Linking community forestry and national park for conserving forests and improving local livelihoods in South and Southeast Asia

  12, Oct, 2018 International conference on Technology for Sustainable Development

  Yogyakarta (ICTSD)

  Linking community forestry and national park for

conserving forests and improving local livelihoods

in South and Southeast Asia

  Kazuhiro HARADA Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Relationships of local people with tropical forests

   Why local people? 

  Approximately 500 million forest-dependent people 

  Daily use of forest resource for fuel woods, building materials, medicines, food, agroforestry 

  Position of Local people 

  Occupation of state-owed land 

  Conflict associated with landownership, land and forest use 

  Participation in state forest management

  Land tenure in South and Southeast Asia Table Forest area and land ownership in South and Southeast

Asian countries

1,000ha ) (322) (47,236) (15,70 1) (80) (6,726) Primary forest area ( 10,094 94,432 68,434 13,797 18,972 Land area (1,000ha) 17,652 181,157 29,817 297,319 14,330 31,008 51,089 32,855 Cambodia Indonesia Phippines India Nepal Vietnam Thailand Malaysia 7,665 (861) 3,636 (526) 20,456 (3,820) Type of ownership state100% Forest ratio (%) 57 private 9 % private 15% private 14% private 12 % private 2% state 91% state 85% state 86% state 88 state 98 52 26 23 state 100% private 24% 25 state 72% others 4% 44 37 % % 62 国有林 の管理主体 state 100 %、 profit organization state 63% community few individual and communitie state 43 % 57 % community 47 % community 33% organization 20 profit organization state 32 % profiti State 66% % 1% - - few community 37 organization 10% state 90% profiti Source :FAO (2010) Global Forest Resources Assessment few individuals 

  Mostly state owned forest 

  Unstable rights and livelihoods under the state forests 

  Participation in CF 

  Use of unrecognized customary forest in state forests

  

Conflicts between government and communities

in national parks in Indonesia

   Customary use of natural resources in NPs 

  Customary use of natural resources  Cultivating gardens etc.

   Oil palm plantation in NPs 

  Expanding of oil palm plantation 

  Conflict between local people and wild animals 

  Coffee plantation in NPs 

  Existence of coffee plantation in NPs 

  Exporting coffee

  

Innovative participatory forest management

conventional community forestry 

  “Illegal” forest use by local people in national parks and customary before 1990s forests

   Triple-benefit Climate change mitigation Poverty reduction Biodiversity conservation Innovative participatory FM REDD+ in UNFCCC after 2000s

  Certification as private governance Recognition of customary forests Our research project funded

by Japanese government (JSPS)

  

Title: Community Forestry in New Era of encouraging local livelihoods

under international climate change and forest conservation policies

   Fund: Japanese government (JSPS)

   Period: 2015-2018 (by the end of March, 2019)

   Purpose: To make clear social and economic conditions that CF, which has

been led by each country’s initiatives, may ensure local livelihoods to be

more stable and sustainable while local people can take initiatives under

international climate change and forest conservation policies

   Categorizing CF 

  1) CF under national government-oriented forest policies 

  2) CF under national people-oriented forest policies 

  

3) CF associated with international climate change and forest conservation

policies 

  4) CF associated with international voluntary institutions 

  Targeted countries 

  Indonesia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Bhutan, Nepal

  CF in and around national parks

in South and Southeast Asia

   CF inside a national park in Bhutan- Jigme Dorji NP

   CF in buffer zone of a national park in Nepal- Chitwan NP

   CF inside a national park in Indonesia- Meru Betiri NP

  

CF inside a national park in Bhutan

  • - Jigmi Dorji National Park

  

History of Community Forestry in Bhutan

  Before 1960s:All forests were state forest and people were allowed to access to forest resources 

  1969:Forests were regularly owned by state. People needed to get permission of utilizing forest resources from government with paying royalty.

   1960s:Local participation was encouraged for forest management.

   1979:CF was introduced by Royal Decree (Chheteri et al., 2009)

   1990s:Local participation was recognized for forest conservation and CF was disseminated.

  

2012:CF covers 62,237ha of state forest and counts 485 areas

(1.8% of total forest area)(RGOB, 2012)

  Government system of CF Nature Forest Protection Social Forestry Department of Forests and Park Services Forest Resource Management WatershedManagement

  CF’s position and Enforcement and Extension

Division (NCD)

Conservation Division (FPED) Division (SFED) Division (WMD) (FRMD) Division

  Government Reserve Forest Territorial Forest Protected Areas Division (TFD) (PA) District Forest Sector Office (Dzongkha)

  Protected Areas CF

   ’ regulations

   1969:Forest Act

   1995:Forest and Nature Conservation Act

   2006:Forest and Nature Conservation Rules and Regulations

   2010:National Strategy for Community Forestry: The Way Ahead

   2017: Forest and Nature Conservation Rules and Regulations

  

National Park and local people in Bhutan

  General situations of NPs in Bhutan 

  10 PAs(4 NPs, 43% of total forest areas) 

  Local people dwelling, cultivating and using FRs 

  Existing CF inside 

  Jjgme Dorji National Park 

  Located in Western part 

  1974:Wildlife Sanctuary 

  1993:NP 

  Area is 431,600ha 

  Population is 6,000 

  6 CF Blocks

  Processes for getting CF 

  Establishing FMG (At least 5 people) 

  Preparing Management Plan support by forest rangers 

  Submitting and evaluating MP 

  Getting CF certification (valid for 10yrs) 

  Extending 10 yrs later

  Obligations of CF members 

  Admission fee(50N)、Annual fee(200N), (1N=about1.7 yen, 1yen=about Rp.135) 

  Participation of people in varieties of activities, such as 

  Inventory for forest management plan 

  Plantation activities based on annual plan  maintenance of boarders

   weeding

   pruning and thinning

   Those who did not participate need to  pay penalty

   implement additional labors

  Forest resources from CF 

  Timber wood  constructing wood

   Non-timber wood  fuelwood

   pole

   fence

   Agricultural tools

   ・・・

   NTFP  mainspring

   mushroom

   ・・・ Forest royalty of extracting timber and obligation after extracting timber in CF

   Category of timber thickness 

  Drashing (>40cm):40N/piece 

  Cham (30-40cm): 30N /piece 1N=about 1.7yen 

  Tsim (20-30cm): 12N /piece 

  Dong Chung(10-20cm): 4N /pirce 

  Building construction: all category of timber 

  Drashing fuelwood:

   Obligation after extracting timber (Drashing and Cham) 

  

Planting trees within a year after extraction from March to May

  CF management plan for JDNP 

  Sustainable forest management 

  Annual allowable cut 

  Penalty for violation 

  Illegal logging, grazing, hunting, absence of meeting Activities regulations Gathering Prohibition of cutting on slopes fuelwood Gathering only dead and fallen trees

  Prohibition of cutting in water resources

  Process for extracting timber: From permission to marking (Building construction, fuelwood, pole, fence)

   GRF 

  Local people →Sub-district→range office finally to the central government

   Local people are accompanied by rangers for marking

   CF 

  Getting permission from the CF chairman →the head of CF applying to range office →Local people are accompanied

  

CF in buffer zone of a national park

in Nepal - Chitwan National Park

  

Protected Areas and National Parks

in Nepal

  

   Buffer Zone was introduced to reconcile both

conservation goal and locally sustainable development

needs (Heinen and Mehta 2000)

   Started ecotourism and introduced strict forest rules

   Access to the forest resources narrowed down

   546 Buffer Zone Community Forest (BZCF), 94,626 HH , including PAs and NPs

  Chitwan National Park in Nepal 

  Firstly established NP in Nepal in 1973 

  Total area 932 km2 

  Access to NP by local people prohibited 

  

Surrounded by buffer zone with total area 750km2, established

in 1996 

  Buffer zone’s role  conserve forests in NP by mitigating human impacts

   Improve local livelihoods

   expand community forest

   local use of natural resources Local use of forest and forest resource in BZ Grazing Fodder Fuelwood

  Entrance permit Fern (Dryopteris cochleata)

  Stinging nettle (Urtica dioca) Forest resources extraction rules in BZ

  Ecotourism activities in BZ 

  Increased revenue for government 

  90% of total income is from ecotourism 

  Distributed income for communities 

  30-50% of total ecotourism income for communities NOT for individuals Jeep Safari

   Communities development Income generation Road and Fence  Conservation awareness Conservation Awareness Tourism promotion Elephant riding

  Negative impacts of strict rules of BZ  Grazing lands in BZ are strictly managed.  Only some designated areas were allowed for local use for fodder.

   Decrease of livestock because of the lack of fodder  Less use of biogas, using cow dung

  

more dependency on fuel wood for cooking

  Negative impacts of strict rules of BZ 

  Change of vegetation from grazing land to bushland 

  Connection of forests from NP to settlements via BZ community forest National Park Human Settlement Buffer zone

  Human-wildlife conflicts Emergence of wild animal into the  dead 9 village

   Injured 19

  Grazing land  livestock damage 66

   house damage 41

   food stock 3

  Bush land  agricultural products 77 (July, 2014- June, 2015)

  CF inside a national park in Indonesia

  • - Meru Betiri National Park
National parks in Indonesia 

  

Basically local people are not allowed to settle down and

do some activities in NPs 

  Some projects such as collaborative forest management and REDD+ related activities are implemented in use zone of NPs

  1 Gunung Leuser 2 Batang Gadis 3 Kerinci Seblat 4 Siberut 5 Tesso Nilo 6 Bukit Tiga Puluh

  7 Bukit Duabelas 8 Berbak 9 Sungai Sembilang 15 Gunung Ciremai 16 Gunung Merbabu 17 Gunung Merapi 18 Bromo Tengger Semeru 19 Baluran 20 Meru Betiri 21 Alas Purwo 22 Bali Barat 23 Tanjung Putting 29 Betung Karihun 30 Bukit Baka-Bukit Raya 31 Gunung Rinjani 32 Manupeu-Tanah Daru 33 Laiwangi-Wanggameti 34 Kelimutu 35 Bogani Nani wartabone 36 Lore Lindu 37 Rawa Aopa Watumohai Meru Betiri National Park 

  Outline of NP 

  Established in 1997, total area 58,000ha 

  12villages, approximately 130,000 people living surrounding NP 

  Paddy fields and agricultural lands 

  From illegal logging to collaborative forest management within NP 

  Illegal cut of teak (4,000ha) inside NP in 1998 Plantation and agroforestry in the site of teak forests

   REDD+ project started in 2010 Meru Betiri NP

  Outline of REDD+ project 

  Organization involved: NP office, LATIN, ITTO, FORDA 

  Period: 2010-2013 

  Target area: Rehabilitation zone, 4,000ha 

  Fund: Seven& I holding Japan, ITTO, MoF 

  Project activities: 

  Participatory patrol and forest management 

  Measuring CO2

  

Agroforestry of REDD+ project in NP

  LATIN(2011)

  1 trees/ha Category Density Number of species Income/year /ha (Rp.)

  1 No tree, only crops 12,630,000

  2 A few trees + crops less than 50 less than 5 19,780,000

  3 Rather dense+crops 51-100 6-10 7,902,000

  4 Dense +crops 101-150 11-15 6,960,000

  5 Dense 151-200 16-20 30,749,200

  6 Dense non crops Table Vegetation in each category more than 151 more than 11 10,440,000

  

Plantation activities through agroforestry

in a village

   MOU between community and NP

   17 groups, 750HH (1,716 population)

   410ha with 54 planted species, 18,136 trees  Management of nursery

  Fig. Rehabilitation zone in the village Fig. managed land area Category Number of lands Money needed for each peron Rp.) Money need for one year Rp. 1 120 60,000 7,200,000 2 75 120,000 9,000,000 3 148 360,000 53,280,000 4 170 480,000 81,600,000 5 188 900,000 169,200,000 Table Number of farmers and fund needed in each category 6 49 1,080,000 52,920,000

  

Motivation and income of participants

from plantation program in a village

   Fig. Motivation to participate in the program High proportion of participants’ income from activities such as selling agricultural products in the national park, which is approximately 25-40%

   Giving opportunities for non- participants to get jobs and income for supporting others

  

Towards promotion of community-based

sustainable forest management

  

CF still important components to consider maintenance

of local livelihood under international climate change and

forest conservation policies  extract timber and NTFPs

   getting social services

   Recently, more clearly identified local rights, but still weakness and need to strengthen more

  

More focused on local livelihoods under the concept of

SDGs  poverty reduction

   conserve forest Thank you

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