Superstitions and icons as the symbols against evil as seen in Bram Stoker’s Dracula - USD Repository
SUPERSTITIONS AND ICONS AS THE SYMBOLS AGAINST EVIL AS SEEN IN BRAM STOKER’S DRACULA
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By Adrianus Murdiatmoko H. (014214110)
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2009
We keep moving forward
Opening up new doors,
and doing new things.
Because we’re curious…
and curiosity..
Keeps leading us down new paths
Walt Disney
For
Mom and Dad
My Brother Murdoc and My Sister Adrianne
And
My ‘Angelic’ Reviana Aurel Putri Kirana
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank my Lord Jesus Christ for giving me His blessings and power in every second in my life, and make me stronger to face all the obstacles in my life.
My gratitude goes to my Mom and Dad for being a wonderful parent for me. For my sister Adriane and her husband Fabian, for my big brother Murdoc, his wife Anti and my nephews Aya & Mayo for supporting me, and for my beloved ‘angelic’ Reviana Aurel Putri Kirana for giving me love, hugs, kisses and the unlimited strength to carry on and being my biggest motivation to be a better man in the future for you.
I also thank Dra. Enny Anggraeni, M.A as my advisor for her time and advices and for my academic advisor, Dewi Widyastuti,S.pd., M.Hum for helping me during my time in English Letters.
Special thank to all members of Stratosphere Community and Strato diva(s) especially Methania. For my lovely computer ‘Elena’ for accompanying me in joy and sadness, to my best friends Tommy, Ale and Catur for the real meaning of friendship, for Aryo and Family in Sinosutan, for my ‘little sisters’ Dian Pratiwi (UGM) and Yuli Satyawati, to my ex girlfriend(s) for the support, for all my friends in Narada 10C boarding house, my friends in 2001 class, all lectures and staffs in English Letters Department, and all of the people for all the supports in making this thesis.
Adrianus M.H. –Nicho-
TABLE OF CONTENTS
.............................................................................. 25 A
.............................................................................................. 51
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ........................................................................ 48
BIBLIOGRAPHYChristian icons in the Story as Symbols of Christian Salvation ........ 39
3. The Failure of Advanced Medical science to cure Lucy............... 38 C
2. The Arrogance of Modernity prove useless to fight evil power ... 35
1. The Invasion of Supernatural power in Modern Society ............. 31
Symbolic Events in the Story.............................................................. 30
The Description of evilness of Dracula .............................................. 26 B
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS
TITLE PAGE ....................................................................................................... i APPROVAL PAGE ............................................................................................. ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ........................................................................................ iii MOTTO PAGE .................................................................................................... iv DEDICATION PAGE .......................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... viii ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................... ix
Method of the Study ........................................................................... 23
Approach of the Study ....................................................................... 22 C
Object of the Study ............................................................................ 20 B
................................................................ 20 A
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ................................................... 5
A. Review of Related Studies ................................................................. 5 B. Review of Related Theories ............................................................... 7 1. Theories of Symbols ..................................................................... 8 2. Theories of Character ................................................................... 11 3. Socio-Cultural (Victorian) theory.................................................. 14 4. Christian Icons............................................................................... 17 C. Theoretical Framework ....................................................................... 18 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGYDefinition of Term ............................................................................. 4
Problem Formulation ......................................................................... 3 C. Objectives of the Study ...................................................................... 3 D.
.................................................................... 1 A. Background of the Study .................................................................... 1 B.
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
APPENDIX ......................................................................................................... 53
ABSTRACT
Adrianus M.H. -nicho (2009). Superstitions and Icons as the Symbols Against Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Evil as seen in Bram Stoker’s Dracula. Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University.
Symbols in literary works usually have a purpose to tell the hidden message from the author to the reader. The author usually uses events in the story, the actions of the characters or things and icons which appear in the story. In Dracula, Bram Stoker uses events in the story, the actions of the characters, and icons from Catholic icons to symbolize his hidden meaning.
The objectives of this study are, first, to find the evilness in the character of Dracula which symbolizing something. Second, to find and reveal the meaning of symbolic events or icons in the story by relating to the possibility of author’s purpose. Third, to find the relation between the action from the story, symbolic meaning and the Christian icons in the story
This study applies library research method and uses an exponential or a symbolic approach. This study also applies two theories and two explanation related to the topic. They are theories of symbols and characters and the explanation for the condition of Victorian age and the meaning of Christian icons.
The result of the analysis for the first problem formulation shows that the evilness of Dracula brings chaos in modern society. He bits people and turned them into the-Undead (the bloodsucking vampire). In here, Dracula symbolizes the supernatural power which invades the modern society.
From the analysis of the second problem formulation, the result is the events in the story that symbolizes something; Dracula which symbolizing the supernatural power invading the modern society in non-scientific and non-logic ways to destroy the arrogance of the modernity at that time. The arrogance of modernity start to collapse when their most advanced technique proved useless to fight against Dracula and his evil power; it was proved in the failure of advance medical technique to cure Lucy’s illness. Finally the modernity has to admit that non-modern scientific ways can defeat Dracula; like garlic, Crucifix, and Holy Communion wafers from the Catholic icons.
The result of the analysis for the third problem formulation is: the relation between Christian icons and the events in the story to fight the evil power in the story. Non-scientific Crucifix and Holy Communion wafers proved effectively to protect and purified soul from the evil power. It might relate to the author’s purpose to criticize the modernity and give the hidden message to trust the promise of Christian salvation.
ABSTRAK
Adrianus M.H. -nicho (2009). Superstitions and Icons as the Symbols Against Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Evil as seen in Bram Stoker’s Dracula. Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Simbol dalam karya sastra biasanya mempunyai tujuan untuk menyampaikan pesan tersembunyi dari sang penulis ke pembaca. Sang penulis biasanya menggunakan kejadian-kejadian dan peristiwa di dalam ceritanya, hal-hal yang dilakukan sang karakter dalam ceritanya, atau suatu obyek atau benda yang ada di dalam cerita. Pada Dracula, Bram Stoker menggunakan pesan tersembunyi nya pada peristiwa-peristiwa yang ada di dalam cerita, hal yang dilakukan sang karakter, dan benda-benda simbolis dari kepercayaan Katolik.
Tujuan pada studi ini adalah, pertama, untuk mencari kejahatan iblis pada karakter Dracula yang menyimbolkan sesuatu. Kedua, mencari dan menguak arti dari simbol-simbol yang tersembunyi di dalam benda-benda atau peristiwa-peristiwa dalam cerita dengan mengaitkannya dengan segala kemungkinan yang mungkin akan disampaikan sang penulis dalam ceritanya. Ketiga, mencari korelasi antara peristiwa- peristiwa simbolis yang ada dalam cerita dengan ikon dan barang-barang simbolis dalam kepercayan Katolik.
Studi ini menggunakan metode penelitian pustaka dan menggunakan pendekatan simbolis eksponential. Studi ini juga menggunakan dua teori besar dan dua teori penjelasan yang berhubungan dengan cerita. Teori-teori itu adalah teori simbol, teori karakter dan teori-teori penjelasan dari teori sosio-kultural zaman Victoria dan teori penjelasan untuk menjelaskan benda-benda simbolis dari kepercayaan Katolik.
Hasil yang didapat dari analisis atas rumusan masalah pertama menunjukkan bahwa kekejaman Dracula membawa kekacauan di kehidupan modern. Ia menggigit orang-orang dan menjadikannya Vampir penghisap darah. Disini, Dracula menyimbolkan kekuatan supernatural yang masuk di dalam kehidupan modern.
Dari hasil analisis atas rumusan masalah kedua didapatkan kejadian-kejadian dalam cerita yang menyimbolkan sesuatu; Dracula, yang menyimbolkan kekuatan supernatural masuk ke dalam kehidupan modern dengan cara-cara yang tidak logis dan tidak dapat di tangkap dengan ilmu pengetahuan untuk menghancurkan pilar- pilar kesombongan dari modernitas saat itu. Pilar-pilar kesombongan modernitas mulai hancur saat cara-cara paling modern pun terbukti gagal dan tidak bisa melawan Dracula dan kekuatan iblis nya. Ini terbukti pada peristiwa gagalnya cara pengobatan modern untuk menyembuhkan penyakit Lucy. Pada akhirnya modernitas harus mengakui cara-cara non-modern untuk mengalahkan Dracula; seperti bawang putih, Salib dan Hosti suci dari symbol-simbol Katolik.
Hasil dari analisis atas rumusan masalah ketiga menunjukan korelasi cerita bahwa Salib dan Hosti suci lebih efektif untuk melawan dan menyucikan jiwa dari kekuatan iblis. Hal ini dapat juga diartikan sebagai pesan tersembunyi dari sang pengarang untuk mengkritik kehidupan modernitas dan lebih mempercayai janji keselamatan dari kepercayaan Kristiani.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study I choose Bram Stoker’s Dracula as my novel and the topic ‘Superstitionand icons as the symbols against evil as seen in Bram Stoker’s Dracula’ , because
I like gothic/horror genre novel. In gothic/horror genre novel the writer could describe the fear and horror in the novel from his/her story. Many critics said that Bram Stoker’s Dracula is the best gothic novel ever. That is why I am interested in this novel.
Besides this best selling novel, the novel itself has adapted to a movie which is made by Sony pictures; starred with Keanu Reeves, Winona Ryder and Gary Oldman. So there is no doubt that this novel is worth to be analyzed The inspiration of Dracula’s character comes from Eastern European history.
In the prince of Wallachia, Vlad Tepes, or Dracula ("Son of Dracul"), Bram Stoker found inspiration for his tale of an undead nobleman. Vlad Tepes ("Vlad the Impaler") was a fifteenth Christian nobleman who fought against the Turks. He was a defender of his country and his religion, winning the Pope's praise for his campaigns against the Moslems. The times were full of fear for the war. The Rome of the east had just fallen to the ever-expanding Turks.
Vlad was also legendary for his cruelty, to Moslem and Christian enemies alike. He was famous for his love of impaling his victims, a method of execution in which it often took days for the condemned to die. After one battle, thousands of him continued to multiply. Stoker drew on Vlad's legend for the creation of the
nd
vampire Dracula. ( April 2005) The reader can explore the story with their imagination with tension of horror and fear. In the novel like Marry Shelley’s Frankenstein and Bram Stoker’s Dracula, the writers explore the deepest human fears in their work.
In ‘Dracula’ I found that Bram Stoker used a lot of symbols from the superstitious legend and many Christian’s icons in this novel. The most interesting
part in this novel in my opinion is how the icons can defeat Dracula, while at that time technology and science develop so fast in England (especially London). The writer, in this novel tries to tell us that technology in this novel proves useless to fight the evil power. He criticizes the arrogance of social structure at that time who believes in advanced technology.
The novel was published as the first edition in June 1897 and the original title of the novel was ‘Un –Dead’.
I was interested in this novel because the weird creatures in the story, and also the tension of horrors from the chapters in the story.
The supernatural power, demon, and evils are represented as Dracula or Vampires in this novel. The Legend of the Vampire itself was become a folklore in most of the cultures in many countries, From China, India, until Incan empire. But in this novel Stoker tries to explore the Vampire or Dracula legends in Eastern European folklore. The Dracula itself has become his most famous novel, and instantly bestseller. Some critics said that this is the most famous horror novel ever.
It has been reprinted over and over again for hundred years, and the film adaptation
B. Problem Formulation 1.
What are the evilness of Dracula shown in the book? 2. In the story, what are the symbolic events that related with the arrogance of modernity in dealing with Dracula’s supernatural power?
3. What are the superstitious and Christian icons that can fight Dracula? C.
Objective of the Study.
The purpose of this part is to explain more about my objective in my thesis. The purpose of this part is to answer the questions that have been stated in the problem formulation. The purpose are, firstly, to find out the evilness of the character Dracula in the novel Bram Stoker’s Dracula, secondly to reveal the symbolize event that stated in the story, the symbolize events of the arrogance of modernity. The third part also tells the purpose to find out about how the icons are used, what the icons are symbolized to. To see how the Christian Icons are related to the novel and to find out more the purpose behind that icons that used in the story.
D. Definition of Terms.
The aim of this part is to help the reader in understanding the terms that I use in this thesis. The terms in this thesis are important to understand the content of my thesis. The term ‘symbols’ according to Merriam Webster’s Encyclopaedia of
Literature is “symbolist works nonetheless had strong and lasting influence on much
British and American Literature.” The term “icon” also in Merriam Webster’s
Encyclopaedia of Literature is a “word or a word of graphic symbols including the
Merriam Webster’s Encyclopaedia of Literature. I found the term “Victorian” which
stated here is “body of work written in England during the reign of Victoria (1837- 1901).”
According to Cassel’s Encyclopaedia of World Literature the meaning of “Symbolism” is “a Literary movement of French origin proclaim by Jean Moreas in ’le figure’. Symbolist adopted in preference to decadent and symbolique.”
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW This chapter discusses about the theoretical review. The content in this
chapter consist of: the review of related studies, review of related theories and theoretical framework. Review of related studies describes the opinion or critics from other people toward this novel Bram Stoker’s Dracula. In review of related theories, it discusses how the literature theories can be applies in this story. In this case the theory of symbols is used in understanding more the symbolic events, character’s behaviour, and icons in the story. Theoretical framework explains the contributions of the theories and reviews toward this story and why the theories are needed.
A. Review of Related Studies
In this part I use journals from other people to support my analysis which related to the context. In my analysis I use theory of symbols and socio cultural background to support the theory. According to Elizabeth Miller, who is recognized internationally for her expertise on Bram Stoker’s 1897 novel Dracula; and its origins in folklore, literature and history, as well as its influence on twentieth-century culture.
“...Stoker also relies heavily on the conventions of Gothic fiction, a genre that was extremely popular in the early nineteenth century. Gothic fiction traditionally includes elements such as gloomy castles, sublime landscapes, and innocent maidens threatened by ineffable evil. Stoker modernizes this tradition in his novel, however, moving from the conventional setting of Dracula’s ruined castle into the bustle of modern England. As Stoker portrays the collision of two disparate worlds—the count’s ancient Transylvania and the protagonist’s modern London—he lays bare many of advancement, the consequences of abandoning traditional beliefs, and the
Dracula
dangers of female sexuality. To this day, remains a fascinating study of popular attitudes toward sex, religion, and science at the end of the nineteenth century. Elizabeth Miller has lectured on the subject throughout Canada (including presentations for the Royal Winnipeg Ballet, the Stratford Festival and CBC-TV’s
“Opening Night”), as well as in the United States, England, Ireland, Germany, Poland and Romania. In addition to participating in several television documentaries on both sides of the Atlantic, Dr. Miller has been interviewed by major media including the BBC, ABC News, CBC, the Guardian, U.S. News & World Report, the
, the Chicago Tribune, Entertainment Weekly, the Globe & Mail, the
New York Times
Los Angeles Times , and the Wall Street Journal. Her publications on Dracula include
of articles and six books: , Dracula: The Shade and the Shadow, Dracula: Sense
Reflections on Dracula & Nonsense , Dracula (a coffee-table book also available in French and
German edition), a volume on Dracula for the Dictionary of Literary Biography and, most recently, A Dracula Handbook. (
According to journal from Ryan Judkins : Dracula has an affective dynamism, an ability to affect change upon others; nowhere is it more evident than in these two girls and in those who battle for them. This dynamism has the affect of drawing to the surface the hidden depths of one’s soul, though in the case of vampiric transformation, there is a noted demonic influence that twists this to the blood lust of the vampire. In Lucy’s case, as the only one who is presented both before and after transformation, the affect is so dramatic as to be astonishing. Principally described as a “sweet, little girl” in attitude by any and all who meet her, she passes through, to coin an anthropological term, a liminal phase and coalesces on the other side as a creature possessed by hunger, which she assuages by beguiling and feeding upon young children, an act so anathema to her previous nature that it can only be due to Dracula’s influence. The act, additionally, is in total opposition to that idea of motherhood that is, for the women of the novel, touted as a protective and caring instinct, for the children must be the embodiment of this ideology. (“Commentary and Cogitanda Bram Stoker’s
The Journal above tells us about the symbolic meaning of the character of Dracula who bit women; which in this case represent the changes of behaviour of the social condition of women at that time. Lucy represents the changes of behaviour of women at that time after the ‘renaissance’ time in British society. While Mina Harker represent the women who is still pure and carry the womanhood ideology at that time; which are caring, innocent and pure.
B. Review of Related Theories
I use theory of symbols, theory of character and the explanation of Christian icons to reveal the symbolic things or events in the story, which I relate it to socio cultural in Victorian age that time. Victorian age in British (in the story) be represented as a western civilization that was well known of their advanced modern thought, science, logic and reasons. In this story it is obviously that Stoker tries to explore the supernatural power that exemplified by Dracula, can make a chaos and disease in the western society that time. Theory of symbols is used in understand the symbolic meaning behind those events in the story, theory of character is used to reveal the evilness of Dracula in the novel, while the explanation of Catholic icons in the story is to explain to the reader the function of those catholic icons that are used in the novel 1.
Theories of Symbols
Theory of symbols is about theories that explain the symbols that appear in the story. I found that symbolic icons are really related to the story that becomes a symbolic meaning.
According to Mary Rohrberger and Samuel H. Woods in Reading and ,
Writing about Literature
Sometimes an author uses symbols in characters, places, actions, objects and details. Through these things the author tries to give a concrete reality toward invisible things so that the meaning can be visible (Rohrberger and Woods 1971:18)
The symbols like icons and symbolic events appear in the story; maybe it is the way of the author to criticize something in the society that time. He hides the meaning through the symbols that appears in the story. The use of this theory of symbols is to expose more the hidden meaning through the icons and symbolic events in the story.
In Literature: Structure, Sound and Sense by Laurence Perrine. He stated that to define symbol there several things to be considered. According to him, a.
The story itself must furnish a clue that a detail is to be taken symbolically. The symbols always signal their existence through emphasis, repetition, or position.
In the absence of such signal. The reader should be reluctant to identify an idea as symbolical. (1974:214) b.
The meaning of literary symbol must be established and supported by the entire context of the story. The symbol has its meaning in the story, not outside it (1974:214) c. To be called symbol, an item must suggest a meaning different in kind from its literal meaning or in other words, a symbol is something more than the representative of class or type. (1974:215) d. A symbol may have more than one meaning. It may suggest a cluster of meaning that controlled by the context of the story. (1974:215)
From the explanation above, Laurence Perrine tries to explain the characteristic of symbol and how to find symbol in a story.
In A point above, he wants to explain how the story should emphasize the repetition of the symbols in the story. For example if the icons symbolizing something in the story, then those icons should appear more often in the story. The reader have to realize that the icons itself symbolize something in the story.
In B point above, Laurence Perrine tries to explain that the meaning of symbols should be connected and related in the story. The meanings of those symbols also have to be related for the hidden meaning of the story; So that the meaning of those symbols can help the readers to understand more about the story.
In C point above, I think he wants to say that symbols should be different from its literal meaning. For example the sign “no smoking” is not symbolizing anything; because it is already clear that the sign is represent ‘it is not allowed to smoke here’. But in the other hand sunrise is symbolizing a new life or new born.
Another example in this novel the Christian icons is not represent as tools to kill vampires or Dracula (even though the function is for that), but Christian icons here symbolize the promise of Christian salvation from the evil.
In D point above, he wants to say that symbols in a story may have more than one meaning. The various meaning can be freely interpreted by difference readers as long as it still related to the story.
Not only in this novel, I believe the use of the theory of symbols can be appear in other novels, which the author wants to say something or criticize something using his work (novel) for his/her media. Not only icons but also the character from the novel also can be symbolize something, can be the setting, behaviour, scenes, events, and many more.
In An Introduction to Fiction, Robert Stanton stated that, “Symbol may be anything from an egg to the story settings : a single object, a physical type of object, a physical substance, a shape, a gesture, a colour, a sound, a fragrance, etc... they may represent a facet of human personality, futile ambition, the romanticism of youth, and so on” (Stanton 1965:31)
In here I want to emphasize in events, icons or character in Bram Stoker’s In the story there are several Catholic icons that symbolize something in the Dracula. story; the icons like Crucifix, Communion wafers and holy water are the icons which are symbolize the Christian salvation from the evil. The further analysis in these icons will be described more in analysis chapter.
The other symbols can be events, blood, etc. The behaviour of the characters also can symbolize something in the story. The author want to tell us about the hidden meaning using those symbolize things. The further explanation about these also will be explained in analysis chapter.
Abrams stated that symbol is applied only to a word or set of word that signifies an object or event which itself signifies something else; that is, the words refer to something which suggest a range of reference beyond itself (1990:168).
In A Glossary of Literary terms, Abrams also stated that symbols are divided into two categories. They are conventional and private symbols. Conventional symbols.
For examples the rising sun is identical with birth then the other one is the private or the personal symbols which is developed by exploiting the objects or actions; for example is the word ‘rose’ in William Blake poem ‘The sick Rose” that has many different interpretation (1985:206).
While in The Longman Dictionary of Poetic Terms by Jack Myers and Michael Simms, stated that the term ‘Symbol’ can be divided into three. First one is the archetypal or cultural symbols, the second one is the general symbols, and the last is private symbols or authorial or contextual symbol. The Archetypal or cultural symbols is a natural object refers to limited number of interpretations that transcends cultural barriers. The second symbol is general symbol, which appeals to a smaller audience but which contain more associative meaning. And the last symbol is the private symbol or authorial or contextual symbol. Which is created in an author’s imagination and conveying any member of meaning in guiding context. (1989:298).
2. Theories of Character
In Understanding Unseens, M.J. Murphy stated that character can be defined as Protagonist and Antagonist. Protagonist is the character at the center of the plot.
We consider protagonist as the hero or the central character in a novel. An Antagonist is the character in conflict with the Protagonist. The Antagonist or villain is the one who attempts to foil the hero’s plans, the one who goes out of his way to soil his good name and ruin his reputation and who also tries to win from the hero’s woman who is the object of his affections (1973: 157-159).
According to Laurence Perrine in the book Literature: structure, sound, and the second edition, argues that to be convincing, characterization must also
sense
observe three other principles; first the characters must be consistent in their unless there is clearly sufficient reason for the change. Second, the character must be clearly motivated in whatever they do, especially when there is any change in their behaviour: we must be able to understand the reason for what they do, if not immediately, at least by the end of the story. Third, the characters must be plausible or lifelike. They must be neither paragons of virtue nor monsters of evil nor an impossible combination of contradictory trait (1959: 69).
In An approach in English Literature, Van De Laar states that the author creates a character according his own imagination and actual life. His own creative imagination maybe paramount, the characters must always in some way be taken from actual life (De Laar, 1963: 165).
However many characters in a novel may be like actual human beings, they are not actual human beings. They only exist in the novel in which they have a function. This naturally leads us to the significance of novelist’s experience of life and his powers of re-fashion and re-creation so that the characters can function as a means of conveying some messages, in this case the author’s social life (De Laar, 1963: 165-166)
In Literature for Composition (1988: 71-72) by Barnet and Burto states that you can perceive traits of character if, when you re-read the work, you consider the following points.
a) What the character (the figure) says. But keep in mind, of course, that the character may be hypocritical, or may be self – deceived. Thus, X may lament that he or she has bad luck, but the reader may perceive that X has, by his or her own actions, brought on trouble.
b) What the character does.
c) What other characters (including the narrator of the story) say about the character. Again, these comments may accurate, or since they are uttered by particular personalities, the comments may be biased in one way or another.
d) What the characters do. The figure you are writing about may be illuminated by others in the work, figures who do or do not engage in actions resembling the actions resembling the actions of your. For instance, in an effort to reveal Romeo’s character, you may want to compare him briefly to Count Paris – another lover of Juliet- or even to Juliet, who, after all, is like Romeo, a young lover. (1988: 71-72)
There are two kinds of character in the novel they are flat characters and round characters. A flat character is constructed round a single idea or quality and is presented without much individualizing detail –goodness, badness, etc- (Foster, 1974: 46-47). While De Laar says that a flat character or types of caricatures often represented only mainly in one aspect (1963: 170). A round character is complex in temperamental and motivation and is represented with subtle particularly: such a character is difficult is difficult to describe with any adequacy as a person in real life, and like real person (Foster, 1974: 71). The most perfect way for a novelist to represent his characters is to represent them in wholeness and their different aspects.
Character thus represented is called round character (De Laar, 1963: 170).
3. Socio - Cultural Theory (Victorian)
Victorian age is a time when Queen Victoria was reign (1837-1901). I use According to Glencoe Literature (Glencoe/McGraw Hill Companies, United States ), “The Victorian encompassed years of unprecedented economic and
1976 technological and political expansion & dramatic social change.
- covered about quarter of the world’s area and population, reaching into Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Africa and Asia.
Britain peaked in influence as the world power the British Empire
- class arose, and its rigid standards and moral tone defined the age unfortunately as material and technological advances multiplied, so did congestion, slums, and exploited middle class.
People referred England as ‘Workshop of the World’. A strong middle
- established, local control over water sewage and other public health matters. In 1891 free grammar schools established.
A growing social consciousness stirred reforms, public health acts
From the explanation above we can conclude that at that time not only technology develop so fast at that time, but also the standard of living from the society increase. But also there are some problems affected from this development, slums, and exploited working class are the examples.
Here are some events during Victorian age which I got from
:
In 1842 a law is passed to ban women and children from working in eans that the social structure at that time protect women and children from exploitation.
means that the decrease of human sanitation and hygiene. (maybe it because from the rapid of industrialization)
According to Glencoe Literature (Glencoe/McGraw Hill Companies, United ), “The Victorian encompassed years of unprecedented economic and
States 1976
technological and political expansion & dramatic social change. One of the points is that Britain known as ‘workshop of the world’ so first World's Fair) is international attention. It means at that time the technology and industrialization develop so fast.
In 1857 , a widespread revolt in India against the rule of the
e Indian soldiers) in the
Company's army. The rebellion, involving not just sepoys but many sectors of the Indian population as well, was largely quashed within a year. In response to the
In 1858 , the bombs for which were purchased in , but the resulting uproar forced him to resign.
The shocking theory that might appear in Victorian era is In 1859, when doubt and insecurity. I think this was the greatest influenced of the religious doubts to society and it make the disbelief in religious foundation.
1866 ey tore down iron railings and trampled the flower beds. Disturbances like this convinced Derby and
Because according to Glencoe Literature (Glencoe/McGraw Hill Companies, ), “The Victorian encompassed years of unprecedented economic
United States 1976
Britain peaked
and technological and political expansion & dramatic social change,
in influence as the world power the British Empire covered about quarter of the world’s area and population, reaching into Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Africa and Asia. So in 1875 e the Suez Canal in order to secure the vita
In Victorian era social structure also has changed, Middle class society has arise so in 1884 the would be among many famous names to later join this society.
But the effects of industrialization and modernity not always have a good effect for society at that time. The rapid industrialization destroyed many of farmlands which caused many farmers unemployed and lost their lands. For the result at that time appear many of slums area in London, because of the slums and poverty, numbers of crime and criminals also rise. In 1887 tens of thousands of people, many of them demonstrate against British coercion in
broke out, hundreds were injured and two people died. This event was
The criminal record at that time has arise too because of the bad effect of modernization; because modernity makes slums area and poverty arise, The in 1888. This event represent the raise of crime in society because of the effect of rapid industrialization at that time so it appears slums, poverty, unemployment and crime.
becomes free for every child under 13. This event represents the raise of the importance of education at that time. The effect of industrialization and modernity makes education became necessary and must.
From the events above, we know the situation during the Victorian era at that time. From the explanations, we can imagine about social-condition, development of technology, effects of those development (social structure, social condition, beliefs, points of view,etc).
4. Christian Icons
According to Signs and Symbols in Christian Art by George Ferguson (Oxford University Press, New York 1954): a.
Crucifix :
is a representation of Christ on the Cross. From the word rood, the alternate English name for crucifix.
b. Host/Communion wafer :
is a flat round piece of unleavened bread which celebrant concretes at the
Its name derived from the latin word ‘Hostia’ meaning victim or sacrifice especially when shown with the chalice upon the cross
C. Theoretical Framework
According to Merriam Webster’s Encyclopaedia of Literature symbol is “symbolist works nonetheless had strong and lasting influence on much British and American Literature.” The term “icon” also in Merriam Webster’s Encyclopaedia of is a “word or a word of graphic symbols including the arrangement of
Literature
images or the use of figures of speech such as metaphor.” In Dracula I think lots of icons, character or events can symbolize something. So I use the theory of symbol to know what the meaning behind those symbolic things.
I use theory of symbols to explain the symbolic events, icons, character, which related to the story. I use socio cultural background to lead the reader to understand the situation during the events in the novel occurred, so that reader can understand the symbolic meaning behind the events or condition at that time which related in purpose of my thesis.
The socio-cultural study from Glencoe Literature (Glencoe/McGraw Hill
Companies, United States 1976 ), “The Victorian encompassed years of
unprecedented economic and technological and political expansion & dramatic
to help me know more about the social condition at Victorian era at social change. that time, and the social condition in British at that time.
The review of related theories itself divided into two sections; first is theory of character, the second one is theory of symbols and socio-cultural background and their function to lead the reader to know more about the information which stated in my thesis.
To answer the first problem formulation, I use theory of character to reveal the evilness of Dracula. I use this theory to reveal the evilness of Dracula so that readers can understand more briefly the evilness that Dracula did in the story.
To answer the second problem formulation, I use theory of symbols and relate it with socio-cultural study to understand the social condition at that time, theory of symbols here is use to understand the meaning behind the events. The events there should be symbolize something related to the story. That is why theory of symbols is use and really related to the socio-cultural theory.
To answer the third problem formulation, I use the additional information of Catholic Icons which I already stated above. The additional information will explain about the description of Catholic icons and what the function of those Catholic icons in the story and symbolized something.
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY This chapter discusses about the methodology that is related to this study. This chapter consists of three sections. They are object of study, approach of the study, and method of study. Object of study discusses about the focus of my analysis. Approach of the study deals with theories in analyzing the novel. The last part is method of study which described about the steps in analyzing the novel. A. Object of the Study The object that is analyzed in this study is Dracula. It is a gothic genre novel
written by Bram Stoker. I use the novel from Penguin books edition which published by Penguin group; published in 1994.The novel itself has 448 pages and divided into 27 chapters was first published in June 1897. From the gothic genre novels,
Dracula Dracula is one of the most famous horror novels that shocking the world of literature.
From literary criticism, some critics agreed that Dracula is the greatest achievement and the masterpiece from Bram Stoker. The original title from the novel is ‘The un-
dead ’, and Dracula has been printed many times, over and over again all over the
world. Dracula instantly become a bestseller and was sold worldwide and printed in many languages worldwide. Critics also agreed that it is the most famous horror novel ever. Dracula has sold copies for hundred years until now.
There are also hard covers and paper cover edition that makes the books more the world. No wonder Dracula has become the greatest achievement from its author Bram Stoker. also re-made in film adaption in November 13 1992 by Sony
Dracula
Pictures. Starred Keanu Reeves (Harker), Gary Oldman (Vlad Dracula), Winona Rider (Mina), etc. produced by Francis Ford Coppola. The movie itself has runtime 128 minutes and rated R for sexuality and horror violence. The movie budget was $40,000,000 and reached worldwide making $215,862,692, while in U.S box office $82,522,790. The movie also got many awards for it, Won 3 Oscars, Another 7 wins & 12 nominations. The awards for this film are come from: in 1993
,
and MTV movie award in 1993. movie was transferred into VHS video and DVD and translated in many
The languages too.
The story itself is about Vlad Dracul, a Dracula, who tries to enter the Victorian society to spread a disease (bits people and turn them into vampire). He met Jonathan Harker; an English solicitor or lawyer. He finally realize that Jonathan Harker’s fiancée, Mina, is very looks like his previous long lost lover, Elizabeth.
With his efforts, Dracula tries to spread the disease in England. But his efforts are blocked with a doctor, philosopher and metaphysician, Dr. Van Helsing. With his student, Dr. Seward he tries to find the cure for those Dracula’s victims. Not only that with Jonathan Harker, and other characters in this novel, they also try to hunt and kills the Dracula and make the society safe from vampire disease again. The story itself takes settings in London, England at Victorian age and Carpathian, Transylvania Eastern Europe.
B. Approach of the Study
For approach of this study I use Handbook of critical approaches to literature by Wilfred Guerin. In this book I found that the approach that can be applied in this study is exponential approach.
According to Guerin, the basic definition of approach is that a work is meant to communicate an idea by its author, when they create a work, they choose the tools by which they transfer the idea. Among the tools, which are symbols and images (1979: 195 – 203).
In Handbook of critical approaches to literature, Guerin divided literary approaches into six categories. There are traditional approaches, formalistic approach, psychological approach, mythological and archetypal approach, exponential approach, and other approach (1979: vii – xi).