Analysis Of Sentence Structure On Kinney’s “Diary Of A Wimpy Kid: The Last Straw”
ANALYSIS OF SENTENCE STRUCTURE ON KINNEY’S “DIARY OF A
WIMPY KID: THE LAST STRAW”
A PROPOSAL
BY
SOLA JOSUA SIMANJUNTAK
REG. NO. 110705017
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2016
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ANALYSIS OF SENTENCE STRUCTURE ON KINNEY’S “DIARY OF A
WIMPY KID: THE LAST STRAW”
A THESIS
BY
SOLA JOSUA SIMANJUNTAK
REG. NO. 110705017
SUPERVISOR
Dr. Hj. Deliana, M.Hum
CO-SUPERVISOR
Dra. Roma Ayuni Lubis, MA
Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan
in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from
Department of English
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2016
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University
of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination
Head,
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS.
Secretary,
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for
the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of
Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.
The examination is held in Department of English Faculty if Cultural studies
University of Sumatera Utara on Thursday February 18, 2016
Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatera Utara
Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA
NIP. 19511013 197603 1 001
Board of Examiners
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS.
......................................................
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D.
......................................................
Dr. Hj. Deliana, M.Hum
......................................................
Dr. Umar Mono, Dipl. Trans. M.Hum
......................................................
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, the writer would like to thank to God Almighty, Jesus Christ, who
always gives me favor, mercy and aboundant life. It is only by HIS grace that I could
face everything, even during completing this thesis. The writer realized that he was
not able to accomplish the thesis without other hands of people surrounding him. God
did HIS way on me.
On this oppurtunity, the writer would like to express his best gratitude
and appreciation to the Dean of Faculty of Letters Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A., for
all oppurtunities and facilities he has given to the writer till the end of my study in this
faculty.
The writer is also thankful to the Head of English Department Dr. H.
Muhizar Muchtar, MS. and the Secretary of English Department Rahmadsyah
Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D., who have given me supports, advices, and guidance during
the process of finishing the thesis.
Special thanks is given to my Supervisor Dr. Hj. Deliana, M.Hum, and my
Co-Supervisor Dra. Roma Ayuni Lubis, MA who always kindly and patiently taught
me during the process, provided the writer guidance, and gave constructive critics so
that I could finish my thesis.
The most gratitude is dedicated to the strongest woman in my life, my mother,
Rimensi Lumbangaol, who never stops supporting and praying for me even in my
worst time. I love you mom. This happiness and pride belong to you. Special thanks is
also given to the writer’s brothers, Cristho Almensa, SE , for giving me advices and
continually teaching me by asking english cases, Ev. Julandri Simanjuntak, S.th for
i
Universitas Sumatera Utara
every support and pray, and my little brother David Simanjuntak for every challenge
given that makes me become stronger and more patient person. The writer knew it
will be very difficult or even impossible if you all didn’t do your part.
The writer also thanks to all friends in English Literature 2011. Thank you for
being my part of life. Thanks to my brothers Rasingan Purba, SS, Fadillah Eka,
Raja Guntar, SS , Daniel Sirait, SP , Daniel Pardede, and Daniel Manalu (Batam)
who always support me. Thanks to my sisters Cristine Falentina S, SS , Rahel Ria
Hutagalung, and many others who have given supports to me. Thanks to LPMI’s
Family who keep praying for me. Thanks to Pelmap who always pray for me. Thanks
to all of my church friend community who always teach me how to become a great
person. Special big thanks I give to my beloved woman Henny Novriyanti who is
faithfully encourage me to finish my thesis well, who also gives her time to support
me.
Finally, the writer realizes this thesis is still far from being perfect. Therefore,
the writer is waiting for any constructive critics and suggestion. The writer hopes this
thesis will be useful for everyone who wants to enhance the knowledge about
sentence structure.
Medan,
February 2016
The Writer
Sola Josua Simanjuntak
Reg. No. 110705017
ii
Universitas Sumatera Utara
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, SOLA JOSUA SIMANJUNTAK DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE
AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN
THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL
PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART
FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED
ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED
WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS
THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD
OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.
Signed
:
Date
: 18 February 2016
iii
Universitas Sumatera Utara
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
NAME
: SOLA JOSUA SIMANJUNTAK
TITLE OF THESIS
: ANALYSIS OF SENTENCE STRUCTURE ON
KINNEY’S “DIARY OF A WIMPY KID: THE LAST
STRAW”
QUALIFICATION
: S-1/SARJANA SASTRA
DEPARTMENT
: ENGLISH
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR
REPRODUCTION AT THE DISRECTION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES,
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT
USERS ARE MADE AWARE THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF
THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
Signed
:
Date
: 18 February 2016
iv
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ABSTRAK
Skripsi yang berjudul “Analysis of Sentence Structure on Kinney’s Diary of A Wimpy
Kid: The Last Straw” adalah suatu analisis struktur kalimat yang terdapat dalam buku
bagian ketiga Diary Of A Wimpy Kid . Skripsi ini mengkaji struktur kalimat komplex
dengan menggunakan pendekatan sintaksis yang tergambar dalam diagram pohon dan
menganalisis klausa yang paling dominan dalam membentuk kalimat komplex. Buku
ini ditulis oleh seorang penulis Amerika, Jeff Kinney. Metode yang digunakan dalam
menganalisis data yaitu deskriptif-kualitatif untuk memaparkan langkah-langkah yang
digunakan dalam pengumpulan data dan metode “purposive sampling” untuk
pengumpulan data. Data yang telah dikumpulkan kemudian dihitung dengan
menggunakan formula Bungin untuk mencari persentase masing-masing klausa.
Setelah menganalisis, penulis memperoleh kesimpulan bahwa terdapat 257 kalimat
komplex yang terdiri dari 367 klausa terikat. Dari total seluruh klausa disimpulkan
bahwa klausa yang paling mendominasi adalah Adverb Clause dengan 44.69% atau
164 klausa. Di urutan kedua terdapat Noun Clause dengan 41.96% atau 154 klausa
dan urutan terakhir adalah Adjective Clause dengan 49 klausa atau 13.35%.
v
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ABSTRACT
The thesis entitled “Analysis of Sentence Structure on Kinney’s Diary of A Wimpy
Kid: The Last Straw” is a sentence structure analysis existed in the third series of
Diary of A Wimpy Kid book. This thesis dealt with complex sentences using a syntax
approach, realizing them into tree diagram and analyzing the most dominant clause
forming complex sentences. The book is written by an American writer. Jeff Kinney.
The method used in analyzing the data on the thesis is descriptive-qualitative to show
the readers steps of collecting data and Purposive Sampling Method to collect the
data. After getting all the data needed, the formula of Bungin’s is used to find the
percentage of each clause. The writer concluded that there are 257 complex sentences
which contain of 367 dependent clause. The most dominant clause of the total data is
Adverb clause with 44.69% or 164 clauses. The second place is Noun Clause with
41.96% or 154 clauses and the last position is Adjective Clauses with 49 clauses or
13.35%.
vi
Universitas Sumatera Utara
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..................................................................................... i
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ............................................................................. iii
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ............................................................................ iv
ABSTRAK............................................................................................................... v
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................. vi
TABLE OF CONTENT ......................................................................................... vii
ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................. x
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION............................................................................... 1
1.1 Background of the Study ............................................................................ 1
1.2 Scope of the Study ...................................................................................... 4
1.3 Problem of the Study .................................................................................. 5
1.4 Objective of the Study................................................................................. 5
1.5 Significances of the Study .......................................................................... 5
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURES ...................................................... 6
2.1. A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SYNTACTICAL THEORY ………..6
2.1.1. The Understanding of Syntax .................................................. 6
2.1.2. The Analysis of Syntactical Theory.......................................... 7
2.2. THE BASIC STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH SYNTAX ........................9
2.2.1. Lexical Categories …................................................................ 9
2.2.1.1.
Lexical categories ......................................................... 9
a. Noun ….......................................................................... 9
b. Verb ............................................................................. 10
c. Adjective ......................................................................11
d. Adverb ..........................................................................12
vii
Universitas Sumatera Utara
2.2.1.2.
Closed Lexical categories ……....................................12
a. Determiners ..................................................................13
b. Auxiliary Verbs ............................................................13
c. Prepositions ..................................................................13
d. Conjunctions .................................................................13
e. Pronouns …...................................................................14
f. Interjections ..................................................................14
2.2.2. Subcategories ...........................................................................14
2.2.2.1.
Verb ............................................................................ 15
2.2.2.2.
Adjective .................................................................... 15
2.2.2.3.
Noun ........................................................................... 16
2.2.3. Phrasal Categories ..................................................................16
2.2.4. Clause ..................................................................................... 17
2.2.5. Sentence ..................................................................................18
2.2.5.1.
Kinds of Sentence .......................................................19
2.2.5.2.
Forms of Sentence .......................................................19
2.2.6. Phrase Structure Rules .............................................................21
2.3. THE RELATED STUDY .......................................................................22
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................ 23
3.1. Research Method ..................................................................................... 23
3.2. Data Collection Method …...................................................................... 23
3.3. Data Analyzing Method .......................................................................... 24
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS .................................................................................... 26
4.1. Collected Data ........................................................................................ 26
4.2. The Tree Diagram ................................................................................... 37
4.3. The Dominant Clauses ............................................................................ 52
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS .................................... 71
5.1. Conclusions ............................................................................................. 71
viii
Universitas Sumatera Utara
5.2. Suggestions ............................................................................................. 71
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................ 72
ix
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ABBREVIATIONS
S
: Sentence
Prep : Preposition
NP
: Noun Phrase
Aux
VP
: Verb Phrase
Vi
: Intransitive Verb
Vt
: Transitive Verb
Vl
: Linking Verb
Vs
: Verb with Sentence
: Auxiliary
Complementizer
AP
: Adjective Phrase
AdvP : Adverb Phrase
PP
: Preposition Phrase
Det
: Determiner
Art
: Article
Adv
: Adverb
Adj
: Adjective
x
Universitas Sumatera Utara
WIMPY KID: THE LAST STRAW”
A PROPOSAL
BY
SOLA JOSUA SIMANJUNTAK
REG. NO. 110705017
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2016
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ANALYSIS OF SENTENCE STRUCTURE ON KINNEY’S “DIARY OF A
WIMPY KID: THE LAST STRAW”
A THESIS
BY
SOLA JOSUA SIMANJUNTAK
REG. NO. 110705017
SUPERVISOR
Dr. Hj. Deliana, M.Hum
CO-SUPERVISOR
Dra. Roma Ayuni Lubis, MA
Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan
in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from
Department of English
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2016
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University
of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination
Head,
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS.
Secretary,
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for
the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of
Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.
The examination is held in Department of English Faculty if Cultural studies
University of Sumatera Utara on Thursday February 18, 2016
Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatera Utara
Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA
NIP. 19511013 197603 1 001
Board of Examiners
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS.
......................................................
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D.
......................................................
Dr. Hj. Deliana, M.Hum
......................................................
Dr. Umar Mono, Dipl. Trans. M.Hum
......................................................
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, the writer would like to thank to God Almighty, Jesus Christ, who
always gives me favor, mercy and aboundant life. It is only by HIS grace that I could
face everything, even during completing this thesis. The writer realized that he was
not able to accomplish the thesis without other hands of people surrounding him. God
did HIS way on me.
On this oppurtunity, the writer would like to express his best gratitude
and appreciation to the Dean of Faculty of Letters Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A., for
all oppurtunities and facilities he has given to the writer till the end of my study in this
faculty.
The writer is also thankful to the Head of English Department Dr. H.
Muhizar Muchtar, MS. and the Secretary of English Department Rahmadsyah
Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D., who have given me supports, advices, and guidance during
the process of finishing the thesis.
Special thanks is given to my Supervisor Dr. Hj. Deliana, M.Hum, and my
Co-Supervisor Dra. Roma Ayuni Lubis, MA who always kindly and patiently taught
me during the process, provided the writer guidance, and gave constructive critics so
that I could finish my thesis.
The most gratitude is dedicated to the strongest woman in my life, my mother,
Rimensi Lumbangaol, who never stops supporting and praying for me even in my
worst time. I love you mom. This happiness and pride belong to you. Special thanks is
also given to the writer’s brothers, Cristho Almensa, SE , for giving me advices and
continually teaching me by asking english cases, Ev. Julandri Simanjuntak, S.th for
i
Universitas Sumatera Utara
every support and pray, and my little brother David Simanjuntak for every challenge
given that makes me become stronger and more patient person. The writer knew it
will be very difficult or even impossible if you all didn’t do your part.
The writer also thanks to all friends in English Literature 2011. Thank you for
being my part of life. Thanks to my brothers Rasingan Purba, SS, Fadillah Eka,
Raja Guntar, SS , Daniel Sirait, SP , Daniel Pardede, and Daniel Manalu (Batam)
who always support me. Thanks to my sisters Cristine Falentina S, SS , Rahel Ria
Hutagalung, and many others who have given supports to me. Thanks to LPMI’s
Family who keep praying for me. Thanks to Pelmap who always pray for me. Thanks
to all of my church friend community who always teach me how to become a great
person. Special big thanks I give to my beloved woman Henny Novriyanti who is
faithfully encourage me to finish my thesis well, who also gives her time to support
me.
Finally, the writer realizes this thesis is still far from being perfect. Therefore,
the writer is waiting for any constructive critics and suggestion. The writer hopes this
thesis will be useful for everyone who wants to enhance the knowledge about
sentence structure.
Medan,
February 2016
The Writer
Sola Josua Simanjuntak
Reg. No. 110705017
ii
Universitas Sumatera Utara
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, SOLA JOSUA SIMANJUNTAK DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE
AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN
THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL
PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART
FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED
ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED
WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS
THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD
OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.
Signed
:
Date
: 18 February 2016
iii
Universitas Sumatera Utara
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
NAME
: SOLA JOSUA SIMANJUNTAK
TITLE OF THESIS
: ANALYSIS OF SENTENCE STRUCTURE ON
KINNEY’S “DIARY OF A WIMPY KID: THE LAST
STRAW”
QUALIFICATION
: S-1/SARJANA SASTRA
DEPARTMENT
: ENGLISH
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR
REPRODUCTION AT THE DISRECTION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES,
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT
USERS ARE MADE AWARE THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF
THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
Signed
:
Date
: 18 February 2016
iv
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ABSTRAK
Skripsi yang berjudul “Analysis of Sentence Structure on Kinney’s Diary of A Wimpy
Kid: The Last Straw” adalah suatu analisis struktur kalimat yang terdapat dalam buku
bagian ketiga Diary Of A Wimpy Kid . Skripsi ini mengkaji struktur kalimat komplex
dengan menggunakan pendekatan sintaksis yang tergambar dalam diagram pohon dan
menganalisis klausa yang paling dominan dalam membentuk kalimat komplex. Buku
ini ditulis oleh seorang penulis Amerika, Jeff Kinney. Metode yang digunakan dalam
menganalisis data yaitu deskriptif-kualitatif untuk memaparkan langkah-langkah yang
digunakan dalam pengumpulan data dan metode “purposive sampling” untuk
pengumpulan data. Data yang telah dikumpulkan kemudian dihitung dengan
menggunakan formula Bungin untuk mencari persentase masing-masing klausa.
Setelah menganalisis, penulis memperoleh kesimpulan bahwa terdapat 257 kalimat
komplex yang terdiri dari 367 klausa terikat. Dari total seluruh klausa disimpulkan
bahwa klausa yang paling mendominasi adalah Adverb Clause dengan 44.69% atau
164 klausa. Di urutan kedua terdapat Noun Clause dengan 41.96% atau 154 klausa
dan urutan terakhir adalah Adjective Clause dengan 49 klausa atau 13.35%.
v
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ABSTRACT
The thesis entitled “Analysis of Sentence Structure on Kinney’s Diary of A Wimpy
Kid: The Last Straw” is a sentence structure analysis existed in the third series of
Diary of A Wimpy Kid book. This thesis dealt with complex sentences using a syntax
approach, realizing them into tree diagram and analyzing the most dominant clause
forming complex sentences. The book is written by an American writer. Jeff Kinney.
The method used in analyzing the data on the thesis is descriptive-qualitative to show
the readers steps of collecting data and Purposive Sampling Method to collect the
data. After getting all the data needed, the formula of Bungin’s is used to find the
percentage of each clause. The writer concluded that there are 257 complex sentences
which contain of 367 dependent clause. The most dominant clause of the total data is
Adverb clause with 44.69% or 164 clauses. The second place is Noun Clause with
41.96% or 154 clauses and the last position is Adjective Clauses with 49 clauses or
13.35%.
vi
Universitas Sumatera Utara
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..................................................................................... i
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ............................................................................. iii
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ............................................................................ iv
ABSTRAK............................................................................................................... v
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................. vi
TABLE OF CONTENT ......................................................................................... vii
ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................. x
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION............................................................................... 1
1.1 Background of the Study ............................................................................ 1
1.2 Scope of the Study ...................................................................................... 4
1.3 Problem of the Study .................................................................................. 5
1.4 Objective of the Study................................................................................. 5
1.5 Significances of the Study .......................................................................... 5
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURES ...................................................... 6
2.1. A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SYNTACTICAL THEORY ………..6
2.1.1. The Understanding of Syntax .................................................. 6
2.1.2. The Analysis of Syntactical Theory.......................................... 7
2.2. THE BASIC STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH SYNTAX ........................9
2.2.1. Lexical Categories …................................................................ 9
2.2.1.1.
Lexical categories ......................................................... 9
a. Noun ….......................................................................... 9
b. Verb ............................................................................. 10
c. Adjective ......................................................................11
d. Adverb ..........................................................................12
vii
Universitas Sumatera Utara
2.2.1.2.
Closed Lexical categories ……....................................12
a. Determiners ..................................................................13
b. Auxiliary Verbs ............................................................13
c. Prepositions ..................................................................13
d. Conjunctions .................................................................13
e. Pronouns …...................................................................14
f. Interjections ..................................................................14
2.2.2. Subcategories ...........................................................................14
2.2.2.1.
Verb ............................................................................ 15
2.2.2.2.
Adjective .................................................................... 15
2.2.2.3.
Noun ........................................................................... 16
2.2.3. Phrasal Categories ..................................................................16
2.2.4. Clause ..................................................................................... 17
2.2.5. Sentence ..................................................................................18
2.2.5.1.
Kinds of Sentence .......................................................19
2.2.5.2.
Forms of Sentence .......................................................19
2.2.6. Phrase Structure Rules .............................................................21
2.3. THE RELATED STUDY .......................................................................22
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................ 23
3.1. Research Method ..................................................................................... 23
3.2. Data Collection Method …...................................................................... 23
3.3. Data Analyzing Method .......................................................................... 24
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS .................................................................................... 26
4.1. Collected Data ........................................................................................ 26
4.2. The Tree Diagram ................................................................................... 37
4.3. The Dominant Clauses ............................................................................ 52
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS .................................... 71
5.1. Conclusions ............................................................................................. 71
viii
Universitas Sumatera Utara
5.2. Suggestions ............................................................................................. 71
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................ 72
ix
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ABBREVIATIONS
S
: Sentence
Prep : Preposition
NP
: Noun Phrase
Aux
VP
: Verb Phrase
Vi
: Intransitive Verb
Vt
: Transitive Verb
Vl
: Linking Verb
Vs
: Verb with Sentence
: Auxiliary
Complementizer
AP
: Adjective Phrase
AdvP : Adverb Phrase
PP
: Preposition Phrase
Det
: Determiner
Art
: Article
Adv
: Adverb
Adj
: Adjective
x
Universitas Sumatera Utara