Management Information Systems, 10e
Management
Information Systems,
10/e
Raymond McLeod Jr. and George P. Schell
© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 1
Chapter 7 Systems Development
© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 2
Learning Objectives
Recognize the systems approach as the►
basic framework for solving problems of all
kinds.Know how to apply the systems approach to ► solving systems problems.
Understand that the systems development
► life cycle (SDLC) is a methodology – a recommended way to develop systems.© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 3
Learning Objectives (Cont’d)
Be familiar with the main SDLC approaches – the
► traditional waterfall cycle, prototyping, rapid application development, phased development, and business process redesign.
Know the basics of modeling processes with data
► flow diagrams and use cases.Understand how systems development projects ► are managed in a top-down fashion.
Be familiar with the basic processes of estimating ► project cost.
© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 4
The Systems Approach
John Dewey identified three series of judgments
► involved in adequately resolving a controversy: Recognize the controversy.
Weigh alternative claims.
Form a judgment.
During the late 1960s/early 1970s, interest in ► systematic problem solving strengthened.
Systems approach ►
—a series of problem-solving steps that ensure the problem is first understood, alternative solutions are considered, and the © 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e selected solution works. 5 Series of Steps Preparation effort prepares the problem solver
► by providing a systems orientation.
Business areas, level of management, resource flows
Definition effort consists of identifying the►
problem to be solved and then understanding it.
Solution effort involves identifying alternative ► solutions, evaluating them, selecting the one that appears best, implementing that solution, and following up to ensure that the problem is solved.
© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 6
Figure 7.1 Phases and Steps of Systems Approach© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 7
Figure 7.2 Each Business Area Is a System© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 8
Definition Effort Terminology Problem trigger is a signal that things are
► going better or worse than planned.
Symptom is a condition that is produced
► by the problem and is usually more obvious than the root cause of the problem.Problem is a condition or event that is ► harmful or potentially or beneficial or potentially beneficial to the firm.
© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 9
Figure 7.3 Each Part of the System Is Analyzed in Sequence© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 10
- –the mental process of a single manager.
© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 11 Select the Best Solution
► Analysis –a systematic evaluation of options.
Judgment
►
►
Bargaining –negotiations between several
managers.© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 12 Systems Development Life Cycle
► Methodology is a recommended way of doing something.
► Systems development life cycle (SDLC) is an application of the systems approach to the development of an information system.
► Traditional SDLC stages are:
Planning
Analysis Design
Implementation
Use
Figure 7.4 The Circular Pattern of the System Life Cycle© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 13
Prototyping Prototype is a version of a potential
► system that provides the developers and future users with an idea of how the system in its completed form will function.
Prototyping is the process of producing a ► prototype.
Best suited for small systems –reflecting the prototyping influence.
© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 14
© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 15 Evolutionary Prototype
► Evolutionary prototype is continually refined
until it contains all of the functionality that users
require of the new system. The steps involved are: Identify user needs.
Develop prototype.
► Integrated application developer
► Prototyping toolkit Determine if the prototype is acceptable.
Use the prototype.
Figure 7.5 Development of an Evolutionary Prototype© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 16
Requirements Prototype
Requirements prototype is developed as a way►
to define the functional requirements of the new
system when users are unable to articulate exactly what they want. Begin with the Evolutionary Prototype steps, then the next steps are: Code the new system; Test the new system;
Determine if the new system is acceptable; Put the new system into production.
© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 17
Figure 7.6 Development of a Requirements Prototype© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 18
Attraction of Prototyping Communications between the developer and user
► are improved.
The developer can do a better job of determining ► the users’ needs.
The user plays a more active role in system ► development.
The developers and the user spend less time and
► effort developing the system.
Implementation is much easier because the user
► © 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e knows what to expect. 19
Potential Pitfalls of Prototyping
The haste to deliver the prototype may produce► shortcuts in problem definition, alternative evaluation, and documentation. The shortcut produces a “quick & dirty” effort.
The user may get overly excited about the ► prototype, leading to unrealistic expectations regarding the production system.
Evolutionary prototypes may not be very efficient.
► The computer-human interface provided by certain
► prototyping tools may not reflect good design techniques.
© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 20
Rapid Application Development
Rapid Application Development (RAD) is a
► term coined by James Martin. It refers to a development life cycle intended to produce systems quickly without sacrificing quality.
Information engineering (IE) is the name that ►
Martin gives to his overall approach to system development, which treats it as a firm-wide activity.
Enterprise is used to describe the entire firm.
► Essential to RAD is management, people, methodologies, and tools.
© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e Best suited for large systems. 21
Figure 7.7 Rapid Application Development Is an Integral Part of Information Engineering© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 22
© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 23 Phased Development
► Phased development is an approach for developing information systems that consists of six stages:
Preliminary investigation
Analysis
Design
Preliminary construction Final construction
System test
Installation.
Best suited for systems of all sizes.
Figure 7.8 The Stages of the Phased Development Methodology© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 24
© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 25 Module Phases
► System is subdivided into major modules such as:
Report writer; Database; Web interface.
►
Number of modules varies with the system
from one to a dozen or so.► Stages are performed separately for each module.
Figure 7.9 Analysis, Design, and Preliminary
Construction are Performed on Each System Module
© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 26
Business Process Redesign Reengineering or Business process redesign
► (BPR) is the process of reworking the systems.
Systems include both those that process the firm’s data and those that perform basic functions such as drilling for oil.
BPR affects the firm’s IT operations in two ways: ►
Aids in the redesign of old information systems ( legacy systems);
Applies to the redesign of information systems to support major operations.
Usually initiated at strategic management level © 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e ► 27
Figure 7.10 Top-Down Initiation of BPR Projects© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 28
Strategic Initiation of BPR
Reverse engineering is the process of analyzing► an existing system to:
Identify its elements and their interrelationships;
Create documentation at a higher level of abstraction than currently exists.
Functionality is the job that it performs.
► Reengineering is the complete redesign of a
► system with the objective of changing its functionality.
Forward engineering is given to the process of ► following the SDLC in the normal manner while © 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e engaging in BPR. 29
© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 30 BPR Components
► BPR components can be applied separately or in combination.
►
Functional quality is a measure of what
the system does.► Technical quality is a measure of how well it does it.
Figure 7.11 BPR Component Selection Is Based on
Both Functional and Technical Quality
© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 31
Methodologies in Perspective
Traditional SDLC is an application of the► systems approach to the problem of system development; contains all elements.
Prototyping is an abbreviated form focusing on
► the definition and satisfaction of user needs.RAD is an alternative approach to the design and ► implementation phases of SDLC.
Phased development uses traditional SDLC and ► applies it in a modular fashion.
© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 32
System Development Tools
was first done with .Process modeling flowcharts
►
ISO standards
Use of 20+ symbols Data flow diagrams (DFD) is a graphic
►
representation of a system that uses four symbol
shapes to illustrate how data flows through interconnected processes.DFDs are excellent for modeling processes at a ► summary level.
© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 33
Data Flow Diagram Symbols Terminator describes an environmental element, such as
► a person, organization, or another system.
Environmental elements exist outside the boundary of the
system.
Process is something than transforms input into output.
► Data flow consists of a group of logically related data
► elements that travel from one point or process to another; can and . diverge converge Data storage is a repository of data.
► Connector contains the number of the process that
► provides the data flow.
© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 34
Figure 7.12 A DFD of a Sales Commission System© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 35
© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 36 Leveled Data Flow Diagrams
► Leveled DFDs is used to describe the hierarchy of diagrams, ranging from context to lowest-level n diagram.
► Figure 0 diagram identifies the major processes of a system.
Use additional DFDs to achieve documentation at both a more summarized and a more detailed level.
► Context diagram is a diagram that documents the system at a more summarized level.
Positions the system in an environmental context.
► Figure n diagram is a diagram that provides more detail.
n represents the # of processes on the next higher level.
Documents a single process of a DFD in greater detail
Figure 7.13 A Context Diagram of a Sales Commission System© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 37
Figure 7.14 A Figure 4 Diagram of a Sales Commission System© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 38
Use Cases
Use case is a narrative description in an outline
►
form of the dialog that occurs between a primary
and secondary system.
Continuous narrative format with each action
► numbered sequentially.Ping-pong format consists of two narratives and ►
the numbering indicates how the tasks alternate
between the primary and secondary systems.Alternative events are actions that are not ► normally expected to occur; alphabetic letters are appended to step numbers.
© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 39
Figure 7.15 A Use Case© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 40
Figure 7.16 Use Case Guidelines© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 41
Project Management Steering committee is a committee with the
► purpose of providing ongoing guidance, direction, and control of all systems projects.
MIS steering committee purpose is directing
► the use of the firm’s computing resources. It establishes policies.
It provides fiscal control.
It resolves conflict.
© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 42
Figure 7.17 Managers of a System Life Cycle Arranged in a Hierarchy© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 43
Project Leadership Project team includes all of the persons
► who participate in the development of an information system.
Team leader (project leader) provides
►direction throughout the life of the project.
© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 44
Project Management Mechanism
Basis for project management is the project plan.
► Gantt chart is a horizontal bar chart that includes
► a bar for each task to be performed; bars arranged in time sequence.
Network diagram (
CPM diagram, PERT
► ) is a drawing that identifies activities and chart links them with arrows to show the sequence in which they are to be performed.
Narrative reports are in the form of weekly written ►
reports by project leader, communicates project
information to MIS steering committee.© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 45
Figure 7.18 A Gantt Chart© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 46
Figure 7.19 A Network Diagram© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 47
© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 48 Project Cost Estimating
► Cost-estimating inputs
Work breakdown structure (WBS) Resource requirements, resource rates Activity duration estimates Historical information
► Cost-estimating tools and techniques
Bottom-up estimating
Computerized tools Mathematical models
► Cost-estimating outputs
Supporting details
Cost-management plan
Table 7.1 Components of Cost- Estimating Process© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 49
Table 7.2 Example of Project Cost© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 50