Hukum Syara' dan sumber-sumbernya: Sebuah Pengantar Memahami Kajian Ushul Fikih - Repository UIN Sumatera Utara

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l i uah Pengantar Mem aham i Kal i an Us m i JSt j f f l

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D rs . A n s a ri , WIA

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Sebuah Pengantar Memahami Kajian Ushul

Penerb it M e n ara Bu k u
2018

Perpustakaan N asio nal: Kalalo g I )alain Terbitan ( KD T)

PRAKATA

Drs. A nsari, M A
H u ku m Syara' clanzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
S zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
U I I I I H T Sumberny a; Sebuah Pengantar
Kajian Ushul Fiq h

Get. 1-Jakarta: M enara Buku 201 I
Cet.2-Jakarta: M enara Buku 2012
Cet.3-Jakarta: M enara Buku 201 3
ISBN 978-602-99676-2-3
1. Ind o nesia, Syara' 1. Judul

A lhamdu/ii/ah, b u ku U su i Fi k i h d eng an ju d u l " Hukum

Syara' / Ac/ / / -nva, d alil ' a////u d an y ang
ii bngainya. Salal m isaln y a,y i/ ^ akan m enetap kan b ahw a h u ku m n y a

ilm u fiqh ad alah sekalian h u k u m v ang terinci p ad a

11 • 11 ili \\ ajil>

setiap p erbuatan m anusia, baik balal, haram , m ak ru h atau p u n w ajib
beserta d alilny a m asing -m asing . Sementara itu , iisnl aJ-fiqh secara
c tim o lo g is m eru p akan b entuk kalnnat m ajem uk (tarkib idafty), v ang

.ii.ni

nd .ik. M aka, i:i m eng em u kakan firman A llah surat

M Kinii JI, a) ,\bi).id.il.ib 13 d an al M u z a m m i l 20.
'W .IIIIM II .1/

Zuhaill, Usulal Fiahal Islamiy, [uz

I

(Beirut: Daral-Fikral-

| n. 1998),zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFED
l. ' \
'Abdul Wahab Khalaf, 'Urn Usulal Fiqh (Indonesia: al M ajlisal A ' kal \ d
ttnisiyvi h ,1,1 Ihi'wah ,// hhuniyoli, !« )/» ) |, ,
n

//>/,/,// 16
,1,1 ,i, i u„ i,,ii„ ih(iU'iiui I)ai .il Plki .il Arabiy, 1938),h. 10

Hukum Syara' 8 Sumber-sumbernya
Hukum Syara' 8 Sumber-sumbernya
Beberap a p erbed aan sig nifikan antara fiqh d an usul al-fiqh d ap at
Beg itu juga halny a d alam kasus h u k u m m c m i n u mzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
khamr, m ad ilihat sebagai berikut:'
ka ia akan m e ng c m u kakan f irm an A llah surat al- M aid ah 90 d an
1 . Su m b er h u k u m Islam atau d alil-d alil y ang d ig unakan d alam
scbag ainy a. V an g jclas, usul al-fiqh m c m b ahas tc ntang m c to d c v ang
m eng g ali h u k u m syara' , baik v ang d isep akad (sep erti kebu/aban
harus d ite m p u h o leh faqih d i d alam m enc tap kan h u k u m syara*
al- Q u ran d an sunnah), m au p u n v ang d ip ersilihkan (sep erti
bcrd asarkan d alil-d alil syara\ scrta m eng klasifikasikan d alil-d alil
s

kc.hu/ahan istihsan d an mashhah al-mursalah)

tcrscbut bcrd asarkan kualitasny a.
2.

M e nc arikan jalan
d iang g ap

B. H ub ungan A ntara Fiq h 8 U sui al - Fi q h

keluar d ari d alil-d alil y ang secara z ahir

bertentang an,

baik

m elalu i al-jam' u wa al-laufiq

( k o m p ro m i d alil), tarjih (meng uatkan salah satu d ari d alil-d alil
y ang bertentang an), ruksah, atau tsaqat addalilain (gugur ked ua

N a m u n d em ikian, p e n d n g untuk d icatat b ahw a ked ua d isip lin
tcrscbut, //V//? d an usul al-fiqh m c m p u n y ai hu b u ng an y ang sangat erat.

d alil y ang bertentang an). M isaln y a, p ertentang an ayat d eng an

A ntara satu d eng an v ang lain saling m e n g o ko h kan kebcrad aan m a-

av al, ayat d eng an had is, atau p ertentang an had is d eng an akal.

sing -m asing . A b u Z ah rah m c ng g am b arkan ked uany a sep erti h u b u -

3.

Pem bahasan

ng an i l m u wan/iq (lo gika) d eng an filsafat. L o g i k a m eru p akan kaid ah

beajtihad (mujtahid), baik

b erfikir y ang m em elihara akal, agar tid ak terjad i kerancuan d alam

y ang

d an sifat-sifat o rang y ang

m eny ang ku t

d im iliki mujtahid.

ng an bahasa A rab . Ilm u nahwu m eng g aris kebijakan g ram atikal v ang
•I.

Pembahasan tentang h u k u m syara' , y ang m elip u ti svarat -ly arat
d an m ac am - m ac am ny a, baik y ang bersifat

m em b ac any a.

berbuat,
M ak a, usul al-fiqh m e ru p akan kaid ah y ang m em elihara fuqaha

syarat-syarat

u m u m , m au p u n syarat-syarat khusus keilm u an y ang harus

berrikir. A ran juga m enu ru tny a sep erti hu b u ng an ilm u nahwu d em eng hind arkan kesalahan seseo rang , bails, d alam menulis atau p u n

ijtihad, syarat-syarat

tuntutan

untuk

m ening g alkan

tuntutan u ntu k

suatu

p erbuatan,

m c m i l i h antara berbuat atau tid ak, m au p u n y ang berkaitan

agar d d ak terjad i kesalahan d i d alam mengzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
-/.i"/ / / / / w/ -kan (mcng g ali)
d eng an sebab, syarat, mani\ sab, bafalf jasad, \i-^uuah d an ruksah.

h u k u m . D i sam p ing juga d eng an d isip lin usul al-fiqh akan m am p u
D al am p em b ahasan h u k u m i n i juga d ibahas tentang p em b u at
m em b ed akan antara istinbat y ang benar {valid) d eng an v ang cacat
h u ku m (hakim ), o rang v ang d ib eb ani h u k u m (mahkum ' a/aihi),
{invalid). Sebag aimana
d e ng an ilm u nahwu m em b ed akan antara
ketetapan h u k u m d an syarat-syarato ya serta p erbuatanf o rm asi bahasa yang benar atau tid ak. Pus, ilm u u/au/iq, dapat
p erbuatan v ang d ikenai h u k u m .
m eng etahui arg um entasi y ang scientific (ilmiah) atau b u kan .
Pembahasan tentang kaid ah kaid ah y ang d ig unakan clan cara
A g ar leb ih m e m u d ahkan kita m e m ah am i ked ua d isip lin ini, m aka
m eng g unakannv a d alam \nc\\gistinbatkan h u k u m d ari d alillang kah m e n e m u kan b enang m erah p erbed aan d i antaranya ad alah

d alil, baik m elalui kaid ah bahasa m au p u n m elalui p em aham an

p enting . H a l ini d ikarenakan agar d i sam p ing d ip ero leh batasan v ang

terhad ap tujuan y ang akan d ic ap ai o leh suatu sah (ayat atau

d efinitif, tap i juga akan d id ap ati p e m aham an v ang ko m p rehensif

tcntang ko m p etensi (kew enang an)
d isip lin tcrscbut.

A ran

d an b o b o t o to ritas d ari ked ua

d e ng an kata lain, d eng an m u nc u lnv a

p ertany aan, kap an d im u lai kerja faqih d an tisu/iyyiiu? kita sem akin

hadis).
M i • 11.1111111.iu,ii.iiiii\ 1

•
1 I,mi tin jugfl untuk inem batasi mukal/al terhad ap

11 11 11.11 \. 111 >111 \v . 1111 >I.. 111 .11.111 1>ui 1 \ . H i " 1 l i l u i .I I I I LI I I b;ii'in\ ii.
" M u h am m ad H a i h i m Kn m u l i , I'rimiplcs i»/ Islmnn luiisprutitnct (I iinlii
1 u m p u i [ I m i i h Pu b l l i h w i Sd n Bh d 1998), It zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
H

Hukum Syara' 8 Sumber-sumbernya
Hukum Syara' 8 Sumber-sumbernya
lo rkan kep u m san d eng an d alil-d alil sah y ang d ap at mereka p aham i
A d ap u n tujuan m c m p elajari i l m uzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
usul al-fiqh lalah m c nerap kan
bcrd asarkan kem am p u an Bahasa A rab y ang baik tanp a m em erlu kan
kaid ah-kaid ah d an p em bahasannv a terhad ap d alil-d alil n n c i u n tu k
kaid ah bahasa y ang d ijad ikan p e d o m an d alam m em aham i nas.
m eng hasilkan h u k u m syari' at Islam y ang d ip e ro lc h d ari d alil-d alil
tersebut. Jad i, d eng an kaid ah d an p em b ahasan ilm u usul al-fiqh d ap at
d ip aham i nas-nas syar' iyyah d an h u k u m - h u k u m y ang d ikand u ng ny a.
Jug a, d ap at d iketahu i hal-hal y ang m enjad i sebab hilang ny a d alil-d alil
y ang samar d i antara d alil-d alil tersebut, d an d iketahui p u la d alild alil y ang d im enang kan ketika terjad i ko nf lik d i antara satu d alil
d eng an d alil lainny a. D e n g an d em ikian d ap at d ikatakan d eng an eks-

Khallaf juga m enam b ahkan b ahw a p ara sahabat m elaku kan istinbat
terhad ap

h u k u m y ang

tid ak terd apat

nas bag iny a

berd asarkan

kem am p u an mereka d alam m em b ina h u k u m syari' at Islam y ang
telah mereka jiw ai lantaran p erg aulan d an ked ekatan mereka d eng an
N a b i Saw ."
D i sam p ing i tu , m ereka juga ad alah o rang - o rang p ertam a p ad a

p lisit b ahw a usul al-fiqh ad alah send i ilm u fiqh p erb and ing an (al-fiqh

z am an N a b i saw. y ang m eng etahui secara lang sung asbab an-nu^ul

al-muqarin).

ayat al- Q u ran d an asbab al-wiirnd had is-had is. D e n g an kata lain,
mereka sebenarny a

m am p u m e m ah am i seluk beluk d an tujuan-

tujuan p em b entu kan

D . Perk em b ang an K aj i an U sui al - Fi q h

h u k u m syari' at Islam sekaligus

d asar-d asar

p em bentukanny a.

Ilm u usul al-fiqh m u n c u l p ad a abad ked ua hijrah. "
1

Sep anjang

Pada masa g enerasi tabi' in, p erm asalahan h u k u m menjad i sem akin

abad p ertam a, tid ak ad a keb u tu han m end esak terhad ap usul al-fiqh.

ko m p leks. H a l tersebut m eru p akan ko nseku ensi lo g is d ari sem akin

Sebab, ketika N a b i saw. masih hid u p , tuntunan y ang d ip erlu kan d an

mcluasny a jaring an-jaring an

jalan keluar u ntu k bcrbag ai masalah telah d ib erikan baik m elalu i

semakin meny ebar keberad aannv a v ang tid ak saja berad a d i p usat

w ahy u m au p u n p utusan lang sung d ari N a b i saw. ]nd i, p o sisi N a b i

I ota Islam, M ad i n ah d an M ak k ah . Tetap i, meluas sam p ai kc Irak,

um at

Islam .

Um at

Islam

m enjad i

saw. p ad a saat i tu lang sung m enjad i su m b c r p enetap an tasyri' (masdar

I '.israh, K u f a h d an scbag ainy a. O l e h karcnany a p ad a w aktu i tu , amat

at-tasyri). Jika sahabat m e ne m u kan

d ituntut keteram p ilan h u k u m . Ijtihad m enjad i sebuah keniscay aan.

keb u ntu an

h u k u m , m ereka

d ap at secara lang sung bertanv a kep ad a N a b i saw. A tau , N a b i saw .

I >i beberap a d aerah b e rm u n c u lan ijtihad atau p u n fatw a. D a n , d i

lang sung m e m b e rikan kctefap an h u k u m m eskip u n tid ak d iaw ali o leh

beberap a d aerah tersebut m elahirkan p io n ir- p io n ir hand al d alam

p erso alan-p erso alan y ang d id ahului d eng an p ertany aan-p ertany aan

hu ku m Islam , sep erti Sa'id i b n M u say y ab d i M ad i n ah , ' A lq am ah i b n

sahabat.

\V;ie role a/ propheth reports was on the rise. It the time Shafi'i wrote

coincidence that with the appearance of commentaries on, and refutations

l. |., u a. au a uad alfiqh sebagian

lenje]

p en

ban abai I terael nit, gej akan lain \ ang I lerlaw anan

l(

sang i n i n< I m l i n l u d r , had r, N ab i '.ed ang m u m i l l Pad .i ' . . i. il S\ a h ' i
IzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
l. ii i.
WneJ i:zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
II
* Hop>Cit It,,, l ( | ,
m i l ' ,zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
knrynnyn, [Kisakh, gcraltiin I 'lmionalin m n l . i i rcdup, dun linl
l

Hukum Syara' 8 Sumber-sumbernya
Hukum Syara' 8 Sumber-sumbernya
on usul al-fiqh" .

16

ini m u n g k i n d iseb ab kan o leh p erkem b ang an y ang cep at d ari v o l u m e

(...

cerita-cerita kenabian y ang m eny u su p ke d alam w ilay ah h u k u m .

salah satu teo ri y ang m eny atakan

b ahw a usul al-fiqh ad a

Bepanjang fiqh d iketahui ad a. Fiqh d d ak d ap at m u n c u l d alam kefiad aan
/ zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
lal/aq i n i jelas m end o b rak
sum b er-sum b er d an kefiad aan m eto d e- m eto d c untuk m eng g u nakan
p em aham an d an key akinan v ang selama i n i telah m ap an b ahw a Sy afi'i
l u m b e r itu. Sebenarny a hal i n i m eny atakan b ahw a usul al-fiqh telah
d eng an kary any a, Risalah, ad alah peletak d asar kem u nc u lan ilm u usul
Ida sebelum as-Sy afi'i. Sejum lah c o n to h p erlu d ikem u kan u ntu k
al-fiqh. K are n a p erso alan tersebut m e lin g ku p i asp ek histo ris, m aka
meiijelaskan bag aim ana d i masa aw al Tslam p ara sahabat m end ed u ksi
w ajar saja terjad i p erbed aan-p erbed aan d alam , ap akah m e m ah am i
l i u k u m - h u k u m fiqh d ari su m b er- su m b erny a. D e n g an kata lain, usul
d ata, m eng interp etasikanny a d an m e m b e rikan kesim p u lan atasnya.
Ulfiqhsecara substansial telah ad a seb elu m d atang ny a p c rio d e y ang
Y an g p enting ad alah, sem akin g encarny a g erakan keilm u an y ang
inrnv aksikan m u nc u lny a i m am - i m am ma^hab. Tetap i m elalu i para zyxwvut
m enekankan p end ekatan em p irik tentang sejarah h u k u m Islam .
II nam in i, khususny a as-Sy afi'i, usul al-fiqh d iartikulasikan ke d alam
D a n , Hallaq telah m e m u l ai lang kah tersebut.
i buah ke lo m p o k p eng etahuan y ang ko heren. Bah kan , seb elu m asPand ang an

y ang

d isam p aikan

U n tu k m enu tu p p em bahasa

i n i , apa y ang d iu ng kap kan o leh

Syafi'i, kita m eng etahu i A b u H an if ah m e m i l i h u ntu k m eng g u nakan

I Iashim K am al i , p e rlu d ip ertim b ang kan. Pc rny ataanny a i n i ad alah

inalo g i d an istihsau, sementara Im am M alik d ikenal karena d o ktrin zyxwvutsr

jaw aban atas p ertany aan y ang telah d itam p ilkan d i aw al p em b ahasan.

uniii'

Le b i h lanjut ia m eng atakan sebagai berikut:

11 icnjum p aikekay aan p e m ikiran juristik d anp e nd alam an arg um entasi

p end ud uk M ad inahnv a. Ketika as-Sy afi'i m em asu ki iklim i n i , ia zyxwvutsrq

" ... one theory has it that usul al-fiqh has existed for as long as the

mi ngenai masalah-masalah m eto d o lo g is. Tetap i, kary a-kary a y ang

fiqh has been known to exist. \ 'or fiqh could not have come into being

[i l i l i ada tid ak terbebas d ari p erselisilian d an p erbed aan p end ap at
H I " harus d iselcksi m elalu i p e d o m an - p e d o m an y ang d isusun o leh

in the absence of its sources, and of methods with which to utilise the
source materials. This would in turn, imply that usul al-fiqh had existed
long beIore al-Shafi' i. Nimerous exam pies could be cited to explain how
_ in early Islam, the Compan ions deduced the rules of fiqh from their

i

Syafi'i d alam teo ri hu ku m ny a, D i a m enulis kitab Risalah y ang
pi H a khusus m em b ahas tentang usul al-fiqh, d an kitab i n i d iaku i
i II a luas sebagai kary a o to ritas p ertam a d alam b id ang ini).

sources. Usui al-fiqh, in other words, had substantially existed before the
period which saw the emergence of the leading imams of jurisprudence.
But it was through the works of these imams, especially al-Shafi /. that
usul al-fiqh was articulated into a coherent body oj know/edge, liven

F. Pendekatan dalam Usui al-Fiqh
I >alam sejarah p erkem b ang an fiqh d ikenal d ua aliran usul al-fiqh.

before al-Shafi' i, we know that . I bit Hani fab resosted to the use of

I - d uanv a m u n c u l akibat p erbed aan d alam m e m b ang u n teo ri usul

analogy and istihsau while Imam M alik is known for this cloctrine of

al-flqh. I lashitn K am al i d eng an g am b lang menjelaskan ked ua aliran

the M adinese ijma' , subjects to winch we shall have occasion to return.

nil sebagai berikut:

W hen al-Shafi' i came on the scene, he found a wealth of juristic thought

following the establishment of the madhahib the ulema oj

the

and advanced levels of argumentation on methodological issues. But the

various schools adopted two different approaches to the study oj usul

existing works were not entirely free of discordance and diversity which

id fiqh, one of which is tbeoritical and the other dednc live. The main

had to be sifted through by the standards which al shaft / av/ucalated in

HjffbzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJ
• '/ / .e between these approaches is one of ari enlalion rather than

his legal theory of

the usul. I le devoted his Risu/uh exclusively to this

subject, and this is widely acknowledged to />e tl>efirstworl oj authority

Hukum Syara' 8 Sumber-sumbernya
Hukum Syaia' 8 Sumber-sumbeinya

masalah masalah pirn' (masalah keagamaan v ang tid ak p rm sip il) .
substance. \l hereas the farmer is primarily concerned with the exposition A liran i n i berusaha m enetap kan kaid ah-kaid ah d eng an alasan y ang
of theoretical doctrines, the later is pragmatic in the sense of that theory
kuat, baik naqliyah ( al- Q u ran d an H ad is N a b i saw.) m au p u n ' aqliyah
is formulated in light of its application to relevant issues. The difference
(akal p ikiran), sehing g a teo ri v ang d ihasilkan terkad ang conform d ebetween the two approaches resembles the work of a legl draftsman when
ngan masalah / / / / -/ / 'atau m alah sebalikny a tid ak conform.
it is com pared to the work of a judge. The former is mainly corned
Sem entara aliran d e d u ktif d alam b ang u nan teo ri usul al fiqh-nyn
with the exposition o/ principles whereas the latter lends to develop a
synthesis be/ween the principled and the rec/uire-meu/s of a par ticu/ar

ha nvak d ip eng aru hi o le h masalah ////•//'. M e re k a m em b ang u n teo ri

case. The theoritical approach to the study of usul al-fiqh is adopted by

letelah m elakukan analisi faktual v ang b erkem b ang . D u s , m anakala

the Shafi' i school and the M utakah/imun. that is the nlema of kalam

terjad i disconfor mity antara kaid ah d eng an hukum/ / / / •/ / ', maka kaid ah

and the M u'larjiah. The deductive approach is, on the other hand,

tersebut d iu b ah d an d isesuaikan d eng an h u k u m / / / / / / 'tersebut. A ta u

mainly attributed to the I la/iafies. The for mer is known as nsnl al-

d eng an nad a lain d ap at d ikatakan b ahw a aliran teo retis c end eru ng

Shafi' iyyah or lariqah al-M utakallimin, whereas the latter known as

uieng g ang g ap usul al-fiqh sebagai b id ang y ang b e rd i n send iri d i zyxwvut

usul al-h\anafiyycd). or lariqah al-Fuqaha" . '

IIU IK I

1

ficjli harus m eny esuaikan d iri, sem entara p end ekatan d e d u ktif

berusaha m eng aifkan usul al-fiqh secara leb ih d ekat kep ad a m asalah(Setelah tcrbentukny a m az hab -m az hab , p ara ulama d ari berbag ai
m az hab, m e n g am b i l d ua p end ekatan v ang berbed a tentang kajian

iii isalah d etail, furu' al-fiqh.

usul al-fiqh, yaitu p ertam a p end ekatan teo retis d an ked ua p end ekatan

d ed uktif. Perbed aan ked uany a leb ih p ad a m asalaho rientasi ketim b ang

0. Perk em b ang an Literatur U s ui al - Fi q h

substansi. K a l a u y ang p ertam a b erhu b u ng an d eng an p eng ung kap an

I )an ked ua aliran usul al-fiqh d i atas, d i sam p ing m c lahirkan

d o k tn n - d o k tri n teo retis, maka y ang terakhir leb ih bersifat p rag m atis;

ul una juga m c lahirkan literarur-literatur. Beb erap a literatur y ang

b ahw a teo ri d if o rm u lasikan d alam kerang ka p enerap annv a terhad ap

akan d isebutkan d i b aw ah i n i m eng g am b arkan kep ad a kita b ahw a

masalah-masalah y ang relev an. Perbed aan antara ked ua aliran ini

p erbed aan

m eny eru p ai kary a seo rang p erum us h u k u m (law-finding, Pen.) ketika
d ip erb and ing kan d eng an kary a so rang h ak i m (judge made-law, p en.).
Y an g p ertam a b erhu b u ng an d eng an p eng ung kap an p rinsip - p rinsip ,
sementara v ang terakhir c end eru ng kep ad a p eng em b ang an sinresis
antara p rinsip d an realitas. Pend ekatan teo retis d alam usul al-fiqh
d ip e lo p o ri o leh M az h ab Sy afi'i d an mutakallimun, ulama kalam d an
g o lo ng an M u ktaz ilah . Sebalikny a p end ekatan d e d u ktif d ip e lo p o ri
o leh u lam a M a z h a b 1 Ianari. Kalau y ang p ertam a d ikenal sebagai us