The Second International Conference on Green Agro-Industry (ICGAI) “Resource Management for Sustainable Future”

  Cover  depan  Published  by: Faculty   of Agriculture 

  Universitas  Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran”  Yogyakarta   Supported by :

  

Proceedings

 

The Second

International Conference on Green Agro-Industry

  

(ICGAI)

“Resource Management for Sustainable Future”

Conference is held on 4 – 6 August 2015

hosted by Faculty of Agriculture, UPN “Veteran”

  

Yogyakarta, Indonesia

  

Proceedings  

The Second

International Conference on Green Agro-Industry

  

(ICGAI)

Scientific Editors

  Sakae  Shibusawa  Lilik  Soetiarso  Shiva  Muthaly  Paul  Holford  Iin  Handayani  Ping  Fang 

Sri  Wuryani  

  Abdul  Rizal   

  

RR.  Rukmowati Brotodjojo 

Budyastuti  Pringgohandoko 

Juarini  

Djoko

   Mulyanto 

Siti  Hamidah 

Oktavia  S. Padmini 

  

Partoyo  

Mofit  Eko Poerwanto 

 

  

Technical Editors

R.  Agus Widodo 

Endah  Budi Irawati 

  

 

Chairperson

  

RR.  Rukmowati Brotodjojo 

 

FACULTY  OF AGRICULTURE 

  

UNIVERSITAS  PEMBANGUNAN NASIONAL “VETERAN” 

YOGYAKARTA  

2015  

  ICGAI Committee Steering & Scientific committee 1.

  Indonesia

  General  aAffair  :   Sri Rahayuningsih, Sri Utami Setyawati, Dulmajid,  Asmuri,  Edi Purnomo 

  :   Darban Haryanto, Heti Herastuti, Muhammad Fauzan  Rifa’i  

    Husain Kasim, Heni Handri Utami, Tutut Wirawati  Presentation   :   Ni Made Suyastiri YP, Didi Saidi, Endah Wahyurini  Food  and Beverage  :   Siwi Hardiastuti, Dyah Arbiwati   Sponsorship   :   Dr. Susila Herlambang, Dr. Bambang Supriyanta  Accommodation,   Publication  and  Fieldtrip   

   Section  :

  Treasure                              :  Dr. Nanik Dara Senjawati, Chimayatus Solichah  Proceeding  and Paper  :  R. Agus Widodo, Endah Budi Irawati   Program

  Ratih,  Dr. Djoko Mulyanto, Vini Arumsari 

  Vice  chair person  :   Dr. Siti Syamsiar  Secretary   :   Dr. Budyastuti Pringgohandoko,Dr. Yanisworo Wijaya 

  :   Dr. RR. Rukmowati Brotodjojo 

  Chair  person 

  Organizing Committee Members

  Dr.   Joko  Mulyanto–  Universitas  Pembangunan  Nasional  “Veteran”  Yogyakarta,  Indonesia  

    15.

  Dr.   Oktavia  Sarhesti  Padmini  –  Universitas  Pembangunan  Nasional  “Veteran”  Yogyakarta,  Indonesia

    14.

  

13. Dr.   Siti  Hamidah–  Universitas  Pembangunan  Nasional  “Veteran”  Yogyakarta, 

  Prof.  Prof.  Sakae  Shibusawa  –  Tokyo  University  of  Agriculture  and  Technology,  Japan)  

   

  Dr.  Juarini –  Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Yogyakarta, Indonesia

    12.

  Yogyakarta,  Indonesia

  

11. Dr.   Budyastuti  Pringgohandoko.  –  Universitas  Pembangunan  Nasional  “Veteran” 

   

  Dr.   R.R.    Rukmowati  Brotodjojo  –  Universitas  Pembangunan  Nasional  “Veteran”  Yogyakarta,  Indonesia

    10.

  Dr.   Abdul  Rizal  AZ–  Universitas  Pembangunan  Nasional  “Veteran”  Yogyakarta,  Indonesia

    9.

    Sri  Wuryani  –  Universitas  Pembangunan  Nasional  “Veteran”  Yogyakarta,  Indonesia

  7. Prof.  (Rev) W. Wimalaratana – University of Colombo, Sri Lanka  8. Dr.

  Assoc. Prof. Shiva Muthaly – RMIT University, Australia  4. Assoc. Prof Paul Holford – University of Western Sydney  5. Assoc. Prof. Iin Handayani ‐Murray State University, USA  6. Assoc. Prof. Ping Fang – Tongji University, China 

  2. Prof. Lilik Soetiarso – Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia  3.

   

  

Preface  

 

  Bismilahirrahmanirrahim, Assalamu’alaikum wa rahmatulahi wa barokatuh. Praise be to Allah who has bestowed His grace, so that the event can take place smoothly.

  The Honourable Rector UPN “Veteran” Yogyakarta, The Honourable Head of Agriculture Office of Yogyakarta province, the Honourable invited speakers, Distinguished Guests, Distinguished Participants, Ladies and Gentlemen, On behalf of The International Conference on Green Agro-Industry Organizing Committees, I am pleased and honoured to welcome all of the participants to the Second International Conference on Green Agro-Industry at Mustika Sheraton Hotel, Yogyakarta, Indonesia from 4-6 August 2015. This conference is hosted by the Faculty of Agriculture Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran", Yogyakarta, Indonesia and this event would not have been possible without the support of its global partners: Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan, Murray State University, USA, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka, University of Western Sydney, Australia, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia, Tongji University, China, and Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

  Ladies and gentlemen, The theme of the Second International Conference on Green Agro-Industry is "Green Agro-Industry: Resource Management for Sustainable Future". Agro-industry is important not only because it can transform raw agricultural materials into value added products while generating income and employment, but it is important in the bigger picture because it contributes to the overall economic development in both developed and developing countries. In the context of trade, agro-industry provides significant impact to Indonesia’s export. The government is targeting exports of the agro industry to grow up to 29% amounting to USD 40 billion this year, from USD 31 billion in 2014. As we are all well aware, the resources available to support the development of agro- industry is not unlimited, therefore, it is crucial for us to manage the resources that we have carefully. Recently, there has been an increased pressure on agro-industries to shift to more resource-efficient and low-carbon production processes as part of the global efforts to sustain growth, conserve resources and slow down the pace of climate change. To provide a sustainable future, the development of agro-industry should not merely aim for high profit, but it should also be environmentally friendly and socially sustainable. In furtherance of this ideal, this conference is organized with the hopes of achieving three things. First, it is held to foster and support the development of highly productive methods and technologies for the various segments of the agro-industries. Second, it is designed to provide a forum for the presentation, discussion and debate of state-of-the- art and emerging technologies in the field of agro-based industry and any issues related to sustainable agro-industry. Third it aims to promote interaction and communication among researchers, observers and practitioners to discuss and discover solutions to the problems related to the development of the agro-industry and how it can further improve welfare.

  Topics of interest for the conference are divided into four major categories, namely:

  

Economics, Social and Business; Agronomy; Soil and Land Management;

Agricultural engineering.

  Our keynote speaker Prof. Lilik Soetiarso from Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia will present a keynote speech entitled “The Role

  

of Bio-system Engineering in Green Agro-Industry ”. Other invited speakers from a

  broad range of backgrounds including leading industry and academic experts will provide insights into sustainable agro-industry from various perspectives. In addition, the supporting papers from the participants will also enrich and liven the discussions related to the development of sustainable agro-industry.

  On behalf of ICGAI Committee I would like to apologize that due to unforeseen circumstances three of our invited speakers: Assoc. Prof. Shiva Muthaly (RMIT University, Australia); Prof. (Rev). Wimalaratana (University of Colombo, Sri Lanka); and Assoc. Prof. Ping Fang (Tongji University, China) were unable to attend this conference. I am sorry for this inconvenience. Finally, we would like to express our gratitude to the Rector UPN “Veteran”, Yogyakarta for the financial support, the Dean of the Faculty of Agriculture for hosting this event, and the Scientific and Steering Committee. We would also like to convey our utmost gratitude to the keynote speaker Prof Lilik Soetiarso (Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta), the invited speakers Prof. Sakae Shibusawa (Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan, Mr. Marc Vanacht, MBA/ML (President, AG Business Consultants, St Louis, USA);, Mr. Jeewan Jyoti Bhagat (Managing Director- STM Projects Ltd, India); Dr. R.P. Singh (Associate Agronomist and Sugarcane Advisor for STM Projects Limited, Prof. Iin Handayani (Murray State University, USA); Dr. Partoyo (UPN “Veteran” Yogyakarta, Indonesia) as well as all the participants for their contribution in making this conference a success. We wish to also thank the sponsors of this event: PT. Bank BNI, Bank BPD, Bank BRI and Bupati Kabupaten Wonosobo, for their contribution in making this conference possible. Finally, as the Chairperson, I would like to convey my highest appreciation to the members of the organizing committee whose relentless hard work and dedication made this conference a great success. Thank you and I wish everyone a fruitful and pleasant day ahead. Wassalamu’alaikum wa rahmatulahi wa barokatuh

  Yogyakarta, August 4, 2015 Dr. R.R. Rukmowati Brotodjojo

  ICGAI Chairperson

           

  P-26

  P-45

  “Veteran” Yogyakarta, Indonesia, and Sumino - Institut Seni Indonesia)

  

Husain Kasim, Indah Widowati, Teguh Kismantoroadji - UPN

  and Implementation of Local Wisdom to Support Sustainable Agro-Industry (Partoyo, Eko Amiadji Julianto, Muhammad

  5 Conservation Issues in Agricultural Areas in Dieng, Central Java

  P-32

  “Developing Sustainable Sugarcane Industry in India”- Lessons Learnt (J.J. Bhagat - Managing Director-Stm Projects Ltd, India and R.P. Singh - Associate Agronomist and Sugarcane Advisor For Stm Projects Limited)

  4

  3 Business Strategy for A Sustainable Agro-Industry. (Marc Vanacht

  

Table of Contents

 

  Handayani - Murray State University, USA) P-11

  2 Land Management to Support Sustainable Agro-Industry: Enhancing Soil Quality and Carbon Sequestration. (Iin P.

    P-1

  Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan)

  1 Precision Farming in Sustainable Agro-Industry Concep. (Sakae Shibusawa -

  K - 1

Plenary Speakers:

  (Lilik Soetiarso - Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia)

  ICGAI Committees Preface Table of Contents

Keynote Speaker

1   The Role of Bio-System Engineering in Green Agro-Industry.

• - President, AG Bussiness Consultants, St Louis USA)

   

  

Economics Social and Bussiness

  1 Feasibility Study of Tuber Flour Factory Using in Pack Curing or

  1 Modified Tuber Flour (Motuf) to Support Food Diversification

  

(C. E. Susilawati, E. Supriharyanti, L. A. Siswanto, D. Maria,

and I. Epriliati)

  Developing Agro-Industry Region with Traditional Woven Fabric

  2

  12 Basis (Nurindah)

  3 Empowering Women on Indonesia Tea Plantation Through

  19 Strengthening The Role of Tea Small Holder Institution (A Case Study on Mulyawangi I Tea Farmer Group, Bandung – West Java, Indonesia) (Kralawi Sita)

  4 Policies Recommendations to Safe Indonesian Tea Plantation

  27

  (Rohayati Suprihatini)

  5 An Analysis of Value Added on The Integrated Agriculture System

  35 in Aceh Besar District (Suyanti Kasimin) Strategic Management Perspective on Sustainable Certification to

  7

  46 Palm Oil Plantation Based Corporations Sustainability as Source of Competitive Advantage and Basis for Corporate Advantage

  (Zulkifli)

  8 Perceived Environmental Responsibility, Man Nature Orientation,

  56 Enviromental Knowledge and Environmental Attitude Toward Mangrove Conservation Decision (Yuni Istanto and Dyah

  Sugandini)

  9 Analysis of Integrated Farming System Patterns (Siti Hamidah and

  62 Vandrias Dewantoro) Integrated Precision Farming (IPF) as A Future Technology for

  10

  67 Performance Monitoring “Back to Organic Matter Program” at PT. Perkebunan Nusantara X (Case in Development Area of Tuban Bojonegoro) (Cahyo Hadi Prayogo and Suhadi)

  

Agronomy

  1 Effects of Forest Strips in Forest Clearings for Oil Palm Agro

  74 Industry: Quantifying Species Richness of Bats at Small Holdings in Sungai Asap, Belaga, Sarawak, East Malaysia (Charlie Justin

  

Mergie Laman, Lyhmer Jack, Mathew Jenang, And Andrew

Alek Tuen)

  2 The Effect of Maintenance Leaf Layers Number and Foliar

  85 Fertilizer on Growth and Leaf Production of Tea Plant (Camellia

  Sinensis

  (L.) Kuntze) (O. Sucherman, Salwa L. Dalimoenthe)

  3 The Impact of Climate Change on Adjustment Tea Plantation

  94 Management in Indonesia (Salwa L. Dalimoenthe)

  4 Growth Response of Aloe Vera Plants to Treatment Combination of 103 KCl Fertilizer and Compost of Empty Fruit Bunches of Oil Palm

  (Marulak Simarmata, Entang Inoriah and Novi Istanto)

  5 Effect of Steaming Time to The Physical and Nutritional Quality of 111 Parboiled Organic Rice (Sri Wuryani and Oktavia Sarhesti

  Padmini)

  6 Acute Toxicity Test of Granular Organic Fertilizer Enriched with 118 Neem Leaves Powder to Common Carp Cyprinus Carpio Linn.

  (R.R. Rukmowati Brotodjojo and Dyah Arbiwati)

  7 Efficacy of Various Insecticides for Controlling Plant Hopper on 123 Paddy (Mofit Eko Poerwanto and Siwi Hardiastuti)

  8 Application of Liquid Organic Fertilizer Production Plant to 129 Increase Cayenne Pepper (Capsicum sp) at Different Growing Media (Endah Wahyurini and Heti Herastuti)

  9 The Assessment of Superior Mutant Wheat M4 Generation Which 137 are Tolerant to The Drought Stress in The Lowland (Budyastuti

  Pringgohandoko)

  10 Mapping of NPK in Soil for Precision Agriculture Application on 146 Rice Plant (OS Padmini, Sari Virgawati, and Mofit Eko

  Poerwanto )

  11 Exploration and Isolation Bacteria from Rhizosphere of High 153 Temperature Tolerance Mutan Wheat (Yanisworo Wijaya Ratih,

  Budyastuti Pringgo Handoko, and Endah Budi Irawati

  )

  12 Hands of God in Enhancing Bioethanol Implementation Through 162 Pricing Policy (Ariel Hidayat)

  

Soil and Land Management

  1 The Fertility Fluctuation of Tea Planting Area from Three Soil 172 Orders on West Java (R. Wulansari and E. Pranoto)

  2 Improving Nutrient Retention of Highly Weathered Tropical Soils 182 With Biochars (Arnoldus Klau Berek and Nguyen V. Hue)

  3 The Effects of Fresh Organic Waste Amendments on Pineapple 196 (Ananas Comosus) in Ultisol, Lampung, Indonesia (Susila

  Herlambang)

  4 Powerful Factors in Directing Diversity of Coloring Soils Overlying 204 Carbonate Rock of Baron-Wonosari (Djoko Mulyanto and

  Bambang Hendro Sunarminto

  )

  

Agriculture Engineering

  1 The Quality and Acceptability of Bakasi Eel (Anguila) Cookies 211

  (Wilma C. Giango)

  2 Partial Biochemical Characterization of Egg Masses of The Wedge 218 Seahare Dolabella Auricularia (Lightfoot, 1786) (Gloria G. Delan,

  

Ador Rivera Pepito, Manabu Asakawa, Kaori Yasui,

Venerando D. Cunado, Aurelia G. Maningo, Amalia A.

Gonzales, and Rachel Luz V. Rica)

  3 Isolation of Hydrogen Producing Bacteria from Sludge of 228 Anaerobic Biogas Reactor (Mahreni, Yanisworo Wijaya Ratih,

  Siti Diyar Kholisoh, and Harso Pawignyo)

  4 Comparison of Green Technology to Produce Tuber Flour Using in 235 Pack Curing Versus Parboiling-Fermenting-Modified Tuber Flour (MoTuF) (Indah Epriliati, Lorensia Audrey Siswanto, Devina

  Maria, Indah Kuswardani

  )

  5 Ergonomic Design of Grass Chopper Machine for Working System 249 Imrovement (Dyah Rachmawati Lucitasari and Dwi Susilo

  Utomo )

Any Other Topics related to

Agro-Industry

  1 Effect of Pome and Sludge Ratio on Acclimation Process of Biogas 254 Production from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (Sarono, Yana

  Sukaryana, Yatim R Widodo, and Udin Hasanudin)

  

Category Poster

  1 Prospect of Develope Chrysanthemum Farming (Siti Hamidah 263

  and Indah Widowati)

  An Analysis on The Effects of Internal and External Factors

  2 267

  Towards Public Participation in Community Forest Establishment (A Case Study on Sedyo Raharjo Farmers Group Purworejo Regency) (Teguh Santoso, Nanik Dara Senjawati and Juarini)

  3 Quality Assessment on Four Genotypes of Sweet Sorghum Sap 273 With Dosage Variations of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae and Husk Charcoal as Biological Fertilizer and Soil Conditioner for Bioethanol (Rati Riyati and Nurngaini)

  4 Study of Microbial Community of Oil Palm Rhizosphres Infected 280 by Ganoderma Sp. and Their Potency in Green Oil Palm Industry (Happy Widiastuti)

5 Efficacy of Herbicides with The Active Ingredient Penoxulan + 285

  Bentazone to Control Weeds in Rice Field (Abdul Rizal AZ and

  Dyah Arbiwati)

  6 Production Capability of Hybrid Rice and Non Hybrid Rice Which 293 Facing Irrigation Poluted by Sewage Spiritus Plant (Sugeng

  Priyanto and Wahyu Widodo)

  7 Selection of Parent’s Jackfruit Tree in Sleman District to Improve 299 Quality of National Jackfruit (Artocarpus Integra Merr.) (Basuki

  and Suyanto Zainal Arifin)

  Effect of Soil Moisture Against Infection of Enthomopathogenic

  8 307

  Fungi on White Grub (Tri Harjaka, Edhi Martono, Witjaksono,

  and Bambang Hendro Sunarminto)

  9 Goat Milk Ice Cream Processing in Argoyuwono Village, Malang 312 (Aniswatul Khamidah and SS. Antarlina)

  323

  The Second International Conference on Green Agro- Industry: Questions and Answers

  326

  Participants of The Second International Conference on Green Agro-Industry (ICGAI 2) Yogyakarta, Indonesia 4-6 August 2015

  337

  Acknowledgement

  

 

 

 

 

 

  

K EY N OT E SPEAK ER

  

THE ROLE OF BIO-SYSTEM ENGINEERING IN GREEN

AGRO-INDUSTRY

Lilik Soetiarso

  Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Corresponding author: lilik-soetiarso@ugm.ac .

     

           

                 

                 

             

             

             

           

                 

             

             

       

  PLEN ARY SPEAK ER

  PRECISION FARMING IN SUSTAINABLE AGRO-INDUSTRY CONCEP Sakae Shibusawa

  Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan

• * sshibu@cc.tuat.ac.jp

  ABSTRACT

  A concept of sustainable agro-industry involves community-based precision agriculture which has the last 15-year experience of a Japanese model. “Community” implies self- governance group of practitioners and/or players of precision agriculture, and “precision agriculture” implies evidence-based farm management as known well in the world. An appearance of community-based precision agriculture depends on the state of agro- industry such as technology development, producers’ motivation, food chains, and market needs. Community-based precision agriculture could be a group farming system with consensus of farmers and residents, to gain high profitability and reliability under regional and environmental constraints, promoted by professional farmers and technology platforms, and to provide both information-oriented fields and information- added products into foods chain. This definition has been providing a playground of farmers, engineers/scientists, and business people to take actions together. The paper introduces one topic of experience by a local learning group of “Honjo Precision Farming Society (HPFS)” in Honjo City, Saitama prefecture close to Tokyo. Another topic is a water saving system of precise control for water supply to meet the demand of plant growth.

  Keyword s:

  Community-based, Precision agriculture, Learning group, Local business, Water saving.

  INTRODUCTION

  In the last decades, multiple concerns such as shortage of food and water, global warming, and energy crises have crept up on people. As for food supply, world food production has increased with food consumption of cereal crops in a half century although, in the last decade, production could not catch up with consumption, as shown in Fig. 1a. The demand for crops has increased due to increases in population, industrial needs, and meaty, fatty diets accompanying lifestyle changes. A major contribution to increases in the net yield of crops has been the increase in yield per unit area, that is, increased land productivity, while the area of harvest has not increased during the last 50 years, as shown in Fig. 1b. In general, land productivity depends on the crop variety, agricultural materials and facilities, and farm mechanization, as well as socio-economic factors such as the organization of growers.

  Keep ping land p roductivity higher is o one of the a advantages of Japanes se agricultur re, as show wn in Fig. 1 c, because of its well- -organized c community of growers s but with s small- scale e farms. In s spite of the high land p roductivity and top-20 net produc ction in the w world

  , the population n of Japanes se growers h has decreas sed by 150,0 000 per yea ar during th he last deca de, resultin ng in a decr rease to one e-tenth of 2 2.5 million b by the year r 2030 (Fig g. 1d). This is inducin ng rapid cha anges in th he structure e and syste em of Japan nese agricu ulture, follo wed by som me states in the world.

  Fig. 1: The position of f Japanese a agriculture i n the world d. The statistics of f the Japane ese governm ment in 2012 2 show that the number r of grower s was 2.5 m million, the number of s sale farmho ouses or com mmercial fa rmers was 1 1.78 million n, and the n number of y young farm mers was 0.1 17 million. The same statistics sh how that th ere is 368 m million ha o of arable lan nd with an average sca ale a 2.2 ha, , and that 3 2% of the a arable land belongs to 2% of farm mers with a farm scale o of more tha an 20 ha. On n the other hand, the J Japanese pop pulation is decreasing dramaticall ly, by 260,0 000 per year r in 2013 an nd by a mi llion per ye ear in 2025 , which cau uses big ch hanges in so ocio-econom mic systems s. For exam mple, the ne eeds of cons sumers tend d to shift fro om price an nd calories t to the safety y and funct tions of foo ods. Not only land p productivity y but also c consumers’ needs have e become ta argets of cu urrent farm m manageme ent in Japa an. Transfer r of skills and techno ology has a also becom me big busin ness from generation n to genera ation, from m industry to agricul lture, and from agric culture to in ndustry. Tha at is why pr recision agr iculture and d its players s has becom me the targe et of the in nvestigation n. The com mmunity-bas sed approac ches will pr rovide a hi int to creat ting a way o of thinking.

COMMUNITY-BASED PRECISION AGRICULTURE

  In this paper, “community” implies practitioners and/or players of precision agriculture, and precision agriculture implies management practice on the farm. The combination of players and management requires us to re-discover the story of precision agriculture as follows. Community-based precision agriculture is a new regional farming system to gain high profitability and reliability under regional and environmental constraints, promoted by wisdom farmers and technology platforms, by creating both information- oriented fields and information-added products, with supply chain management from field to table (Shibusawa 2004). The definition brings us to a home ground where growers, engineers, and business people take action. During the current quarter of a century, we have experienced five different phases in precision agriculture (Shibusawa 2004). The first phase was site-specific crop management in early ’90s. The second phase was mechanization as sensor-based site- specific crop management with variable-rate operation in mid-’90s. The third phase appeared in the latter part of the ’90s with precision agriculture defined by “a management strategy that uses information technologies to bring data from multiple sources to bear on decisions associated with crop production” (NRC 1997). Furthermore, “a key difference between conventional management and precision agriculture is the application of modern information technologies to provide, process, and analyse multisource data of high spatial and temporal resolution for decision making and operations in the management of crop production” (NRC 1997). The fourth phase appeared in the latter part of the ’90s as cost-driven company-based precision agriculture. And the fifth phase appeared in the early 2000s as value-driven community- based precision agriculture. The structure of community-based precision agriculture is composed of two organizations, that is, farmers and industry, and five stakeholders to collaborate with, as shown in Fig. 2. On the side of the farmers, variable management focuses on within- field variability and between-field or regional variability. Within-field variability is embedded in a single field with a single plant variety in general. Between-field variability implies variability among fields in which different crops and farm works tend to be managed. When it comes to describing between-field variability, each field can be treated as a unit of mapping. Which variability should be managed for increased economic returns with reduced cost and how to tackle environmental concerns need consideration.

  There are different stories regarding the practice of management in action when one looks at field variability on different scales. On a single small farm, the farmer can better understand what is going on in each field, which enables variable-rate application for site-specific requirements with farmers’ knowledge and skills. When it comes to covering an area of a few tens of hectares including lots of small fields for example, a farm work contractor or a farm company has to manage regional variability due to cropping diversity. They also have to coordinate the farmers with different motivations due to different cropping styles. Here, we have hierarchical variability: within field, between field, and between motivations with different scales and different cropping styles.

  Managing hierarchical variability requires two organizations, wisdom farmers and a technology platform, as shown in Fig. 2. The groups of wisdom farmers play the role of top m managemen nt of innova ation in the regional fa arming syste em, such as s re-arrange ement of th he five facto ors of the fa arming syst tem and dev velopment o of scenarios s for introdu ucing appro oaches in pr recision agr riculture. Th he technolo ogy platform m develops and provide es the techn nologies av vailable with h rural con nstraints as well as ma arketing ch hannels for high- quali ity/traceable e agro-prod ducts. A co ombination of the wis dom/experi ience of the e farmers a and the tech hnologies o of the platf form will pr roduce info ormation-or riented field ds and infor rmation-add ded produc cts, as show wn in Fig. 3 3, which ca an meet com mpliance as s well as fa armer’s mot tivation, su uch as trace eability, pro ductivity an nd profitabil lity, and env vironmenta al concerns.

  Rura al developm ment by intr roducing pr recision agr riculture is an attractiv ve propositi ion in Japan n because people fa ce the ser rious conce erns of de population, , high agin ng, a down nsizing eco onomy, and d exhausted d infrastruc ture in rur ral villages and cities. . The infor rmation-orie ented fields s produced d by precis ion agricul lture practi ices are ea asy to conn nect with t the multi-f functions o of agricultu ure so as to manage e environm mental cons ervation an d design lan ndscape am menity if it m merges with h a geograph hical inform mation syste em (GIS) co overing the e whole spa ace of a rur ral area, aim ming at gain ning the tru ust of local l inhabitants s. The infor rmation-add ded products s make acce ess to the m market with d direct comm munication with consu umers easier r.

  F ig. 2: Struct ture of com mmunity-bas sed precisio n agricultur re.

  LEA ARNING G ROUP OF FARMER RS AND BR RANDED P PRODUCE E

  One learning gr roup was t the Honjo P Precision F Farming Soc ciety (HPF S) organize ed by progr ressive farm mers in Ap pril 2002, i in collabora ation with Waseda Un niversity, T Tokyo Univ versity of Ag griculture a and Technol logy, indust try people, a and City Ha all. The lead der of the f farmers reco ognized tha at City Hall l had promo oted zero-e mission tow wn planning g and was awarded I

  ISO 14000 1 certificat tion in Ma arch 2002, and envir ronment-fri endly agric culture was one of the m main city pr rojects.

  F Fig. 3: Strate egy of comm munity-bas ed precision n agricultur re. Honj jo City is lo ocated 100 k km north of f Tokyo, ha aving the lon ngest daylig ght time and d rich alluv vial soil wit th rich irrig ation water r from the T Tone River. . The popul lation of the e city was 80,000, the e farmed ar rea was 1,3 00 ha, the population of farmers s was 1,200 0, and 25% of these we ere professi ional farmer rs. The net sale of agri icultural pro oducts accou unted for m more than 8 8 billion JP PY, and the e sale of v egetables o occupied 65 5%. Around d 130 profe essional farm mers forme d “New Far rmer 21,” a society of e entrepreneu urial farmers s, and their leaders org ganized the HPFS. A m membership qualificati ion of the HPFS was s to imple ement envir ronment-fri endly mana agement as “eco-farme ers” certifie ed by the lo ocal govern nment, creat ting a home epage of th heir own, an nd attending g inter-net c ommunicat ions, as wel ll as manag ging the qua alified produ ucts with th he highest p price in the market. Th e next actio on was to or rganize sem minars and workshops on precisio on agricultu ure. They i invited pro fessionals a and scientis sts to their evening se eminars eve ery month in n 2003, wit th topics on n the motiva ations of bu uyers, brand ded produc

  e, emerging g technolog gy, agricultu ural policy of the gov vernment, an nd so on, i including a an internati ional semin nar inviting g Marc Va anacht (Fig . 4). They then cond ducted a soc cial experim ment on in-sh hop sales of f their inform mation-add ded products s. Durin ng the soci al experime ent on in-sh hop sales, th hey invente ed a technol logy packag ge on creat ting an iden ntification ( (ID) tag an nd its usage e, as shown n in Fig. 6 . At the far rm, a grow wer of HPFS S edited and d printed his s small ID t tags with a photograph h of his face e, and attac hed it to ea ach package e of vegetab bles in the p packing pro ocess. At a d department store and a a wholesale er, high-qua ality vegeta ables with ID D tags were e put in the e fresh vege etable corne er at prices 20-30% hi gher compa ared with th he normal. T The farmers s’ cooperati ive to whic ch they belo onged trans ported the vegetables from the fa arm to in-sh hop. It was s easy for c customers to o access the e respective e growers th hrough their r websites b by mobile p phone by cl licking the two-dimens sional code on the tag. The growe ers wrote a farm work diary on th heir homep ages every day, which h helped di irect comm munication b between gro owers and c consumers. They put a a simulator of retrieval action in th he fresh veg getable corn ner in the d department store. The g growers sto ood at the co orner and d demonstrated d using a m mobile phon ne.

  Fig. 4 4: Activitie s of the Hon njo Precisio on Farming Society (HP PFS). The cost of the

  ID tags was s 3-5 JPY ( (0.03-0.05 U US$) per sh heet and nob body was w willing to pa ay for it. A A solution was a sche eme of vol luntary adv vertisement. The veget tables produ uced were specialized by environ nmentally fr friendly man nagement a and quality taste, and the produc e could con nsequently connect en nvironment- -oriented pe eople acros ss the food chain from m growers to o consumer rs. They ask ked compan nies and org ganizations for a chan nce to advert tise with the em, and a co ouple of com mpanies joi ined the sch heme.

  The activity of H HPFS was awarded by y the prime minister of f Japan in 2 2005 for cre eating brand ded produce e using info ormation tec chnology an nd specific p patented ski ills.

WAS STER SAV

  

VING APP ROACH F OR PREC CISION AG GRICULTU RE

  A co oncept of th e project ca ame up from m focusing on the rooti ing zone, w which is a pr recise contr rol techniqu ue for water r supply to meet the d emand of p plant growth h. A key po oint is to de etect and ad djust a smal ll reduction n in water p potential aro ound the roo oting zone when the p plant absorb bs water. W We call it a p precision sub bsurface irr rigation app proach: appl ly the corre ect amount of water a at the corre ect time and d correct lo ocation thro ough the co orrect meth hod (Ohaba et al 2009, Shibusawa 2012).

  One of the wate er saving ap proaches w will be a gree enhouse sys stem as sho wn in Fig.1

  1. The syste em should b be compose d of techno ologies on p precision wa ater control in rooting zone, evalu uation of so oil moisture in the root ing zone, cr rop-specific c water dem mand monito oring, wate r quality co ontrol and r reuse, wate er supply an nd demand chain cont trol, and en nergy- savin ng air condi itioning of t the greenhou use. Fig. 5: Scheme of the branded d produce o f HPFS. Gree enhouse cult tivation occ cupies less than a coup ple of perce entage point ts of agricu ultural produ uction and , similarly, , agricultur ral producti ion contrib butes by a few perce entage point ts to GDP in OECD countries, t though agri icultural pr roduction co ontributes a a few doze n percenta age points of GPD i in develop ping countr ries. As su uch, greenh house cultiv vation is i indeed a s small facto or in world dwide food d productio on and nat tional econ nomies. Ano other point o of view is t that the gree enhouse tec chnology en nables farm ers to overc come restri ictions impo osed by soi il quality, a arid climate e and limite ed water su upply, whic ch hence pro omises to ex xpand the ca apacity of f food produc tion. The total area of greenhou use cultivat tion is estim mated at 40 0,000 hectar res in the w world, and w with The N Netherlands in the lead at 10,000 h hectares, fol llowed by 3 3,000 hectar res in Israe el and Japan n. Plastic h house cultiv vation usin ng simple te echnology is more po opular with, , for examp ple, 1.6 mi illion hecta ares in Chi na, 70,000 hectares in n Spain, 50 0,000 hecta ares in Japan n and Korea a and 11,00 00 hectares i in the USA. . The overal ll significan nce of wate r-saving gr reenhouse systems is to reduce e constraint ts on wate er resource es for cultiv vation not o only in arid areas but al lso in urban n zones in w which confli icts for reso ources betw ween agricul ture and ind dustry or cit tizens seem m to occur. The targets of t the project were to rea ach 60 % o or more in w water savin ngs, and 10 % or more e in energy savings co ompared wit th the conv ventional gr eenhouse sy ystems curr rently in us se in Japan . Optimal c conditions w was analyse ed under a fully-contro olled and c closed green nhouse syst tem through h simulation n, and also s surveyed in n a commerc cial farm se etting. The water savin ng rate used d to depend d on the rec cycling rati io and the e efficiency o of the wate r supply. In n theory, m more than 9 95 % of wa ater can be e recycled i in the soil-p plant- atmo osphere con ntinuum syst tem, and a greenhouse e system in Israel has a already ach hieved 75 % % recycling of irrigatio on water (Fa acts of the Israeli Econ nomy- Agr o-Technolo ogy © 2008

  8 Israel Min nistry of For reign Affair rs - The Sta ate of Israel l). On the ot ther hand, i it was confi firmed in a preliminary y experimen nt that subs urface irrig gation reduc ced water su upply need ds by 90 % % compared d to the c conventiona al surface i irrigation o of outdoor plant cultiv vation in Ar rizona (Oha aba 2009).

  _{# Energy-reduced and high-efficient air-conditioning/environmental-control system in} Applying the correct amount of water at the correct time and correct location through the _{# Instrumentation technique of soil water capacity and water stresses of plant. correct method, promises advanced water-saving agriculture. Key techniques are: # Underground capillary irrigation technique to meet the small reduction in water potential greenhouse with a water-purification and water-recycle technique. around the rooting zone when the plant absorbs. ※ soil moisture/nutrient mapping and ※ paddy water control system FOEAS ※ water-saving orchard management ※ water-saving greenhouse/plant factory}

_control

_{Energy saving by use of heat storage refrigerant Energy-reduced optimum control of environment Tomato cultivation by water- Energy-saving air-conditioning with high-efficient refrigerant saving system in phytotron for Agriculture Water-saving System} Application sites _{Leaf vibration →water stress index Water-saving irrigation system Evapotranspiration Evaporation}

_{water stress}

Detect plant

_{Visible image water retention Sonic image of Uses of rainwater, Water recycle Water-level control tank control Detect the} Water-level _{Supply tank Water retention Dry soil zone of water retention Even a few amount of waste water has to be used in water-shortage areas. and waste water. underground water water-level control and capillary power Underground precise irrigation using water capacity and plant water stress Supply control by the balance between soil water retention} Thermography of Fig. 6: Trials and progress of Project WASPA.

  Three tasks in the project are in progress: (1) the task of precision water control in rooting zone has produced papers on capillary flow responses in a soil-plant system for modified subsurface precision irrigation (Zainal Abidin et al 2014) and water distribution imaging in the sand using propagation velocity of sound (Sugimoto et al 2013). (2) the task of crop-specific water demand monitoring produced water stress of a plant using vibration measurement of leaf (Sano et al 2013). (3) the task of water quality control and reuse has produced desalination by progressive freeze-concentration (Fujioka et al 2013) and Integrating sulfidization from acid mine drainage (Wang et al 2014). For putting it into practice, field monitoring was conducted as high resolution soil property mapping by a mobile real-time soil visible-near infrared sensor (Kodaira and Shibusawa 2013).

  CONCLUSION

  Precision farming/agriculture is a management strategy and has a potential application in a wide spectra. This paper focusing on who manage the precision faming and on what happens when water saving is a goal. One topic was a local learning group of “Honjo Precision Farming Society (HPFS)” in Honjo City, Saitama prefecture close to Tokyo. The first action was market research using information-added produce through in-shop experiments, followed by branded- produce strategy, environment-friendly farming, capacity building of young farmers, good agricultural practices, and so on. The community-based precision agriculture has been applied in different fields or regions, such as precision restoration agriculture against the East Japan earthquake with tsunami in 2011, agro-medical initiative (AMI) and agro-medical food (AMF), and water saving systems for agriculture. In 2014, the government has issued an ICT strategy to enhance the trans-industry communization or standards of ICT.