MEDIA SOSIAL DAN CYBERBALKANIZATION
MEDIA SOSIAL DAN
CYBERBALKANIZATION
Media Sosial Pemecah Persatuan
Bangsa?
YOHANES WIDODO, M.Sc. | UAJY |
SMA PL VAN LITH, MUNTILAN 15.05.2017
Perkenalan Saya
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Yohanes Widodo, S.Sos, M.Sc
Nickname: Masboi
Ayah dua orang puteri: Anjelie dan Anjani
S1: Ilmu Komunikasi UAJY 1993-1999
S2: Applied Communication Science, Wageningen
University, NL 07-09
Pendiri SKM PASTI, Redaksi TEROPONG, Ketua SEMA
FISIP UAJY, Pemimpin Umum JONG Indonesia.
Bekerja di Radio Sonora Palembang 1999-2007
Pendiri Radio Internet www.radioppidunia.com
Dosen Jurnalisme, Prodi Ilmu Komunikasi FISIP UAJY,
sejak Januari 2010
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
Dua Sisi Internet
Utopia-Optimists
Dystopia-Pessimists
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
10/23/20
18
Net is Participatory
Net yields
Personalization
a “Global village”
Heterogeneity /
Diversity of Thought
Net breeds prodemocratic
tendencies
Tool of liberation &
empowerment
•
•
•
•
Net is Polarizing
Net yields
Fragmentation
Balkanization
Homogeneity /
Close-mindedness
Net breeds antidemocratic
tendencies
Tool of frequent
misuse & abuse
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
Balkanization, or Balkanisation,
is
• a pejorative geopolitical term, originally used to
describe the process of fragmentation or
division of a region or state into smaller regions
or states that are often hostile or uncooperative
with one another.[1][2] Balkanization is a result of
foreign policies creating geopolitical
fragmentation as can be seen at times in the
Western Balkans with respect to the Ottoman
empire, the Austro-Hungarian empire, the
Third Reich, the United Nations and NATO.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkanization
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
Cyberbalkanization
• Fenomena di mana orang mencari
orang lain yang sesuai dengan
pemikirannya (like-minded people),
dan dari situ dia menutup diri dari
ideologi yang berbeda, pemahaman
yang berbeda, dan diskusi yang tidak
disukai.” (Putnam, 2000)
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
• “The Internet enables us to confne
our communication to people who
share precisely our interests – not just
other BMW owners, but owners of BWM 2002s and perhaps even owners of
turbocharged 1973 2002s. […] A comment about thunderbirds in a BMW
chat group risks being famed as ‘of topic’” (Ibid.)
• in short: the division of users into
groups that do not interact with each
others
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
Social Media - Cyberbalkanization – Yohanes Widodo, M.Sc.
Autonomous Cyberbalkanization
Causes:
• Disintermediation = the
elimination or simply the cutting out
of the middlemen
Consequences:
• Daily Me = personally tailored
virtual newspaper customized for an
individual’s taste (Negroponte, Being Digital (1995))
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
Social Media - Cyberbalkanization – Yohanes Widodo, M.Sc.
Heteronomous
Cyberbalkanization
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
Heteronomous
Cyberbalkanization
Causes:
• Lost sovereignty: to select from a
certain ofer, which was transferred
from the Internet users towards code
based search algorithms, as, for
example, Google’s click signals and
Facebook’s Edge Rank
ONLINE CLICK SIGNALS
OFFLINE CLICK SIGNALS
search history, information of other
Google services as G-Mail, GoogleDocs,
Picasa
and
further
Google
lock-in
products, etc.
location (neighborhood), browser and
comp-uter type, language of the operating
system and 54 other, yet unrevealed,
signals
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
Political Consequences
Echo Chambers
• ruang di Internet di mana orang-orang
yang memiliki pemikiran yang sama (likeminded people) hanya mau
mendengarkan hanya orang-orang yang
sudah sepakat dengannya (people who
already agree with them).
• informasi baru bukan untuk menambah
wawasan, namun menjadikan kita
overconfdent.
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
Group Polarization
• phenomenon that after
deliberating with one an-other,
people are likely to move toward a
more extreme point of view in the
direction to which they were
already inclined.
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
Group Polarization:
• limited argument pool
• repeated exposure to nearly the same
information
• people want to be perceived favorably by other
group members
• biased assimilation (people assimilate new
information in a selective fashion supporting
information = considerable weight, while
undermining information will be dismissed
• Cybercascades:
• tremendously fast spreading of information irrespective
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
whether they are true or false
10/23/2018
Endangered Public Discourse
• normative goal of net utopists was
deliberative democracy (Jürgen Habermas)
and, as said before, the global village
• deliberative democracy:
argumentatively, well-reasoned,
communication-oriented consultation of
citizens with heterogeneous views
• all preconditions in the Internet age are
fulflled: public fora with equal chances
to participate, the ideal speech
situation, etc.
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
Study of Wexler/Putnam
• in a study of 60 political sites only
nine (15%) provide links to sites with
opposing views, whereas thirty-fve
(almost 60 per cent) provide links to
like-minded sites.
• interestingly those opposing pages were linked in order to
illustrate how dumb and contemptible the views of the
adversaries really are!
• BUT: common experience, meaning to
understand the stance of others, is an
indispensable ingredient for fnding a consensus.
• Citizens have to reach beyond their (often somewhat)
Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
narrow horizon –Yohanes
otherwise
the ideal of deliberative
10/23/2018
• “Technology is neither good or
bad, nor is it neutral.”
(Kranzberg’s frst law)
• Bukti empiris mengindikasikan trend
cyberbalkanization eksis dan
merusak proses demokrasi.
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
• The Internet has neither
transformed towards a global
village, nor has it fostered diverse
public discourse.
• Heteronomous (algorithm driven)
fltering increases fragmentation on
the Web.
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
• Civic virtue: curiosity to learn
about others arguments, selfcriticism and open-mindedness
can be harmed by
cyberbalkanization
• Transparency: search
algorithms and flter bubbles are
intransparent and we do not even
choose to use or enter them – not
meaning that they do not exist
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
therefore users should know how flter algorithms
• Creativity/Serendipity:
cyberbalkanization and flter
algorithms are anything but engines
of inspiration and creative thinking.
• “Google is great at helping us fnd
what we know we want, but not at
fnding what we don’t know we
want.” (Pariser, 2011)
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
Media Sosial
• Berbagai perangkat dan layanan
yang memungkinkan interaksi
pengguna secara langsung.
• Konsep yang berpusat pada readwrite web di mana audience tak lagi
bersikap pasif namun turut
berkontribusi pada konten.
• Apa saja yang menggunakan Internet
untuk memfasilitasi percakapan.
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
Perangkat (yang disebut) Media
Sosial `
• blogs, intranets, podcasts, video sharing
(misalnya YouTube), photo sharing
(misalnya Shutterbug, Flickr), social
networks, wikis (misalnya Wikipedia),
gaming, virtual worlds (misalnya Second
Life), microblogging/presence applications
(misalnya Twitter, Pownce, Plurk), text
messaging, videoconferencing, PDAs,
instant message chat, social event/calendar
systems (misalnya Upcoming, Eventful),
social bookmarking (misalnya Delicious),
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
news aggregation/RSS,
dan e-mail (Eyrich
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
Dampak Media Sosial
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
Internet/Media Sosial: alat
untuk…
• Menyebarkan
• Menyebarkan
permusuhan,
nilai kebaikan,
kebencian,
kebenaran,
intoleransi, dan
toleransi,
hal-hal yang bisa
persahabatan,
menyulut
dan kasih
konfik.
sayang.
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
Konsekuensi Negatif
• Media sosial berkontribusi besar
(memicu disintegrasi) dalam konteks
agitasi, provokasi masyarakat karena
orang bisa berbagi informasi dengan
sangat cepat dan dampak yang luar
biasa.
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
10/23/2018
http://www.republika.co.id/berita/koran/kesra/
17/01/16/ojv24622-presiden-medsos-bisaancam-persatuan
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
"Di medsos kita sering lihat
adanya hasutan, ftnah,
berita bohong, ujaran
kebencian yang kalau tidak
waspada bisa memecah belah
bangsa," kata Presiden.
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
10/23/2018
http://news.okezone.com/read/
2016/07/30/340/1450999/postingan-di-mediasosial-penyebab-kerusuhan-tanjung-balai
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
10/23/2018
https://kumparan.com/nurul-hidayati/diamukmassa-akibat-kabar-hoax-penculikan-anak
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
Fake News is…
• A type of yellow journalism
• Consists of deliberate misinformation or
hoaxes
• Spread via the traditional print,
broadcasting news media, or via Internetbased social media.
• Written and published with the intent to
mislead in order to gain fnancially or
politically.
• Often with sensationalist, exaggerated, or
patently falseYohanes
headlines
that grab
10/23/2018
Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
Fake News is…
• Often employs eye-catching headlines or
entirely fabricated news stories in order to
increase readership and, in the case of
internet-based stories, online sharing and
Internet click revenue.[
• Proft is made in a similar fashion to
sensational online "clickbait" headlines
and relies on advertising revenue
generated from this activity, regardless of
the veracity of the published stories.
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
Bagaimana Mengenali Fake
News?
1. Baca Judul Berita
2. Cek media atau situs yang
mempublikasikan.
3. Cek waktu dan tanggal publikasi.
4. Cek siapa penulisnya.
5. Cek link dan sumber atau narasumber
yang dipakai.
6. Lihat kutipan dan foto yang
meragukan.
7. Hati-hati dengan informasi yang bias.
8. Cek apakahYohanes
media
memberitakan.
Widodo lain
l UAJY l @masboi
10/23/2018
Terima kasih. Berkah
Dalem
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
CYBERBALKANIZATION
Media Sosial Pemecah Persatuan
Bangsa?
YOHANES WIDODO, M.Sc. | UAJY |
SMA PL VAN LITH, MUNTILAN 15.05.2017
Perkenalan Saya
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Yohanes Widodo, S.Sos, M.Sc
Nickname: Masboi
Ayah dua orang puteri: Anjelie dan Anjani
S1: Ilmu Komunikasi UAJY 1993-1999
S2: Applied Communication Science, Wageningen
University, NL 07-09
Pendiri SKM PASTI, Redaksi TEROPONG, Ketua SEMA
FISIP UAJY, Pemimpin Umum JONG Indonesia.
Bekerja di Radio Sonora Palembang 1999-2007
Pendiri Radio Internet www.radioppidunia.com
Dosen Jurnalisme, Prodi Ilmu Komunikasi FISIP UAJY,
sejak Januari 2010
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
Dua Sisi Internet
Utopia-Optimists
Dystopia-Pessimists
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
10/23/20
18
Net is Participatory
Net yields
Personalization
a “Global village”
Heterogeneity /
Diversity of Thought
Net breeds prodemocratic
tendencies
Tool of liberation &
empowerment
•
•
•
•
Net is Polarizing
Net yields
Fragmentation
Balkanization
Homogeneity /
Close-mindedness
Net breeds antidemocratic
tendencies
Tool of frequent
misuse & abuse
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
Balkanization, or Balkanisation,
is
• a pejorative geopolitical term, originally used to
describe the process of fragmentation or
division of a region or state into smaller regions
or states that are often hostile or uncooperative
with one another.[1][2] Balkanization is a result of
foreign policies creating geopolitical
fragmentation as can be seen at times in the
Western Balkans with respect to the Ottoman
empire, the Austro-Hungarian empire, the
Third Reich, the United Nations and NATO.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkanization
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
Cyberbalkanization
• Fenomena di mana orang mencari
orang lain yang sesuai dengan
pemikirannya (like-minded people),
dan dari situ dia menutup diri dari
ideologi yang berbeda, pemahaman
yang berbeda, dan diskusi yang tidak
disukai.” (Putnam, 2000)
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
• “The Internet enables us to confne
our communication to people who
share precisely our interests – not just
other BMW owners, but owners of BWM 2002s and perhaps even owners of
turbocharged 1973 2002s. […] A comment about thunderbirds in a BMW
chat group risks being famed as ‘of topic’” (Ibid.)
• in short: the division of users into
groups that do not interact with each
others
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
Social Media - Cyberbalkanization – Yohanes Widodo, M.Sc.
Autonomous Cyberbalkanization
Causes:
• Disintermediation = the
elimination or simply the cutting out
of the middlemen
Consequences:
• Daily Me = personally tailored
virtual newspaper customized for an
individual’s taste (Negroponte, Being Digital (1995))
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
Social Media - Cyberbalkanization – Yohanes Widodo, M.Sc.
Heteronomous
Cyberbalkanization
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
Heteronomous
Cyberbalkanization
Causes:
• Lost sovereignty: to select from a
certain ofer, which was transferred
from the Internet users towards code
based search algorithms, as, for
example, Google’s click signals and
Facebook’s Edge Rank
ONLINE CLICK SIGNALS
OFFLINE CLICK SIGNALS
search history, information of other
Google services as G-Mail, GoogleDocs,
Picasa
and
further
lock-in
products, etc.
location (neighborhood), browser and
comp-uter type, language of the operating
system and 54 other, yet unrevealed,
signals
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
Political Consequences
Echo Chambers
• ruang di Internet di mana orang-orang
yang memiliki pemikiran yang sama (likeminded people) hanya mau
mendengarkan hanya orang-orang yang
sudah sepakat dengannya (people who
already agree with them).
• informasi baru bukan untuk menambah
wawasan, namun menjadikan kita
overconfdent.
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
Group Polarization
• phenomenon that after
deliberating with one an-other,
people are likely to move toward a
more extreme point of view in the
direction to which they were
already inclined.
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
Group Polarization:
• limited argument pool
• repeated exposure to nearly the same
information
• people want to be perceived favorably by other
group members
• biased assimilation (people assimilate new
information in a selective fashion supporting
information = considerable weight, while
undermining information will be dismissed
• Cybercascades:
• tremendously fast spreading of information irrespective
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
whether they are true or false
10/23/2018
Endangered Public Discourse
• normative goal of net utopists was
deliberative democracy (Jürgen Habermas)
and, as said before, the global village
• deliberative democracy:
argumentatively, well-reasoned,
communication-oriented consultation of
citizens with heterogeneous views
• all preconditions in the Internet age are
fulflled: public fora with equal chances
to participate, the ideal speech
situation, etc.
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
Study of Wexler/Putnam
• in a study of 60 political sites only
nine (15%) provide links to sites with
opposing views, whereas thirty-fve
(almost 60 per cent) provide links to
like-minded sites.
• interestingly those opposing pages were linked in order to
illustrate how dumb and contemptible the views of the
adversaries really are!
• BUT: common experience, meaning to
understand the stance of others, is an
indispensable ingredient for fnding a consensus.
• Citizens have to reach beyond their (often somewhat)
Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
narrow horizon –Yohanes
otherwise
the ideal of deliberative
10/23/2018
• “Technology is neither good or
bad, nor is it neutral.”
(Kranzberg’s frst law)
• Bukti empiris mengindikasikan trend
cyberbalkanization eksis dan
merusak proses demokrasi.
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
• The Internet has neither
transformed towards a global
village, nor has it fostered diverse
public discourse.
• Heteronomous (algorithm driven)
fltering increases fragmentation on
the Web.
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
• Civic virtue: curiosity to learn
about others arguments, selfcriticism and open-mindedness
can be harmed by
cyberbalkanization
• Transparency: search
algorithms and flter bubbles are
intransparent and we do not even
choose to use or enter them – not
meaning that they do not exist
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
therefore users should know how flter algorithms
• Creativity/Serendipity:
cyberbalkanization and flter
algorithms are anything but engines
of inspiration and creative thinking.
• “Google is great at helping us fnd
what we know we want, but not at
fnding what we don’t know we
want.” (Pariser, 2011)
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
Media Sosial
• Berbagai perangkat dan layanan
yang memungkinkan interaksi
pengguna secara langsung.
• Konsep yang berpusat pada readwrite web di mana audience tak lagi
bersikap pasif namun turut
berkontribusi pada konten.
• Apa saja yang menggunakan Internet
untuk memfasilitasi percakapan.
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
Perangkat (yang disebut) Media
Sosial `
• blogs, intranets, podcasts, video sharing
(misalnya YouTube), photo sharing
(misalnya Shutterbug, Flickr), social
networks, wikis (misalnya Wikipedia),
gaming, virtual worlds (misalnya Second
Life), microblogging/presence applications
(misalnya Twitter, Pownce, Plurk), text
messaging, videoconferencing, PDAs,
instant message chat, social event/calendar
systems (misalnya Upcoming, Eventful),
social bookmarking (misalnya Delicious),
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
news aggregation/RSS,
dan e-mail (Eyrich
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
Dampak Media Sosial
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
Internet/Media Sosial: alat
untuk…
• Menyebarkan
• Menyebarkan
permusuhan,
nilai kebaikan,
kebencian,
kebenaran,
intoleransi, dan
toleransi,
hal-hal yang bisa
persahabatan,
menyulut
dan kasih
konfik.
sayang.
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
Konsekuensi Negatif
• Media sosial berkontribusi besar
(memicu disintegrasi) dalam konteks
agitasi, provokasi masyarakat karena
orang bisa berbagi informasi dengan
sangat cepat dan dampak yang luar
biasa.
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
10/23/2018
http://www.republika.co.id/berita/koran/kesra/
17/01/16/ojv24622-presiden-medsos-bisaancam-persatuan
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
"Di medsos kita sering lihat
adanya hasutan, ftnah,
berita bohong, ujaran
kebencian yang kalau tidak
waspada bisa memecah belah
bangsa," kata Presiden.
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
10/23/2018
http://news.okezone.com/read/
2016/07/30/340/1450999/postingan-di-mediasosial-penyebab-kerusuhan-tanjung-balai
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
10/23/2018
https://kumparan.com/nurul-hidayati/diamukmassa-akibat-kabar-hoax-penculikan-anak
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
Fake News is…
• A type of yellow journalism
• Consists of deliberate misinformation or
hoaxes
• Spread via the traditional print,
broadcasting news media, or via Internetbased social media.
• Written and published with the intent to
mislead in order to gain fnancially or
politically.
• Often with sensationalist, exaggerated, or
patently falseYohanes
headlines
that grab
10/23/2018
Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
Fake News is…
• Often employs eye-catching headlines or
entirely fabricated news stories in order to
increase readership and, in the case of
internet-based stories, online sharing and
Internet click revenue.[
• Proft is made in a similar fashion to
sensational online "clickbait" headlines
and relies on advertising revenue
generated from this activity, regardless of
the veracity of the published stories.
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi
Bagaimana Mengenali Fake
News?
1. Baca Judul Berita
2. Cek media atau situs yang
mempublikasikan.
3. Cek waktu dan tanggal publikasi.
4. Cek siapa penulisnya.
5. Cek link dan sumber atau narasumber
yang dipakai.
6. Lihat kutipan dan foto yang
meragukan.
7. Hati-hati dengan informasi yang bias.
8. Cek apakahYohanes
media
memberitakan.
Widodo lain
l UAJY l @masboi
10/23/2018
Terima kasih. Berkah
Dalem
10/23/2018
Yohanes Widodo l UAJY l @masboi