations and Long-Term Solutions
110
III
5
Using Satellite Links in the Delivery of Terrestrial Multicast Traffic
Kevin C. Almeroth
1
Introduction
2
Overview of Multicast Deployment
3
Satellite Delivery of Multicast
4
Integrating Satellite and Terrestrial Networks
5
Using Satellite Paths for Multicast Sessions
5.1
Motivation and Metrics
5.2
Methodology
5.3
Results
6
When to Use Satellites?
115
115
117
118
118
120
120
122
122
128
6
TCP Performance over Satellite Channels
Thomas R. Henderson
1
Introduction
2
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Overview
2.1
Basic TCP Operation
2.2
Connection Establishment and Release
2.3
Basic Loss Recovery and Congestion Avoidance
2.4
Enhanced Loss Recovery and Congestion Avoidance
3
TCP Performance Problems over Satellite Links
4
Enhancing TCP Performance using Standard Mechanisms
4.1
Window scale
4.2
Path MTU discovery
4.3
Error correction
4.4
Further loss recovery enhancements
5
Research Issues
5.1
Connection startup
5.2
Shared TCP state and TCP pacing
5.3
Link asymmetry
5.4
Experimental loss recovery techniques
5.5
Implementation details
5.6
TCP fairness
5.7
Using multiple data connections
5.8
Header compression
5.9
TCP Performance Enhancement Proxy
5.10
Additional protocols
Summary
6
7
TCP Performance Enhancement Proxy
Yongguang Zhang
1
Introduction
131
131
132
132
132
134
135
136
138
138
139
139
140
142
143
146
147
148
149
149
151
152
152
153
154
159
159
viii
INTERNETWORKING AND COMPUTING OVER SATELLITE NETWORKS
2
3
4
5
6
The Motivation
2.1
The Slow-Start Problem
2.2
The Window Size Problem
The Practical Solution
3.1
Basic Architecture
3.2
Example: Deployment in HNS DirecPC
3.3
Alternative Architecture and Mechanisms
The Big Argument
4.1
The End-to-end Reliability Issue
4.2
The Fate Sharing Issue
The "Show Stopper"?
5.1
Conflicts between IPsec and TCPPEP
5.2
The End-to-end Security Issue
5.3
Researches on Resolving the Conflicts with IPsec
Conclusion
161
161
162
163
164
166
168
170
170
171
172
172
174
176
177
8
Performance Evaluation of TCP splitting over Satellite
181
Mingyan Liu
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Introduction
Model-based Analysis
2.1
Network Model
2.2
Lossless Links
2.2.1 Delay Models
2.3
Links with Random Losses
2.3.1 The Server-Proxy Link is lossless
2.3.2 Random Losses on Both Links
Discussion
3.1
Initial Window Size
3.2
Slow or Congested Proxy
3.3
File Size
3.4
Connection With Asymmetric Segments
The Experiment System
Measurement-based Analysis
5.1
Effect of File Size and Caching
5.2
Effect of congestion and packet losses
5.3
Effect of embedded objects and persistent connection
Implications on System Design
Conclusion
9
Scheduling Data Broadcast
Shu Jiang and Nitin H. Vaidya
1
Introduction
2
The Basic Model
2.1
Persistent User Model
2.2
Impatient User Model
3
Theoretical Results
4
On-line Scheduling Algorithm
181
185
185
186
187
190
190
192
193
193
195
197
197
199
201
201
205
211
215
216
221
221
223
223
224
224
225
Contents
ix
5
Performance Evaluation
226
5.1
Validation of algorithm
227
5.2
Persistent user case
228
5.3
Impatient user case
229
6
Conclusions
230
Appendix: Deriving the Mean Access Time and the Variance of Access Time 231
Appendix: Minimizing the Variance of Access Time
233
Appendix: Deriving the Service Ratio
234
Appendix: Maximizing the service ratio
235
Appendix: Deriving The Mean Tuning Time
236
10
Information Dissemination Applications
Eddie C. Shek and Son K. Dao and Darrel J. Van Buer
1
Introduction
2
lIDS architecture
3
Mobile User Profiling
4
Dynamic User Profile Clustering and Aggregation
4.1
Incremental Clustering Framework
4.2
Adaptive Re-clustering
4.3
Evaluation
5
Data Dissemination techiques
5.1
Predictive Dissemination and Caching
5.2
Bandwidth-Aware Filtering
5.3
Reliable Multicast-based Dissemination
6
Implementation and Demonstration
7
Conclusions
Index
239
240
242
243
246
247
249
250
254
254
255
256
257
257
261
List of Figures
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
A satellite network as a data communication network
GEO, MEO, and LEO satellites
Satellite network roles in the Internet
Satellite roles in a satellite network
Internet over satellite application taxonomy
Orbit altitudes for satellite constellations and proposals
Repeating satellite approach, e.g. Globalstar, Skybridge
Full networking and routing approach, e.g. Iridium, Teledesic
A rosette constellation: the Spaceway NGSO proposal
A star constellation: the Boeing Teledesic proposal
One-way delay between Quito and London via constellations
How handover can affect traffic in flight
2.8
Path delay for high-rate traffic over a small timescale
3.1
Uplink and downlink channels in satellite communications
3.2
Channel multiplexing in FDMA
3.3
Slot allocation in TDMA
3.4
ALOHA: case when no collisions occur
3.5
ALOHA: an example of a collision
3.6
Splitting packets into sub-packets
3.7
Examples to show collisions with ALOHA and S-ALOHA
3.8
(a) Standard S-ALOHA (b) adding a second uplink channel
3.9
Implicit reservations
3.10 Explicit then implicit reservation
3.11 Frequency multiplexing in INTELSAT SPADE
3.12 PODA frame structure
3.13 Aggregating messages to reduce preamble overhead
3.14 SRMA: the RAM version
3.15 Stations as leaves of a binary tree
3.16 Example of the binary tree contention resolution algorithm
2
3
4
6
7
16
18
18
20
22
25
26
27
36
42
44
48
49
50
51
52
54
55
57
59
61
62
64
66
xii
INTERNETWORKING AND COMPUTING OVER SATELLITE NETWORKS
3.17
3.18
3.19
3.20
3.21
3.22
3.23
3.24
3.25
3.26
3.27
3.28
3.29
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
7.1
7.2
Frame Structure in PDAMA
The mechanics of the RRR protocol
The structure of frames used in the IFFO Protocol
IFFO reservation scheme
SRUC channel subdivision
Frame format for ARRA
Frame structure of SRMA protocol
Retransmission reservation for SRMAIFF protocol
Functional diagram of RIMA
CFDAMA operations
Frame structure used in the FBIA scheme
Functional block diagram for depicting CRRMA
A Performance comparison of the various MAC protocol types
Applying distance-vector to UDL
Applying reverse path forwarding to UDL
Approaching the UDLR problem with a tunneling mechanism
A demonstration network configuration
Generic topology for RFC 3077
Scenario 1 using the link-layer tunneling mechanism
DTCP HELLO message packet format
VDL encapsulation packet format
Architecture of MBone-Over-Satellite experiment
Group membership details for the 42nd IETF groups
Breakdown of group membership
Packet loss for Channell audio receivers
Packet loss for Channell video receivers
Jitter for selected terrestrial and DirecPC sites
One-way delay for selected terrestrial and satellite sites
An example of a TCP data transfer
Basic operation ofTCP Reno
Experimental file transfer performance of different TCP
Typical performance with a standard TCP implementation
Correct SACK behavior with a modified TCP implementation
TCP latency of a 3 segment server reply using standard TCP
Typical packet sequences for TCP and TrrCp
The effect of a single competing short-delay connection
Future satellite networking topology
TCP slow-start illustrated
Effect of TCPPEP
68
70
71
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
89
92
97
99
100
101
104
106
108
110
119
123
124
125
125
126
127
133
135
141
141
142
144
144
150
153
162
165
List of Figures
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10
8.11
8.12
8.13
8.14
8.15
8.16
8.17
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
HNS DirecPC TCPPEP architecture
3-way TCPPEP architecture
IPsec system model
Protocol format for IPsec-protected IPv4 TCP packet
The realm of trust in a satellite network
Multi-layer protection model for TCP
File transfer using a splitting proxy
File transfer using a cache upon miss
Network Model
Latency vs. file sizes with initial window size of 1 and 4
Latency when splitting is used and the first link is lossless
Latency vs. the transmission rate of the proxy
Latency vs. file size
Experiment scenarios
Comparing GoS in the case of cache hit and cache miss
Comparing throughput for cache hit and cache miss
Sorted latency traces in case of a cache miss
GoS in case of a cache miss
Sorted latency traces in case of a cache hit
GoS in case of a cache hit
GoS with varying number of embedded objects.
GoP with total transfer size of 16 Kbytes.
GoS with total transfer size of 65 Kbytes.
An example broadcast schedule
The broadcast spacing of item 1
Performance of different algorithms
System performance as request adjourn time varies
System performance as request skewness varies
Intelligent Information Dissemination Services architecture
Neighborhoods of moving entities
Plot of group count
Plot of total group area
Plot of group count against expansion threshold
Plot of total group area against expansion threshold
lIDS deployment in the Digital Wireless Battlefield Network
xiii
167
169
173
174
175
177
184
184
185
190
192
196
198
200
202
203
206
207
208
209
212
213
214
224
227
228
229
230
242
244
251
251
253
253
257
List of Tables
1.1
3.1
3.2
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
9.1
Global IP via satellite services market (2001-2006)
Performance comparison
Relation between traffic model and MAC choice
Initial window size of the end-to-end connection
Percentage of samples where disabling the proxy outperforms enabling the proxy
Throughput of files with different number of embedded
objects (in the case of a cache miss)
Throughput of files with different number of embedded
objects (in the case of a cache hit)
Throughput comparison between splitting proxy enabled
with persistent connection and disabled with non-persistent
connection
Metric and optimality condition
9
90
91
195
210
211
212
215
224
Preface
Satellite networks will play an increasingly important role in our future
information-based society. This trend is evidenced by the large number of systems in operation and in planing, such as DirecPC/DirecWay, Iridium, Spaceway, and Teledesic. The benefits of satellite communications include high
bandwidth, global coverage, and untethered connectivity; the services are often
real-time, multicast, mobile and rapidly deployable. Services based on satellite
communications include telemedicine, public information services, education,
entertainment, information dissemination, Internet access, digital battlefield,
emergency and disaster response, etc.
Consequently, satellite communications introduce a new set of technical
problems in mobile networks and applications. In essence, satellite links have
fundamentally different properties than terrestrial wired or wireless networks.
These include larger latency, bursty error characteristics, asymmetric capability,
and unconventional network architecture. These difference have far-reaching
effects on many internetworking and distributed computing issues.
In this collection, we present ten chapters written by active researchers in this
field. Some chapters survey the recent work in a particular topic and describe
the state-of-the-art technologies; others present the latest research results in a
particular technical problem. The order of the chapters follows the ISO network
layer model. First, chapter I serves as an introduction to the satellite networks
and gives an overall picture of its role in our lifes in the information age. Chapter
2 and 3 focus on the network architecture and medium access controls (Layer 2).
Chapter 4 and 5 focus on the routing issues related to satellite networks (Layer
3). Chapter 6, 7, and 8 explain TCP and the transport protocol issues (Layer
4). Finally, chapter 9 and 10 study the application issues in data broadcast and
information dissemination.
Specifically, chapter 2 introduces a multi-satellite network called satellite
constellations. It describes the effects of orbital geometry on network topology and the resulting effects of path delay and handover on network traffic.
The design of the resulting satellite network as an autonomous system is also
discussed here.
xviii
INTERNETWORKING AND COMPUTING OVER SATELLITE NETWORKS
Chapter 3 surveys the medium access control (MAC) protocols for satellite
networks. Many such protocols have been designed to handle different types
of traffic and meet different performance requirements. This chapter gives a
comprehensive comparison of these protocols.
Chapter 4 describes an application of satellite network to deliver terrestrial
multicast traffic. It explains how to configure a satellite network to support IP
multicast, how to bridge Internet-based multicast sessions to a satellite network.
The chapter also gives an analysis of the performance impacts.
Chapter 5 studies a technical problem introduced by satellite networks unidirectional link routing. The chapter explains the technical challenges of
this problem and a practical solution adopted by engineers working in this
field.
Chapter 6 moves up to the transport layer and surveys TCP-over-satellite
work. It describes the challenges that the satellite network environment poses
to TCP performance, and summarizes a number of standard TCP options as
well as research proposals that can improve TCP-over-satellite performance.
Chapter 7 focuses on one such technique for improving TCP performance:
TCP Performance Enhancement Proxy. This chapter explains how it has become the satellite industry's best practice and why it is still considered controversial among the Internet community.
To better understand this technique, Chapter 8 presents a performance study
on TCP Performance Enhancement Proxy. It includes results from both modelbased and a measurement-based studies. The chapter also presents the implications of these findings on system design, deployment, and provisioning.
Chapter 9 studies an application of satellite network called data broadcasting
and focuses on a important technical challenge: how to determine the broadcast
schedule so that the clients receive the best quality of service. This chapter
presents a theoretical analysis on the optimal broadcast scheduling problem,
and derives a heuristic algorithm for producing near-optimal on-line schedules.
Finally, Chapter 10 describes a satellite-based information dissemination
application and addresses another technical challenge: the mismatches in characteristics between satellite and terrestrial networks. The chapter proposes a
new model called Intelligent Information Dissemination Service to solve this
problem.
The book can be used by students, researchers, and engineers in satelliterelated data communication networks. It can also be served as a reference book
for graduate students in advanced computer networks and distributed systems
study.
Although there are many books on the subject of satellite communications,
few covers the data networking and computing aspect in satellite networks. We
believe this book can help filling the void with a focus on internetworking and
distributed computing issues. Since it is impossible to cover every aspects and
PREFACE
XIX
all activities in this emerging subject in just one book, I hope it does serve as a
sampling on the current state of research and technology development. I hope
that you enjoy them.
YONGGUANG ZHANG
Contributing Authors
Kevin C. Almeroth is an Associate Professor and Vice Chair of Department of
Computer Science at the University of California in Santa Barbara. His e-mail
address is almeroth
OVER SATELLITE NETWORKS
INTERNETWORKING ANO COMPUTING
OVER SATELLITE NETWORKS
Edited by
YONGGUANG ZHANG
HRL Laboratories, LLC
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Intemetworking and Computing over Satellite Networks
Yongguang Zhang (Ed.)
ISBN 978-1-4613-5073-6
ISBN 978-1-4615-0431-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-0431-3
Copyright O 2003 by Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2003
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 2003
AII rights resetved. No part ofthis work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without prior written
permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied
specificalIy for the purpose ofbeing entered and executed on a computer system,
for exclusive use by the purchaser ofthe work.
Permission for books published in Europe: [email protected]
Permissions for books published in the United States of America: [email protected]
Printed on acid-free paper.
The Publisher offers discounts on this bookfor course use and bulk purchases.
For further information, send email lo •
Contents
List of Figures
xi
List of Tables
xv
Preface
xvii
Contributing Authors
xxi
1
The Role of Satellite Networks in the 21st Century
SanK. Dao
1
2
3
4
5
Introduction
Internet over Satellite Architecture
2.1
The Roles of Satellite Network in the Internet
2.2
The Role of Satellite in the Satellite Network
Common Applications
Visions for the Future
4.1
Commercial Market
4.2
The DARPA NGI Vision
Challenges
2
Satellite Constellation Networks
Lloyd Wood
1
Introduction
2
Benefits of Going to LEO
3
4
Describing the Systems
Geometry, Topology and Delay
5
6
7
8
9
Delay
Handover
Networking Design
Simulators
Summary
1
3
4
5
7
9
9
10
11
13
13
15
17
19
23
26
28
31
32
vi
INTERNE1WORKING AND COMPUTING OVER SATELLITE NE1WORKS
3
Medium Access Control Protocols for Satellite Communications
Srikanth V. Krishnamurthy and Chen Liu and Vikram Gupta
I
Introduction
2
Polling Based Access Protocols
3
Fixed Assignment Multiple Access (FAMA) Protocols
3.1
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
3.2
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
3.3
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
4
Random Access Protocols
4.1
Asynchronous Random Access Protocols
4.1.1 Aloha
4.1.2 Selective-Reject Aloha (SREJ-Aloha)
4.2
Synchronous Random Access Protocols
4.3
Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)
5
Demand Assignment Multiple Access (DAMA) Protocols
5.1
Demand Assignment Based on FDMA
5.2
Making Reservations by Contention Based Access
5.2.1 Reservation Aloha (R-Aloha)
5.2.2 Priority-Oriented Demand Assignment (PODA)
5.2.3 Split-Channel Reservation Multiple Access (SRMA)
5.2.4 The Time-of-Arrival Collision Resolution Algorithm (CRA)
5.2.5 Packet-Demand Assignment Multiple Access (PDAMA)
6
Hybrid Protocols
6.1
Round-Robin Reservations (RRR)
6.2
Interleaved Frame Flush-Out (IFFO)
6.3
Split-Channel Reservation Upon Collision (SRUC)
6.4
Announced Retransmission Random Access (ARRA)
6.5
Scheduled-Retransmission Multiple Access (SRMA)
6.6
Response Initiated Multiple Access (RIMA)
6.7
Combined FreelDemand Assignment Multiple Access
6.8
Fixed Boundary Integrated Access Scheme (FBIA)
6.9
Combined Random/Reservation Multiple Access (CRRMA)
7
Conclusions and Summary
35
35
41
41
42
43
45
46
47
47
49
50
52
52
56
57
57
58
62
63
67
69
69
71
74
75
77
81
83
85
87
90
4
Direct Broadcast Satellites and Asymmetric Routing
95
Yongguang Zhang
1
2
3
4
5
Introduction
Problems with Dynamic Asymmetric Routing
2.1
Unicast
2.2
Multicast
Tunneling: A Practical Solution
Demonstration of Tunneling Approach
RFC 3077: The IETF Standard
5.1
Topology and Requirements
5.2
Tunneling Mechanism Details
5.3
Dynamic Tunnel Configuration
5.4
Tunneling Protocol
95
96
96
98
98
100
103
104
105
107
109
vii
Contents
6
5.5
Current Status
Limitations and Long-Term Solutions
110
III
5
Using Satellite Links in the Delivery of Terrestrial Multicast Traffic
Kevin C. Almeroth
1
Introduction
2
Overview of Multicast Deployment
3
Satellite Delivery of Multicast
4
Integrating Satellite and Terrestrial Networks
5
Using Satellite Paths for Multicast Sessions
5.1
Motivation and Metrics
5.2
Methodology
5.3
Results
6
When to Use Satellites?
115
115
117
118
118
120
120
122
122
128
6
TCP Performance over Satellite Channels
Thomas R. Henderson
1
Introduction
2
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Overview
2.1
Basic TCP Operation
2.2
Connection Establishment and Release
2.3
Basic Loss Recovery and Congestion Avoidance
2.4
Enhanced Loss Recovery and Congestion Avoidance
3
TCP Performance Problems over Satellite Links
4
Enhancing TCP Performance using Standard Mechanisms
4.1
Window scale
4.2
Path MTU discovery
4.3
Error correction
4.4
Further loss recovery enhancements
5
Research Issues
5.1
Connection startup
5.2
Shared TCP state and TCP pacing
5.3
Link asymmetry
5.4
Experimental loss recovery techniques
5.5
Implementation details
5.6
TCP fairness
5.7
Using multiple data connections
5.8
Header compression
5.9
TCP Performance Enhancement Proxy
5.10
Additional protocols
Summary
6
7
TCP Performance Enhancement Proxy
Yongguang Zhang
1
Introduction
131
131
132
132
132
134
135
136
138
138
139
139
140
142
143
146
147
148
149
149
151
152
152
153
154
159
159
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INTERNETWORKING AND COMPUTING OVER SATELLITE NETWORKS
2
3
4
5
6
The Motivation
2.1
The Slow-Start Problem
2.2
The Window Size Problem
The Practical Solution
3.1
Basic Architecture
3.2
Example: Deployment in HNS DirecPC
3.3
Alternative Architecture and Mechanisms
The Big Argument
4.1
The End-to-end Reliability Issue
4.2
The Fate Sharing Issue
The "Show Stopper"?
5.1
Conflicts between IPsec and TCPPEP
5.2
The End-to-end Security Issue
5.3
Researches on Resolving the Conflicts with IPsec
Conclusion
161
161
162
163
164
166
168
170
170
171
172
172
174
176
177
8
Performance Evaluation of TCP splitting over Satellite
181
Mingyan Liu
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Introduction
Model-based Analysis
2.1
Network Model
2.2
Lossless Links
2.2.1 Delay Models
2.3
Links with Random Losses
2.3.1 The Server-Proxy Link is lossless
2.3.2 Random Losses on Both Links
Discussion
3.1
Initial Window Size
3.2
Slow or Congested Proxy
3.3
File Size
3.4
Connection With Asymmetric Segments
The Experiment System
Measurement-based Analysis
5.1
Effect of File Size and Caching
5.2
Effect of congestion and packet losses
5.3
Effect of embedded objects and persistent connection
Implications on System Design
Conclusion
9
Scheduling Data Broadcast
Shu Jiang and Nitin H. Vaidya
1
Introduction
2
The Basic Model
2.1
Persistent User Model
2.2
Impatient User Model
3
Theoretical Results
4
On-line Scheduling Algorithm
181
185
185
186
187
190
190
192
193
193
195
197
197
199
201
201
205
211
215
216
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221
223
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224
224
225
Contents
ix
5
Performance Evaluation
226
5.1
Validation of algorithm
227
5.2
Persistent user case
228
5.3
Impatient user case
229
6
Conclusions
230
Appendix: Deriving the Mean Access Time and the Variance of Access Time 231
Appendix: Minimizing the Variance of Access Time
233
Appendix: Deriving the Service Ratio
234
Appendix: Maximizing the service ratio
235
Appendix: Deriving The Mean Tuning Time
236
10
Information Dissemination Applications
Eddie C. Shek and Son K. Dao and Darrel J. Van Buer
1
Introduction
2
lIDS architecture
3
Mobile User Profiling
4
Dynamic User Profile Clustering and Aggregation
4.1
Incremental Clustering Framework
4.2
Adaptive Re-clustering
4.3
Evaluation
5
Data Dissemination techiques
5.1
Predictive Dissemination and Caching
5.2
Bandwidth-Aware Filtering
5.3
Reliable Multicast-based Dissemination
6
Implementation and Demonstration
7
Conclusions
Index
239
240
242
243
246
247
249
250
254
254
255
256
257
257
261
List of Figures
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
A satellite network as a data communication network
GEO, MEO, and LEO satellites
Satellite network roles in the Internet
Satellite roles in a satellite network
Internet over satellite application taxonomy
Orbit altitudes for satellite constellations and proposals
Repeating satellite approach, e.g. Globalstar, Skybridge
Full networking and routing approach, e.g. Iridium, Teledesic
A rosette constellation: the Spaceway NGSO proposal
A star constellation: the Boeing Teledesic proposal
One-way delay between Quito and London via constellations
How handover can affect traffic in flight
2.8
Path delay for high-rate traffic over a small timescale
3.1
Uplink and downlink channels in satellite communications
3.2
Channel multiplexing in FDMA
3.3
Slot allocation in TDMA
3.4
ALOHA: case when no collisions occur
3.5
ALOHA: an example of a collision
3.6
Splitting packets into sub-packets
3.7
Examples to show collisions with ALOHA and S-ALOHA
3.8
(a) Standard S-ALOHA (b) adding a second uplink channel
3.9
Implicit reservations
3.10 Explicit then implicit reservation
3.11 Frequency multiplexing in INTELSAT SPADE
3.12 PODA frame structure
3.13 Aggregating messages to reduce preamble overhead
3.14 SRMA: the RAM version
3.15 Stations as leaves of a binary tree
3.16 Example of the binary tree contention resolution algorithm
2
3
4
6
7
16
18
18
20
22
25
26
27
36
42
44
48
49
50
51
52
54
55
57
59
61
62
64
66
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INTERNETWORKING AND COMPUTING OVER SATELLITE NETWORKS
3.17
3.18
3.19
3.20
3.21
3.22
3.23
3.24
3.25
3.26
3.27
3.28
3.29
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
7.1
7.2
Frame Structure in PDAMA
The mechanics of the RRR protocol
The structure of frames used in the IFFO Protocol
IFFO reservation scheme
SRUC channel subdivision
Frame format for ARRA
Frame structure of SRMA protocol
Retransmission reservation for SRMAIFF protocol
Functional diagram of RIMA
CFDAMA operations
Frame structure used in the FBIA scheme
Functional block diagram for depicting CRRMA
A Performance comparison of the various MAC protocol types
Applying distance-vector to UDL
Applying reverse path forwarding to UDL
Approaching the UDLR problem with a tunneling mechanism
A demonstration network configuration
Generic topology for RFC 3077
Scenario 1 using the link-layer tunneling mechanism
DTCP HELLO message packet format
VDL encapsulation packet format
Architecture of MBone-Over-Satellite experiment
Group membership details for the 42nd IETF groups
Breakdown of group membership
Packet loss for Channell audio receivers
Packet loss for Channell video receivers
Jitter for selected terrestrial and DirecPC sites
One-way delay for selected terrestrial and satellite sites
An example of a TCP data transfer
Basic operation ofTCP Reno
Experimental file transfer performance of different TCP
Typical performance with a standard TCP implementation
Correct SACK behavior with a modified TCP implementation
TCP latency of a 3 segment server reply using standard TCP
Typical packet sequences for TCP and TrrCp
The effect of a single competing short-delay connection
Future satellite networking topology
TCP slow-start illustrated
Effect of TCPPEP
68
70
71
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
89
92
97
99
100
101
104
106
108
110
119
123
124
125
125
126
127
133
135
141
141
142
144
144
150
153
162
165
List of Figures
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10
8.11
8.12
8.13
8.14
8.15
8.16
8.17
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
HNS DirecPC TCPPEP architecture
3-way TCPPEP architecture
IPsec system model
Protocol format for IPsec-protected IPv4 TCP packet
The realm of trust in a satellite network
Multi-layer protection model for TCP
File transfer using a splitting proxy
File transfer using a cache upon miss
Network Model
Latency vs. file sizes with initial window size of 1 and 4
Latency when splitting is used and the first link is lossless
Latency vs. the transmission rate of the proxy
Latency vs. file size
Experiment scenarios
Comparing GoS in the case of cache hit and cache miss
Comparing throughput for cache hit and cache miss
Sorted latency traces in case of a cache miss
GoS in case of a cache miss
Sorted latency traces in case of a cache hit
GoS in case of a cache hit
GoS with varying number of embedded objects.
GoP with total transfer size of 16 Kbytes.
GoS with total transfer size of 65 Kbytes.
An example broadcast schedule
The broadcast spacing of item 1
Performance of different algorithms
System performance as request adjourn time varies
System performance as request skewness varies
Intelligent Information Dissemination Services architecture
Neighborhoods of moving entities
Plot of group count
Plot of total group area
Plot of group count against expansion threshold
Plot of total group area against expansion threshold
lIDS deployment in the Digital Wireless Battlefield Network
xiii
167
169
173
174
175
177
184
184
185
190
192
196
198
200
202
203
206
207
208
209
212
213
214
224
227
228
229
230
242
244
251
251
253
253
257
List of Tables
1.1
3.1
3.2
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
9.1
Global IP via satellite services market (2001-2006)
Performance comparison
Relation between traffic model and MAC choice
Initial window size of the end-to-end connection
Percentage of samples where disabling the proxy outperforms enabling the proxy
Throughput of files with different number of embedded
objects (in the case of a cache miss)
Throughput of files with different number of embedded
objects (in the case of a cache hit)
Throughput comparison between splitting proxy enabled
with persistent connection and disabled with non-persistent
connection
Metric and optimality condition
9
90
91
195
210
211
212
215
224
Preface
Satellite networks will play an increasingly important role in our future
information-based society. This trend is evidenced by the large number of systems in operation and in planing, such as DirecPC/DirecWay, Iridium, Spaceway, and Teledesic. The benefits of satellite communications include high
bandwidth, global coverage, and untethered connectivity; the services are often
real-time, multicast, mobile and rapidly deployable. Services based on satellite
communications include telemedicine, public information services, education,
entertainment, information dissemination, Internet access, digital battlefield,
emergency and disaster response, etc.
Consequently, satellite communications introduce a new set of technical
problems in mobile networks and applications. In essence, satellite links have
fundamentally different properties than terrestrial wired or wireless networks.
These include larger latency, bursty error characteristics, asymmetric capability,
and unconventional network architecture. These difference have far-reaching
effects on many internetworking and distributed computing issues.
In this collection, we present ten chapters written by active researchers in this
field. Some chapters survey the recent work in a particular topic and describe
the state-of-the-art technologies; others present the latest research results in a
particular technical problem. The order of the chapters follows the ISO network
layer model. First, chapter I serves as an introduction to the satellite networks
and gives an overall picture of its role in our lifes in the information age. Chapter
2 and 3 focus on the network architecture and medium access controls (Layer 2).
Chapter 4 and 5 focus on the routing issues related to satellite networks (Layer
3). Chapter 6, 7, and 8 explain TCP and the transport protocol issues (Layer
4). Finally, chapter 9 and 10 study the application issues in data broadcast and
information dissemination.
Specifically, chapter 2 introduces a multi-satellite network called satellite
constellations. It describes the effects of orbital geometry on network topology and the resulting effects of path delay and handover on network traffic.
The design of the resulting satellite network as an autonomous system is also
discussed here.
xviii
INTERNETWORKING AND COMPUTING OVER SATELLITE NETWORKS
Chapter 3 surveys the medium access control (MAC) protocols for satellite
networks. Many such protocols have been designed to handle different types
of traffic and meet different performance requirements. This chapter gives a
comprehensive comparison of these protocols.
Chapter 4 describes an application of satellite network to deliver terrestrial
multicast traffic. It explains how to configure a satellite network to support IP
multicast, how to bridge Internet-based multicast sessions to a satellite network.
The chapter also gives an analysis of the performance impacts.
Chapter 5 studies a technical problem introduced by satellite networks unidirectional link routing. The chapter explains the technical challenges of
this problem and a practical solution adopted by engineers working in this
field.
Chapter 6 moves up to the transport layer and surveys TCP-over-satellite
work. It describes the challenges that the satellite network environment poses
to TCP performance, and summarizes a number of standard TCP options as
well as research proposals that can improve TCP-over-satellite performance.
Chapter 7 focuses on one such technique for improving TCP performance:
TCP Performance Enhancement Proxy. This chapter explains how it has become the satellite industry's best practice and why it is still considered controversial among the Internet community.
To better understand this technique, Chapter 8 presents a performance study
on TCP Performance Enhancement Proxy. It includes results from both modelbased and a measurement-based studies. The chapter also presents the implications of these findings on system design, deployment, and provisioning.
Chapter 9 studies an application of satellite network called data broadcasting
and focuses on a important technical challenge: how to determine the broadcast
schedule so that the clients receive the best quality of service. This chapter
presents a theoretical analysis on the optimal broadcast scheduling problem,
and derives a heuristic algorithm for producing near-optimal on-line schedules.
Finally, Chapter 10 describes a satellite-based information dissemination
application and addresses another technical challenge: the mismatches in characteristics between satellite and terrestrial networks. The chapter proposes a
new model called Intelligent Information Dissemination Service to solve this
problem.
The book can be used by students, researchers, and engineers in satelliterelated data communication networks. It can also be served as a reference book
for graduate students in advanced computer networks and distributed systems
study.
Although there are many books on the subject of satellite communications,
few covers the data networking and computing aspect in satellite networks. We
believe this book can help filling the void with a focus on internetworking and
distributed computing issues. Since it is impossible to cover every aspects and
PREFACE
XIX
all activities in this emerging subject in just one book, I hope it does serve as a
sampling on the current state of research and technology development. I hope
that you enjoy them.
YONGGUANG ZHANG
Contributing Authors
Kevin C. Almeroth is an Associate Professor and Vice Chair of Department of
Computer Science at the University of California in Santa Barbara. His e-mail
address is almeroth