Key principles of effective writing

  Disampaikan oleh Mochammad FACTA dalam

Klinik Penulisan Artikel Ilmiah Internasional Tahun 2018

  30 Juli – 1 Agustus 2018

   Dalam perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan manusia,

seringkali penghargaan (credit) diberikan kepada yang

dapat meyakinkan dunia (melalui tulisan), bukan kepada yang mencetuskan ide pertama. -- Sir William Osler

   Menulis adalah suatu SENI, namun ketika menulis tersebut dengan tujuan untuk menginformasikan sesuatu maka menulis menjadi sangat dekat dengan ilmu pengetahuan. --- Robert Gunning

  

Suatu tulisan yang baik akan dapat mengkomunikasikan

 diperlukan kemampuan ide secara jelas dan efektif penyampaian pemikiran yang jelas terstruktur

   Suatu penulisan yang elegan (baik, benar dan menarik perhatian) dan memiliki gaya yang menarik sesuai jaman

  1)

Kurangi kata yang terlalu menghamburkan

• – kata atau frasa

  makna atau memperlambat pembaca untuk membaca  karena kata ₂₎ – kata tersebut terlalu ―berat‖ (melambatkan membaca) Jangan takut untuk meringkas kata , usahakan

• – kata atau frasa

  kata tersebut berasal dari pemikiran anda yang baik dan benar ₃₎  anda paham kata-kata apa yang anda tulis Gunakan rumus SPOK atau SPO atau SP (Subyek + Predikat (kata kerja) + Obyek + Keterangan) Kalimat aktif ₄₎ atau ikuti subject + verb + object (SVO)  active voice

  Gunakan kata kerja yang meyakinkan dan hindari mengubah kata ₅₎ kerja menjadi kata benda Gunakan kalimat yang terstruktur positif , bukan kalimat negasi

   ―This paper provides a review of the basic

tenets of cancer biology study design, using

as examples studies that illustrate the methodologic challenges or that demonstrate successful solutions to the difficulties inherent in biological research.

  ‖ 

  menjadi:

   ―This paper reviews cancer biology study design, using examples that illustrate specific challenges and solutions.‖

  

  Dalam makalah ini juga diusulkan analisis aliran daya dengan menggunakan metode Bus Injection to Branch Current-Branch Current to Bus Voltage (BIBC-BCBV), sehingga sistem distribusi radial dapat dianalisis.

  

• >

  

  Program simulasi menggunakan metode Bus Injection to Branch Current-Branch Current to Bus Voltage (BIBC-BCBV) untuk menganalisis aliran daya sistem radial

  

  Jangan terlalu sering menggunakan kata

  

Very, really, quite, basically, generally



  Cek kembali kalimat anda jika tanpa kata- kata tersebut diatas

   All three of the  the three _ Fewer in number fewer _ Give rise to cause _{ In all cases} always _ In a position to can _ In close proximity to near _ In order to  to _ A majority of most _{ A number of} many _ Are of the same opinion agree _ At the present moment now ^ Less frequently occurring rare _ With the possible exception of except _{ Due to the fact that} because _ For the purpose of  for _ in spite of the fact that  although _ in the event that  if _ new innovations innovations _ one and the same  the same _ period of four days  four days _ personal opinion  opinion _ shorter/longer in length shorter/longer

  

  ―Brain injury incidence shows two peak periods in almost all reports: rates are the highest in young people, and the elderly.‖

  Menjadi

  

  ―Brain injury incidence peaks in the young and the elderly.‖

   The Lightning Strike Protection(LSP) which was applied to aircraft has two purpose _{of the aircraft and quickly exit to the ground without serious damage. The path on the structure, which allows most of lightning current to remain on the skin related to direct and indirect effet. The main aims of LSP is to provide a conductive layer of metal coating, 3. fiber metallization reinforced in the dielectric matrix and foils made of copper or alumunium, 2. applied metallized sprays or paints to form a}

_{Katunin et al [6] divided four solutions of LSP, i.e., 1. inclusion of metallic mesh or}

secondary purpose is to provide an electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding[5].

_{in case of lightning strike. Gou et al [2] develop a specialty paper made of carbon}

_{method to improve performance of composite material used as structure of aircraft}

4. dispersion of nanoscale conducting particles. Researchers have investigated the

_{nanofibers and nickel nanostrands as a surface layer on the composite panels. Zhang  ---> mesh put on carbon fiber/epoxy composite specimens. the surface of carbon fiber epoxy. Kawakami and Feraboli [8] use a copper wire} et al [7]propose a thin flexible coating made of pristine graphene and it applied on  The Lightning Strike Protection(LSP) serves as a conductor path over the skin of _{and nano particles for LSP [6]. Other works proposed composite material made from interference [5].Several works proposed the use of metallic mesh, foil, paints, fiber, aircraft to ground without damage and it gives shield against electromagnetic envelop of carbon fiber epoxy [2,7,8].}

_{flexibility, previous researchers used pristine graphene or copper wire mesh as an}

paper carbon nanofiber and nickel nanostrand [7]. To enhance geometrical

   An experiment has been conducted to get the efficiency of the power transfer based on the

different diameter size of the coil and also the

maximum distance that power can transfer by

using the different diameter size of the coil. In

this experiment, there are 5 different diameter

size of the coil, which is started with 6cm, 7cm,

8cm, 9cm and the biggest size is 10cm but the

number of turn is fixed with 10turn for both transmitter and receiver coil.

  

• >

   The experiment applied 5 types coil with different diameter, i.e. 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 cm respectively. Every coil has fixed 10 turn for both

   S+P+O+K atau K+S+P+O atau

   S+P+O atau

  

  

  Subyek yang dikenai kegiatan sehingga subyek tidak melakukan aksi

  

  Formula : to be + past participle (kata kerja bentuk III)

  

  Kata kerja utama umumnya kata kerja transitif yang memerlukan obyek

   Bandingkan:

  1) ―Mistakes were made.‖  Siapa yang bertanggung jawab?

  2) ―Prototype were designed to prove the hypotesis‖ dibandingkan dengan ― We designed a prototype to prove the hypotesis‖  ―We‖ yang bertanggung jawab (penulis)

  3) ―My first visit to Yogya will always be remembered by me.‖ dibandingkan dengan

―I will always remember my first visit to Yogya‖

  Bandingkan:  It was found that 1+1 does not equal 2.

  The experiment shows that 1+1 does not equal 2.

   It was concluded that the data were false.

  The analysis leads to conclusion that the data were false.

   It is believed that the data had been falsified.

  The agent believed that the data had been falsified.

  

A recommendation was made by the DSMB committee

that the study be halted .

  

The DSMB committee recommended that the study

be halted.

   As is shown in Table 3…

  

  Untuk merubah kalimat pasif  kalimat aktif maka:

  

  Kemukakan PERTANYAAN di kalimat pasif tersebut :

  SIAPA (Subyek) melakukan APA kepada SIAPA (Obyek)? Ask: "Who does what to whom?"

  

  MITOS: Kalimat pasif lebih obyektif

  

  NAMUN

  

  Kalimat pasif tidak selamanya obyektif, bahkan seringkali meragukan (kabur) Contoh:

   ―To study micro mechanics, this study on hamster cell DNA was carried out.‖

  

  Bandingkan dengan

   ―To study DNA repair mechanics, we carried

   Kalimat aktif lebih:

  

mengemukakan ide secara langsung, alamiah,

dan memberikan informasi lebih jelas

   direct, vigorous, natural, and informative.

   Namun demikian , aturan tatabahasa umumnya adalah petunjuk/arahan bukan suatu hukum  dapat dimodifikasi ketika terdapat keperluan/kebutuhan ttg hal tersebut  termasuk bentuk kalimat aktif dalam penulisan manuskrip ilmiah.

  1) Ketika aksi kegiatan yang dilakukan lebih penting dibandingkan dengan siapa yang melakukan,

misalnya aksi kegiatan yang terkait pembuatan

bahan (material) dan metode.

  Contoh kalimat : ₂₎ ―Tiga liter cairan disaring melalui gelas berpori.‖ Untuk menekankan pentingnya seseorang atau sesuatu dibandingkan institusi yang melakukannya.

  Contoh kalimat: ―Menteri Susi diberikan penghargaan doktor honoris ₃₎ kausa. ‖ Ketika subyek yang melakukan aksi kegiatan benar- benar tidak diketahui Contoh kalimat: ―Novel Baswedan disiram air keras setelah sholat subuh.

   Kata kerja yang meyakinkan aksi kerja yang telah dilakukan akan membantu pembaca memahami alur cerita Contoh:

   ―The WHO reports that approximately two-thirds

of the world’s diabetics are found in developing

countries, and estimates that the number of diabetics in these countries will double in the next 25 year. ―

   Bandingkan

   ―The WHO estimates that two-thirds of the world’s diabetics are found in developing countries, and projects that the number of diabetics in these countries will double in the

   To improve the quality of objects image further to the border of the objects can be observed in a plain view. The mMG develops an algorithm that aims to sharpen and smooth the image of the morphological gradient.

mMG processes to multiply the value of the pixel of edge boundary with

the minimum multi-threshold (T) value of the MG result image. Multiplier value is bit depth value. The results indicate that the image enhancement process in each iteration stage can display objects. The equation shows in _{ -->} the following equation 2 

  

The work proposes the use of plain view to observer the border of object

and the (a new) algorithm to sharpen and smooth the image based on multiple Morphological Gradient (mMG). The algorithm multiplies the

values of the pixel of edge boundary with the minimum multi-threshold

(T) value of the MG result image. A multiplier value is considered as a bit

depth value. The image enhancement process in each iteration stage

   As can be seen in Figure 4, the first and second line of Albireois β2and β1

Cygobservation star, respectively. During observation site selection, we

use Albireostar β1 Cyg as a star pointer to analyzethe best seeing value.

  

The processing star image analysis called Image Reduction and Analysis

Facilities (IRAF) was used in this study.Here, we use IRAF software in Fortran to analyzestar imageover Ubuntu, Linux platform. The IRAF

method is adopted by Gochermanet alto obtain trail direction in x -axis

[10]. During processing data, we use degree 3 polynomial as a fitting tool _

to reduce noice from meadeatlitude azimuth telescope (see Figure 5).

_ --> Figure 4 shows Albireois β1 and β2 Cyg observation star in line 1 and 2 respectively. We use Albireostar

  β1 Cyg as a star pointer to analyze the best seeing value. The work applies Image Reduction and Analysis Facilities (IRAF) software to analyze stars image and obtain trail direction in x -axis over Ubuntu - Linux platform. Figure 5 shows the results of a

  

  Jangan terlalu rakus ―to be‖ seperti : is, are, was, were, be, been, am contoh:

   There was a long line of bacteria on the plate  Bacteria lined the plate .

  

  Provide a review of review

  

  Offer confirmation of confirm

  

  Make a decision decide

  

  Shows a peak  peaks

  

  Obtain estimates of  estimates

  

  Has seen an expansion in  has expanded

  

  Provides a methodologic emphasis  emphasizes methodology

  

  Take an assessment of  assesment Contoh:

  

  He was not often on time He usually came late.

  

  Not honest dishonest

  

  Not important  trifling

  

  Does not have  lacks

  

  Did not remember  forgot

  

  Did not pay attention to  ignored

  

  Did not have much confidence  distrusted Contoh:

   Locusts denuded fields in Utah, rural Iowa was washed away by torrents, and in Arizona the cotton was shriveled by the placing heat.

  

  Bandingkan

   Locusts denuded fields in Utah, torrents washed away rural Iowa, and blazing heat shriveled Arizona’s cotton.

   Pairs of ideas —two ideas joined by ―and‖, ―or‖, or ―but‖—should be written in parallel form.

   Contoh:

  Not Parallel: 

  If you want to be a good doctor, you must study hard, critically think about the medical literature, and you should be a good listener.

  Parallel: 

  If you want to be a good doctor you must study hard, listen well, and think critically about the medical literature. (imperative, imperative, imperative)

  Parallel: 

  

If you want to be a good doctor, you must be a good

student, a good listener, and a critical thinker about

   Pairs of ideas —two ideas joined by ―and‖, ―or‖, or ―but‖—should be written in parallel form.

   Contoh:

  Not Parallel: 

  This research follows four distinct phases: (1) establishing measurement instruments (2) pattern measurement (3) developing interventions and (4) the dissemination of successful interventions to other settings and institutions.

  Parallel: 

  This research follows four distinct phases: (1) establishing measurement instruments (2) measuring patterns (3) developing interventions and (4) disseminating successful interventions to other settings and institutions. Dalam proses menulis seringkali terdapat kondisi sebagai berikut:

   terasa namun tak tak terucapkan

   terucap namun tak tertuliskan

   tertulis namun tak terlihat

   terlihat namun tak terwujudkan

   terwujud namun tak terpahami

  Ini Ikan Ini Ayam Ini Ikan + Ini Ayam

  Ini Ikan Ayam Rahasia menulis yang baik adalah melucuti setiap ― kalimat atau kata sehingga menghasilkan kalimat yang jernih .‖

   Setiap kata yang tidak berfungsi,

   Setiap kata yang panjang yang dapat menjadi kata singkat,

   Setiap kata keterangan yang memiliki arti yang sama dengan yang sudah ada di kata kerja,

   Setiap konstruksi pasif yang membuat pembaca tidak yakin siapa yang melakukan apa.

   Semua diatas adalah hal-hal yang melemah kekuatan sebuah kalimat. Biasanya hal-hal tersebut tetap terjadi secara proporsional seiring dengan meningkatnya tingkat pendidikan dan peringkat kerumitannya.

  

  Dari The joys and pains of writing ―

  ‖ , Le Bon

  

Journal, Volume 2 Issue 1, 27 January 2003



  ―Seorang kawan yang profesor memberitahu bahwa dalam dunia akademiknya, semboyan

  terpublikasi atau musnah

  ― ‖ adalah benar adanya  sehingga dia tidak peduli, jika tidak ada orang yang membaca dan tidak ada orang yang mengerti selama tulisannya dapat dipublikasikan‖

  

  There’s a hint of truth here, n’est-ce pas?