EMBAGA PENELITIAN DAN N PENGABDIAN KEPADA MASYARAKA 2009

NASKAH AKADEMIS

ENGEMBANGAN MODELVOLIECA
ECOVILLA
"
PEM BANGUNAN KAW ASAN PERDESAAN SERI A
SUM BANGAN PERTANIAN BAGI PENINGKATAN KUALITAS HIDUI
PENDUDUK PERDESAAN

EDITOR :

EU1S SUNARTI
N PEN GABDI AN KEPADA M ASYARAKA
EM BAGA PEN ELI TI AN DAN
2009

NASKAH AKADEM IS
PENGEM BANGAN M ODELyvutsrponmligfedcaYWVUTSROLKIHGEDCA
ECOVILLAGE
Pembangunan Kawasan Perdesaan serta Peningkatan Sumbangan
Pertanian bagi Peningkatan Kualitas Hidup Penduduk Perdesaan

Editor Euis Sunarti

N a sk a h Ak a d e m i s
PEN G EM BA N G A N M O D ELyvutsrponmligfedcaYWVUTSROLKIHGEDCA
ECOVILLAGE
Pe m b a n g u n a n

Ka w a sa n

b a g i Pe n i n g k a t a n

Pe r d e s a a n

se r t a

Ku a l i t a s H i d u p Pe n d u d u k

Pe n i n g k a t a n

Su m b a n g a n

Pe r t a n i a n

Pe r d e sa a n

Edit or: Euis Sunart i

Desai n Ga m b a r Co ver

: Euis Su n ar t i

Pen at a Let ak

: M a h m u d i Si w i

© Lem b ag a Pen el i t i an d a n Pen g ab d i an k ep ad a M as y ar ak at - IPB, Bo g o r
Hak c i p t a d i l i n d u n g i u n d a n g - u n d a n g
D i t e r b i t k an p e r t a m a k ai i o l e h
Lem b ag a Pen el i t i an d a n Pen g ab d i an k ep ad a M as y ar ak at -

IPB

Bo g o r , O k t o b e r 2 0 0 9

D i l ar an g k er as m e n e r j e m a h k a n , m e m f o t o k o p i , at au m e m p e r b a n y a k seb ag i an at au
sei u r u h isi b u k u i n i t a n p a i z i n d ar i p e n e r b i t

ii

DAFTAR ISI

Pe n g a n t a r Ke p a l a LPPM I PB (iii)
Pe n g a n t a r Ed i t o r (v)

BAGI AN I

Pe n g e m b an g an zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaWVUTSRPONMLKJIHFEDBA
Ecoviliage d a l a m Ran g k a Per en can aan d a n Pe n g e m b an g an Wi l a y a h
(1 )

B aba B arus dan D/ d/ t Okta

Pribadi

Konsep Tat a Ru an g d a n El em en Lan sk ap p a d a Ecoviliage

Nizar

(2 1 )

Nasrullah

Ko n sep Per en can aan Wi l a y a h d a l a m Pen g em b an g an Ecoviliage
Dedi

Budiman

Pem an f aat an

Hakim

dan Irni Rahmayani

T e k n o l o g i Ber b asi s

(2 9 )

Johan

Su m b er

En er g i

T e r b a r u k a n Set em p at

untuk

M e n c i p t a k a n Desa M a n d i r i E3 i (4 1 )
Kamaruddin

Abdul I ah

BAGI AN II

Si st em Per t an i an T e r p a d u (5 7 )
Memen

Surahman

Pen g em b an g an

dan

Sudradjat

Pet er n ak an

Or g an i k

T er p ad u

Dal am

Up ay a

Pe m b an g u n an

Kaw asan Pet er n ak an Ber k el an j u t an (7 5 )
Nahrowi
Pem an f aat an T e k n o l o g i T ep at Gu n a d a l a m Up ay a Pe m e n u h an Ke b u t u h an Pan g an
d an En er g i (8 9 )
Usman

Ahmad

Ren can a Pe n g e m b an g an Bu d i d ay a Ikan A i r T aw ar d i D ar u l Fal ah (1 1 3 )
Achmad

Fahrudin

dan Ali

Mashar

XIII

Ko n sep zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaWVUTSRPONMLKJIHFEDBA
Ecoviliage d a r i Asp ek Keh u t an an (1 2 1 )
Irdika

Mansur

Pel b ag ai

Macam

Kayu u n t u k
Sri

T i p e Ban g u n an

Ecohouse

Per d esaan y a n g Ber k el an j u t an d a r i Ko n st r u k si

(1 4 1 )

Murdiastuti

BA GI A N III

Pen g em b an g an

Desa

Ek o l o g i s

(Ecoviilagey.Landasan

Et i k - Teo r et i k

d an

Ko n sep t u al i sasi d ar i Per sp ek t i f Ek o l o g i M an u s i a d a n Ek o l o g i Bu d ay a ( 1 6 1 )
HadiDhakmawan
Ek o si st em Kel u ar g a: Tr an sak si Kel u ar g a d en g an Li n g k u n g a n n y a u n t u k Ke h i d u p a n
Kel u ar g a ser t a Li n g k u n g an y an g Ber k u al i t as (1 7 3 )
Euis

Sunarti

Pe m b e r d ay aan Ek o n o m i Kel u ar g a d a l a m Ran g k a Pen i n g k at an
Ket ah an an Kel u ar g a ( 1 8 9 )
Hartoyo
Pen ceg ah an M asal ah Gi z i d an Keseh at an M asy ar ak at (2 1 5 )
Ali Khomsan

dan Euis

Pen g em b an g an

Sunarti

Kel em b ag aan

d an Or g an i sasi

Pen d ek at an d a n Lan g k ah St r at eg i s (2 3 3 )
Lala M.

Kolopaking

xiv

Kem asy ar ak at an

untuk

Ecoviliage.

PENGEM BANGAN DESA EKOLOGISVOLIGECA
(ECOVILLAGE)

yutsrponlkigfedaTPMLKEB

Lan d asan Et ik-Teoret ik d an Ko n sep t u al i sasi d ar i Per sp ekt if
Ek o l o g i M an u si a d an Ek o l o g i Bu d ay a
Arya Hadi Dharmawan
D e p ar t e m e n Sains Ko m u n i k as i d an Pen g em b an g an

M as y ar ak at

Fak u l t as Ek o l o g i M a n u s i a - IPB

M U N C U L N Y A G A G A SA N yvutsrponmligfedcaYWVUTSROLKIHGEDCA
ECOVILLAGE
D A L A M PEN G A T U R A N K A W A SA N
a.

Pr o p o si si I: Kr isis Pe r a d a b a n d a n Kr isis Ek o l o g i

M e m a s u k i ab ad 2 1 p er so al an - p er so al an zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaWVUTSRPONMLKJIHFEDBA
krisis ekologi (p o l u s i , p e n c e m ar an l i n g k u n g an
h i d u p , k ek er i n g an , b an j i r , d ep l esi s u m b e r d a y a a l a m . k em i s k i n an )

t am p ak m ak i n

m e n o n j o l d a n m a k i n k o m p l e k s u n t u k d i car k an so l u si n y a. Ber b ag ai

u p ay a

b er an ek a- r ag am

d en g an

p e n d e k at an d i c o b a u n t u k m en g at asi b er b ag ai p er so al an t er s eb u t .

Sal ah sat u p en d ek at an y a n g c u k u p m u t a k h i r ad al ah ecoviliage.
d an "societv"

m e n d e k at k an h u b u n g a n an t ar a "nature"
k ep en t i n g an y an g b er h ad ap - h ad ap an
d a l a m l an d asan i d e o l o g i h i j au (sreen

Ko n sep i n i m e n c o b a

y a n g sel am a i n i b e r ad a p a d a

u n t u k d i sat u k an m e n j a d i p e n d e k a t a n t u n g g al
ideology)

y an g san g at k en t al (l i h at D o b s o n a n d

Eck er sl ey. 2 0 0 6 ) .
Gag asan t e n t a n g p en at aan

k aw asan

seb en ar n y a

g ej al a y a n g sam asek al i

ad al ah

seb u ah

ek sp er i m en t asi t ry and error.

d en g an

m en g g u n ak an
b ar u .

p en d ek at an

ecoviliage

Gej al a t er s eb u t

ad al ah

y an g k e m u d i a n b e r k e m b a n g m e n j a d i seb u ah g er ak an

sosi a! y an g m a n t a p y an g d i r i n t i s o l eh s e k e l o m p o k k o m u n i t a s l o k al ( c o m m u n i t v - b a s e d
movement)

p a d a m asy ar ak at Bar at m u l a i d ek ad e 1 9 8 0 a n .

Kesad ar an t er s eb u t p ad a

d asar n y a m er esp o n s secar a r a d i k a l , seb u ah p e r k e m b a n g a n so si o - ek o l o g i s m a k r o
ekologi

d a n krisis

peradaban)

k o m u n i t as . Secar a sosio- budaya,
so si al - b u d aya

(p er ad ab an )

{krisis

y a n g t i d a k t er el ak k an a k i b a t n y a d i t at ar an m i k r o
p e r k e m b a n g a n m a k r o t er s eb u t ad al ah t r an s f o r m as i

w est er n i t as

y an g

san g at

f u n d a m e n t a l i s t i k . Per ad ab an

m o d e r n w est er n i t as m u l a i b er l an g s u n g d en g an p esat sej ak a b a d 1 8 - 2 0 (sej ak r ev o l u si
i n d u st r i Er o p a) d a n b e r l a n j u t h i n g g a k i n i . T r an sf o r m asi so si al d i t i n g k a t m a k r o t er s eb u t
m en g h asi l k an

p r o ses- p r o ses

so si al

y an g

t i d ak

Naskah Ak ad em i s: Pengem bangan Mo d el Ecoviliage

p er n ah

d i b ayan g k an

ak i b at n ya

161

s e b e l u m n y a p a d a saat zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaWVUTSRPONMLKJIHFEDBA
peradaban
kaoitalisme- materialisme
d i m u l a i d i Bar at , y a i t u :
alienasi

(keterpisahan/ isolasi)

kehidupan

sosial

manusia

terhadap

mendeplesi

warga

yang memisahkan
alam

(menggerus)

dan
stok

dari

lingkungan

kehangatan
lingkungan

sumberdaya

sosialnya,

kehidupan
hidupnya,

alam

individualisasi

sosial

antar- warga.

d an

konsumerisme

alienasi
yang

secar a l u ar b i asa (l i h at Go r z . 1 9 9 6 ;

Dr yz ek . 2 0 0 5 ) . Per so al an k o n f l i k an t ar a culture/ societv

versus

nature

t el ah m e n j a d i

d i m e n s i p r o b l e m a t i k a l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p t er s en d i r i , y a n g sej ak l a m a m e n j a d i w ac an a
sai n t i f i k

yan g

t i d ak

p er n ah

m en d ap at k an

p en y el esai an

secar a m e m u a s k a n

(l i h at

Go l d m a n an d Sc h u r m a n . 2 0 0 0 ) .
T r an sf o r m asi so si al al a Bar at y a n g d i p i c u o l eh modernitas
e k o n o m i v i a kapitalisme

y a n g san g at memuja

pasar

k e h i d u p a n al a Bar at y a n g sar at d en g an
tinggi,
k ar en a

(dari

akumulasi

d u k u n g a n konsumsi

Barat),

p er t u m b u h an

material,
enersi

d an

massa

sansat

p ad a a w a l n y a d i p a n d a n g seb ag ai b er k ah b ag i p e r ad ab an b ar u d i p l a n e t b u m i
m em b er i k an

p em b an g u n an

al a

k en i k m at an
m o d e r n i s as i

b ag i
d an

m asy ar ak at

Bar at .

Ol eh

k ap i t al i s m e- m at er i al i s m e

k ar en a

Bar at

it u. pola

d al am

w ak t u

san g at cep at d i r e p l i k a s i o l eh b er b ag ai b an g sa d an n eg ar a d i n eg ar a- n eg ar a
k et i g a

g ay a

(sed an g

m en g at ak an

b er k em b an g ).

b ah w a,

p er ad ab an

Set i ap
m o d er n

n eg ar a
Bar at

seo l ah - o l ah
yan g

san g at

dunia

b er l o m b a

h en d ak

m at e r i al i s t i k

(m esk i

b el ak an g an , d i ser t ai o l e h p r o ses- p r o ses i n d i v i d u al i sasi d a n p e n g h a n c u r a n l i n g k u n g a n
h i d u p o l e h m esi n i n d u s t r i p e r ad ab an

yan g

l ay ak

polluting

industrial

complek)

u n t u k d i t i r u b ag i m asy ar ak at

ad al ah t i p e i d ei b e n t u k

d i sean t er o j ag ad

(l i h at j u g a

Gam b ar 1 ).

Trend
[k ecender ungank ecend er ung an
g l o b al ] d i b u m i

Effect Biofisika/
d ar i ad an ya
k ecend er ungan
g l ob al

Effek Sosial 6dx\
k ecend er ung an
g l o b al

162

Penggunaan secara
b er l eb i h an
[overuse] st ok
su m b er d aya al am
o l eh m anusia

Men i n g k at n ya int ensit as d an k ualit as p ol u si
t er h ad ap l i n g k u n g an h i d u p [yang m em b ah ayak an
k eseluruhan alam / biosf er ]

Penggerusan
cad an g an b i o t i k
d an k elangk aan
su m b er d aya al am

Toksif ikasi
[per acunan]
t er h ad ap
ek osist em .
yang
m engancam
kesehatan
m asyarakat
at au p u b l i k

Perubahanp er u b ah an
ek ologis p ad a
at m osf er atmospheric
change [suhu
m en i n g k at , ef ek
rum ah- kaca]

Ket id ak sei m b an g an
k i m i aw i pada
ek osist em

•

Prevalensi d an

Ket i d ak n yam an an
t er h ad ap
k eh i d u p an m ak i n
m en i n g k at

Keh i d u p an
m ak i n p en u h
k et i d ak p ast i an

•

Ket id ak p ast ian
su m b er n af k ah
b ag i war g a
Kem isk inan
d an Kelaparan

k er awanan
t er h ad ap
berbagai
p enyak it .
m en i n g k at

Naskah Ak ad em i s: Pengem b angan Mo d el

Ecoviliage

tsvu- lsvu kritikal
atas h ad i r n ya
k ecenderungan

•

Kehancuran

l i ng k ung an
g l ob al

•

Desert if ikasi
[p en g g u r u n an ]

•
•

Kelangkaan ai r
Kehilangan
k eanek aragam a
n hayat i
[b i od i ver si t y
lossj

•

•

Kem isk inan
k et id ak p ast ian
naf k ah
Ket ergant ungan
suat u kawasan
atas p angan.

ronm

cy n o r m

f\ 'y n

• Resiko
m asyar ak at
t er h ad ap
b encana
l i n g k u n g an .
m ak i n t i n g g i .

•

Ni t r o g en
excess

•

Ar ah
k eh i d u p an
m ak i n sulit
diduga

•

Ket ahanan
sosioek o n o m i
m asyarak at
b er k u r an g .

t er h ad ap
l i m b ah .

'y t r

ener g i , o an air
m en i n g k at .

• Hu j an asam
[acid rain]

• Per ub ahan
i k l i m [dimate
c/ iange]

Kesehatan
m asyaraka
t harus
t erus
b er k o m p r
om i

•

d an

•

• Deplesi oz on

Li m b ah
kimia
ber bahaya
sepert i
POP
[permane
nt organ/ c
poi/ utani\

laut [m ar i n e
losses]

•

Derajat
k on f l i k
lingk unga
n hidup
m eningk at

Sum ber: d i ad ap t asi d ar i Spet h and Haas dalam Speth (2 0 0 6 ).
Gam b ar 1 .

Krisis

Ek o l o g i

yan g

D i ak i b at k an

o l eh

Ke h i d u p an

d al am

Per ad ab an

Mo d er n - Mat er i al i sm e
Per so al an n ya k e m u d i a n ad al ah
d an

m o d e r n i t as Bar at y a n g

b a h w a i m p i a n k eag u n g an

p er n ah d i h a r a p k a n s e b e l u m n y a d i k e m u d i a n h ar i . Kehancuran
penipisan

stok

sumberdaya

p e r ad ab an

d i j a n j i k a n , t er n y at a m e m b e r i k a n
alam

m at er i al i s m e

d am p ak
linskunsan

yan g
hidup

b ag i k e h i d u p a n ad al ah g ej al a y a n g t a m p a k

ak i b at m o d e r n i t a s Bar at y a n g d i j al an k an

di atas alas sistem

ekonomi

t i d ak
d an
n y at a

kapitalisme-

pasar. M as i h , secar a so si o l o g i s, b er b ag ai b e n t u k i n st i t u si d a n n o r m a l o k al y a n g t a d i n y a
h i d u p d an m e m e l i h a r a k eh an g at an w ar g a k o m u n i t as l o k al p u n m e l u n t u r ak i b at p r ax i s
Seb ag ai ak i b at n y a, sense

m at er i al i s m e- i n d i y j d u al i s m e.
p er asaan ,se i k at an ,

so l i d ar i t as

sosi al

d an

of communitv

sal i n g - k ep er cayaan

d an

p er asaan -

m en g h i l an g

d an

m e n j ad i k ah k e h i d u p a n t er asa "san g at d i n g i n d an k e r i n g " .
Sei r i n g d en g an m e n i n g k a t n y a p r ax i s i n d u st r i al i sasi , k ap i t al i sasi , p asar i sasi d a n m a k i n
d al am n ya
b er u p a

etika

polusi,

konsumerisme,
toksifikasi.

dan

m ak a d am p ak
berbagai

b u r u k at as g ay a- k eh i d u p an

pemicu

krisis

ekolosi

lainnya,

m o d er n
t er m as u k

b er b ag ai r esi k o so si o - ek o l o g i (p en i n g k at an p r eval en si t er s er an g p e n y a k i t d eg en er at i f )
t er u s d i r asak an

p en i n g k at an n ya

m en g i j i n k an t er b en t u k n y a

d ar i

" m asy ar ak at

t ah u n

ke t ah u n

b e r p e r ad ab an

(Beck ,
d en g an

1 9 9 2 ).

Pr oses i n i

r esi k o y an g

t i n g g i " d a l a m m e m b i n a k e h i d u p a n n y a , y an g d i i k u t i o l eh g ej al a al i en asi so si al

Naskah Ak ad em i s: Pengem bangan Mo d el Ecoviliage

san g at
y an g

163

san g at ak u t .

Sek al i l ag i . ad al ah , b u d a y a m o d e r n - m a t e r i a l i s t i k an t r o p o s e n t r i s y an g

t el ah m e i c u b e r k e m b a n g n y a r esi k o t er seb u t . D a l a m si t u asi t er s eb u t , set i ap i n d i v i d u
m e n g e m b a n g k a n zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaWVUTSRPONMLKJIHFEDBA
etika kompetisi
yang sangat tinggi, m e m e l i h a r a et i k a- l i b er ai i sm e
d e m i k esej ah t er aan i n d i v i d u , d a n k e t i d a k p e d u l i a n so si al y a n g m e n g k h a w a t i r k a n . Pad a
titik

i n i l ah

t er b en t u k

p er ad ab an

y an g

d i seb u t

Beck

(1 9 9 2 )

seb ag ai

risk- society

(m asy ar ak at y a n g p e n u h d e n g a n r esi k o ).
D ai am p e n g a t u r a n t a t a n a n so si o - k em asyar ak at an , k el em b ag aan - k el em b ag aan
(swast a)

m en g g an t i k an

k el em b ag aan

so si al - k o l ek t i f y an g

aw al n ya

f o r m al

d i b an g u n

o l eh

w a r g a u n t u k m e l a k u k a n p e r l i n d u n g a n [ b e r u p a asu r an si so si al d an b er b ag ai b e n t u k
social

securitv

So l i d ar i t as

b er g an t i

m e n g h a d i r k a n stress
d i m an a

yan g

mechanism

so si al

l ai n ] t e r h a d a p

d en g an

k o m u n i t as - t i n g g al - d e k at

t e l ah t i a d a l ag i .

i n d i vi d u al yan g

san g at

k et at

d an

y a n g c u k u p m er es ah k an . Keh an g at an so si al d i m asa l al u .

sosial

p e n u h k e s e t i ak aw an an

set i ap w a r g a y a n g m e m b u t u h k a n .

p er sai n g an

{neighborhood- based

y an g

commun/ t})

so si al t i n g g i ser t a m e n g i n d a h k a n sense

h an g at ,

of communitv.

kini

M o d e r n i t a s Bar at y an g m e n g a g u n g k a n p e r t u m b u h a n e k o n o m i d an

ak u m u l as i k ap i t al ser t a k o n su m si [ k o n s u m er i s m e] m assa t i n g g i j u g a d i y a k i n i t el ah
m em i cu

b eb er ap a

t er u s m e l e b a r

{growing

an t ar - k aw asan
m em b er i k an

d am p ak

so si al

y an g

san g at

p o t en s i al

d an

s i g n i f i k an

d an

disoariti

es between

an t ar - l ap i san

d am p ak

p en g g er u san / ek sp l o i t asi

l ai n

the rich

m asy ar ak at ).

b er u p a

c ad an g an

and

p e m i s k i n an

su m b er d aya

the ooor

Mo d er n i t as
k aw asan

al am

(massive

p el ep asan c ad an g an k a r b o n \ carbon
of global

climate

change

juga

t er t en t u

t el ah
ak i b at
resources

natural

Sem en t ar a i t u .

d an b er b ag ai z at b e r b a h a y a seb ag ai a k i b a t

loss]

p e m b a k a r a n e n e r g i b er b asi s f o ssi l \ fossil- fuel
{the disruption

an t ar - n eg ar a.

-

Bar at

- m i n y a k b u m i . ai r . cad an g an k ar b o n ) y a n g t er u s m e n e r u s .

deoletion

m em i cu

sep er t i t e r b e n t u k n y a j u r a n g p e r b e d aan an t ar a k aya d a n m i s k i n y an g

disintegrasisosial,

t el ah m e m i c u p e r u b a h a n i k l i m

energi

via green

house

effecb

y an g san g at m en y i k s a

t i d a k saj a b ag i m as y ar ak at d i n eg ar a- n eg ar a m aj u (Bar at ) saj a m e l a i n k a n j u g a k ep ad a
m er ek a y a n g t i n g g a l d i k aw asan
banjir,

kekeringan,

m en g h em p ask an

sel at an

ser t a

badai

h em i sf er y a n g m i s k i n .

si k l u s

iklim

m en j ad i

Kekacauan

t i d ak

cuaca,

m en en t u

y an g

m as y ar ak at m i s k i n m a k i n r aw an p e n y ak i t , m a k i n m e n d e r i t a ak i b at

h i l a n g n y a s u m b e r n af k ah m er ek a, d an l eb i h cep at j a t u h k e p ad a st at u s k e m i s k i n a n ,
k et i ad aan p an g an d a n p e n d e r i t a a n y an g ab s o l u t (v ast human

b.

miser\ h.

Pr o p o si si II: K e s a d a r a n a k a n yvutsrponmligfedcaYWVUTSROLKIHGEDCA
Eco- friendi/
L/ v/ ngdan Sense o
fCommunity

Ker esah an
d em i k i an

ak an

berlanjutnya

t er s eb u t ,

m em i k i r k an

k em b al i

t e i ah

social

m em i cu

b ag ai m an a

and

ecological

sek el o m p o k

m em b an g u n

o r an g

k aw asan

destruction
(aw al n y a

y an g

orocesses
di

Bar at )

untuk

d esa)

y an g

l o k al (sat u an

" g u y u b " d a n p e n u h t a n g g u n g j a w a b sosi al ser t a t a n g g u n g j a w a b ek o l o g i s y an g t i n g g i
p a d a l i n g k u n g a n n y a . Seb u ah si st em p en g o r g an i sasi an so si o - ek o l o g i d i ar as l o k al y an g
m am p u

m e n g e l o l a s u m b e r d a y a al am

d an

l i n g k u n g an h i d u p ser t a m e n g h i n d a r k a n

b e r t a b r a k a n n y a k e p e n t i n g an - k e p e n t i n g an m an u si a (b u d ay a) d an a l a m p a d a t i t i k y an g
sal i n g m e m a t i k a n .
El g i n

dalam

Wa l k e r

(2 0 0 5 )

m en g at ak an

b ah w a

k esad ar an

i n i secar a

k esej ar ah an

m e n g a m b i l m o m e n t u m " p o l i t i c a l s t a t e m e n t " y an g d i b u a t p a d a saat b e r k u m p u l n y a

164

*>-' .

Naskah Ak ad em i s: Pengem bangan Mo d el

Ecoviliage

p ar a t o k o h i l m u w a n , n e g a r a w a n , ak t i vi s l i n g k u n g an h i d u p , p e r e m p u a n , t e r m a s u k p a r a
p e m e n a n g h ad i ah n o b e l d a n ak t i vi s l ai n n y a d a l a m su at u p e r t e m u a n d i t a h u n 1 9 9 2
y a n g m en c an an g k an " Wa r n i n g t o H u m a n i t v " (Per i n g at an u n t u k Kem an u si aan ) d a l a m
p e r t e m u a n u n t u k p e n y e l a m a t a n l i n g k u n g an h i d u p .
d i k en an g

p ad a

w ak t u

p e r ad ab an n y a] and

i t u an t ar a

the natural

[ b er t u m b u k an

course

and

D a l a m p e r n y at aan h i st o r i s y a n g

b a h w a : zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaWVUTSRPONMLKJIHFEDBA
"human
beings
[ m an u s i a d en g an
[ al am d a n l i n g k u n g an h i d u p ] are on

world

k e p e n t i n g a n ] . . .a

[ k e p e m i m p i n a n = kekhalifahan
al am ] o f the earth

l ai n

manusia

great

change

in

our

collison

stewardship

y an g m e n g e m b a n g k a n k esan t u n an t e r h a d a p

the life o n i t . is r e g u i r e d .

D en g an l an g k ah n y at a y a n g d a p a t

m e n g h i n d a r k a n b e r t a b r a k a n n y a d u a su b - si st em (m an u s i a d a n al am ) t er seb u t , m a k a
b en c an a k em an u s i aan {human

miseryi)

d a p a t d i h i n d a r i d a n k e b e r l an j u t an a l a m d a p a t

d i c ap ai ser t a d i p e r t a h a n k a n .
Or i en t asi p e n y e l a m a t a n k e d u a p i h ak m an u si a d a n al am ad al ah m en g o r ek s i p r ak t ek
k eh i d u p an

p er ad ab an

m o d e r n y an g

m e m i c u b an y ak

p o t en s i k o n f l i k d a n

d ep l esi

(p en g g er u san b e r l e b i h a n ) cad an g an s u m b e r d ay a al am ser t a p e n g o t o r a n l i n g k u n g a n
h i d u p . A l i h - al i h k o n f l i k y a n g d es t r u k t i f , m a k a p i l i h a n d i a r a h k a n u n t u k m e n a p a k i j a l u r
k er j asam a

k eg u yu b an

{berbasis

d al am m en yel am at k an

kolektivitas- komunah

k ed u a

b el ah p i h ak (al am d a n m an u s i a). Per t an y aan n y a y a n g m u n c u l p a d a saat i t u ad al ah :
b ag ai m an ak ah

c ar an y a

m en g o p er asi o n al i sasi k an

i d e- i d e p e n y e l a m a t a n

h i d u p d a n m an u s i a ser aya m en g o r ek s i p er ad ab an m o d e r n y a n g r ak u s
Pad a saat i t u l a h i d e- i d e t e n t a n g ecoviliage
l est ar i ), cohousing
si m b o l

y an g

perumahan
terhadap

(greedy)!

b er b asi s ek o si st em l o k al y an g

[ k o m p l e k s p e r u m a h a n " t i n g g al - d ek at " secar a so si al ] , d an s i m b o l -

m en eg ask an

yang

(k aw asan

l i n g k u n g an

kembalinya

berkelanjutan

lingkungan

hidup

kehidupan

fsustainable

[eco- friendlvi-

tradisi

settiementi

yang

dan

seb ag ai m an a

kolektif- egaliter.

yang terpenting,

akrab

p e r n a h t e r j ad i s eb el u m er a-

k ap i t al i sm e b e r k e m b a n g - . seg er a m e n g u a t p ad a ar as l o k al d i b e b e r a p a k aw asan d i
A m e r i k a Ut ar a d an
g ag asan ecoviliage

Er o p a Bar at

(l i h at Ch r i st i an . 2 0 0 3 : Wai k er .

2 0 0 5 ).

Ar t i n ya,

p a d a d asar n y a ad al ah r esp o n s p o si t i f at as k er esah an y an g t i m b u l

ak i b at b e r l a n j u t n y a k eh an c u r an a l a m . Ko n sep t er s eb u t m e n g i n g i n k a n

p en y el esai an

o p er as i o n al d i t i n g k a t l o k al .
Kesad ar an

u n t u k k e m b a l i k ep ad a k o n sep d esa aw al / t r ad i si i n i m e m i c u t u m b u h n y a

g er ak an sosial l i n g k u n g a n u n t u k m e n g u k u h k a n o r i en t asi n i l ai k eh an g at an so si al , d a n
k el est ar i an l i n g k u n g an h i d u p (seb ag ai m an a t el ah b er l an g s u n g d i k aw asan
indigenous

villages

d i p ed esaan

In d o n esi a p ad a m asa l al u . s eb el u m

traditional

p r oses- p r oses

m o d er n i sasi d an k ap i t al i sasi m e l a n d a d esa- d esa), seb ag ai si st em y an g p e r l u d i t e n g o k
k e m b al i d an b ah k an p e r l u m e n d a p a t k a n p e m b e n a r a n sai n t i f i k u n t u k d i k e m b a n g k a n
k eb er ad aan n y a.
H i n g g a sej au h i n i . k e m u n c u l a n i d e ecoviliage

(p ad a d asar n y a) d i d o r o n g o l eh d u a

k esad ar an y an g b e r b e d a , m esk i t e t a p d a l a m sat u d asar f i l o so f i s- i d eo i o g i s y a n g sam a.
Di

sat u

sisi,

dari

Barat

m au p u n

d ap at

ecoviliage

m e l a k u k a n counter

cultural

d i p an d an g

citioue

seb ag ai

terhadap

b e n t u k g er ak an

peradaban

sad ar

untuk

materialisme- individualisme

y a n g d i p a n d a n g san g at m e n g h an c u r k an sen d i - sen d i b ai k k e h i d u p a n so si al
e k o l o g i k ah

Di

sisi

l ai n .

g ag asan

Naskah Ak ad em i s: Pengem bangan Mo d et Ecoviliage

ecoviliage

m er u p ak an

u sah a

sad ar

165

peniniauan- dan- penemuan

ulang

(revisit/ ng

reinventing)zyxwvutsrponmlkjihgfedcbaYWVUTSRPONMLKJIHGFED
t e r h a d a p m ek an i sm e-

and

m e k an i s m e i n t er ak si m a n u s i a d a n al am y a n g t e l ah b er l an g s u n g p a d a si st em sosi oek o l o g '

d esa

t r ad i s i

b e r k e l an j u t an ) sel am a
m en em u k an
{selaras
p ar a

cara

alam)

di

k aw asan

n eg ar a- n eg ar a

i n i . Dar i d u a c ar ap an d an g

berkehidupan

berbasis

sed an g

b er k em b an g

i n i , k o n sep

komunitas

dan

b er u sah a

ecoviliage

alam

(yan g

yang

berkelanjutan

y a n g d a p a t d i t a w a r k a n k ep ad a p e r a d a b a n k e d e p a n . Secar a t eo r et i s ,

p en g an j u r

m en d u g a

ecoviliage

b ah w a

d en g an

m en er ap k an

p r i n si p - p r i n si p

m a k a set i ap sat u an sosi al t er k ec i l d i t i n g k a t l o k al i k u t b er p ar t i si p asi ak t i f

ecoviliage,

m er ed u k si k eh an c u r an l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p y an g d i a k i b a t k a n o l eh p e r a d a b a n
k ap i t al i s- m at er i al i sm e

Bar at

d en g an

k ec en d er u n g an - k ec en d er u n g an

seb ag ai m an a t e l ah d i s e b u t k a n o l e h Sp et h ( 2 0 0 6 ) d i at as.
sosi al y a n g l e b i h h a n g a t ser t a sense

i n d u st r i -

g l o b al n ya,

Sel an j u t n y a, d e n g a n si st em

y a n g t i n g g i , d i p e r k i r a k a n ak an

of community

m e m b e r i k a n t a t a - k e h i d u p a n so si al y a n g l eb i h p o si t i f d a r i p a d a k e h i d u p a n a n o n i m ,
i m p er so n al , i n d i vi d u al i st i k . p en u h

p er sai n g an , p o t en si k o n f l i k ,

d an

eg o i s m e

y an g

m ak i n h ar i m a k i n k u r a n g m e m b e r i k a n k e n y a m a n a n b e r k e h i d u p a n so si al .

c.

M a k n a T e o r e t i k a lyvutsrponmligfedcaYWVUTSROLKIHGEDCA
Ecoviliage

Dar i p ap ar an p a d a su b - b ab d i at as d i t a r i k k e s i m p u l an s em en t ar a, b a h w a

ecoviliage

m e r u p a k a n p e n d e k a t a n b ar u p e n y i k a p a n m an u s i a d an k o m u n i t a s d a l a m
i syu - i syu k r i t i k al p e r u b a h a n ( d i n a m i k a d a l a m p e r ad ab an
l i n g k u n g an h i d u p . Ecoviliage
based

movement
or

Sek al i p u n

m o d er n i t as) p ad a d i m en si

m e r u p a k a n p er j u an g an b er b asi s k o m u n i t a s

struggling

{community-

u n t u k m er es p o n s k e c e n d e r u n g an g l o b al

for sustainability)

y an g b ek er j a b a i k p a d a t at ar an r u an g - al am {nature)
{society

m er esp o n s

m a u p u n r u a n g m asyar ak at / so si al

culture).
ser i n g k al i

d i b an t ah ,

n am u n

t i d ak

d ap at

d i e l ak k an

b ah w a

Bar at d a l a m

m e r u p a k a n ak si n y at a p e n o l a k a n t e r h a d a p car a- p an d an g

ecoviliage
m em an d an g

h u b u n g a n m an u s i a d a n si st em e k o l o g i . Hal i n i d i k at ak an o l eh Van Sch y n d el Kasp er
(2008).
'dominant

yang

m e n g u n g k a p k a n b a h w a : "ecoviliage

western

m en aw ar k an

worldview'

p en d ek at an

d a n societv/ culture/ human

m e n y o n g s o n g k e b e r l a n j u t a n p l an e t b u m i .
b er u sah a m e n d e f i n i s k a n bentuk
secar a

l eb i h

of the

dutmoded
Ko n sep

interdependence".

ini

" t u n g g al - i n t e g r at i f y a n g m e n g h u b u n g k a n d u a r u a n g at au

su b - si st em nature/ environment

m an u s i a

is the rejection

in human- ecosystem

ad i l

peradaban

{eco- iustice

secar a b er sam a- sam a u n t u k

Secar a f i l o so f i s, p e n d e k a t a n

eco vi l i ag e

baru y an g m e l i b a t k a n h u b u n g a n al am d an
and

humane- based

-

civilization

t en t an g

eco l o g i cal j u st i ce t h e o r y . l i h at Bax t er . 2 0 0 5 ) .
Seb ag ai

seb u ah

k o n sep

b ar u .

secar a g ar i s

b esar

p e n d e k at an

d en g an

ecoviliage

d e m i k i a n m e n c a k u p b e b e r a p a m a k n a seb ag ai b e r i k u t :
1.

Ecoviliage

m er u p ak an

exhaustive

d an

counter- culture

ex ploitative

critique

ser t a consumtive

t er h ad ap
t er h ad ap

western

culture

su m b er d aya

al am

y an g
d an

l i n g k u n g an h i d u p .
2.

Ecoviliage

m er u p ak an

r esp o n s

at as k r i si s ek o l o g i d a n

k r i si s p e r a d a b a n

y an g

m e l a n d a d u n i a p a l i n g t i d a k sej ak t i g a ab ad t e r ak h i r .

166

Nask ah Ak ad em i s: Pengem b angan Mo d el

Ecoviliage

3 . zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaWVUTSRPONMLKJIHFEDBA
Ecoviliage secar a m i k r o m e r u p a k a n r esp o n s at au u p a y a p r ak t i k al d i t i n g k a t l o k al
u n t u k m e n g u r a n g i m el u as n y a d a m p a k p e r u b ah an i k l i m g l o b a l .
4.

m e r u p a k a n b e n t u k natural

Ecoviliage

resources

and eco- territorial

management

y an g b er b asi sk an k o m u n i t a s l o k al .
5.

m er u p ak an

Ecoviliage
l i n g k u n g an

hidup

b en t u k

y an g

p en g o r g an i sasi an

l eb i h

b er k el an j u t an ,

k o m u n i t as u n t u k
b er b asi sk an

p en g el o l aan

p ad a

"k eg u yu b an "

w ar g a, so l i d ar i t as so si al , k o l ek t i v i t as , d an h u b u n g a n - h u b u n g a n sosi al y an g ak r ab .
6.

m e r u p a k a n b e n t u k et i k a- m o r al b ar u t e r h a d a p l i n g k u n g an h i d u p y an g

Ecoviliage
b er i n t i k an

p r i n si p - p r i n si p

k em an d i r i an ,

k ead i l an ,

k eset ar aan ,

k el en t u r an

self- sufficiency.

k es an t u n an ,

t er h ad ap

b er b ag ai

k et ah an an ,

g u n c an g an ,

d an

k eb er l an j u t an .
D en g an

m ak n a yan g d em i k i an

p en d ek at an

yan g

m en ar i k

luas i t u . m ak a ecoviliage

untuk

d i seb ar l au sk an

m e n j a d i k o n sep

i m p l em en t asi n ya.

sek al i g u s

T er m asu k

di

In d o n esi a, k o n sep i n i m asi h b e l u m b an y ak t a m p i l k e m u k a .
PEN G ER T I A N yvutsrponmligfedcaYWVUTSROLKIHGEDCA
ECOVILLAGE
VAW PRI N SI P- PRI N SI P D A SA R

Ber d asar k an l an d asan p e m i k i r a n f i l o so f i s d an t eo r et i s ser t a asu m si - asu m si sep er t i y an g
t el ah d i j el ask an d i at as. m a k a k o n sep ecoviliage
ar as l o k al y a n g
p en g el o l aan

m en g i n g i n k an

su m b er d aya

k em b al i n ya

al am

d an

d i p a h a m i seb ag ai g er ak an so si al d i

p r ak t ek - p r ak t ek k e h i d u p a n

l i n g k u n g an

hidup

sosi al

secar a

l est ar i

d an
d an

b e r k e s e i m b an g an . Secar a k o n sep t u al eco vi l i ag e d i p a h a m i seb ag ai : " k o m u n i t a s d esa
at au p u n k o t a y a n g b er i si k u m p u l a n o r an g - o r an g [ t er o r g an i si r ] y an g sel al u
untuk

m en g i n t eg r as i k an

seg al a

b e n t u k f ak t o r - f ak t o r sosi al

d en g an

k e h i d u p a n y a n g m e m b e r i k a n d a m p a k m i n i m a l p ad a l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p "
or rural communities
with a low- impact
k o m u n i t as y a n g
ecological
energy
sesuai

design,
community

dengan

Ecoviliage

ofpeople

who strive

m em p r ak t ek k an
permaculture,

ideologi

a suooortive

[ at au " u r b a n

social

environment

(A n o n y m o u s . 2 0 0 9 ) . Un t u k m en c ap ai t u j u a n t er seb u t ,

way of life'\

building

to integrate

b er u p aya

p r ak t ek - p r ak t ek

m en g i n t eg r as i k an

ecoviliage
ecological

building.

green

b er b ag ai

aspects

production.

alternative

seb ag ai st r at eg i u n t u k m e w u j u d k a n desa

practices.

yang

"hijau"tersebut.

secar a s e m p i t d a p a t

d i m a k n a i p u l a seb ag ai

self- containing

sen d i r i k e b u t u h an - k e b u t u h an

D en g an

k eh i d u p an n ya

(t an p a

m e m b e r i k a n d a m p a k y an g b er ar t i p ad a l i n g k u n g an sek i t ar n y a), m ak a w ar g a

seb u ah

ecoviliage

u t n u k m en cu k u p i

y ai t u

entitv.

en t i t as k aw asan d a n so si al y a n g d ap at m e n c u k u p i d i r i n y a sen d i r i secar a b ai k .
k em am p u an

of

ak an t er b eb as - dari t ek an an

u n t u k m el ak u k an

n af k ah d i l u ar

si st em n y a

[ m i sal : m el al u i m i g r asi d esa- k o t a at au sej en i sn ya] .
Ol eh

k ar en a

k o n sep

ini

m an u si a/ m asy ar ak at / b u d ay a

m en g i n t eg r asi k an
d al am

sat u

D aw so n ( 2 0 0 6 ) b e b e r a p a p r i n s i p ecoviliage
1.

A d a n y a inisiatif- inisiatif

lokal

dua

w ad ah

su b - si st em

yai t u :

secar a sek al i g u s,

al am

m ak a

d an

m en u r u t

yang h ar u s a d a ad al ah :

(b i asan ya o r i si n al ) y a n g d i k e m b a n g k a n o l e h w ar g a

k o m u n i t as p a d a t at ar an ak ar - r u m p u t .

Naskah Ak ad em i s: Pengem bangan Mo d el Ecoviliage

167

2.

A d a n y a ak t i v i t as p a d a k o m u n i t a s l o k al y a n g m e l a k u k a n s en d i r i zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaWVUTSRPONMLKJ
penilaian
tentang
kualitas

y a n g d i h a d a p i seh ar i - h ar i d a l a m

kehidupan

k o m u n i t asn ya, k em u d i an

m e r a n c a n g secar a b er sam a- sam a ak si k o l e k t i f y a n g ak an d i l a k u k a n n y a .
3.

Ad an ya
dan

i n i si at i f - i n i si at i f y a n g d i k e m b a n g k a n m e n d o r o n g k ar ak t er

ketidaktergantungan

pada

pemenuhan

kebutuhan

kemandirian

w a r g a y an g t i n g g al

hidup

d i k aw asan / l o k ai i t as d a r i si st em - si st em ek st er n al .
4.

A d a n y a s em an g at

k o m u n i t as d al am

d a l a m h al p en g ad aan air minum,
dan berbagai
5.

Ad an ya

ecoviliage

untuk

tidak

bergantung

secara

p a d a p e m e r i n t a h , p er u sah aan sw ast a, p asar , at au b e r b ag ai u n i t b i sn i s

berlebihan

kebutuhan

n i l ai - n i l ai

di

pangan,

energi

perumahan- permukiman.

listrik,

l ai n n y a.

dasar

k al an g an

w ar g a

k eh an g at an h u b u n g a n so si al {strong

k o m u n i t as

sense

untuk

of shared

values)

m en g em b an g k an
d al am b er p r o d u k si

m a u p u n d a l a m p e r g au l an seh ar i - h ar i .
6.

A d a n y a f a k t a b a h w a k aw asan i n i ser i n g k ah m e n j a d i t e m p a t p e m b e l a j a r a n p u b l i k
(p e n e l i t i an

d an

p en d i d i k an )

t en t an g

p e n g e l o l aan

su m b er d aya

al am

d an

l i n g k u n g an h i d u p y a n g b e r k e l a n j u t a n .
D en g an p r i n si p - p r i n si p t e r s e b u t , k o n sep i n i h en d ak d i c o b a u n t u k d i s e m a i k a n d i n eg ar a
sed an g b e r k e m b a n g d i m a n a l an d asan l at ar b e l ak an g b u d a y a n y a su d ah c u k u p k ay a
u n t u k m e n o p a n g ecoviliage.

Sat u asu m si y an g p e r l u d i p e g a n g ad al ah b a h w a a p a p u n

b e n t u k n y a , m a k a b asi s ec o v i l i ag e ad al ah p r o ses p e r t u k a r a n a n t a r a su b - si st em m an u s i a
d a n al am y a n g b e r k e ad i l an d a n sal i n g m e n y a n g g a sat u s am a l a i n .
K ESET I M BA N G A N P E R T U K A R A N EN ERG I , M A T ER I D A N
SI R K U I T I N T ER N A L , EK ST ER N A L D A N

ECOVILLAGE.

I N F O R M A SI

LIVELIHOOD

D A LA M

SECURITY

Pen d ek at an e k o l o g i m an u s i a u n t u k m e n i l a i k et ah an an su at u si st em e k o l o g i sel al u
b e r t u m p u p a d a perspektif
d an su b - si st em a l a m .

pertukaran

y an g b e r l an g s u n g a n t a r a su b - si st em m an u s i a

T e r d a p a t t i g a h al y an g sel al u d i p e r t u k a r k a n o l e h p ar a p i h ak

y an g t e r l i b a t d a l a m i n t er ak si p e r t u k ar an secar a ek o l o g i s t e r s e b u t . Ket i g an y a a d a l a h :
m at er i (si k l u s m a t e r i - b a h a n ) , en er g i (si k l u s en er g i ), d a n i n f o r m a s i . Set i ap i n d i v i d u
t er i k at

d al am

m el i b at k an

dua

s em u a

macam

sirkuit

h u b u n g an

pertukaran,

an t ar a

seb u ah

yai t u :

(1 )

si r k u i t

ek st er n al

d en g an

ecoviliage

l u ar

yan g
si st em

k aw asan n y a: (2 ) si r k u i t i n t e r n a l , y an g m e r u p a k a n p r o ses p e r t u k a r a n d i d a l a m k aw asan
(l i h at St ei n er a n d Nau ser . 2 0 0 3 ) .

ecoviliage
Secar a

k o n sep t u al ,

ecoviliage

y an g

d i i m p l em en t asi k an

di

s u at u

k aw asan

m e n j a m i n b e r a g a m j en i s p e r t u k a r a n y an g ad a. t i d a k m e n g a l a m i kebocoran
seh i n g g a

(external- / eakages)

m em b er i k an

d am p ak

eksternalitas

negatif

h ar u s
ke

luar
y an g

m e r u g i k a n p i h ak - p i h ak y a n g b e r ad a d i l u ar si st em . Set i ap k e b o c o r a n k e l u ar ak an
san g at

m e r u g i k a n , k ecu al i a d a

p er t u k ar an d e n g a n

d en g an s e i m b a n g . Sal ah sat u p r i n s i p m o r a l ecoviliage

si st em

l u ar

y an g

b er l an g s u n g

y a n g j u g a p e r l u d i s e b u t k an

ad al ah b a h w a , d a l a m t a t a n a n h u b u n g a n an t ar k aw asan , t e r i k a t p r i n s i p i n t er k o n ek s i t as
k aw asan

{the

princiole

k e t i d ak s e i m b an g an

168

yan g

of

Ar t i n ya,

interconnectedness).

b e r l an g s u n g d i su at u

k aw asan

sek eci l

(m i s al : em i s i gas

ap ap u n
b u an g

Naskah Ak ad em i s: Pengem b angan Mo d el Ecoviliage

yvutsrponmligfedcaYWV

b er l eb i h an , p en cem ar an

l i m b ah ), d am p ak n ya

seh ar u sn ya t i d a k p e r l u t e r j a d i .

ak an

d i r asak an

o l eh

k aw asan

l ai n .

t e r p i c u zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaWVUTSRPONMLKJIHFEDBA
konflik- konflik
sosial an t ar k aw asan y an g

A k i b a t n y a , secar a so si al , d a p a t

Hal i n i d i k ar en ak an set i ap t i t i k d i b u m i i n i m e r u p a k a n

sat u k esat u an r u a n g so si al - ek o l o g i {social

sohere)

y a n g m u s t ah i l u n t u k d i p i s ah k an sat u

d en g an y an g l a i n n y a .
M e k an i s m e

j u g a t i d a k d i h a r a p k a n b er l an g s u n g d a l a m p r o ses p e r t u k ar an

ecoviliage

y an g t i m p a n g {ineauah
at au p u n

m an u s i aj

k es et i m b an g an

secar a i n t e r n a l , d i m a n a sal ah sat u su b - si st em [ ap ak ah

b er t u k ar

p er t u k ar an

d en g an

p i h ak

i n t er n al

(y an g

secar a t i d a k

l ai n
ad i l

d an

sei m b an g .

s e i m b an g )

ini

ak an

m e n e n t u k a n s am p ai k ap an set i ap p i h a k ak an t et ap b e r ad a d i t e m p a t n y a .

al am

Ar t i n ya,
san g at

Bi l a t er j ad i

sat u h al saj a y a n g m e m i c u k e t i d k s e i m b an g an p e r t u k a r a n , m a k a o r k est r asi p e r t u k ar an
ak an t er cer ai b e r a i . D a l a m h al i n i . f e n o m e n a y an g ser i n g k ah t er j ad i ad al ah p e r t u k ar an
Sek al i saj a t er j ad i p e m u t u s a n

y an g b er l an g s u n g d a l a m r an t ai - m ak an an {food- chairi).

p a d a sal ah sat u m at a- r an t ai m a k a n a n , m a k a b i asan y a t e r j a d i k eg u n can g an

d al am

si st em y an g c u k u p b e r a r t i . Pad a t i t i k i n i . m a k a k r i si s ek o l o g i b i sa m u l a i t e r s u l u t u n t u k
b e r k e m b a n g m e n j a d i k r i si s y a n g l eb i h b esar sk al an ya.
Gu n can g an

y an g t er j ad i p ad a

m e n y e b a b k a n hilangnya

salah

sal ah
satu

sat u

m at a- r an t ai

atau beberapa

m ak an an ,

niche

o r g an i s m e m e n d a p a t k a n n af k ah d a n s u m b e r p a n g a n n y a j .
m ak a

keguncangan

niche

m er em b et ke "al am at "

ak an

b er l an g s u n g c u k u p

[ s u m b e r n af k ah ] y a n g l ai n .

b er p o t en s i u n t u k

[ al am at at au t e m p a t seb u ah
M a n a k a l a si t u asi i n i t e r j ad i ,

d r am at i s d a n

b i asan y a

ak an

Sal ah sat u c o n t o h n y a , ap ab i l a

p a d a n g r u m p u t m a k i n h ar i l u asan n y a m a k i n k eci l d i su at u k aw asan t e r t e n t u .
b u k an h an y a jumlah
saja

yang

Isources

akan

turun

populasi

kambing,

k ar en a

o f livelihood\ r\ va.

k eh i l an g an

dan

su m b er

binatang
p an g an

penggembala,

T er m as u k d a l a m h al i n i . usaha- usaha

buruh

pemakan
at au

M e l a i n k a n , j u g a s u m b er - s u m b er

u sah a b er b asi s p e t e r n ak an {peternak,
ak an hilang.

domba

"su m b er

n af k ah d ar i
ternak

dan

n af k ah "
b er b ag ai

sebagainya)

pupuk

pengembangan

Mak a

rerumputan

organik

y an g t a d i n y a d en g an m u d a h m e n d a p a t k a n b ah an b ak u u n t u k u sah an y a ak an h i l a n g .
A r t i n y a, k esel u r u h an "konfigurasi
t ad i n ya

b er k em b an g

sel ar as

lanskap
d en g an

nafkah

(livelihood

sources

l u asan

l ap an g an

r u m p u t yan g

landscape)"
ad a.

y an g
kini

k o n f i g u r asi b e r u b a h t o t a l .
Ket i d ak sei m b an g an p e r t u k ar an y a n g b er l an g su n g secar a i n t er n al ser i n g k ah b er i m b as
san g at d r am at i s h i n g g a k e l u ar si st em (k e d esa sek i t ar at au b ah k an k e k o t a).

M as i h

d a l a m c o n t o h h i l a n g n y a l u asan p a d a n g r u m p u t d i at as. m a k a s ej u m l ah o r a n g (m an t an
b u r u h t er n ak , m a n t a n p e t e r n a k d a n seb ag ai n ya) y an g k i n i m e n a n g g u r [ k ar en a t i d a k
ad a

l ap an g an

p ek er j aan

l ag i

d an

su m b er

p en d ap at an / p an g an

yan g

p as t i j .

ak an

m e n c o b a m en c ar i s u m b e ^ n af k ah k e l u ar si st em k aw asan n y a. Pad a t i t i k i n i l ah p r o ses
migrasi

d esa- kota

m u l ai t er j ad i .

Ser b u an p e n d u d u k d esa y an g k eh i l an g an s u m b e r

n af k ah n y a d i d esa k e k o t a [ k e k aw asan p e r k o t a a n ] , j el as ak an m e m i c u
baru antar kawasan.

ketidakstabilan

A r t i n y a , t ek an an so si al - ek o l o g i s y a n g t a d i n y a b er l an g s u n g secar a

i n t er n al d i d esa. k i n i b e r al i h d an m e r e m b e t p u l a h i n g g a k e k aw asan p er k o t aan at au
p al i n g t i d a k k e d esa- d esa sek i t ar .

Naskah Ak ad em i s: Pengem bangan Mo d el Ecoviliage

169

Dar i i l u st r asi i n i ec o v i l i ag e h e n d a k m e n c o b a m e m b u a t p e r t u k a r a n b er j al an l est ar i d a n
ad i l seh i n g g a m e n c l p t a k a n d esa seb ag ai zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaWVUTSRPONMLKJIHFEDBA
self- containing
entity y a n g m e m b u a t n y a m a n
s i ap ap u n y a n g t i n g g al d i d a l a m n y a . D al am h al i n i . k a t a k u n c i n y a ad al ah
dan

keandalan

sistem

pertukaran

d i j a n j i k a n o l e h ecoviliage.

d a l a m si st em k aw asan t er s eb u t .

Eco- friendly

liveiihood

Hal i n i l ah y a n g

d en g an d e m i k i a n m e n j a d i

securitv

k at ak u n ci t e r p e n t i n g y a n g d i j a n j i k a n o l e h ecoviliage

kemandirian

b ag i p e n d u d u k d esa.

Secar a

i d e al , d e n g a n m e n g e m b a n g k a n t at an an y an g s e t i m b a n g d a n m a n d i r i , d i p e r k i r a k a n
g u n c an g an

t er h ad ap

su m b er

n a f k a h , g u n c an g an

su m b er

p an g an

d an

g u n c an g an

l i n g k u n g an h i d u p , d a p a t d i t e k a n ser en d ah m u n g k i n u n t u k t e r j a d i .

PEN U T U P

Seb ag ai seb u ah konsep

sek al i g u s pendekatan

penataan

k aw asan , ecoviliage

d a y a t a r i k c u k u p k u a t u n t u k d i k e m b a n g k a n d i In d o n esi a.
h an y a t e r l e t ak p a d a kemandirian
ekologi

sistemik

d a n j a m i n a n kesetimbangan

y a n g d a p a t d i c i p t a k a n n y a p a d a ar as mikro,

d a m p a k makro

m em i l i k i

D ay a t a r i k t e r s e b u t t i d a k
sistem

sosio-

m el ai n k an j u g a p ad a

l u asn y a

( b e r u p a k e s e t i m b an g an ek o si st em d an k e b e r l a n j u t a n al am ) y an g d a p a t

d i t i m b u l k an n ya.

Sel ai n i t u . s em an g at k o l ek t i v i t as (k eh an g at an h u b u n g a n so si al asl i )

d a n p e n g h ar g aan p a d a b asi s n i l ai - n i l ai b u d a y a l o k al , m e n j a d i k a n ecoviliage

co co k

untuk

untuk

d i k em b an g k an

di

In d o n esi a.

Up ay a

ini

sek al i g u s

b er m an f aat

m er evi t al i sasi n o r m a , e t i k a d a n i n st i t u si - i n st i t u si l o k al y a n g m e m e l i h a r a k e g u y u b an
w ar g a

d esa.

Pr o sp ek

m en ar i k

i n i l ah y an g

m en yeb ab k an

ecoviliage

l ay ak

untuk

d i e k s p e r i m e n t as i k an d a n d i r e p l i k as i k an b e n t u k n y a [ d en g an p en y es u ai an d i san a- si n i j
d i b er b ag ai d a e r a h d i I n d o n es i a.

D A FT A R PU ST A KA

A n o n y m o u s . 2 0 0 9 . Wh a t is an Eco vi l i ag e? d i k u t i p d a r i Gl o b al
http:/ / www.ecovillagenews.orga/ wiki/ index .php/ What

Eco vi l i ag e

is an

Net w o r k

ecovillage%3F

p a d a 1 8 . 1 0 . 2 0 0 9 . p u k u l 1 4 . 0 0 WIB.
Bax t er . B.

2 0 0 5 . A T h e o r y o f Eco l o g i cal Ju st i ce. Ro u t l ed g e. Lo n d o n a n d N e w Yo r k .

Beck . U.

1992.

Risk So ci et y: T o w ar d s a N e w

Mo d er n i t y.

Sag e Pu b l i c at i o n Lt d .

Lo n d o n .
Ch r i st i an . D.L.

2003.

Cr eat i n g a Li f e T o g et h er : Pr act i cal To o l s t o Gr o w Eco vi l l ag es a n d

I n t e n t i o n a l Co m m u n i t i e s . N e w So ci et y Pu b l i sh er s. Gab r i o l a Isi an d . Can ad a.
D aw s o n , J.

2006.

Eco vi l l ag es: N e w Fr o n t i er s f o r Su st ai n ab i l i t y . Gr een Bo o k s. D e v o n .

USA
D o b s o n . A an d Eck er sl ey. R. 2 0 0 6 .

Po l i t i cal T h eo r y a n d t h e Eco l o g i cal

Ch al l en g e.

Ca m b r i d g e Un i v er s i t y Press. Ca m b r i d g e an d N e w Yo r k .
El g i n . D.

2005.

Eco vi l l ag es:

Seed s o f Su st ai n ab l e So ci et i es

/ 'n

Wal k er .

L.

(ed.)

Eco vi l i ag e at It h aca: Pi o n eer i n g a Su st ai n ab l e Cu l t u r e. N e w So ci et y Pu b l i sh er s.
Gab r i o l a Isi an d . Can ad a.

170

Naskah Ak ad em i s: Pengem b angan Mo d el Ecoviliage

Dr yz ek . J.S.

Th e Po l i t i cs o f t h e Ear t h : En v i r o n m e n t a l Di sco u r ses. 2 n d e d i t i o n .

2005.

O x f o r d Un i v er s i t y Press. O x f o r d a n d N e w Yo r k .
Go l d m a n . M an d Sc h u r m an . R.A.

2000.

Cl o si n g t h e " Gr eat D i v i d e " : N e w

So ci al

T h e o r y o n So ci et y an d N at u r e . zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaWVUTSRPONMLKJIHFEDBA
Annual Review of Sociology.
Vol. 26. pp. 563584
Go r z . A.

1996.

Th e Po l i t i cai Eco l o g y o f Cap i t al i s m . in Go l d b l a t t . D (ed).

So ci al

T h e o r y a n d t h e En v i r o n m e n t . Po l i t y Press. Ca m b r i d g e a n d O x f o r d .
Sp et h . J. G.

2 0 0 8 . Th e Br i d g e at t h e Ed g e o f t h e Wo r l d : Cap i t al i s m . t h e En v i r o n m e n t .

a n d Cr o ssi n g f r o m Cr i si s t o Su st ai n ab i l i t y . Yal e Un i v er s i t y Press. N e w

H av en

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St ei n er . D a n d Nau ser . M .

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H u m a n Eco l o g y: Fr ag m en t s o f A n t i - Fr ag m en t ar y

Vi ew s o f t h e Wo r l d . Ro u t l ed g e. Lo n d o n an d N e w Yo r k .
Van Sch yn d el
Ecology
Wal k er . L.

Kasp er . D.
Review.

2005.

2008.

Red ef i n i n g C o m m u n i t y i n t h e Eco vi l i ag e.

Vol. 15/ 1. pp.

Human

12- 24.

Eco vi l i ag e at It h aca: Pi o n eer i n g a Su st ai n ab l e Cu l t u r e. N e w

So ci et y

Pu b l i sh er s. Gab r i o i a Isi an d . Can ad a.

Naskah Ak ad em i s: Pengem bangan Mo d e! Ecoviliage

171

Naskah Ak ad em i s: Pengem b angan Mo d el zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaWVUTS
Ecoviliage