T A E R G
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THE SIGNIFICANCE OF GREAT WARRIORS IN WAR IN
EDITH HAMILTON’S THE TROJAN WAR
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
Presented By
JATI PRADIPTA
Student Number: 074214010
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF ENGLISH LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2014
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THE SIGNIFICANCE OF GREAT WARRIORS IN WAR IN
EDITH HAMILTON’S THE TROJAN WAR
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
Presented By
JATI PRADIPTA
Student Number: 074214010
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF ENGLISH LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2014
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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been
previously submitted for the award of any degree at any university, and that, to the
best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material previously
written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text of the
undergraduate thesis.
Yogyakarta, October 10, 2014
Jati Pradipta
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DO WHAT YOU CAN,
WITH WHAT YOU HAVE,
WHERE YOU ARE.
-Theodore Roosevelt-
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This undergraduate thesis is dedicated to:
My Father and Mother
My Brothers
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Sanata Dharma:
Nama
: Jati Pradipta
Nomor Mahasiswa
: 074214010
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF GREAT WARRIORS IN WAR IN
EDITH HAMILTON’S THE TROJAN WAR
Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata
Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain,
mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan
mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untukkepentingan akademis
tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya
selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal 10 Oktober 2014
Yang menyatakan
(Jati Pradipta)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like to devote my gratitude to Almighty God.
My deepest gratitude goes to Dra. A.B. Sri Mulyani M.A., Ph.D for
being patient in guiding me to complete my thesis. I would also express my
gratitude to my co-advisor, Elisa Dwi Wardani, S.S., M.Hum., for her
willingness to read and review this thesis. In addition, I would also thank to all the
lecturers in English Letters Department especially to Anna Fitriati, S.Pd. M.Hum
who have shared their knowledge and help me to finish my thesis. My thanks go
to the Secretariat Staff and the Library Staff for their best service as well.
My endless gratitude goes to my parents Julianus Weko Sambodo and
Siti Bintarti for their endless support. I also thank to my brother Jati Pangarsa
and Jati Panantya for always cheer me up.
Further, I would like to express my appreciation to all of my friends of
2007 especially Dita, Aya, Phibi, Rohman, Harry, Herman, Martin, Aryo, and
Osi. I would also thank to Adul, Kenan, Victor, Hario, and Ojan at Kontrakan
Kaliwaru.
My deepest love goes to my beloved partner, Louciana Hapsari, for his
patience and support in guiding me to finish my thesis. I also thank her for being
my side in my ups and downs, and for being there when I need at most.
Jati Pradipta
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ....................................................................................................
APPROVAL PAGE ..........................................................................................
ACCEPTANCE PAGE .....................................................................................
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ................................................................
MOTTO PAGE .................................................................................................
DEDICATION PAGE ......................................................................................
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH .......................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................
ABSTRAK...........................................................................................................
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iv
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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................
A. Background of Study ........................................................................
B. Problem Formulation ........................................................................
C. Objectives of the Study .....................................................................
D. Definition of Terms...........................................................................
1
1
3
4
4
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ................................................ 6
A. Review of Related Studies ................................................................ 6
B. Review of Related Theories .............................................................. 8
1. Theories on Character and Characterization ............................... 8
2. Theories on Greek Mythology .................................................... 10
3. Theories on Men and War........................................................... 15
C. Theoretical Framework ..................................................................... 16
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ................................................................
A. Object of the Study ...........................................................................
B. Approach of the Study ......................................................................
C. Method of the Study..........................................................................
18
18
19
19
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS .............................................................................
A. The Description of Main Characters .................................................
1. Achilles .......................................................................................
2. Hector ..........................................................................................
B. The Description of Trojan War .........................................................
1. The origin of the war...................................................................
2. War at Troy .................................................................................
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25
28
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29
C. The Significance of Achilles and Hector in Trojan War .................. 35
1. Achilles ...................................................................................... 35
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2. Hector .......................................................................................... 39
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ........................................................................ 42
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................. 45
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ABSTRACT
Jati Pradipta. The Significance of Great Wariors in War in Edith Hamilton’s
The Trojan War. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Sanata Dharma
University.
Literature records some crucial events that happened thousands of years
ago. This undergraduate thesis discusses the work of Edith Hamilton’s The
Trojan War. The Trojan War is chosen as the object of study because it contains
the Greek mythological story, Trojan War. From the intrinsic elements especially
character, the significance of great warriors in war is revealed.
There are three objectives of study as the base of analysis. First is to find
out the description of great warrior, Achilles and Hector. Second is to find out the
clear depiction of Trojan War. The last objective is to identify the significance of
Achilles and Hector in the Trojan War.
The writing of this undergraduate thesis was conducted by applying library
research. The source of data is collected through books, journal, and web-based
article. The approach used in this research is mythological approach. It is used to
reveal the characteristic of characters and the significance of Achilles and Hector
in Trojan War.
Based on the analysis, there are two characters analyzed in this thesis. First
is Achilles. He is brave, bad-tempered, and an avenger. Second is Hector. He is
brave and caring person. He does not only care for his family but also his country.
The description of Trojan War is divided into three parts. There are the origin of
the war, the war at troy and after the war. The participation of Hector and Achilles
gives a big significant for their own country. As the great warrior, Achilles
succeeds to gives victory for his country. He even leads the Greeks to beat the
Trojans. The Greeks with Achilles are a great disaster for the Trojans. Hector is
the leader of the Trojans. As the leader, he has power and strategy to drive the
Greeks back to their ships. He is also the bravest warrior of Trojan. He is the only
one who is capable to fight against Achilles. Although he is killed by Achilles, he
has sacrificed himself for his country.
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ABSTRAK
Jati Pradipta. The Significance of Great Wariors in War in Edith Hamilton’s
The Trojan War. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Universitas Sanata
Dharma.
Sastra mendokumentasikan beberapa kejadian penting yang terjadi
beberapa ribu tahun yang lalu. Tesis ini membahas karya Edith Hamilton yang
berjudul The Trojan War. Teks ini sangat bermanfaat untuk dianalisa karena
menceritakan perang legendaris, Perang Troya. Dari intrinsik element terutama
tokohnya, peranan ksatria besar dalam sebuah perang dapat terungkap. Oleh
karena itu, The Trojan War dipilih sebagai subjek penelitian.
Berikut adalah tiga tujuan penelitian yang mendasari analisa ini. Pertama
adalah untuk menemukan penggambaran dari tokoh, Achilles and Hector. Kedua
adalah untuk mengetahui penggambaran Trojan War. Terakhir adalah untuk
mengidentifikasi peranan seorang ksatria dalam sebuah perang.
Penulisan skripsi ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan studi pustaka.
Sumber data yang dikumpulkan adalah dari buku-buku, jurnal, dan artikel-artikel
internet. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan mitologis. Pendekatan ini
digunakan untuk mengungkapakan karakteristik tokoh, Achilles and Hector serta
peranan mereka dalam perang Troya.
Berdasarkan analisa, ada dua tokoh yang di analisis dalam tesis ini. Yang
pertama adalah Achilles. Dia adalah berani, tempramental dan pendendam. Yang
kedua adalah Hector. Dia berani dan penyayang. Di tidak hanya perduli pada
keluarganya tetapi juga rakyatnya. Perang Troya dibagi menjadi tiga bagian; asal
usul perang, perang di Troya, dan masa setelah perang. Keikutsertaan Achilles
dan Hector dalam perang sangat berpengaruh. Sebagai seorang ksatria, Achilles
berhasil membawa kemenangan untuk negaranya. Dia bahkan memimpin
pasukannya mengalahkan Troya. Hector adalah pemimpin Troya. Sebagai
pemimpin, dia mempunya kekuatan dan stategi untuk memukul mundur Yunani
ke kapal mereka. Dia adalah ksatria paling pemberani dari Troya. Dia adalah satusatunya orang yang dapat mengalahkan Achilles. Walaupun dia terbunuh, tetapi
dia telah mengorbankan diri untuk Negara.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Literature is used as the depiction of human life. The author of literary
works tries to express their idea about life through literature. They express some
phenomena that happen in society. Literature also records some crucial events that
happen thousands of years ago. Among European literatures ancient Greece has a
peculiar place. The Western civilization has been shaped by the ancient Greek
culture that flourished over two thousand years ago. Moreover, Guth said that
“The Greek have influenced many of the traditional ideas of our culture. They
have helped shape our ideas about truth, about justice, and about beauty” (1981:
14). It can be said that literature also has influenced our life through the language.
Greek literature is well-known for their mythology. Among the source of
myth and legend in Western world, Greek mythology has long played a central
role. Guth explained that “Greek myths are traditional stories about gods and
legendary heroes. Many of myths originally told the early Greeks about the origin
or the power of their gods” (1981: 5). The relation between Greek literature and
Greek myth can be seen by looking at the relationship between gods and men,
death and its aftermath, the opposition between nature and society, and conflicts
within the family. The myths were believed by most Greeks that powerfully
effective for conveying moral ideas.
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Trojan War was the last and the greatest war in Greek’s mythology that
was written by Homer entitled Iliad. In the Trojan War, the young Achilles
withdraws from the battles at Troy because King Agamemnon has unfairly robbed
his beautiful girl. But when, as a result of his inaction, his best friend is killed by
Hector the Trojan, he returns to the battlefield in order to carry out the sacred duty
on revenge, although his goddess mother warns him that if he kills Hector, he
himself is destined to fall soon after.
According to the story of Trojan War, Achilles and Hector have big
influences toward the Trojan War. Achilles is the great warrior in Greeks army
while Hector is the great warrior in Trojans. Achilles has enormous power
because he is a son of goddess. In other hand, Hector is the central power of
Trojans fleet. The Greeks will never win the battle without killing Hector, and
Achilles is the one who can kill him.
The original story of Trojan War is an oral literature, supposedly told by
Homer in his epic, Illiad. This undergraduate thesis uses the adaptation’s version
entitle The Trojan War by Edith Hamilton that is written in Literary Heritage by
Hans. P. Guth. The use of adaptation’s version helps the writer understand the
story because it is more effective than using the original version. The language of
adaptation version had been simplified into modern English which is
understandable. The adaptation’s version is a summary version of the epic with
some modifications.
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The adaptation’s version is written in the form of short story. Short story is
one kind of short fiction which is told about the story in the effective way.
Kennedy explains short story as follows
A short story is more than just a sequence of happenings. A finely wrought
short story has the richness and conciseness of an excellent lyrical poem.
Spontaneous and natural as the finished story may seem, the writer has
crafted it so carefully that there is meaning in even seemingly casual
speeches and apparently trivial details. If we skim it hastily, skipping the
descriptive passages, we miss the significance parts (2010: 15).
Although short story is written in a short writing, the writer of short story still
concerns the details of the story. It is said that we may miss the significance part if
we skip some details.
The Trojan War is one of Greek Mythology that is worth to analyze
because it contains the story of legendary war, Trojan War. From the intrinsic
elements especially character, the significance of major characters as great
warriors in war is revealed. Thus, The Trojan War is chosen as the object of study.
In analyzing the short story, the mythological approach is applied. This approach
is used to identify any aspect of mythology underlying certain elements of a
literary work. It is used to reveal the significance of great warriors, Achilles and
Hector, in the Trojan War Since the story is related to Greek mythology, then the
mythological approach is the most appropriate approach.
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B. Problem Formulation
In analyzing the short story, there are three problems related to the topic of
study, the problem of this research can be formulated as follows
1. How are Achilles and Hector described in the story?
2. How is the Trojan War described in the story?
3. What is the significance of great warriors, Achilles and Hector, in the
Trojan War?
C. Objective of the Study
The objective of this research is to find out the significance of great
warriors in war. Therefore, there are three problems need to be answered. The first
objective is to find out the description of great warrior, Achilles and Hector. The
second objective is to find out the depiction of Trojan War. The last objective is to
identify the significance of Achilles and Hector in the Trojan War.
D. Definition of Terms
1. Character
In A Glossary of Literary Terms, Abrams states that a character is a person
presented in a dramatic or narrative work, which is interpreted by the reader as
being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what
he says, the dialogue, and what he does, the action. (1981: 20)
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2. Trojan War
In Greek and Roman Mythology A to Z, Daly states that Trojan War is a
legendary war fought between Achaean (Greek) invaders and the defenders of
Troy, a seaport at the northwestern tip of Asia Minor, around 1200-1300 B.C. The
Trojan War of Greek mythology lasted for 10 years, ending in the sack of Troy
and a victory for the Greeks (2009: 142). In the Iliad, Homer states that Trojan
War was the greatest conflict in Greek mythology, a war that was influence
people in literature and art for centuries (Homer, 1974: 23).
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Review of Related Studies
Some studies are taken as related studies for this undergraduate thesis.
Some comments and criticisms of Trojan War are very helpful in analyzing the
literary work. It is also used to differentiate this undergraduate thesis from others.
Trojan War is an adaptation story that is written by Edith Hamilton. It is
told about the war in the dark age of Greece. Some students of Sanata Dharma
University have done some researches on Greek mythology. The first study is
done by Andy Hermawan Harijanto entitled A Comparison between the
Characters of These, Egeus, and Hippolyta in Shakespeare’s Midsummer Night’s
Dream and Greek Mythology. In his study, Hermawan tries to find out the
differences and similarities of three characters in Midsummer Night’s Dream and
Greek Mythology. In his conclusion, he states:
The character of Theseus and Hippolyta are almost the same in both
stories. Thesues in both stories is good and wise king and Hyppolyta is the
Queen of Amazon. While the character of Egeus is different in both of
stories. In Midsummer Night’s Dream he is stubborn and selfish father of
Hermia but in Greek Mythology, he was a good father of Theseus.
(2001:62)
In analyzing the stories, the writer uses mythological approach as the approach of
the study. The mythological approach is appropriate for analyzing Greek
mythology.
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The second study is done by Michelle Indrawati R. Schur entitled Female
Archetypes in Greek Mythology. She discusses the basic female archetypes of
Greek Mythology. In her conclusion, she states that
The female characters in Greek mythology represent the Good Mother, the
Bad Mother, or one of the aspects of the Triple-Goddess. There is often
overlapping, but the archetypes are clearly identifiable. The female
members of the Greek pantheon as personages or as archetypes supply the
foundation for many characters in Western literature and art. (1998:75)
Although discussing the same topic of Greek Mythology, this undergraduate
thesis has different topic of study. The previous thesis focuses on female
archetypes in Greek mythology. While present study focuses on the great warriors
that have significance in war in the adaptaion story, the Trojan War.
Another review of Trojan War is done by Joseph Roisman. In the journal
entitled Greek Perspectives on the Justness and Merits of the Trojan War, he tries
to explain the “justness” and merits of Trojan War based on Greek perspectives.
He explains:
Homer is a little help as regards the main interest of this paper. The epics
identify humans or gods as the causes of the Trojan War and may even
blame them for it, but they do not volunteer an opinion about whether or
not it was a just war. Thus we find on the list of culprits Paris, who stole
Menelaus’s wife and property. Helen, whose behavior was shameful, and
even Hera, who sought to exact revenge for losing the beauty contest. Yet
if there is a justification of the war in these assertions, it is only implicit.
The poet’s reticence probably has to do with his and his audience’s greater
interest in the military conflict and its heroes, rather than in the moral basis
of the war and the respective merits of the Greek and Trojan causes.
(2008: 98)
According to those statements, Roisman concerns on how Greeks see the merits of
The Greek and Trojan. Although discussing the similar work, Trojan War, the
topic of study is different.
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This present study is different from the study above. The difference is on
the topic. The present study conducted by the writer focuses on the significance of
great warrior in Trojan War.
B. Review of Related Theories
In analyzing the Trojan War, there are three problems that need to be
solved. There are some relevant theories that are used in order to answer the three
problem formulation as follows
1. Theories on Character and Characterization
Character is one of the most important aspects in the short story. Abrams
states “characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work who
are later on interpreted by the readers from their say and actions. What they say
and do is show their “moral, dispositional, and emotional qualities” (1933:23).
The character usually takes the reader’s interest.
Most short stories focus on one central character. Boynton says “Another
truth about most short stories is that the focus is on one central character. It is not
impossible that there be more than one principal character, but it is unusual”
(1972: 26-27). In short story, the author focuses on one central character because
the length of short story does not often allow for the development of more than
one primary focus.
Characterization is used to reveal the characteristics of character. There are
some examples of the ways in which an author attempts to make his characters
understandable to and come alive for, his readers. Boynton explains that
characteristic of character in the short story can be revealed through “what a
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character does, what a character says, what a character thinks, how others react to
a character, how a character reacts to his surroundings, and direct description or
explanation” (1972: 27-30). The description of each methods are explained as
follows
a. What a character does
Stories show characters in action. Therefore, the most obvious method for
revealing character is through what a person does.
b. What a character says
Another way of revealing what people are like is to show what they say.
c. What a character thinks
A writer may also reveal the character of people by showing what they think. We
learn about his passions for order, precision, caution, and self control primarily
through his own reflection on what is going on.
d. How others react to a character
Much can be shown about a character by the way others react to him, or by what
t he y s a y a bout hi m .
e. How a character reacts to his surroundings
One of the commonest ways to reveal character is to show how a person reacts to
his surroundings-to things and places.
f. Direct description or explanation
A final method of character revelation is through direct description or explanation
by the author. It may seem odd to say that “direct description or explanation” is a
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separate way of portraying character, since an author is, after all, in complete
control of everything that goes into story.
2. Theories on Greek Mythology
Theories on Greek Methodology have an important part in analyzing The
Trojan War. It is used to educate the writer about Greek mythology. In The Trojan
War, there are some gods and goddesses that have a relation with the major
characters; Achilles and Hector. The knowledge of Greek mythology is really
helpful in understanding the whole story.
From earliest times, humans have had a need to explain the origins and
wonders of the world: the changing seasons, the mountains, the volcanoes, the
storms, the floods, and the existence of animals, including humans. Then, humans
make up stories about these phenomena. They also invent gods and supernatural
beings. Sometimes people such as the Greeks make up stories just for
entertainment. This make-up story is called myth. According to Guth, “Myth is an
ancient story about supernatural forces or divine beings or godlike heroes. In early
times, myth helped people understand the world around them. Their myth guided
their thought and feelings about the world in which they lived” (1981: 20).
Among the sources of myth and legend in the Western world, Greek
mythology has long played a central role. Greek is the first people to create gods
and goddesses that look like real human beings. In Greek mythology, there are
many lesser gods, nature spirits, and half-divine human beings. Greek mythology
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also tells of many heroes who defeated their enemies by superior wit. In short,
Greek mythology is explained as follows
a. The beginnings of things
Greek mythology began with how the world and mankind were created.
According to Miles, long before the gods appeared there was only chaos. He
states;
The most widely accepted account of the beginning things starts with
Chaos, a yawning nothingness. Out of the void emerged Gaea, the Earth,
and other primeval figures-including Eros or love. Without male assistance
Gaea gave birth to Uranus, the Sky, and Pontus, the Sea. Father Sky lay
with Mother Earth, and fertilised her. From that union were born, first, the
next generation of Gods, the Titans; then more monstrous offspring,
theone-eyed Cyclopes and many-limbed Hundred-Handers (1999: 36).
From the explanation above, it is recognized that from Chaos came into
being the Father Heaven and the Mother Earth. Later, their child is known as the
Titans.
Uranus is understandably afraid of his terrible children. He is worried that
their child would try to overthrow him. Then, he decides to bury his child within
the body of their mother, Earth. Gaia, who is in pain, encourages them to break
out and rebel. Later, Uranus is defeated by the youngest and boldest of the Titans.
Cronus, now take his father’s place as the ruler of gods, with his sister-wife Rhea
as his consort and the other Titans as his court.
The story of father/son conflict is repeated in the next generation. Cronus
is also afraid that his children will treat him as he treated Uranus. Later, he always
swallows them as soon as they are born. At last Rhea takes his children against his
husband. As Zeus grew up, Rhea told him how Cronus had swallowed his brothers
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and sister. Further, Rhea and Zeus made a plot to defeat Cronus. Miles states “At
last, with the help of Cyclopes, Zeus and his siblings were victorious, and Cronus,
and the other Titans were hurled down to imprisonment in Tartarus, the
bottommost part of the underworld” (Miles, 1999: 36).
At last, however, Zeus was established as ruler on Mount Olympus, with
Hera as his sister-wife. Zeus still shares his father and grandfather’s anxiety about
being overthrown by one of his child. Later, he abandons the sea-nymph Thetis to
marry the mortal king Peleus, who becomes the father of Achilles.
b. The Olympians Gods and Goddesses
Greek mythology is rich in history and tales of gods, heroes, women, and
monsters. Creech divides the divinities of the Greek mythology can be grouped
into six classifications: the ancient elementals gods that made up the very fabric of
the universe, the nature spirits, the immortal human-affecting spirits, the Lesser
Gods, the Twelve Olympians, and the Giants, the Monsters, some mortal and
some immortal (2002: 2).
This research focuses on the Olympians gods and goddesses. The Greeks
make their god and goddess in their own image. They are depicted in the shape of
a human being. God and Goddess have an authority in world of mortal. They also
have super power and responsibility for specific aspects of life, for example: Ares,
god of war. The basic distinctions between gods and human are their immortality
and extraordinary power. However, god and goddess are possible to fall in love
with human, get married, and have children.
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The most important Greek gods lived on the summit of Mount Olympus,
the highest mountain in Greece. The principal gods were categorized by the Greek
as ‘the Twelve Olympians’. Miles states that “They fall into two generations: the
older generation of Zeus and his siblings, and the younger generation who are his
children by various mothers” (1999: 21). Moreover, Miles explains the twelve
greater Olympian as follow
i. Zeus
He is the king of gods and ruler of the universe from his throne on Mount
Olympus. Originally a god of the sky and storm, thunder and lightning, he also
becomes patron of kingship and government, law and custom, the patriarchal lord
of the status quo.
ii. Aphrodite
She is goddess of love and sexuality. She is depicted as a beautiful woman. Her
attributes include doves, sparrows, roses, and mirror. She is married to
Hephaestus, and is known for having numerous affairs with gods and mortals.
iii. Apollo
He is the god of light and enlightenment in all its senses, of reason and perception,
music and poetry, prophecy, medicine, and the sun. He is depicted as a beardless
young man of perfect classical beauty, often surrounded by a halo of light,
carrying a bow and arrows and a lyre.
iv. Ares
He is the god of war. He is depicted as a warrior; with armour; sword, spear; and
s hi e l d.
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v. Artemis
She is the virgin huntress, goddess of wild places and wild creatures, of chastity,
and of the moon. She is depicted as a beautiful, athletic young woman, dressed as
a huntress with bow and arrows.
vi. Athena
She is the goddess of war, of arts, crafts, and skills, of intelligence and wisdom.
Hence she is an asexual virgin and an incarnation of militant intelligence. She is
depicted as a tall, sternly, beautiful young woman, ‘grey-eyed’, dressed in full
armour with helmet and spears, and often wearing the head of the Gorgon Medusa
on her breastplate.
vii. Hades
He is the king of the underworld and god of the dead, who gained the realm when
he cast lots with his brothers Zeus and Poseidon. It is stressing that he is not the
devil, not evil or malevolent, merely a cold, grim, inflexible enforcer of the
necessity of death for all mortal creatures.
viii. Hephaestus
He is the god of metalworking and of fire. He is son of Zeus and Hera. He is ugly
and lame, because his mother or father threw him out of heaven and he was
crippled by the fall to earth when he was born.
ix. Hera
She is queen of the gods, sister and wife of Zeus, goddess of marriage and
childbirth, and the pre-eminent women’s deity. She is depicted as a beautiful and
stately queen.
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x. Hermes
He is the messenger of gods, son of Zeus and Maia. He depicted as a handsome,
beardless youth, wearing a winged cap and sandals.
xi. Poseidon
He is the god of the sea, who won that realm by lot from his brothers Zeus and
Hades called ‘Earthshaker’. He holding the three-pointed spear or trident with
which he rules the waves.
Moreover, humans has a relation to Greek mythology since they worships
the god and goddesses. It is also possible that they get married with god or
goddess. Humans are mortal. The common figures of human are kings and
beautiful women. Kings are in charge of ruling his people to follow what the gods
have asked. Moreover, there are women who become the mother of many Greek
mythology heroes. Some gods falls in love with common women and they usually
get married. The child of god or goddess and human are usually have an
extraordinary power. They inherit the power from their father.
Then, there are monster. They exist because some of them are god’s
favorite and god’s guardian. For example, Zeus has Pegasus, a wild winged horse
that becomes a carrier of Zeus’s lightning and thunderbolts. All monsters are
mortal so they can be killed.
3. Theories on Men and War
Men and war are related each other especially in Greek mythology. Men as
a part of humans usually interfere in war. Nortwick states that “The Greeks
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believed that combat was naturally and appropriately an exclusively male
activity” (2008: 74). The Greek, of course, has some rational reasons in saying
that war is a male activity. Moreover, Nortwick explains that
Greek intellectuals rationalized this belief in various ways: war requires
physical strength, and men are naturally stronger than women; because
they are naturally drier than women, men are simply healthier in general,
and thus more reliable in combat; soldiers must depend on each other
when they risk their lives to defend their communities, and women are by
nature more prone to lying and untrustworthy behavior; discipline is
necessary for smoothly functioning army, and women are more
reproachful and combative than man. (2008: 74-75)
From the quotation above, the joining of man at war is very important. They are
the successful key to defeat the enemy. The ability of man in leading the soldiers
is better than women.
War is crucible, full of risk and opportunities, where masculinity is forged
and expressed most vividly in Greek culture. The warrior risks losing control of
his body when he goes into combat. By confronting death directly, the warrior is
an agent for the creation and contemplation of meaning in life.
C. Theoretical Framework
This present study examines the description of major character as great
warrior; Achilles and Hector. The theories are used as guidance in answering the
question given in the problem formulation. The theories of character and
characterization are used to answer the first question, to find out the
characteristics of the main characters; Achilles and Hector.
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The theory of Greek methodology is used to find out the timeline and
background story of Trojan War. It also supports the depth analysis of study in
describing Trojan War for answering the second question. The theory on men and
war is used in last question to identify the significance of Achilles and Hector as
great
warrior
in
Trojan
War.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
The object of this research is an adaptation story entitled “The Trojan
War”. The original story of Trojan War is composed by Homer in his epic, Illiad.
This undergraduate thesis uses the adaptation’s version entitle The Trojan War by
Edith Hamilton that is written in Literary Heritage by Hans. P. Guth. It is an
anthology that consists of short stories and poems. The story of Trojan War was
published by D.C Heat and Company in 1981
The Trojan War is a legendary war fought between the Greeks and the
Trojans. It happens due to the abduction of Helen, Queen of Sparta, by Paris.
Menelaus, King of Sparta, is angered by that accident. He complains to
Agamemnon, his elder brother. They have a plan to attack the Trojan and take
Helen back.
Achilles is great warrior from the Greek. He leads his 50 ships and
numbers of army by himself. The other army is led by Agamemnon. After
dominating some towns on the coast of Troy, he gets Briseis as the prize.
Unfortunately, Agamemnon steals Briseis away from Achilles. Furious, Achilles
decides to retire from the war. However, knowing Patroklus is killed by Hector,
he comes back to the war and slays Hector.
Hector is Prince of Troy, the elder brother of Paris. He is the greatest
warrior of the Trojans. Led by Hector, the Trojan is successful to defend the wall
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of Troy, especially when Achilles leaves the war. Then, the Trojan lost the war
due to the death of Hector. The Trojan War is won by the Greek.
B. Approach of the Study
In analyzing the work of literature, there are some techniques used to
interprete the piece of literature. Some critics may have different ways and
approach due to their views in learning and understanding.
This undergraduate thesis is focused on the characters of a Greek
mythology which is Trojan War. In order to explore them, the mythological
approach is used. Guerin states “the myth critic is concerned to seek out the
mysterious elements that inform certain literary works and that elicit, with almost
uncanny force, dramatic, and universal human reactions” (2005: 182).
According to Allan W. Watts, Myth is to be defined as a complex of
stories-some no doubt fact and some fantasy-which, for various reasons, human
beings regards as demonstrations of the inner meaning of the universe and human
life. (Guerin, 183-184)
C. Method of the Study
This undergraduate thesis uses library research as the most relevant
method. The main process of library research is reading the main source and
obtaining the important ideas which gave benefits in analyzing the short story. In
this undergraduate thesis, there are primary source and secondary source. The
primary source was taken from the adaptation story written by Edith Hamilton, the
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Trojan War. The secondary sources are online journal, essay, and some books of
Greek mythology.
There were some steps done in analyzing the drama. The first step was
reading the primary source, The Trojan War. As the adaptation story read, a
worth-studying element of works emerged and raised the intention to study the
works further. The characters and story of Greek mythology were considered as
the most interesting elements. Then, problem formulation was made as the
guidance for the analysis. First, this study discussed the description of the main
characters, Achilles and Hector. Second, it looked closely to the story of Trojan
War where Achiless and Hector had significance. Third, it observed the
significance of Achilles and Hector in Trojan War. The primary source was
analyzed based on mythological approach. By using some theories, the analysis
would be more critical. Finally, the conclusion was drawn based on the result of
analysis.
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
A. The Description of Great Warrior, Achilles and Hector.
The Trojan War is a nine-years of war fought between the Trojan and the
Greek. Both of countries has the important figure. In the Trojan’s side, there is
Hector, prince of Troy. In the Greek’s side, there is Achilles, prince of
Myrmidons. Achilles and Hector are the main character of the story, the Trojan
War. They become the focus of the story and their existence is very crucial to
establish the context and situation of the story. Here, by using theory from
Boynton, the description of Achilles and Hector is explained as follows
1. Achilles
Achilles is a prince of Myrmidons and the great warrior of the Greek, as
well as the swiftest and most handsome. Achilles is son of goddess and human.
His mother is Thetis, a sea-goddess, daughter Zeus and Nereus. Thetis is married
to mortal, Peleus, king of the Phythians. The child of gods or goddessess and
human are usually have an extraordinary power. According to Morford,
It was not long after the birth of Achilles that Thetis left her husband for
good. She tried to make him immortal, either by roasting him in the fire by
night and anointing him with ambrosia by day or by dipping him in the
waters of the Styx. (1971: 289)
From the explanation above, Thetis tried to make Achilles immortal by dipping
him in the water of Styx. Achilles’s body is invulnerable but his heels is not. Only
his heels, by which Thetis hold him, remains vulnerable. Due to this fault,
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Achiless is still mortal. Although he is mortal, he is blessed by gods and
goddesses.
In Trojan War, Achilles is described as a bad-tempered man. It is
characterized by showing anger easily. There some incidents that causes Achilles
angry. The first incident is a quarrel flared up between Achilles and Agamemnon.
A woman is the reason. Agamemnon is given in his share, Chryseis, and to
Achilles is Briseis. Chryseis is begged by the priest, Apollo, but Agamemnon
refuses it. Then, a plague comes to the Greek and it destroys the army. In the end,
Chryseis is sent back to Apollo and Agamemnon takes Briseis from Achilles. This
incident brings down Achilles’s honour. What Agamemnon did to him is
intolerable. Achilles says, “Let them take the girl without fear for themselves, but
hear him first while he swore before gods and men that Agamemnon would pay
dearly for the deed” (1981: 69). Achilles repaid the dishonor done to him by
withdrawing his contingent, the Myrmidons, from the war. Later, the absence of
Achilles in the Trojan War leads the Greek to a temporary collapse.
Further, Achilles bad-tempered is shown when he refuses Patroclus’
request to return to the war. Patroclus is Achilles’s best friend. He tries to
persuade Achilles to return to the army but Achilles rejects it. His bad-tempered is
shown from what he says, “Go. Take my armor, my men too, and defend the
ships. I cannot go. I am man dishonored. For my own ships, if the battle comes
near them, I will fight. I will not figt for men who have disgraced me” (Hamilton,
1981: 73). Achilles does not want to fight for Agamemnon because he has
disgraced him by taking Briseis. Achilless is a man of honour. He would not
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tolerate anyone who has digraced him. He decides not to join the war. From that
quotation, it is also shown that Achilles is a stubborn. Nobody can control him.
He does whatever he wants.
Then, Achilles is desribed as a man of vengeance. It shows in what
Achilles does when he knows that Patroclus is dead. In the beginning of the story,
it is told that Achilles refused to join the war. Then, Patroclus replaced Achilles’s
position. He wore Achilles’s armor and led the Myrmidons in the war.
Unfortunately, he fights against Hector and finally die in Hector’s hand. Knowing
the fact that Patroclus is dead because of him, Achilles decides to take a revenge
on Hector. It shows from what he says,
Down in the sea caves his mother knew his sorrow and came up to try to
comfort him “I will no longer live among men,” he told her “If I do not
make Hector pay with his death for Patroclus dead.” Then Thetis weeping
bade him remember that he himself was fated to die straightway after
Hector. “So may I do,” Achilles answered, “I who did not help my
comrade in his sore need. I will kill the destroyer of him I loved; then I
will accept death when it comes” (Hamilton, 1981: 74)
From the quotation above, it reveals that Achilles is an avenger. He takes a
revenge to Hector because Patroclus, the man he loved, is killed by Hector. For
his beloved friend, he decides to return to the Greek. It also shows that Achilles
also cares about his friend. He cannot forgive them who have taken his friend.
In the day that he is finally able to kill Hector, he takes revenge on Hector
by dragging Hector’s body. His grief at the death of Patroclus led him to dishonor
Hector’s corpse in a way that offended Greek religious conventions, and also to
sacrifice twelve Trojan prisoners at the funeral of Patroclus. Hamilton states,
At last when his (Achilles) fierce soul was satisfied with vengeance he stood
beside the body of Patroclus and said,
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“Hear me even in the house of Hades. I have dragged Hector behind my
chariot and I will give him to the dogs to devour beside your funeral pyre”
(Hamilton, 1981: 76)
From the quotation above, it shows how anger lead Achilles to take revenge on
Hector. He does not return Hector’s body to his family. He even gives him to the
dogs.
The next characteristic of Achilles is brave. As the great warrior, Achilles is
described as a brave man. He is not afraid to fight in the battle and take the risk.
His bravery is revealed when Calchas asked him to guarantee his safety. The
Greek’s army is afraid of Agamemnon due to his authority, Achilles is not. It is
shown from what he does,
Then the prophet Calchas stood up and said he knew why the god was
angry, but that he was afraid to speak unless Achilles would guarantee his
safety.
“I do so,” Achilles answered
“Even if you accuse Agamemnon himself.” (Hamilton, 1981: 69)
The quotation above shows that Achilles has enough bravery to up against
Agamemnon. That is the reason of why Calchas asked Achilles to guarantee him.
Achilles’s fate is to die straightway after Hector. Thetis has advised
Achilles to have nothing to do with the Greeks and the war. Achilles still joins the
war and takes revenge on Hector. He says, “I who did not help my comrade in his
sore need. I will kill the destroyer of him I loved; then I will accept death when it
comes” (Hamilton, 1981: 74). It shows that Achilles has enough bravery to
confront Hector for the sake of Patroclus. He does not care about his death after
that battle. As a great warrior, honour is the most important thing. By confronting
death directly, he shows that he is a real warrior.
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In short, Achilles is a great warrior of the Greeks. He is bad-tempered and
its leads him to withdraw from the war. His bad-tempered bring him to be a man
of vengeance. He takes revenge on Hector who has killed his beloved friend,
Patroclus. In the war, he is a brave man who has a bravery to confront anyone. His
bravery leads him to fight against Hector. He successes to kill Hector and fulfill
his words.
2. Hector
Hector is a great warrior of the Trojan. He is the Prince of Troy, son of
Priam and Hecuba. In the Trojan War, he is the leader of Trojan’s army. As the
great warrior, he has an important role in attacking and defending the walls of
Troy. In the beginning of the story, Hamilton states “Priam, the king, and his
queen, Hecuba, had many brave sons to lead the attack and defend the walls-one
above all, Hector, than whom no man anywhere was nobler or more brave, and
only one a greater champion of the Greeks, Achilles” (1981: 68). Since the
beginning of the story, Hamilton has clearly stated that Hector is a brave man.
The first characteristic of Hector is brave. His bravery is shown in the
entire war. As the leader, Hector stands in the forefront of the battle. His duty is to
defend the wall of Troy from the Greek’s attack. Before Hector went to the
battlefield, he met Andromache, his wife, and Astyanax, his son. He smiled and
looked at them s
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THE SIGNIFICANCE OF GREAT WARRIORS IN WAR IN
EDITH HAMILTON’S THE TROJAN WAR
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
Presented By
JATI PRADIPTA
Student Number: 074214010
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF ENGLISH LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2014
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THE SIGNIFICANCE OF GREAT WARRIORS IN WAR IN
EDITH HAMILTON’S THE TROJAN WAR
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
Presented By
JATI PRADIPTA
Student Number: 074214010
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF ENGLISH LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2014
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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been
previously submitted for the award of any degree at any university, and that, to the
best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material previously
written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text of the
undergraduate thesis.
Yogyakarta, October 10, 2014
Jati Pradipta
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DO WHAT YOU CAN,
WITH WHAT YOU HAVE,
WHERE YOU ARE.
-Theodore Roosevelt-
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This undergraduate thesis is dedicated to:
My Father and Mother
My Brothers
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Sanata Dharma:
Nama
: Jati Pradipta
Nomor Mahasiswa
: 074214010
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF GREAT WARRIORS IN WAR IN
EDITH HAMILTON’S THE TROJAN WAR
Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata
Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain,
mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan
mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untukkepentingan akademis
tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya
selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal 10 Oktober 2014
Yang menyatakan
(Jati Pradipta)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like to devote my gratitude to Almighty God.
My deepest gratitude goes to Dra. A.B. Sri Mulyani M.A., Ph.D for
being patient in guiding me to complete my thesis. I would also express my
gratitude to my co-advisor, Elisa Dwi Wardani, S.S., M.Hum., for her
willingness to read and review this thesis. In addition, I would also thank to all the
lecturers in English Letters Department especially to Anna Fitriati, S.Pd. M.Hum
who have shared their knowledge and help me to finish my thesis. My thanks go
to the Secretariat Staff and the Library Staff for their best service as well.
My endless gratitude goes to my parents Julianus Weko Sambodo and
Siti Bintarti for their endless support. I also thank to my brother Jati Pangarsa
and Jati Panantya for always cheer me up.
Further, I would like to express my appreciation to all of my friends of
2007 especially Dita, Aya, Phibi, Rohman, Harry, Herman, Martin, Aryo, and
Osi. I would also thank to Adul, Kenan, Victor, Hario, and Ojan at Kontrakan
Kaliwaru.
My deepest love goes to my beloved partner, Louciana Hapsari, for his
patience and support in guiding me to finish my thesis. I also thank her for being
my side in my ups and downs, and for being there when I need at most.
Jati Pradipta
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ....................................................................................................
APPROVAL PAGE ..........................................................................................
ACCEPTANCE PAGE .....................................................................................
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ................................................................
MOTTO PAGE .................................................................................................
DEDICATION PAGE ......................................................................................
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH .......................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................
ABSTRAK...........................................................................................................
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
viii
ix
xi
xi i
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................
A. Background of Study ........................................................................
B. Problem Formulation ........................................................................
C. Objectives of the Study .....................................................................
D. Definition of Terms...........................................................................
1
1
3
4
4
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ................................................ 6
A. Review of Related Studies ................................................................ 6
B. Review of Related Theories .............................................................. 8
1. Theories on Character and Characterization ............................... 8
2. Theories on Greek Mythology .................................................... 10
3. Theories on Men and War........................................................... 15
C. Theoretical Framework ..................................................................... 16
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ................................................................
A. Object of the Study ...........................................................................
B. Approach of the Study ......................................................................
C. Method of the Study..........................................................................
18
18
19
19
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS .............................................................................
A. The Description of Main Characters .................................................
1. Achilles .......................................................................................
2. Hector ..........................................................................................
B. The Description of Trojan War .........................................................
1. The origin of the war...................................................................
2. War at Troy .................................................................................
21
21
22
25
28
28
29
C. The Significance of Achilles and Hector in Trojan War .................. 35
1. Achilles ...................................................................................... 35
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2. Hector .......................................................................................... 39
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ........................................................................ 42
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................. 45
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ABSTRACT
Jati Pradipta. The Significance of Great Wariors in War in Edith Hamilton’s
The Trojan War. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Sanata Dharma
University.
Literature records some crucial events that happened thousands of years
ago. This undergraduate thesis discusses the work of Edith Hamilton’s The
Trojan War. The Trojan War is chosen as the object of study because it contains
the Greek mythological story, Trojan War. From the intrinsic elements especially
character, the significance of great warriors in war is revealed.
There are three objectives of study as the base of analysis. First is to find
out the description of great warrior, Achilles and Hector. Second is to find out the
clear depiction of Trojan War. The last objective is to identify the significance of
Achilles and Hector in the Trojan War.
The writing of this undergraduate thesis was conducted by applying library
research. The source of data is collected through books, journal, and web-based
article. The approach used in this research is mythological approach. It is used to
reveal the characteristic of characters and the significance of Achilles and Hector
in Trojan War.
Based on the analysis, there are two characters analyzed in this thesis. First
is Achilles. He is brave, bad-tempered, and an avenger. Second is Hector. He is
brave and caring person. He does not only care for his family but also his country.
The description of Trojan War is divided into three parts. There are the origin of
the war, the war at troy and after the war. The participation of Hector and Achilles
gives a big significant for their own country. As the great warrior, Achilles
succeeds to gives victory for his country. He even leads the Greeks to beat the
Trojans. The Greeks with Achilles are a great disaster for the Trojans. Hector is
the leader of the Trojans. As the leader, he has power and strategy to drive the
Greeks back to their ships. He is also the bravest warrior of Trojan. He is the only
one who is capable to fight against Achilles. Although he is killed by Achilles, he
has sacrificed himself for his country.
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ABSTRAK
Jati Pradipta. The Significance of Great Wariors in War in Edith Hamilton’s
The Trojan War. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Universitas Sanata
Dharma.
Sastra mendokumentasikan beberapa kejadian penting yang terjadi
beberapa ribu tahun yang lalu. Tesis ini membahas karya Edith Hamilton yang
berjudul The Trojan War. Teks ini sangat bermanfaat untuk dianalisa karena
menceritakan perang legendaris, Perang Troya. Dari intrinsik element terutama
tokohnya, peranan ksatria besar dalam sebuah perang dapat terungkap. Oleh
karena itu, The Trojan War dipilih sebagai subjek penelitian.
Berikut adalah tiga tujuan penelitian yang mendasari analisa ini. Pertama
adalah untuk menemukan penggambaran dari tokoh, Achilles and Hector. Kedua
adalah untuk mengetahui penggambaran Trojan War. Terakhir adalah untuk
mengidentifikasi peranan seorang ksatria dalam sebuah perang.
Penulisan skripsi ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan studi pustaka.
Sumber data yang dikumpulkan adalah dari buku-buku, jurnal, dan artikel-artikel
internet. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan mitologis. Pendekatan ini
digunakan untuk mengungkapakan karakteristik tokoh, Achilles and Hector serta
peranan mereka dalam perang Troya.
Berdasarkan analisa, ada dua tokoh yang di analisis dalam tesis ini. Yang
pertama adalah Achilles. Dia adalah berani, tempramental dan pendendam. Yang
kedua adalah Hector. Dia berani dan penyayang. Di tidak hanya perduli pada
keluarganya tetapi juga rakyatnya. Perang Troya dibagi menjadi tiga bagian; asal
usul perang, perang di Troya, dan masa setelah perang. Keikutsertaan Achilles
dan Hector dalam perang sangat berpengaruh. Sebagai seorang ksatria, Achilles
berhasil membawa kemenangan untuk negaranya. Dia bahkan memimpin
pasukannya mengalahkan Troya. Hector adalah pemimpin Troya. Sebagai
pemimpin, dia mempunya kekuatan dan stategi untuk memukul mundur Yunani
ke kapal mereka. Dia adalah ksatria paling pemberani dari Troya. Dia adalah satusatunya orang yang dapat mengalahkan Achilles. Walaupun dia terbunuh, tetapi
dia telah mengorbankan diri untuk Negara.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Literature is used as the depiction of human life. The author of literary
works tries to express their idea about life through literature. They express some
phenomena that happen in society. Literature also records some crucial events that
happen thousands of years ago. Among European literatures ancient Greece has a
peculiar place. The Western civilization has been shaped by the ancient Greek
culture that flourished over two thousand years ago. Moreover, Guth said that
“The Greek have influenced many of the traditional ideas of our culture. They
have helped shape our ideas about truth, about justice, and about beauty” (1981:
14). It can be said that literature also has influenced our life through the language.
Greek literature is well-known for their mythology. Among the source of
myth and legend in Western world, Greek mythology has long played a central
role. Guth explained that “Greek myths are traditional stories about gods and
legendary heroes. Many of myths originally told the early Greeks about the origin
or the power of their gods” (1981: 5). The relation between Greek literature and
Greek myth can be seen by looking at the relationship between gods and men,
death and its aftermath, the opposition between nature and society, and conflicts
within the family. The myths were believed by most Greeks that powerfully
effective for conveying moral ideas.
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Trojan War was the last and the greatest war in Greek’s mythology that
was written by Homer entitled Iliad. In the Trojan War, the young Achilles
withdraws from the battles at Troy because King Agamemnon has unfairly robbed
his beautiful girl. But when, as a result of his inaction, his best friend is killed by
Hector the Trojan, he returns to the battlefield in order to carry out the sacred duty
on revenge, although his goddess mother warns him that if he kills Hector, he
himself is destined to fall soon after.
According to the story of Trojan War, Achilles and Hector have big
influences toward the Trojan War. Achilles is the great warrior in Greeks army
while Hector is the great warrior in Trojans. Achilles has enormous power
because he is a son of goddess. In other hand, Hector is the central power of
Trojans fleet. The Greeks will never win the battle without killing Hector, and
Achilles is the one who can kill him.
The original story of Trojan War is an oral literature, supposedly told by
Homer in his epic, Illiad. This undergraduate thesis uses the adaptation’s version
entitle The Trojan War by Edith Hamilton that is written in Literary Heritage by
Hans. P. Guth. The use of adaptation’s version helps the writer understand the
story because it is more effective than using the original version. The language of
adaptation version had been simplified into modern English which is
understandable. The adaptation’s version is a summary version of the epic with
some modifications.
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The adaptation’s version is written in the form of short story. Short story is
one kind of short fiction which is told about the story in the effective way.
Kennedy explains short story as follows
A short story is more than just a sequence of happenings. A finely wrought
short story has the richness and conciseness of an excellent lyrical poem.
Spontaneous and natural as the finished story may seem, the writer has
crafted it so carefully that there is meaning in even seemingly casual
speeches and apparently trivial details. If we skim it hastily, skipping the
descriptive passages, we miss the significance parts (2010: 15).
Although short story is written in a short writing, the writer of short story still
concerns the details of the story. It is said that we may miss the significance part if
we skip some details.
The Trojan War is one of Greek Mythology that is worth to analyze
because it contains the story of legendary war, Trojan War. From the intrinsic
elements especially character, the significance of major characters as great
warriors in war is revealed. Thus, The Trojan War is chosen as the object of study.
In analyzing the short story, the mythological approach is applied. This approach
is used to identify any aspect of mythology underlying certain elements of a
literary work. It is used to reveal the significance of great warriors, Achilles and
Hector, in the Trojan War Since the story is related to Greek mythology, then the
mythological approach is the most appropriate approach.
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B. Problem Formulation
In analyzing the short story, there are three problems related to the topic of
study, the problem of this research can be formulated as follows
1. How are Achilles and Hector described in the story?
2. How is the Trojan War described in the story?
3. What is the significance of great warriors, Achilles and Hector, in the
Trojan War?
C. Objective of the Study
The objective of this research is to find out the significance of great
warriors in war. Therefore, there are three problems need to be answered. The first
objective is to find out the description of great warrior, Achilles and Hector. The
second objective is to find out the depiction of Trojan War. The last objective is to
identify the significance of Achilles and Hector in the Trojan War.
D. Definition of Terms
1. Character
In A Glossary of Literary Terms, Abrams states that a character is a person
presented in a dramatic or narrative work, which is interpreted by the reader as
being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what
he says, the dialogue, and what he does, the action. (1981: 20)
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2. Trojan War
In Greek and Roman Mythology A to Z, Daly states that Trojan War is a
legendary war fought between Achaean (Greek) invaders and the defenders of
Troy, a seaport at the northwestern tip of Asia Minor, around 1200-1300 B.C. The
Trojan War of Greek mythology lasted for 10 years, ending in the sack of Troy
and a victory for the Greeks (2009: 142). In the Iliad, Homer states that Trojan
War was the greatest conflict in Greek mythology, a war that was influence
people in literature and art for centuries (Homer, 1974: 23).
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Review of Related Studies
Some studies are taken as related studies for this undergraduate thesis.
Some comments and criticisms of Trojan War are very helpful in analyzing the
literary work. It is also used to differentiate this undergraduate thesis from others.
Trojan War is an adaptation story that is written by Edith Hamilton. It is
told about the war in the dark age of Greece. Some students of Sanata Dharma
University have done some researches on Greek mythology. The first study is
done by Andy Hermawan Harijanto entitled A Comparison between the
Characters of These, Egeus, and Hippolyta in Shakespeare’s Midsummer Night’s
Dream and Greek Mythology. In his study, Hermawan tries to find out the
differences and similarities of three characters in Midsummer Night’s Dream and
Greek Mythology. In his conclusion, he states:
The character of Theseus and Hippolyta are almost the same in both
stories. Thesues in both stories is good and wise king and Hyppolyta is the
Queen of Amazon. While the character of Egeus is different in both of
stories. In Midsummer Night’s Dream he is stubborn and selfish father of
Hermia but in Greek Mythology, he was a good father of Theseus.
(2001:62)
In analyzing the stories, the writer uses mythological approach as the approach of
the study. The mythological approach is appropriate for analyzing Greek
mythology.
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The second study is done by Michelle Indrawati R. Schur entitled Female
Archetypes in Greek Mythology. She discusses the basic female archetypes of
Greek Mythology. In her conclusion, she states that
The female characters in Greek mythology represent the Good Mother, the
Bad Mother, or one of the aspects of the Triple-Goddess. There is often
overlapping, but the archetypes are clearly identifiable. The female
members of the Greek pantheon as personages or as archetypes supply the
foundation for many characters in Western literature and art. (1998:75)
Although discussing the same topic of Greek Mythology, this undergraduate
thesis has different topic of study. The previous thesis focuses on female
archetypes in Greek mythology. While present study focuses on the great warriors
that have significance in war in the adaptaion story, the Trojan War.
Another review of Trojan War is done by Joseph Roisman. In the journal
entitled Greek Perspectives on the Justness and Merits of the Trojan War, he tries
to explain the “justness” and merits of Trojan War based on Greek perspectives.
He explains:
Homer is a little help as regards the main interest of this paper. The epics
identify humans or gods as the causes of the Trojan War and may even
blame them for it, but they do not volunteer an opinion about whether or
not it was a just war. Thus we find on the list of culprits Paris, who stole
Menelaus’s wife and property. Helen, whose behavior was shameful, and
even Hera, who sought to exact revenge for losing the beauty contest. Yet
if there is a justification of the war in these assertions, it is only implicit.
The poet’s reticence probably has to do with his and his audience’s greater
interest in the military conflict and its heroes, rather than in the moral basis
of the war and the respective merits of the Greek and Trojan causes.
(2008: 98)
According to those statements, Roisman concerns on how Greeks see the merits of
The Greek and Trojan. Although discussing the similar work, Trojan War, the
topic of study is different.
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This present study is different from the study above. The difference is on
the topic. The present study conducted by the writer focuses on the significance of
great warrior in Trojan War.
B. Review of Related Theories
In analyzing the Trojan War, there are three problems that need to be
solved. There are some relevant theories that are used in order to answer the three
problem formulation as follows
1. Theories on Character and Characterization
Character is one of the most important aspects in the short story. Abrams
states “characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work who
are later on interpreted by the readers from their say and actions. What they say
and do is show their “moral, dispositional, and emotional qualities” (1933:23).
The character usually takes the reader’s interest.
Most short stories focus on one central character. Boynton says “Another
truth about most short stories is that the focus is on one central character. It is not
impossible that there be more than one principal character, but it is unusual”
(1972: 26-27). In short story, the author focuses on one central character because
the length of short story does not often allow for the development of more than
one primary focus.
Characterization is used to reveal the characteristics of character. There are
some examples of the ways in which an author attempts to make his characters
understandable to and come alive for, his readers. Boynton explains that
characteristic of character in the short story can be revealed through “what a
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character does, what a character says, what a character thinks, how others react to
a character, how a character reacts to his surroundings, and direct description or
explanation” (1972: 27-30). The description of each methods are explained as
follows
a. What a character does
Stories show characters in action. Therefore, the most obvious method for
revealing character is through what a person does.
b. What a character says
Another way of revealing what people are like is to show what they say.
c. What a character thinks
A writer may also reveal the character of people by showing what they think. We
learn about his passions for order, precision, caution, and self control primarily
through his own reflection on what is going on.
d. How others react to a character
Much can be shown about a character by the way others react to him, or by what
t he y s a y a bout hi m .
e. How a character reacts to his surroundings
One of the commonest ways to reveal character is to show how a person reacts to
his surroundings-to things and places.
f. Direct description or explanation
A final method of character revelation is through direct description or explanation
by the author. It may seem odd to say that “direct description or explanation” is a
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separate way of portraying character, since an author is, after all, in complete
control of everything that goes into story.
2. Theories on Greek Mythology
Theories on Greek Methodology have an important part in analyzing The
Trojan War. It is used to educate the writer about Greek mythology. In The Trojan
War, there are some gods and goddesses that have a relation with the major
characters; Achilles and Hector. The knowledge of Greek mythology is really
helpful in understanding the whole story.
From earliest times, humans have had a need to explain the origins and
wonders of the world: the changing seasons, the mountains, the volcanoes, the
storms, the floods, and the existence of animals, including humans. Then, humans
make up stories about these phenomena. They also invent gods and supernatural
beings. Sometimes people such as the Greeks make up stories just for
entertainment. This make-up story is called myth. According to Guth, “Myth is an
ancient story about supernatural forces or divine beings or godlike heroes. In early
times, myth helped people understand the world around them. Their myth guided
their thought and feelings about the world in which they lived” (1981: 20).
Among the sources of myth and legend in the Western world, Greek
mythology has long played a central role. Greek is the first people to create gods
and goddesses that look like real human beings. In Greek mythology, there are
many lesser gods, nature spirits, and half-divine human beings. Greek mythology
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also tells of many heroes who defeated their enemies by superior wit. In short,
Greek mythology is explained as follows
a. The beginnings of things
Greek mythology began with how the world and mankind were created.
According to Miles, long before the gods appeared there was only chaos. He
states;
The most widely accepted account of the beginning things starts with
Chaos, a yawning nothingness. Out of the void emerged Gaea, the Earth,
and other primeval figures-including Eros or love. Without male assistance
Gaea gave birth to Uranus, the Sky, and Pontus, the Sea. Father Sky lay
with Mother Earth, and fertilised her. From that union were born, first, the
next generation of Gods, the Titans; then more monstrous offspring,
theone-eyed Cyclopes and many-limbed Hundred-Handers (1999: 36).
From the explanation above, it is recognized that from Chaos came into
being the Father Heaven and the Mother Earth. Later, their child is known as the
Titans.
Uranus is understandably afraid of his terrible children. He is worried that
their child would try to overthrow him. Then, he decides to bury his child within
the body of their mother, Earth. Gaia, who is in pain, encourages them to break
out and rebel. Later, Uranus is defeated by the youngest and boldest of the Titans.
Cronus, now take his father’s place as the ruler of gods, with his sister-wife Rhea
as his consort and the other Titans as his court.
The story of father/son conflict is repeated in the next generation. Cronus
is also afraid that his children will treat him as he treated Uranus. Later, he always
swallows them as soon as they are born. At last Rhea takes his children against his
husband. As Zeus grew up, Rhea told him how Cronus had swallowed his brothers
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and sister. Further, Rhea and Zeus made a plot to defeat Cronus. Miles states “At
last, with the help of Cyclopes, Zeus and his siblings were victorious, and Cronus,
and the other Titans were hurled down to imprisonment in Tartarus, the
bottommost part of the underworld” (Miles, 1999: 36).
At last, however, Zeus was established as ruler on Mount Olympus, with
Hera as his sister-wife. Zeus still shares his father and grandfather’s anxiety about
being overthrown by one of his child. Later, he abandons the sea-nymph Thetis to
marry the mortal king Peleus, who becomes the father of Achilles.
b. The Olympians Gods and Goddesses
Greek mythology is rich in history and tales of gods, heroes, women, and
monsters. Creech divides the divinities of the Greek mythology can be grouped
into six classifications: the ancient elementals gods that made up the very fabric of
the universe, the nature spirits, the immortal human-affecting spirits, the Lesser
Gods, the Twelve Olympians, and the Giants, the Monsters, some mortal and
some immortal (2002: 2).
This research focuses on the Olympians gods and goddesses. The Greeks
make their god and goddess in their own image. They are depicted in the shape of
a human being. God and Goddess have an authority in world of mortal. They also
have super power and responsibility for specific aspects of life, for example: Ares,
god of war. The basic distinctions between gods and human are their immortality
and extraordinary power. However, god and goddess are possible to fall in love
with human, get married, and have children.
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The most important Greek gods lived on the summit of Mount Olympus,
the highest mountain in Greece. The principal gods were categorized by the Greek
as ‘the Twelve Olympians’. Miles states that “They fall into two generations: the
older generation of Zeus and his siblings, and the younger generation who are his
children by various mothers” (1999: 21). Moreover, Miles explains the twelve
greater Olympian as follow
i. Zeus
He is the king of gods and ruler of the universe from his throne on Mount
Olympus. Originally a god of the sky and storm, thunder and lightning, he also
becomes patron of kingship and government, law and custom, the patriarchal lord
of the status quo.
ii. Aphrodite
She is goddess of love and sexuality. She is depicted as a beautiful woman. Her
attributes include doves, sparrows, roses, and mirror. She is married to
Hephaestus, and is known for having numerous affairs with gods and mortals.
iii. Apollo
He is the god of light and enlightenment in all its senses, of reason and perception,
music and poetry, prophecy, medicine, and the sun. He is depicted as a beardless
young man of perfect classical beauty, often surrounded by a halo of light,
carrying a bow and arrows and a lyre.
iv. Ares
He is the god of war. He is depicted as a warrior; with armour; sword, spear; and
s hi e l d.
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v. Artemis
She is the virgin huntress, goddess of wild places and wild creatures, of chastity,
and of the moon. She is depicted as a beautiful, athletic young woman, dressed as
a huntress with bow and arrows.
vi. Athena
She is the goddess of war, of arts, crafts, and skills, of intelligence and wisdom.
Hence she is an asexual virgin and an incarnation of militant intelligence. She is
depicted as a tall, sternly, beautiful young woman, ‘grey-eyed’, dressed in full
armour with helmet and spears, and often wearing the head of the Gorgon Medusa
on her breastplate.
vii. Hades
He is the king of the underworld and god of the dead, who gained the realm when
he cast lots with his brothers Zeus and Poseidon. It is stressing that he is not the
devil, not evil or malevolent, merely a cold, grim, inflexible enforcer of the
necessity of death for all mortal creatures.
viii. Hephaestus
He is the god of metalworking and of fire. He is son of Zeus and Hera. He is ugly
and lame, because his mother or father threw him out of heaven and he was
crippled by the fall to earth when he was born.
ix. Hera
She is queen of the gods, sister and wife of Zeus, goddess of marriage and
childbirth, and the pre-eminent women’s deity. She is depicted as a beautiful and
stately queen.
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x. Hermes
He is the messenger of gods, son of Zeus and Maia. He depicted as a handsome,
beardless youth, wearing a winged cap and sandals.
xi. Poseidon
He is the god of the sea, who won that realm by lot from his brothers Zeus and
Hades called ‘Earthshaker’. He holding the three-pointed spear or trident with
which he rules the waves.
Moreover, humans has a relation to Greek mythology since they worships
the god and goddesses. It is also possible that they get married with god or
goddess. Humans are mortal. The common figures of human are kings and
beautiful women. Kings are in charge of ruling his people to follow what the gods
have asked. Moreover, there are women who become the mother of many Greek
mythology heroes. Some gods falls in love with common women and they usually
get married. The child of god or goddess and human are usually have an
extraordinary power. They inherit the power from their father.
Then, there are monster. They exist because some of them are god’s
favorite and god’s guardian. For example, Zeus has Pegasus, a wild winged horse
that becomes a carrier of Zeus’s lightning and thunderbolts. All monsters are
mortal so they can be killed.
3. Theories on Men and War
Men and war are related each other especially in Greek mythology. Men as
a part of humans usually interfere in war. Nortwick states that “The Greeks
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believed that combat was naturally and appropriately an exclusively male
activity” (2008: 74). The Greek, of course, has some rational reasons in saying
that war is a male activity. Moreover, Nortwick explains that
Greek intellectuals rationalized this belief in various ways: war requires
physical strength, and men are naturally stronger than women; because
they are naturally drier than women, men are simply healthier in general,
and thus more reliable in combat; soldiers must depend on each other
when they risk their lives to defend their communities, and women are by
nature more prone to lying and untrustworthy behavior; discipline is
necessary for smoothly functioning army, and women are more
reproachful and combative than man. (2008: 74-75)
From the quotation above, the joining of man at war is very important. They are
the successful key to defeat the enemy. The ability of man in leading the soldiers
is better than women.
War is crucible, full of risk and opportunities, where masculinity is forged
and expressed most vividly in Greek culture. The warrior risks losing control of
his body when he goes into combat. By confronting death directly, the warrior is
an agent for the creation and contemplation of meaning in life.
C. Theoretical Framework
This present study examines the description of major character as great
warrior; Achilles and Hector. The theories are used as guidance in answering the
question given in the problem formulation. The theories of character and
characterization are used to answer the first question, to find out the
characteristics of the main characters; Achilles and Hector.
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The theory of Greek methodology is used to find out the timeline and
background story of Trojan War. It also supports the depth analysis of study in
describing Trojan War for answering the second question. The theory on men and
war is used in last question to identify the significance of Achilles and Hector as
great
warrior
in
Trojan
War.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
The object of this research is an adaptation story entitled “The Trojan
War”. The original story of Trojan War is composed by Homer in his epic, Illiad.
This undergraduate thesis uses the adaptation’s version entitle The Trojan War by
Edith Hamilton that is written in Literary Heritage by Hans. P. Guth. It is an
anthology that consists of short stories and poems. The story of Trojan War was
published by D.C Heat and Company in 1981
The Trojan War is a legendary war fought between the Greeks and the
Trojans. It happens due to the abduction of Helen, Queen of Sparta, by Paris.
Menelaus, King of Sparta, is angered by that accident. He complains to
Agamemnon, his elder brother. They have a plan to attack the Trojan and take
Helen back.
Achilles is great warrior from the Greek. He leads his 50 ships and
numbers of army by himself. The other army is led by Agamemnon. After
dominating some towns on the coast of Troy, he gets Briseis as the prize.
Unfortunately, Agamemnon steals Briseis away from Achilles. Furious, Achilles
decides to retire from the war. However, knowing Patroklus is killed by Hector,
he comes back to the war and slays Hector.
Hector is Prince of Troy, the elder brother of Paris. He is the greatest
warrior of the Trojans. Led by Hector, the Trojan is successful to defend the wall
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of Troy, especially when Achilles leaves the war. Then, the Trojan lost the war
due to the death of Hector. The Trojan War is won by the Greek.
B. Approach of the Study
In analyzing the work of literature, there are some techniques used to
interprete the piece of literature. Some critics may have different ways and
approach due to their views in learning and understanding.
This undergraduate thesis is focused on the characters of a Greek
mythology which is Trojan War. In order to explore them, the mythological
approach is used. Guerin states “the myth critic is concerned to seek out the
mysterious elements that inform certain literary works and that elicit, with almost
uncanny force, dramatic, and universal human reactions” (2005: 182).
According to Allan W. Watts, Myth is to be defined as a complex of
stories-some no doubt fact and some fantasy-which, for various reasons, human
beings regards as demonstrations of the inner meaning of the universe and human
life. (Guerin, 183-184)
C. Method of the Study
This undergraduate thesis uses library research as the most relevant
method. The main process of library research is reading the main source and
obtaining the important ideas which gave benefits in analyzing the short story. In
this undergraduate thesis, there are primary source and secondary source. The
primary source was taken from the adaptation story written by Edith Hamilton, the
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Trojan War. The secondary sources are online journal, essay, and some books of
Greek mythology.
There were some steps done in analyzing the drama. The first step was
reading the primary source, The Trojan War. As the adaptation story read, a
worth-studying element of works emerged and raised the intention to study the
works further. The characters and story of Greek mythology were considered as
the most interesting elements. Then, problem formulation was made as the
guidance for the analysis. First, this study discussed the description of the main
characters, Achilles and Hector. Second, it looked closely to the story of Trojan
War where Achiless and Hector had significance. Third, it observed the
significance of Achilles and Hector in Trojan War. The primary source was
analyzed based on mythological approach. By using some theories, the analysis
would be more critical. Finally, the conclusion was drawn based on the result of
analysis.
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
A. The Description of Great Warrior, Achilles and Hector.
The Trojan War is a nine-years of war fought between the Trojan and the
Greek. Both of countries has the important figure. In the Trojan’s side, there is
Hector, prince of Troy. In the Greek’s side, there is Achilles, prince of
Myrmidons. Achilles and Hector are the main character of the story, the Trojan
War. They become the focus of the story and their existence is very crucial to
establish the context and situation of the story. Here, by using theory from
Boynton, the description of Achilles and Hector is explained as follows
1. Achilles
Achilles is a prince of Myrmidons and the great warrior of the Greek, as
well as the swiftest and most handsome. Achilles is son of goddess and human.
His mother is Thetis, a sea-goddess, daughter Zeus and Nereus. Thetis is married
to mortal, Peleus, king of the Phythians. The child of gods or goddessess and
human are usually have an extraordinary power. According to Morford,
It was not long after the birth of Achilles that Thetis left her husband for
good. She tried to make him immortal, either by roasting him in the fire by
night and anointing him with ambrosia by day or by dipping him in the
waters of the Styx. (1971: 289)
From the explanation above, Thetis tried to make Achilles immortal by dipping
him in the water of Styx. Achilles’s body is invulnerable but his heels is not. Only
his heels, by which Thetis hold him, remains vulnerable. Due to this fault,
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Achiless is still mortal. Although he is mortal, he is blessed by gods and
goddesses.
In Trojan War, Achilles is described as a bad-tempered man. It is
characterized by showing anger easily. There some incidents that causes Achilles
angry. The first incident is a quarrel flared up between Achilles and Agamemnon.
A woman is the reason. Agamemnon is given in his share, Chryseis, and to
Achilles is Briseis. Chryseis is begged by the priest, Apollo, but Agamemnon
refuses it. Then, a plague comes to the Greek and it destroys the army. In the end,
Chryseis is sent back to Apollo and Agamemnon takes Briseis from Achilles. This
incident brings down Achilles’s honour. What Agamemnon did to him is
intolerable. Achilles says, “Let them take the girl without fear for themselves, but
hear him first while he swore before gods and men that Agamemnon would pay
dearly for the deed” (1981: 69). Achilles repaid the dishonor done to him by
withdrawing his contingent, the Myrmidons, from the war. Later, the absence of
Achilles in the Trojan War leads the Greek to a temporary collapse.
Further, Achilles bad-tempered is shown when he refuses Patroclus’
request to return to the war. Patroclus is Achilles’s best friend. He tries to
persuade Achilles to return to the army but Achilles rejects it. His bad-tempered is
shown from what he says, “Go. Take my armor, my men too, and defend the
ships. I cannot go. I am man dishonored. For my own ships, if the battle comes
near them, I will fight. I will not figt for men who have disgraced me” (Hamilton,
1981: 73). Achilles does not want to fight for Agamemnon because he has
disgraced him by taking Briseis. Achilless is a man of honour. He would not
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tolerate anyone who has digraced him. He decides not to join the war. From that
quotation, it is also shown that Achilles is a stubborn. Nobody can control him.
He does whatever he wants.
Then, Achilles is desribed as a man of vengeance. It shows in what
Achilles does when he knows that Patroclus is dead. In the beginning of the story,
it is told that Achilles refused to join the war. Then, Patroclus replaced Achilles’s
position. He wore Achilles’s armor and led the Myrmidons in the war.
Unfortunately, he fights against Hector and finally die in Hector’s hand. Knowing
the fact that Patroclus is dead because of him, Achilles decides to take a revenge
on Hector. It shows from what he says,
Down in the sea caves his mother knew his sorrow and came up to try to
comfort him “I will no longer live among men,” he told her “If I do not
make Hector pay with his death for Patroclus dead.” Then Thetis weeping
bade him remember that he himself was fated to die straightway after
Hector. “So may I do,” Achilles answered, “I who did not help my
comrade in his sore need. I will kill the destroyer of him I loved; then I
will accept death when it comes” (Hamilton, 1981: 74)
From the quotation above, it reveals that Achilles is an avenger. He takes a
revenge to Hector because Patroclus, the man he loved, is killed by Hector. For
his beloved friend, he decides to return to the Greek. It also shows that Achilles
also cares about his friend. He cannot forgive them who have taken his friend.
In the day that he is finally able to kill Hector, he takes revenge on Hector
by dragging Hector’s body. His grief at the death of Patroclus led him to dishonor
Hector’s corpse in a way that offended Greek religious conventions, and also to
sacrifice twelve Trojan prisoners at the funeral of Patroclus. Hamilton states,
At last when his (Achilles) fierce soul was satisfied with vengeance he stood
beside the body of Patroclus and said,
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“Hear me even in the house of Hades. I have dragged Hector behind my
chariot and I will give him to the dogs to devour beside your funeral pyre”
(Hamilton, 1981: 76)
From the quotation above, it shows how anger lead Achilles to take revenge on
Hector. He does not return Hector’s body to his family. He even gives him to the
dogs.
The next characteristic of Achilles is brave. As the great warrior, Achilles is
described as a brave man. He is not afraid to fight in the battle and take the risk.
His bravery is revealed when Calchas asked him to guarantee his safety. The
Greek’s army is afraid of Agamemnon due to his authority, Achilles is not. It is
shown from what he does,
Then the prophet Calchas stood up and said he knew why the god was
angry, but that he was afraid to speak unless Achilles would guarantee his
safety.
“I do so,” Achilles answered
“Even if you accuse Agamemnon himself.” (Hamilton, 1981: 69)
The quotation above shows that Achilles has enough bravery to up against
Agamemnon. That is the reason of why Calchas asked Achilles to guarantee him.
Achilles’s fate is to die straightway after Hector. Thetis has advised
Achilles to have nothing to do with the Greeks and the war. Achilles still joins the
war and takes revenge on Hector. He says, “I who did not help my comrade in his
sore need. I will kill the destroyer of him I loved; then I will accept death when it
comes” (Hamilton, 1981: 74). It shows that Achilles has enough bravery to
confront Hector for the sake of Patroclus. He does not care about his death after
that battle. As a great warrior, honour is the most important thing. By confronting
death directly, he shows that he is a real warrior.
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In short, Achilles is a great warrior of the Greeks. He is bad-tempered and
its leads him to withdraw from the war. His bad-tempered bring him to be a man
of vengeance. He takes revenge on Hector who has killed his beloved friend,
Patroclus. In the war, he is a brave man who has a bravery to confront anyone. His
bravery leads him to fight against Hector. He successes to kill Hector and fulfill
his words.
2. Hector
Hector is a great warrior of the Trojan. He is the Prince of Troy, son of
Priam and Hecuba. In the Trojan War, he is the leader of Trojan’s army. As the
great warrior, he has an important role in attacking and defending the walls of
Troy. In the beginning of the story, Hamilton states “Priam, the king, and his
queen, Hecuba, had many brave sons to lead the attack and defend the walls-one
above all, Hector, than whom no man anywhere was nobler or more brave, and
only one a greater champion of the Greeks, Achilles” (1981: 68). Since the
beginning of the story, Hamilton has clearly stated that Hector is a brave man.
The first characteristic of Hector is brave. His bravery is shown in the
entire war. As the leader, Hector stands in the forefront of the battle. His duty is to
defend the wall of Troy from the Greek’s attack. Before Hector went to the
battlefield, he met Andromache, his wife, and Astyanax, his son. He smiled and
looked at them s