Linking community forestry and national park for conserving forests and improving local livelihoods in South and Southeast Asia
12, Oct, 2018 International conference on Technology for Sustainable Development
Yogyakarta (ICTSD)
Linking community forestry and national park for
conserving forests and improving local livelihoods
in South and Southeast Asia
Kazuhiro HARADA Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Relationships of local people with tropical forests
Why local people?
Approximately 500 million forest-dependent people
Daily use of forest resource for fuel woods, building materials, medicines, food, agroforestry
Position of Local people
Occupation of state-owed land
Conflict associated with landownership, land and forest use
Participation in state forest management
Land tenure in South and Southeast Asia Table Forest area and land ownership in South and Southeast
Asian countries
1,000ha ) (322) (47,236) (15,70 1) (80) (6,726) Primary forest area ( 10,094 94,432 68,434 13,797 18,972 Land area (1,000ha) 17,652 181,157 29,817 297,319 14,330 31,008 51,089 32,855 Cambodia Indonesia Phippines India Nepal Vietnam Thailand Malaysia 7,665 (861) 3,636 (526) 20,456 (3,820) Type of ownership state100% Forest ratio (%) 57 private 9 % private 15% private 14% private 12 % private 2% state 91% state 85% state 86% state 88 state 98 52 26 23 state 100% private 24% 25 state 72% others 4% 44 37 % % 62 国有林 の管理主体 state 100 %、 profit organization state 63% community few individual and communitie state 43 % 57 % community 47 % community 33% organization 20 profit organization state 32 % profiti State 66% % 1% % - - few community 37 organization 10% state 90% profiti Source :FAO (2010) Global Forest Resources Assessment few individuals Mostly state owned forest
Unstable rights and livelihoods under the state forests
Participation in CF
Use of unrecognized customary forest in state forests
Conflicts between government and communities
in national parks in Indonesia Customary use of natural resources in NPs
Customary use of natural resources Cultivating gardens etc.
Oil palm plantation in NPs
Expanding of oil palm plantation
Conflict between local people and wild animals
Coffee plantation in NPs
Existence of coffee plantation in NPs
Exporting coffee
Innovative participatory forest management
conventional community forestry “Illegal” forest use by local people in national parks and customary before 1990s forests
Triple-benefit Climate change mitigation Poverty reduction Biodiversity conservation Innovative participatory FM REDD+ in UNFCCC after 2000s
Certification as private governance Recognition of customary forests Our research project funded
by Japanese government (JSPS)
Title: Community Forestry in New Era of encouraging local livelihoods
under international climate change and forest conservation policies Fund: Japanese government (JSPS)
Period: 2015-2018 (by the end of March, 2019)
Purpose: To make clear social and economic conditions that CF, which has
been led by each country’s initiatives, may ensure local livelihoods to be
more stable and sustainable while local people can take initiatives under
international climate change and forest conservation policies Categorizing CF
1) CF under national government-oriented forest policies
2) CF under national people-oriented forest policies
3) CF associated with international climate change and forest conservation
policies 4) CF associated with international voluntary institutions
Targeted countries
Indonesia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Bhutan, Nepal
CF in and around national parks
in South and Southeast Asia
CF inside a national park in Bhutan- Jigme Dorji NP
CF in buffer zone of a national park in Nepal- Chitwan NP
CF inside a national park in Indonesia- Meru Betiri NP
CF inside a national park in Bhutan
- - Jigmi Dorji National Park
History of Community Forestry in Bhutan
Before 1960s:All forests were state forest and people were allowed to access to forest resources
1969:Forests were regularly owned by state. People needed to get permission of utilizing forest resources from government with paying royalty.
1960s:Local participation was encouraged for forest management.
1979:CF was introduced by Royal Decree (Chheteri et al., 2009)
1990s:Local participation was recognized for forest conservation and CF was disseminated.
2012:CF covers 62,237ha of state forest and counts 485 areas
(1.8% of total forest area)(RGOB, 2012)Government system of CF Nature Forest Protection Social Forestry Department of Forests and Park Services Forest Resource Management Watershed Management
CF’s position and Enforcement and Extension
Division (NCD)
Conservation Division (FPED) Division (SFED) Division (WMD) (FRMD) Division Government Reserve Forest Territorial Forest Protected Areas Division (TFD) (PA) District Forest Sector Office (Dzongkha)
Protected Areas CF
’ regulations
1969:Forest Act
1995:Forest and Nature Conservation Act
2006:Forest and Nature Conservation Rules and Regulations
2010:National Strategy for Community Forestry: The Way Ahead
2017: Forest and Nature Conservation Rules and Regulations
National Park and local people in Bhutan
General situations of NPs in Bhutan
10 PAs(4 NPs, 43% of total forest areas)
Local people dwelling, cultivating and using FRs
Existing CF inside
Jjgme Dorji National Park
Located in Western part
1974:Wildlife Sanctuary
1993:NP
Area is 431,600ha
Population is 6,000
6 CF Blocks
Processes for getting CF
Establishing FMG (At least 5 people)
Preparing Management Plan support by forest rangers
Submitting and evaluating MP
Getting CF certification (valid for 10yrs)
Extending 10 yrs later
Obligations of CF members
Admission fee(50N)、Annual fee(200N), (1N=about1.7 yen, 1yen=about Rp.135)
Participation of people in varieties of activities, such as
Inventory for forest management plan
Plantation activities based on annual plan maintenance of boarders
weeding
pruning and thinning
Those who did not participate need to pay penalty
implement additional labors
Forest resources from CF
Timber wood constructing wood
Non-timber wood fuelwood
pole
fence
Agricultural tools
・・・
NTFP mainspring
mushroom
・・・ Forest royalty of extracting timber and obligation after extracting timber in CF
Category of timber thickness
Drashing (>40cm):40N/piece
Cham (30-40cm): 30N /piece 1N=about 1.7yen
Tsim (20-30cm): 12N /piece
Dong Chung(10-20cm): 4N /pirce
Building construction: all category of timber
Drashing fuelwood:
Obligation after extracting timber (Drashing and Cham)
Planting trees within a year after extraction from March to May
CF management plan for JDNP
Sustainable forest management
Annual allowable cut
Penalty for violation
Illegal logging, grazing, hunting, absence of meeting Activities regulations Gathering Prohibition of cutting on slopes fuelwood Gathering only dead and fallen trees
Prohibition of cutting in water resources
Process for extracting timber: From permission to marking (Building construction, fuelwood, pole, fence)
GRF
Local people →Sub-district→range office finally to the central government
Local people are accompanied by rangers for marking
CF
Getting permission from the CF chairman →the head of CF applying to range office →Local people are accompanied
CF in buffer zone of a national park
in Nepal - Chitwan National Park
Protected Areas and National Parks
in Nepal
Buffer Zone was introduced to reconcile both
conservation goal and locally sustainable development
needs (Heinen and Mehta 2000) Started ecotourism and introduced strict forest rules
Access to the forest resources narrowed down
546 Buffer Zone Community Forest (BZCF), 94,626 HH , including PAs and NPs
Chitwan National Park in Nepal
Firstly established NP in Nepal in 1973
Total area 932 km2
Access to NP by local people prohibited
Surrounded by buffer zone with total area 750km2, established
in 1996 Buffer zone’s role conserve forests in NP by mitigating human impacts
Improve local livelihoods
expand community forest
local use of natural resources Local use of forest and forest resource in BZ Grazing Fodder Fuelwood
Entrance permit Fern (Dryopteris cochleata)
Stinging nettle (Urtica dioca) Forest resources extraction rules in BZ
Ecotourism activities in BZ
Increased revenue for government
90% of total income is from ecotourism
Distributed income for communities
30-50% of total ecotourism income for communities NOT for individuals Jeep Safari
Communities development Income generation Road and Fence Conservation awareness Conservation Awareness Tourism promotion Elephant riding
Negative impacts of strict rules of BZ Grazing lands in BZ are strictly managed. Only some designated areas were allowed for local use for fodder.
Decrease of livestock because of the lack of fodder Less use of biogas, using cow dung
more dependency on fuel wood for cooking
Negative impacts of strict rules of BZ
Change of vegetation from grazing land to bushland
Connection of forests from NP to settlements via BZ community forest National Park Human Settlement Buffer zone
Human-wildlife conflicts Emergence of wild animal into the dead 9 village
Injured 19
Grazing land livestock damage 66
house damage 41
food stock 3
Bush land agricultural products 77 (July, 2014- June, 2015)
CF inside a national park in Indonesia
- - Meru Betiri National Park
Basically local people are not allowed to settle down and
do some activities in NPs Some projects such as collaborative forest management and REDD+ related activities are implemented in use zone of NPs
1 Gunung Leuser 2 Batang Gadis 3 Kerinci Seblat 4 Siberut 5 Tesso Nilo 6 Bukit Tiga Puluh
7 Bukit Duabelas 8 Berbak 9 Sungai Sembilang 15 Gunung Ciremai 16 Gunung Merbabu 17 Gunung Merapi 18 Bromo Tengger Semeru 19 Baluran 20 Meru Betiri 21 Alas Purwo 22 Bali Barat 23 Tanjung Putting 29 Betung Karihun 30 Bukit Baka-Bukit Raya 31 Gunung Rinjani 32 Manupeu-Tanah Daru 33 Laiwangi-Wanggameti 34 Kelimutu 35 Bogani Nani wartabone 36 Lore Lindu 37 Rawa Aopa Watumohai Meru Betiri National Park
Outline of NP
Established in 1997, total area 58,000ha
12villages, approximately 130,000 people living surrounding NP
Paddy fields and agricultural lands
From illegal logging to collaborative forest management within NP
Illegal cut of teak (4,000ha) inside NP in 1998 Plantation and agroforestry in the site of teak forests
REDD+ project started in 2010 Meru Betiri NP
Outline of REDD+ project
Organization involved: NP office, LATIN, ITTO, FORDA
Period: 2010-2013
Target area: Rehabilitation zone, 4,000ha
Fund: Seven& I holding Japan, ITTO, MoF
Project activities:
Participatory patrol and forest management
Measuring CO2
Agroforestry of REDD+ project in NP
LATIN(2011)
1 (trees/ha) 2 Category Density Number of species Income/year /ha (Rp.)
1 No tree, only crops 12,630,000
2 A few trees + crops less than 50 less than 5 19,780,000
3 Rather dense+crops 51-100 6-10 7,902,000
4 Dense +crops 101-150 11-15 6,960,000
5 Dense 151-200 16-20 30,749,200
6 Dense non crops Table Vegetation in each category more than 151 more than 11 10,440,000
Plantation activities through agroforestry
in a village
MOU between community and NP
17 groups, 750HH (1,716 population)
410ha with 54 planted species, 18,136 trees Management of nursery
Fig. Rehabilitation zone in the village Fig. managed land area Category Number of lands 年Money needed for each peron (Rp.) Money need for one year (Rp.) 1 120 60,000 7,200,000 2 75 120,000 9,000,000 3 148 360,000 53,280,000 4 170 480,000 81,600,000 5 188 900,000 169,200,000 Table Number of farmers and fund needed in each category 6 49 1,080,000 52,920,000
Motivation and income of participants
from plantation program in a village
Fig. Motivation to participate in the program High proportion of participants’ income from activities such as selling agricultural products in the national park, which is approximately 25-40%
Giving opportunities for non- participants to get jobs and income for supporting others
Towards promotion of community-based
sustainable forest management
CF still important components to consider maintenance
of local livelihood under international climate change and
forest conservation policies extract timber and NTFPs getting social services
Recently, more clearly identified local rights, but still weakness and need to strengthen more
More focused on local livelihoods under the concept of
SDGs poverty reduction conserve forest Thank you
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