DIVERSITY OF ARTHROPODS ON COCOA PLANTATION IN THREE STRATA OF SHADE TREE
AGRIVITA VOLUME 36 No. 2 JUNE - 2014 ISSN : 0126-0537
DIVERSITY OF ARTHROPODS ON COCOA PLANTATION IN THREE STRATA OF
SHADE TREE
Tenggara, East Java, East Kalimantan, North Moluccas and Irian Jaya (Anonymous, 2012). Cocoa production ishampered by plant pests and the strataof shade tree. Major pest on cocoa is Cocoa Pod Borer Conopomorpha cramerella Snellen, Helopeltisspp, Zeuzera coffeae Nietnand Glenea spp. (Firdausil et al., 2008). However, in South East Sulawesi Cocoa Pod Borer (Conopomorpha cramerella Snellen (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) was reported as the major pest (Bradley, 1986). Wiryadiputra (1993) stated that C. cramerella resulted 75-80% yield loss of cocoa production. There were 3,445 ha of severe attack and 4,867 ha of moderate attack in Sigi District, caused by C. cramerella (Disbun Sulteng, 2012). As impacts of C.
ᵒ11’ 33.9’’S, 120ᵒ 03’ 54.2’’ E, 742-1237 masl). Altieri and Nicholls (2004) mentioned that monoculture can cause agroecosystem susceptible to the pest attack. Cocoa cultivated by monoculture will also create susceptible agroecosystem.
ᵒ 11’ 35.8’’S, 120ᵒ 03’ 43.3’’ E, 752-1237 masl) or no shade tree (closed to be monoculture) (01
ᵒ 03’ 41.5’’E, 802-1237 m asl). In addition, they cultivated cocoa under Candlenut trees (called one stratumof shade tree) (01
In Rahmat village, cocoa was cultivated on spaces between forest trees and fruit trees (called two strata of shade tree) (01 ᵒ 11’ 55.7’’S, 120
615-833 kg/ha and this production was lower than national production (1,000 kg/ha) (Sulistyowati and Wiryadiputra, 2008).
cramerella, production of cocoa bean decreased
Cocoa (Theobroma cocoa L.) is one of agricultural commodities that contribute to the Indonesian foreign exchange. Susanto (1994) reported that Cocoa as an export commodity provides raw material for certain agroindustry. Availability of areas in Indonesia can be the important factor to support Cocoa plantation and industry (Sutrisno and Winahyu, 1997).Cocoa is planted as major crop in South, South East, and Central Sulawesi, North Sumatera, East of Nusa
Moh. Hibban Toana 1*) , Gatot Mudjiono 2) , S. Karindah 2) and Abdul Latief Abadi 2) 1) Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako University
INTRODUCTION
Keywords: arthropods, cocoa, species diversity, two strata of shade tree
The Research was aimed to identify the diversity of arthropods in Cocoa plantation in three strata of shade tree. Research was conducted in Rahmat village, the sub-district of Palolo, District of Sigi, the Province of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia from December 2012 to June 2013.Berlese funnel, Pitfall, Malaise and Light trap were used to collect arthropod samples. There were five indices such as species richness (R), species evenness (E), species diversity (H`and D), and species similarity (Iss) to analyze the diversity of arthropods in cocoa plantations. The result showed that species richness (R) of arthropods under the two strata of shade tree, species evenness (E) and both of species diversity indices, Shannon (H`) and Simpson (D) was the highest, with value of 18.216, 0.839, 4.383, and 0.833 respectively. In addition, percentage of species similarity (Iss) was the highest under two strata of shade tree with value 72.297%.
Received: May 3, 2014 /Accepted: July 12, 2014
ABSTRACTJl. Veteran Malang 65145 East Java Indonesia *) Corresponding author Phone: +62-82345074910 Email: moh.hibbantoana@gmail.com
Kampus Bumi Kaktus Tondo Palu Indonesia 2) Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya
The difference of cocoa cultivation system, especially strata of shade tree, can induce the difference of arthropod composition. Diversity of herbivores, parasitoids, predators, detritivores, other functional roles of arthropods, and additional number of arthropod species will be Moh. Hibban Toana et al.: Diversity of Arthropods on Cocoa Plantation…………………………………………………… different related to the difference of strata types of shade tree. Knops et al. (1999) mentioned that the vulnerability to invasions by plant species, and increasing of the spread of plant fungal diseases caused by experimental reduction of plant richness in grassland will also influence richness and structure of insect communities.
Insects greatly determines the biological diversity of fragmentation of habitat in the agricultural landscape (Kruess and Tscharntke, 1994). Structure of agricultural landscape can have strong impact on activities of natural enemies, such as parasites and predators. Positive relationship between parasitoid abundance and diversity and landscape vegetation complexity was clearly described in the simple and complex landscape, where in complex landscape, percentage of parasitism was significantly higher than that of the simple landscape (Marino and Landis, 1996). In addition, landscape factors are the key drivers of predator abundance in case of aphids suppression on Soybean (Woltz et al., 2012).
to extract arthropod samples from the soil samples. Soil samples were collected from 5 sample points (20 x 20 cm) diagonally within 1 m 2 area of sampling. Five soil samples were mixed and putinto the Berlese funnel. Erlenmeyer contained water and detergent was placed under the Berlese funnel to collect arthropod from the soil samples. Arthropod sampling was takenonce in two weeks for 6 months.
H` E
2. Species Evenness Indices, Pielou Indices formulated as ln(S)
R, S, n, and ln are species richness index, number of species, population of each species, and logarithmic number respectively.
1 S R
1. Species Richness, Margalef Index (Ludwig and Reynolds,1988) ln(n)
Variables were observed in this research i.e. number of species and their population. Based on the data of each variable, some ecological indices, such as Species Richness, Species Evenness Indices, Shannon- Wiener Indices (H`), Simpson index (D), and Sorensen Similarity index were calculated:
All collected arthropod samples were identified based on their morphological characters and functions in the laboratory of plant pest, Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako and Brawijaya University. Physical factors were recorded to describe the arthropod dynamic such as rainfall, temperature and relative humidity.
Berlese Funnel. Berlese funnel was used
The closed relationship between agri- cultural landscape and insect diversity, the diversity of arthropods on cocoa plantation under the three types of shading was observed. It was assumed that there were differences in arthropod diversity among three intensities of shade tree on cocoa plantation.
for 24 hours in the center of each type of cocoa plantation. Plastic bottles containing water and detergent were set up at the top of Malaise trap. The trap was set up once in two weeks for 6 months.
Malaise Trap. Malaise trap was located
water and detergent, were put into the ground for 24 hours. The distance of each pitfall trap was 20 m. Arthropod samples were collected every two weeks for 6 months.
Pitfall Trap. Pitfall traps, which contained
6.00 pm and insect samples were collected at 6.00 am. Arthropod samples were collected every two weeks for 6 months.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
located ineach type of cocoa plantation. One light trap was put on the centre of four quadrants of cocoa trees. Light traps were turned on at
Light trap. Thirteen light traps were
Arthropods samples were collected by light trap, pitfall trap, malaise trap and Berlese funnel.
The diversity of arthropods was surveyed in three types of cocoa plantation at Rahmat village,sub-district of Palolo, District of Sigi, Province of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia from December 2012 to June 2013. These cocoa plantations have different types of shade tree. There were three sorts of shadetree, i.e.cocoa with two strataof shadetree, cocoa with one stratum of shade tree, and cocoa without shade tree. Sampling arthropods were conducted from December 2012 to June 2013.
Moh. Hibban Toana et al.: Diversity of Arthropods on Cocoa Plantation……………………………………………………
E, H` and S are species evenness indices, (Krebs, 2002) and Estimate S 910 Windows Shannon diversity indices, and number of (Colwell, 2013) were used to analyze the species respectively. data.
3. Species diversity indices, Shannon-Wiener RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Indices (H`):
Combining results from several traps, number of arthropod species and the same species found in all strata of shade tree were the highest in the cocoa plantationin two strata of
H`, n and N are Shannon-Wiener index, shadetree, 186, and 34 species respectively. i population of i species and population total of Based on Table 2, the diversity of all species respectively. arthropods in three strata of shade tree of cocoa plantation showed the difference in the number
Table 1. Value and description of H’ (Anony- of species and population of total arthropods. mous, 2014) Number of arthropod species and the same species found in all strata types of shade tree were the highest in the cocoa plantation under two strata of shade tree, 186 and 34 species, respectively. The lowest value was shown by cocoa plantation no shading, 57 species of arthropod species number and 20 species of the
4. Simpson index (D) is described as below: same species found in all strata types. The population of arthropod was the highest in the cocoa plantation with no shading (30,464 arthropods), and it was followed by one and two types of shading such as 28,270 and 25,736 n i and N are population of each species and arthropods, respectively. population of all species, respectively. Diversity will be lower if the value of D
Table 2. Species number, population of arthropod, (Simpson index) is higher. and the same species were found in all types of shade tree of cocoa plantation
5. Sorensen Similarity index
2C The same
Iss x100% Types of
A B Population species were shade tree No. of of found in all of cocoa species arthropods types of
Iss, A, and B are Similarity index, number of
plantation shade tree
arthropod species in A and B types of Two strata shadetree and the number of the same One 186 25,736
34 arthropod species in both types of shade stratum 110 28,270
22 treeof cocoa plantation, respectively. Without 57 30,464
20 shade tree
6. Index Hurlbert (1971): 8 All of those facts describe that more
(Nn Ni)
diverse composition of vegetation in agroeco-
E(Sn) 1 (Nn) i 1 system will increase the number of arthropod
species, and conversely it can reduce the total E(Sn), N, Nn, and Ni are Estimated value of population of arthropods. Untung (1993) stated species numbers, the smallest population that in the stable ecosystem, there was no of species, total population of all species, domination by one species. Price (1997) and population of i species (Magurran, supported that the diversity and abundance
1988; Scharer et al., 1991; Koellner et al., were negatively correlated to each other. When 2004; Chiarucci et al., 2008; Gotelli and Moh. Hibban Toana et al.: Diversity of Arthropods on Cocoa Plantation…………………………………………………… the diversity increases, the dominance of species will decrease.
There were differences of species richness R, species evenness E, and species diversity (Shannon H` and Simpson index D) in cocoa plantation under the three types of shade tree (Table 3). The result showed that species richness (R) of arthropods under the two strataof shadetree, species evenness (E) and both of species diversity indices Shannon (H`) and Simpson (D) werethe highestand followed by one stratumof shade treeand without shade tree. High diversity indices shown by the cocoa plantation under two strataof shade treewas closed to high diversity of vegetation. Two strataof shade treehaving high heterogeneity of vegetation seems to be key factor to create the highest value of all diversity indices. The species diversity indices especially Shannon index, one and two strata of shade tree were higher than 3.322. Both one and two strata of shade tree were high in diversity and productivity, stable or balanced in their ecosystem. Shade trees as non crops orvegetation surrounding cultivated area providedshelter, pollen and nectar as food supplement or alternative host and prey for natural enemies(Dryer and Landis, 1996; Dryer and Landis, 1997; Menalled et al., 2004), breeding site for natural enemies (Karindah et
0.839 0.714 0.497
55
107
296 167 243
Two+ one stratum One + withoutshade tree Two + without shade tree
I SS (%)
Types of shade treeof cocoa plantation Total species number Same species were found in all strataof shade tree
Table 4. Percentage of Species Similarity in three strata of shade treeof cocoa plantations
0.833 0.683 0.450
al., 2011) suitable microclimate (Plowright et al., 1993), and shading (Davis et al., 2001).
5.424 4.383 3.356 2.011
18.216 10.635
Two strata One stratum Without shade tree
Simpson index (1-D) Spesies Evenness(E)
Types of shade tree of cocoa plantation Species richness (R)
Shannon index
(H’)
The percentage of species similarity in cocoa plantations under the three strata of shade tree (Table 4) showed that combination between two and one stratum of shade tree gave the highest number of species, the same species found in all strata of shade tree and Index of species similarity (Iss), 296 species, 107 species and 72.297% respectively. These values were followed by both combinations such as two and without shade tree and one stratum and without shade tree. Table 3. Diversity indices of arthropods in three strataof shade treeof cocoa plantation
Difference in species richness, diversity and evenness of arthropod species in cocoa plantation under the three strata of shade tree occurs because the community structure of two strata of shade tree in cocoa plantations was more heterogeneous and had a more diverse structure ofland scape elements. It is compatible with the results of the research Marino and Landis (1996) emphasizing that species richness is influenced by landscape structure. In addition, Weibull et al. (2003) stated that generally on a plantation scale, species richness increased with landscape heterogeneity. The importance of species richness for its rich diversity Productivity and ecosystem services such as pollination, pest and disease control and seed dispersal (Mudjiono and Khairiah, 2014), increasing diversity through soil biological activity, nutrient cycling, increased arthropods (Altieri, 1999) could result from species richness.
56 72.297 65.868 46.091 Moh. Hibban Toana et al.: Diversity of Arthropods on Cocoa Plantation…………………………………………………… Figure 1. Population of each arthropod in all strata of shade tree of cocoa plantation based on its ecological function/roles
Figure 1, Population of arthropods in all strata of shade tree based on their ecological roles contained the population of herbivores, parasitoids, predators, detritivores and others. In two strata of shade tree of cocoa plantations, the population was the highest, followed by one stratum of shade tree and without shade tree of cocoa plantation.
High population of herbivores in cocoa plantation under two strata of shade tree caused low intensity of damage on cocoa, it was related to the population of parasitoids and predators. The population of both natural enemies was also high and could reduce the population of herbivores. Hymenoptera and Diptera as parasitoid group collected in cocoa plantation under two strata of shade tree were 29 and 1 species, respectively. Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Neuroptera, Pseudoscorpionida, Hemiptera, Dermaptera and Araneae were recorded as predator group with 9, 13, 16, 1, 1, 1, 2 and 5 species, respectively. Parasitoid and predator belong to natural enemies of plant pest (herbivore), they can protect plants from damage caused by insect herbivores (Rodriguez-Saona et al., 2012). Natural enemies are capable of improving their function by increasing the diversity within crops in agricultural systems (Rodriguez-Saona et al., 2012) and shade trees as non crop can be used to enhance microclimate (Dryer and Landis, 1996). Stability of ecosystem can be supported by composition of detritivores, parasitoid, predators and herbivores when there is no dominance by such species (Mudjiono et al., 2013). In case of Cocoa plantation under one stratum of shade tree, species number of herbivores was fewer than that of two strataof shade tree; it was caused by parasitoid and predator species in cocoa plantation under one stratum of shade treelower. In addition, detritivore contributed to maintain the predator as food especially above-ground predators (Wu et al., 2014).
Figure 2, curves of growth rates of arthropod species number in cocoa plantation under three strata of shade tree, shows that there was similar tendency between each stratum of shade tree. But they showed differences between each other especially at the starting and the end of points. In Figure 2a, two strata of shade tree, the numbers of arthropod species at 1 st and 25 th week were 102 and 186 species, respectively. Figure 2b representing one stratum of shade tree, shows that the numbers of arthropod species at 1 st and 25 th week were 69 and 110 species. Last Figure 2c, without shade tree, shows that the number of arthropod species at 1 st and 25 th week were 40 and 57 species, respectively.
Shade Trees Two strata One strata Without strata No. of spec ies
20 40 60 80 100 Herbivores Parasitoids Predators Detrivores Others No o f Sp e c ie s Moh. Hibban Toana et al.: Diversity of Arthropods on Cocoa Plantation…………………………………………………… Figure 2. Curves of Growth rate of species number and estimated species in cocoa plantation under the three strataof shade tree(a) twostrataofshade tree; (b) one stratumof shade tree; and (c) without shade tree
CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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