CRM 0015.

C O A S T A L

R E S O U R C E S
1 9 9 8

M A N A G E M E N T

P R O J E C T

I I

R E S U L T S

I n c r e asi n g

Conservation

an d

Sustainable Use
of

C o a s t a l Reso urces

The Coastal Resources Management Project II is a partnership between the
U.S. Agency for International Development and the University of Rhode Island Coastal Resources Center

P

r

e

CONTENTS

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Highlights of Accomplishments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
CRM II Results Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
The Conservation and Sustainable Use
of Coastal Resources in Key Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Increased Regional and Global Commitment to

Coastal Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Improved Integrated Coastal Management
in Key Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Improved Management
Indonesia . . . . . .
Mexico . . . . . . .
Tanzania . . . . . .
Kenya . . . . . . . .

of Coastal Resources in:
.................
.................
.................
.................

.
.
.
.

Providing Coastal Practitioners Worldwide with
the Skills to Meet Today’s Coastal Challenges

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

. 20
. 26
. 30
. 34

. . . . . . 36

Communications to Improve Global Awareness
and Understanding of ICM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Selected CRM II Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
CRM II Staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
CRM II Financial O verview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

f
T

a

c

e

he Coastal Resources Management

in the 1980s in Ecuador, Sri Lanka and

lights as well the CRM II emphasis on

II Project (CRM II) promotes

Thailand has launched a new generation

training and communications, which is

essential elements of sustainable

of integrated coastal management activities

helping to build a cadre of informed and

development – to protect the world’s

in the Philippines, Indonesia, Mexico and

committed coastal management practition-

environment, foster balanced economic

East Africa. This cumulative experience

ers worldwide.

growth, promote democratic participation

clearly indicates that when assistance is

in governance, and improve the health

carefully planned and implemented with

It is truly an exciting time for coastal

and well-being of people in the world’s

the full participation of stakeholders at

managers in developing nations. USAID

developing nations. CRM II recognizes

all levels, our development partners have

is proud of the leadership that we and our

that our future is inextricably tied to, and

the capacity to govern coastal ecosystems

partners have brought to this important

in large degree determined by, our rela-

wisely. It also shows that our partners must

arena. As we prepare to enter the 21st

tionship to the world’s natural resources.

understand the potential consequences of

century, there is no doubt that sound

O ur health, our food supply, the growth

unwise action or timid leadership.

management of coastal resources must
be at the forefront of sustainable develop-

of our economies, and ultimately our
ability to live in a more peaceful world,

This annual report draws on a rich body of

ment throughout the global community

will be directly affected by the way in

field experience. It describes how CRM II

of nations.

which we manage, use, conserve and

lessons increasingly contribute to policy

protect the earth’s bounty.

dialogue in cooperating countries and at

Sincerely,

international forums. A ‘common methodCRM II responds to this challenge by

ology’ developed by CRM II for evaluating

demonstrating effective and coordinated

and learning from coastal management

action across sectors – essentially an inte-

experience is influencing how other donors

grated, participatory approach to coastal

design and finance integrated coastal man-

management. The pioneering work begun

agement interventions. The report high-

David Hales
Deputy Assistant Administrator
Global Environment Center

C RM II A n n u al R e p o r t 1 9 9 8

1

H i g h l i g h t s

o f

Accomplishments
Global Leadership
Harvesting Investments from the Past

• The International Coral Reef Initiative,

their home countries to lead national and

started with CRM I assistance and support,

regional coastal management projects and

expanded its scope and international

initiatives.

impact.

• Ecuador, a CRM I pilot country, has become
a regional and global leader in coastal man-

• The World Bank and Global Coral Reef
Investing in the Future

II-developed methods for future monitor-

agement. It is now using its own funds to
expand its program. The Coastal Poly-

• International donors and development

technic University in Ecuador (ESPO L)

banks are joining CRM II efforts to formu-

continues to offer international coastal

late and apply a common methodology for

management training and has initiated a

learning from experience, that will increase

master’s degree in coastal management.

the efficiency of progress towards the goals
of coastal management worldwide.

• Sri Lanka’s amended national coastal management plan, updated and expanded with

Monitoring Network have adopted CRM
ing of the effectiveness of communitybased coral reef management.

From the Field
Indonesia: National Center for Coastal and
Marine Resources Studies established.

• Collaborative work between CRM II and

CRM II assistance, was adopted by the gov-

the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

The center, at Bogor Agricultural Institute,

ernment’s Cabinet.

is influencing Ministerial-level dialogue in

immediately took a national leadership role

Eastern Africa on coastal governance and

in coastal management by hosting the inau-

ecosystem health.

gural National Coastal Conference, establish-

• The board of directors of the Inter-

ing the national coastal reference library and

American Development Bank approved a
coastal and marine management strategy
that draws extensively from CRM II work.

2

• CRM II helped fund Summer Institute ‘98
and returned 25 trained participants to

C o ast al Reso u r ces C en t er U n i v e r s i t y o f R h o d e I s l an d

launching the country’s first peer-reviewed
journal for coastal management.

Indonesia: Tangible models of good

ed the basis for formulating national

practice influenced national policy.

coastal management policy in

Left: Community
members in
Xcalak, Mexico
clean up after
Hurricane Mitch.
Below: Tanzania’s
leaders have
encouraged movement towards integrated coastal
management in the
country.

Tanzania. Tanzania’s progress proCRM II’s project in Indonesia is the first

vides coastal management leader-

in the country to work simultaneously

ship for East and South Africa and

at local, provincial and national levels.

shapes regional dialogue.

Community-based coastal management
project sites in North Sulawesi, Lampung

Tanzania: Capacity for effective

and East Kalimantan provide models for

management of critical coastal

decentralized coastal planning, establish-

regions is increased.

ment of municipal marine reserves, and
coastal resources management that inform

The long-term sustainability of a national

ernment and private sector stakeholder

and influence national policy.

coastal management program was signifi-

groups and helped to introduce sustainability

cantly increased through development

considerations into private and public coastal

Tanzania: Stage is set for national coastal

of successful intersectoral partnerships,

development plans.

policy formulation.

hands-on training, and an extensive process

The consultative process, led by working

of stakeholder consultation and issue iden-

Mexico: Xcalak outlines its own develop-

tification.

ment path.

Mexico: Low-impact tourism develop-

The coastal community of Xcalak in

ment guidelines are developed and begin to

Quintana Roo can now guide its own growth

influence tourism growth along Quintana

– even in the face of significant development

Roo coastline.

pressure. Xcalak prepared a management

groups comprised of government,
research and private organizations, provid-

and tourism strategy, worked with national
The first-ever tourism development guide-

authorities to designate a marine park and

lines for Mexico’s threatened Quintana

adopted a Fisheries Management Agreement.

Roo coastline were released. They were

The Xcalak model is being replicated in

developed through consultation with gov-

other Mexican communities and in neighboring Central American countries.
C RM II A n n u al R e p o r t 1 9 9 8

3

CRM II
Re s u l t s

T

his annual report provides a
‘snapshot’ of the CRM II performance results in Fiscal Year 1998

F

r a m e w o r k

Field assistance to key countries to
achieve improved integrated coastal
management

coastal management (ICM) developed
through CRM II.

described and monitored by indicators and
specific parameters that provide benchmarks for measuring progress.

(FY ’98). It also provides insight into

the successful approaches to integrated

Each element in the Results Framework is

• Developing strategies and policies for ICM
• Promoting stakeholder understanding of
and participation in ICM

• Building human and institutional capacity
for ICM

Synergies between field assistance activities
and global initiatives are a vital element
of the CRM II design, and a major reason
for its success. Field assistance brings real
improvements to the well-being of coastal

Global technical leadership to achieve
increased regional and global commitment to coastal management

communities. Field sites also provide a
‘living laboratory’ in which to develop,
test and refine coastal management concepts and tools that in turn nourish CRM

• Developing, disseminating and promoting
Village committee
members inspect
the marine sanctuary in Blongko,
Indonesia.

II’s regional and global leadership initia-

CRM II works toward achieving the long-

the broad adoption and use of effective

tives. CRM II’s global experience in coastal

term goal of increased conservation and

coastal management concepts and tools

management provides a rich repertoire of

sustainable use of coastal resources by
focusing on:

4

• Increasing the capacity of coastal management professionals

C o ast al Reso u r ces C en t er U n i v e r s i t y o f R h o d e I s l an d

ICM techniques and approaches to be
applied in key countries.

Making the CRM II results framework and monitoring system operational

Center has developed a computer database

can be readily imported into the main

for more efficient reporting, storage and

database at the University of Rhode

retrieval of CRM II performance monitor-

Island. The database is also being refined

ing data. A ‘runtime’ version of the database

to streamline reporting for field staff by

The scope and complexity of CRM II ini-

will be used at field project sites. A runtime

incorporating USAID field mission report-

tiatives worldwide make the implementa-

version is a mini-version of the database

ing indicators. This will allow CRM II to

tion of the CRM II results framework a sig-

software that allows remote field projects

provide results and other information to

nificant challenge. The Coastal Resources

to input and save data onto a diskette that

USAID in a timely and efficient manner.

Increased Conservation and Sustainable Use of Coastal Resources

Improved Integrated Coastal Management
in Key Countries

Increased Regional and Global
Commitment to Coastal Management

Improved

Improved

Improved

Dissemination

Increased

strategies

stakeholder

human and

of concepts

capacity

and policies

understanding

institutional

and tools

of ICM

for ICM

of and partici-

capacity

developed

professionals

pation in ICM

for ICM

for ICM

C RM II A n n u al R e p o r t 1 9 9 8

5

The

Conservation

S u s t a i n a b l e

an d

Use

of

C o a s t a l
R e s o u r c e s
in

6

Ke y

C o ast al Reso u r ces C en t er U n i v e r s i t y o f R h o d e I s l an d

Countries

uccessful coastal programs exhibit

S

Successful coastal programs also share

great diversity. That is because each

many commonalities. CRM I introduced

nation and place must ‘invent’ an

the now widely accepted view that the

ICM program that reflects its values,

long-term effectiveness of ICM endeavors

unique socio-political context and the con-

is largely determined by the quality of the

dition of its coastal ecosystems.

governance process. This process can be
described as a

The steps in the coastal management cycle

policy or project
development
cycle with distinct
steps and actions.
CRM II has also

Ten Critical Success Factors
For Coastal Management
Programs
• Local and national ownership of the program

• Stakeholder participation in all phases of the
program

• Strategic, issue-driven program focus; and
goal-driven/ action-oriented solutions

documented that

• Constituencies that support effective coastal

successful coastal

management and awareness of the issues

programs are

being addressed

characterized by
similar attributes,
termed ‘critical
success factors.’

• Program activities matched to the capability
of the people and institutions

• National and local level work with strong
linkages between levels

• Integration of scientific information into the
CRM II field programs frequently
take a ‘two-track’
approach–linking
local field project
sites (track two)

policy process

• Investments in building individual and institutional capacity

• Implementation actions that occur concurrently with planning

• Learning and adaptive management

with higher level
(track one) policy

C RM II A n n u a l R e p o r t 1 9 9 8

7

work and creating strong linkages between

Intermediate outcomes are management

In environmental or natural resource

the levels. Currently, both track one and

outcomes that are critical to achieving

management, it takes time before end

track two components are underway in

long-term program impacts. They include

outcomes of management actions are

CRM II field projects in Mexico, Indonesia

such essential features as establishment of

visible on a significant scale. Unless the

and Kenya. Tanzania, in its first phase of

formalized institutional structures; adop-

management effort is focused on a spe-

activities, is working on establishing

tion of management plans; procurement

cific, relatively small geographic area

national policy (track one). It is not fund-

of funding; changes in target group behav-

and/ or issue, the time frame for achiev-

ing field site activities (track two). Instead,

ing end outcomes usually extends

it is drawing upon experience from local

beyond the time frame of the typical

Example of
Intermediate and
End O utcomes

sites that are supported by a diversity of
donors.
At both tracks and at all stages within the

donor-assisted project.

CRM II and the earlier CRM I project

coastal management cycle, it is essential to

In a community-based coastal

have, through FY ’98, ‘improved’ the

monitor results and progress towards pro-

management program the

management of 894,196 hectares of

gram goals. The CRM II Results Frame-

formation of a fishers' group,

coast in six countries across Asia, East

work adopts two types of indicators to

the adoption of rules govern-

Africa and Latin America. CRM I and

measure progress towards increased con-

ing fishing practices and

CRM II have achieved ‘effective’ man-

servation and sustainable use of coastal

changes in fishing practice

agement of 227,863 hectares through

resources: coastal area under ‘improved’

are intermediate outcomes;

FY’98.

management, and coastal area under

increases in fishing stocks

‘effective’ management. Coastal areas

and increased fisher incomes

under effective management have achieved

are end outcomes.

‘end’ outcomes–environmental quality is

CRM II Tests Methods to
Determine Coastal Management
Impacts in Indonesia

maintained or improved and/ or the rate of
degradation is reduced. Coastal areas

Coastal management programs rarely

under improved management have

ior; reduction in user group conflicts; and

document baseline conditions in suffi-

achieved key ‘intermediate’ outcomes.

implementation of development actions.

cient detail to allow quantifiable, rigor-

8

C o ast al Reso u r ces C en t er U n i v e r s i t y o f R h o d e I s l an d

ously objective assessments of how key
outcome variables change during project

PERFORM A N CE RESU LTS

implementation, and the degree to which
change may be attributed to the efforts of

Improved and Effective Coastal Management

a program. This is because rigorous impact

Location

evaluations are typically perceived as too

Cumulative Area (ha.)

complex and expensive. This assumption is

FY ’98 Area

Ecuador (CRM I)

223,700

being challenged in CRM II’s Indonesia

under Improved

Thailand (CRM I)

162,500

project.

Management

Sri Lanka (CRM I)

308,200

Zanzibar (Chwaka-Paje)

25,000

Kenya (Nyali-Bamburi-Shanzu)

The North Sulawesi field site hopes to

6,000

Mexico (Quintana Roo coastline and

demonstrate the utility and cost effective-

Xcalak Marine Park)

75,377

ness of using rigorous analytical tech-

Indonesia, Bentenan and Tumbak

44,756

niques and control sites to assess project

Indonesia, Blongko

16,096

impacts in three demonstration locales.

Indonesia, Talise

32,567

This involves establishing environmental

Total 894,196

and socioeconomic baselines, and conducting mid-project and end-of-project

Area under

Ecuador (CRM I)

22,400

assessments in both project and control

Effective

Thailand (CRM I)

2,500

sites. The control site methodology will

Management

Sri Lanka (CRM I)

61,167

enhance understanding of cause-and-effect

Zanzibar (Chwaka-Paje)

25,000

relationships and learning from experi-

Kenya (Nyali-Bamburi-Shanzu)

6,000

Mexico (Xcalak Marine Park)

17,377

ence. While the use of control groups has
long been practiced in evaluation in other
disciplines, using this method to assess
coastal management projects is new.

Indonesia, Bentenan and Tumbak

44,756

Indonesia, Blongko

16,096

Indonesia, Talise

32,567
Total 227,863

C RM II A n n u al R e p o r t 1 9 9 8

9

I n c r e ase d

Re gio nal
an d G l o b a l

C o m m i t m e n t

10

C o ast al Reso u r ces C en t er U n i v e r s i t y o f R h o d e I s l an d

to

C o a s t a l

M an age m e n t

T

here has been an explosion of

Integrated coastal management provides

and increasing the impact of CRM II

interest and experimentation in

global leadership by demonstrating an

resources and ideas.

coastal management in the 1990s.

alternative development framework–one

The 1992 ‘Earth Summit’ and ‘Agenda 21’

in which reducing poverty levels, improv-

made integrated coastal management

ing the environment, and strengthening

(ICM) a central organizing concept in

democratic institutions and good gover-

ocean and coastal management. Since

nance become integrated into a mutually

CRM II helped launch the International

then, ICM has been widely recognized by

reinforcing and coherent framework.

Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI) in 1995 and

nations, donors and international organi-

Increased Global Commitment to
Coral Reef Management.

has been a proactive participant since

zations as a powerful strategy for achieving

CRM II actively participates in the

then. CRM II was a channel for U.S. sup-

increased conservation and sustainable use

expanding global dialogue on coastal man-

port to the ICRI Secretariat, providing

of coastal resources. O ver the last decade

agement and leads a robust, cutting-edge

both financial and technical assistance

many international agreements have called

suite of global activities. Regional and

in preparation of the November 1998

for ICM as a way to address a wide array

international initiatives and partnerships

International Tropical Marine Ecosystems

of critical coastal issues.

are an effective means for increasing glob-

Management Symposium (ITMEMS) held

al commitment to coastal management,

in Townsville, Australia. The symposium,

C RM II A n n u al R e p o r t 1 9 9 8

11

which reviewed ICRI progress and established an agenda for the next four years,

What Types of Global Issues Do Integrated Coastal
Management Programs Address?

featured CRM II field project results from
both North Sulawesi in Indonesia and
Quintana Roo in Mexico.

Sustainable development. Major coastal development opportunities frequently include tourism, industry, mariculture, fisheries and energy production.

CRM II contributes substantively to ICRI
through its collaborative work with the

Democratization. Participatory ICM planning and decisionmaking about the

International Center for Living Aquatic

allocation of resources model the behaviors necessary for a society to democra-

Resources Management (ICLARM), focus-

tize its governance process.

ing on the development and application of
methodologies for the Rapid Assessment

Biodiversity conservation. Management of critical coastal ecosystems and

of Management Parameters (RAMP).

resources, including coral reefs and mangroves, is an essential element of biodi-

RAMP provides a common set of indica-

versity conservation.

tors covering the range of human factors
potentially impacting coral reefs. RAMP

Global climate change. ICM programs are a critical part of an effective

data sets are incorporated into ReefBase,

response to coastal area change resulting from global climate change.

a worldwide database on the condition of
coral reefs, providing a potentially power-

Urbanization. The urbanization of coastlines is a major force in coastal ecosys-

ful analytical tool to relate human use and

tem change worldwide. Improving conditions and opportunity in rural, coastal

management to reef condition.

resource-dependent communities can slow rural-to-urban migration.
The RAMP report was published and dis-

Natural hazards. ICM helps mitigate the impact of major disasters such as

tributed this year and is already having

those from hurricanes and floods.

a major impact. The Global Coral Reef
Monitoring Network (GCRMN) is drawing heavily on the RAMP work in developing guidelines for the collection of

12

C o ast al Reso u r ces C en t er U n i v e r s i t y o f R h o d e I s l an d

“T

he U.S. Coral Reef Task
Force–shall develop, recommend,
and seek and secure implementation of measures necessary to
reduce and mitigate coral reef
ecosystem degradation and to
restore damaged coral reefs.”

With this effort, CRM II’s involvement in
promoting sustainable shrimp mariculture
has increased. Global industry groups such
as the Global Aquaculture Association, and
United Nations groups such as GESAMP
(Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific

–President Bill Clinton, Executive
Order, June 11, 1998.

Aspects of Marine Environmental
Protection) and FAO (United Nations
Food and Agriculture Organization), have

social science variables. The World Bank

sought CRM II’s input to their delibera-

also adopted RAMP indicators and meth-

tions on how to promote environmentally

ods in its July 1998 assessment of commu-

sustainable shrimp mariculture.

nity-based coastal management in the
Pacific.
Since the ‘shrimp tribunal’

Promoting Good Practice for
Shrimp Mariculture.

at the 1996 meeting of the
Commission on Sustainable
Development, the debate on

Increasingly, issues associated with the
shrimp mariculture industry are moving
to the forefront of the global coastal agenda. A review of the environmental and
social issues associated with shrimp mariculture development in Latin America was
published by CRM II in FY ’98. This was

the environmental and social
impacts of shrimp mariculture
in tropical countries has been
intense, but not always helpful.
CRM II is promoting a positive
dialogue between the industry
and its critics on good practice.

In FY ’98, CRM II, under the auspices
of the HFTE project, focused on building
a partnership with the Honduran shrimp
industry to develop and test sustainable
mariculture practice, and on preparing
Central American case studies on government regulation of shrimp mariculture.
The experience gained in these activities
is promoting better practice in Central
America, and nourishing CRM II technical

the result of work conducted in the previ-

assistance to the Tanzania and Indonesia

ous year as part of USAID’s Hemispheric

field programs where mariculture is a

Free Trade Expansion (HFTE) project.

key issue.

C RM II A n n u al R e p o r t 1 9 9 8

13

In many tropical
countries, shrimp
ponds are a major
feature of the
coastal landscape.

A Common Methodology for
Learning from Coastal Management
Experience.

from coastal management experience in

ration of “A Manual for Assessing Progress

developing countries, and to improve

in Coastal Management” in partnership

coastal management practice.

with Sida. The manual provides a common
basis for tracking the progress of coastal

Since 1996, CRM II has worked to increase

In this fiscal year, with support from

management initiatives sponsored by a

awareness of the urgent need for shared

USAID, the United Nations Development

diversity of donors and lenders. It provides

methods and initiatives to enhance learning

Program (UNDP), and the Swedish

an explicit set of standards against which

International Development Cooperation

to assess the quality of ICM in a diversity

Agency (Sida), the concept of common

of settings. The manual was the principal

methods of assessing and learning from

topic of discussion at a

experience advanced from a being a ‘good

meeting of international experts held at

A Common Methodology for
ICM Evaluation
and Assessment is useful
because it:

idea’ endorsed by a wide range of donors
at a meeting in Paris in 1996, to providing
practical guidance for donors and coastal

• Facilitates analysis across coastal management

management programs.

initiatives
• Clarifies the conceptual frameworks upon
•
•
•

•

which coastal management initiatives are based
Analyzes differences in hypotheses on how sustained progress is achieved
Documents progress towards an improved governance process
Documents impacts of coastal management
upon the condition of coastal ecosystems and
coastal societies
Enhances effectiveness of local and national
coastal management initiatives

A “Survey of Current Purposes and
Methods for Evaluating Coastal
Management Projects and Programs
Funded by International Donors” was
prepared by CRM II in partnership with
UNDP and its Strategic Initiative on O cean
and Coastal Management (SIO CAM). The
analysis is now influencing how donors
think about coastal management evaluation.
Another milestone this year was the prepa-

14

consultative

C o ast al Reso u r ces C en t er U n i v e r s i t y o f R h o d e I s l an d

“T

he March consultation of
coastal management experts at the
University of Rhode Island was an
excellent demonstration of how
donors and practitioners can
cooperate to develop common
methods to advance the transfer
of knowledge and further ICM
communications. The ultimate
impact is to increase ownership
and sustainability of coastal management endeavors in developing
nations, and to contribute to better living conditions in coastal
areas.”
–Anders Granlund, Swedish International
Development Cooperation Agency.

“Tanzania and South Africa are
both actively working to develop
national coastal management policies and programs. CRM II was
instrumental to building linkages
between them, linkages that are
providing a forward pull to both
programs.”
–Dr. Magnus Ngoile, Director General,
National Environmental Management Council,
Tanzania.

the University of Rhode Island’s Coastal
Resources Center on March 23-25, 1998.

from experience and guide project adjust-

inform the South African policy process,

ments to enhance effectiveness.

and advised both the South African National
Policy Committee and Secretariat on the

Promoting Improved Coastal
Management in Focus Regions.

CRM II is also playing a central role in
The CRM II program concentrates its work

building professional networks and capacity

in ‘focus regions’ that include East and

in the East Africa region. Using matching

South Africa, Latin America and the

funds from USAID’s Regional Economic

Caribbean, and Asia. In each focus region

Development Services O ffice for East and

CRM II promotes:

Southern Africa (REDSO -ESA), CRM II

• Catalytic activities to initiate new coastal

prepared for a regional ICM training course

management efforts
• Cross-region activities to promote

learning
The common methodology for assessing
coastal management experience developed

preparation of their “ICM Green Paper.”

• Sustained field programs to achieve

impacts in ‘key’ countries

in collaboration with a multi-donor reference group. This course is an important
step in a multi-year effort to strengthen the
human resource base for ICM in East
Africa.

by CRM II has been applied to four final
evaluations of projects funded by GEF and

In Africa, CRM II is having a major

In Asia, where USAID has long supported

executed by UNDP. Evaluations of projects

impact on the development of coastal pro-

a diversity of coastal initiatives, coastal

in Argentina and Cuba were completed in

grams. In Tanzania and Kenya there has

management programs are more mature.

FY ’97 and evaluations of projects in Belize

been sustained field support. In South

Tapping into this wealth of experience,

and the Dominican Republic were conduct-

Africa, CRM II experience has nourished

CRM II has promoted exchanges across the

ed in FY ’98.

the development of their national coastal

USAID-Asia coastal portfolio. This included

management policy, an effort largely funded

cross-project visits to the Philippines and

The application of a common learning

by the British Department for International

Sri Lanka which helped ‘jump start’ com-

framework to GEF evaluations is unique,

Development. CRC prepared a paper on

munity management in Indonesia.

and is providing a powerful tool to learn

how international ICM experience can

C RM II A n n u al R e p o r t 1 9 9 8

15

“I was hired by the Indonesia

CRMP to be a village extension officer in North Sulawesi in 1997.
I was working hard at my job, but
the ideas and roles were new to
me. When I met Tissa Ariyaratne,
who had been doing a similar job
in Rekawa Lagoon, Sri Lanka for
several years, he explained in a way
that was real to me how a community worker can help a community.
Now I am not only doing this job
in Bentenan-Tumbak, Indonesia, but
I am training other extension staff
in Indonesia.”
–Christovel Rotinsulu, Proyek Pesisir; Manado,
Indonesia.

CRM II efforts in Indonesia are already
having a major regional impact. USAIDdeveloped models of community-based
coastal management are being used by both
the World Bank and Asia Development
Bank in designing their $13 million
CO REMAP (Coral Reef Rehabilitation and
Management Project) program. In addition, the Indonesia program is catalyzing
linkages between Indonesian and regional
coastal management forums. For example,
a newly formed Indonesian Chapter of the
16

Pacific Congress on Marine Science and

munication and exchanges of information

Technology (PACO N) will enable Indonesia

among previously isolated coastal manage-

to host a future PACO N meeting of ICM

ment practitioners.

practitioners from the Asia-Pacific region.
Indonesian experience was also presented at

CRM II also supports the Mesoamerican

regional workshops in Thailand, Philippines,

Reef Initiative by interacting with other

Hong Kong, South Korea and Australia.

donors and promoting replication of its
groundbreaking work in Quintana Roo.

In the Latin America and Caribbean
(LAC) region, CRM II continues to shape

in linking coastal management and marine

coastal management through its pioneering

protected areas was presented at the

program in Ecuador (now sustained by

November 1998 International Tropical

Government of Ecuador funding through a

Marine Ecosystems Management

loan from the Inter-American Development

Symposium in Townsville, Australia, and will

Bank); through its major new initiative in

be presented at the Pre-Conference

Mexico; and through its relationships with a

International Workshop of Coastal Zone ’99

variety of coastal programs throughout LAC.

in San Diego, California.

A case study on Quintana Roo’s experience

CRM II is shaping the USAID-supported
coastal project in Central America (PROAR-

CRM II collaboration with the Inter-

CA/ Costas) by providing ICM training for

American Development Bank in FY ’97 sig-

project staff and their NGO partners. In

nificantly impacted the preparation of the

addition, CRC is helping NGO s in

organization’s coastal and marine manage-

Mosquitia, Nicaragua to develop and imple-

ment strategy, which was formally approved

ment community management regimes for

in 1998. The Bank plays an important role in

their lagoons, as well as helping local stake-

coastal management in the Latin American

holders prepare a management plan for

region–providing almost US$ 60 million for

Bastimentos Marine Park in Bocas del Toro,

coastal management projects since 1993 and

Panama. Through these relationships, CRM II

with approximately US$ 90 million in pend-

has increased its impact by promoting com-

ing operations.

C o ast al Reso u r ces C en t er U n i v e r s i t y o f R h o d e I s l an d

PERFORM A N CE RESU LTS - GLOBA L T ECH N I CA L LEA D ERSH I P
International partners adopting CRM II strategies, policies, concepts and tools
Partner

Description

Coast Conservation Department, Sri Lanka

National CZM Plan (revised) adopted by Cabinet incorporates CRM II methodologies.

Coastal Polytechnical University (ESPOL), Ecuador

ESPOL adopts CRM II training methods and material in university courses.

COREMAP, Indonesia

COREMAP’s design document incorporates experience learned from CRM II field sites in North Sulawesi.

Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN)

RAMP methods and socioeconomic indicators provide basis for GCRMN meeting of international experts.

Inter-American Development Bank

The Board of Directors of the Inter-American Development Bank approves Coastal and Marine Management
Strategy based on CRM II recommendations.

PROARCA, Central America

USAID/G-CAP Central American Regional Environment Program (PROARCA) implements CRM II training methods / materials in regional workshop in Honduras.

South African Coastal Management Policy Committee

Policy committee adopts CRM II ICM process and critical success factors as principles to guide program development.

Swedish International Development Cooperation
Agency (Sida)

Coastal management self-assessment manual submitted to Sida.

UNDP

“Advisory Note on Coastal Management” based on CRM II experience prepared for UNDP’s SIOCAM.

UNDP

Survey report on donor evaluation of coastal management projects and programs submitted to UNDP’s SIOCAM.

UNDP/GEF

UNDP/GEF adopts CRM II self-assessment framework in final evaluation of Belize, Cuba and Dominican Republic
projects.

World Bank

RAMP methodology and indicators adopted and implemented in World Bank assessment of community-based
coastal management in the Pacific.

C RM II A n n u al R e p o r t 1 9 9 8

17

I m p r o v e d I n t e gr at e d
C o ast al M a n a g e m e n t

18

C o ast al Reso u r ces C en t er U n i v e r s i t y o f R h o d e I s l an d

in

Ke y C o u n t r i e s

of coastal change is most rapid. USAID
continues its vital role in assisting partner
nations around the world to better manage
their coasts, and in developing mechanisms

C

oastal regions are of vital impor-

experience in developing nations. In the

to improve the effectiveness and efficiency

tance. They are home to more

decade that followed, USAID, in partner-

of coastal management endeavors in devel-

than half of the world’s popula-

ship with CRC, led some of the pioneering

oping countries.

tion and are focal points for economic

coastal management efforts of that period

activity of all types. In many areas of the

in Ecuador, Sri Lanka and Thailand. The

With support

world, high population

experience from these

from USAID

growth combined with

early efforts is now

field mis-

increased poverty in

being replicated and

sions, CRM II

expanded upon in other

works with

projects around the

key in-coun-

world.

try partners

some regions, and
increased consumption
in others has led to
large-scale deterioration
of coastal environments
and conflicts over a failing resource base. These
problems pose major
challenges to governments at all levels.
In the early 1980s, there
was little accumulated
coastal management

USAID’s coastal management
investments in Asia, Latin
America and Africa through its
CRM II program have helped

to implement

to modernize and reform the
public sector. The return on
this investment has been the
increased efficiency of the necessary legal and regulatory
frameworks so crucial in
coastal areas where many competing productive sectors are
concentrated.

All field assistance initiatives
are founded on a strong commitment to host country
ownership and participation,
as well as local, national and
international partnerships
that offer shared responsibili-

Global initiatives in

sustainable

ICM have expanded

field pro-

rapidly. Yet, the need

grams. While

for increased ICM

field pro-

effort to cope with the

grams are designed to assist the missions

worldwide forces caus-

in achieving their strategic objectives, they

ing coastal degradation

also reflect CRM II’s common approach.

remains great. This is

Sustained national coastal management

particularly true in the

programs are currently ongoing in

tropics, where the pace

Indonesia, Mexico, Tanzania and Kenya.

ty for success.

C RM II A n n u al R e p o r t 1 9 9 8

19

Improved Management
of Co a s t a l R e s o u r c e s

20

C o ast al Reso u r ces C en t er U n i v e r s i t y o f R h o d e I s l an d

in

Indonesia

The Project:

gram. Its objective is to decentralize and strength-

I

Field-based research and learning.

Economic Zone covering 5.8 million km2

foundation activity of Proyek Pesisir.

en coastal resources planning and management.

of sea. More plants and animals are found in

Field sites provide living laboratories in

Indonesia’s tropical waters than in any other

which to develop best practices and mod-

region of the world.

els for coastal management in Indonesia.

Proyek Pesisir (Indonesian Coastal Resources
Management Project) is part of the USAID/
Indonesia Natural Resources Management pro-

The Partners:
The Directorate General for Regional

ndonesia is the world’s largest archipel-

agic state, with 17,500 islands, 81,000
km of coastline and an Exclusive

Field-based research and learning is the

Building on the successful field program

Development (BANGDA) is the principal
Government of Indonesia executing agency for

Since late 1997, climate change (El Niño-

established in North Sulawesi in 1997, the

Proyek Pesisir. The project works with numerous

induced droughts) and the regional eco-

National Advisory Committee recom-

partners at field sites, and at the national level

nomic crisis have severely impacted rural

mended expansion to the provinces of

with an advisory committee of representatives

and urban communities. This has been exac-

Lampung and East Kalimantan. While each

from the National Development Planning Board

erbated by political unrest. As a result,

field program has a different emphasis, all

Agency, BANGDA, and the Center for Coastal

Indonesia is now in dire need of external

share a common philosophy and depend

development assistance and is more open

on strong partnerships with local and

to reform than at any other time in the

national stakeholders.

and Marine Resources Studies at Bogor
Agricultural Institute.

The Financing:

nation’s history. Proyek Pesisir is a leader

FY ’98 financing was $1.5 million. The 1996

in addressing the immediate need for more

In North Sulawesi, extension officers sta-

through 2001 coastal program is authorized by

effective coastal resources use, and in assist-

tioned in each of the three village sites

USAID/Indonesia at $7. 5 million.

ing government and NGO s with longer

(Blongko, Bentenan-Tumbak and Talise)

term governance reform at all levels.

were the first such staff in Indonesia to

C RM II A n n u al R e p o r t 1 9 9 8

21

Blongko Marine Sanctuary
Proyek Pesisir’s motto–From local action to national practice–is epitomized by the Blongko field site, a small coastal village with 1,250
people on the northwest shore of North Sulawesi. Its coastline is healthy and productive, bordered by relatively thick and vigorous mangrove. Most of the population lives along the water and depends upon coastal resources for its food and livelihoods.

While the community realized the value of protecting their local fishery and the value of mangroves and reefs, they did not know what
to do about it. In response, CRM II sponsored an exchange visit to the marine sanctuary at Apo Island in the Philippines and a return
visit by the Apo Island village chief and members of the women’s cooperative to Blongko. These exchanges had a profound impact, motivating Blongko villagers to take action.

Proyek Pesisir worked with the village government and community on a long-term plan to protect marine resources. By the end of a
year, data were collected, boundaries of the proposed sanctuary site were identified and a local ordinance to regulate the proposed sanctuary was crafted. In O ctober 1998, the area was officially designated a marine sanctuary. Already, an information/ meeting center is
under construction, placement of boundary markers is underway and information signs are being created. By promoting the community-based marine sanctuary, Blongko’s residents now have a more active role and responsibility for protecting and sustaining marine
resources that directly affect their day-to-day lives.

While one small sanctuary may not seem like much, if it is used as a model that is replicated widely, it can greatly add to the amount of
coral reef area protected within the nation. – J. Johnnes Tulungen, Program Manager, Proyek Pesisir; North Sulawesi, Indonesia

22

C o ast al Reso u r ces C en t er U n i v e r s i t y o f R h o d e I s l an d

work with coastal communities outside

effectiveness of self-developed manage-

being compiled into a coastal atlas that

protected areas. As each site advances

ment schemes, including Indonesia’s

will be used in strategic planning for the

through the steps and actions of the ICM

first community-based marine sanctuary

province. Field activity in East Kalimantan

process, a priority is to build community-

in Blongko which is acclaimed as one

(Borneo) will commence in FY ’99 with a

government partnerships–a key to long-

of the most significant advances of

reconnaissance survey of management

term sustainability. To stimulate communi-

the International Year of the O cean

issues in Balikpapan Bay, the commercial

ty interest and help solve immediate prob-

in Indonesia.

lems, early action projects have begun in
each village. Examples include replanting

Field-based

mangroves, removing pest species

research and

(Crown-of-Thorns starfish) from coral

development

reefs and constructing community envi-

in Lampung

ronmental education centers. All early

Province

actions are supported and implemented

(Sumatra) has

by the community.

focused on characterization of

Concurrent with community development

the 1,000 km

and early action activities, project staff,

coastline. Rapid

contractors, interns/ volunteers and par t-

surveys of coastal

ners have been working to map biophysi-

villages have been

cal and socioeconomic attributes of each

conducted with

site and neighboring control villages. This

assistance from

pioneering effort to document baseline

more than 60 vol-

conditions at each site also involves local

unteers and local

residents, For example, residents of

non-government

Blongko have been taught to survey their

and private sector organizations with

and industrial hub of the province. Proyek

own reefs using standardized techniques.

oversight of a multi-agency Provincial

Pesisir staff have already consulted exten-

This enables the community to judge the

Advisory Group. The resulting data are

sively with provincial authorities.

C RM II A n n u al R e p o r t 1 9 9 8

23

Proper management is needed
for resources such
as this mangroves
stand in Talise.

Institutional strengthening.
The newly established Center for Coastal
and Marine Resources Studies (CCMRS)

inaugural issue of the Indonesian Journal of

In response, Proyek Pesisir has taken a

Coastal and Marine Management, the first

multi-faceted approach to education and

peer-reviewed journal for ICM published

training. At the national level, Proyek

in Indonesia.

at Bogor Agricultural Institute

national Symposium held in Malang (East
IPB also plays a lead role in the

(IPB) is Proyek

implementation of the Lampung

Pesisir’s primary

field program. This arrangement is

research, training and

unique in enabling an academic

policy analysis partner.

institution to gain hands-on

While IPB is recognized

experience in ICM programs.

as the university with the

sity staff and students have

the region, its capacity is

been involved. Proyek

much less than is required to

Pesisir is also engaged in a

meet the national needs of this

contributed to numerous national training
forums, and helped develop curricula
for new ICM-related courses in spatial
planning and social sciences/ anthropology
at IPB.

In total, some 1,750 people participated in Proyek Pesisir training activities in the last year.

range of other institutional strength-

vast country. In 1998, Proyek

Pesisir helped strengthen IPB to

ening activities related to coastal manage-

play this critical national role. With Proyek

ment with a wide range of agencies.

Pesisir support, CCMRS organized the
(a biennial initiative equivalent in signifi-

Java) in November 1998. The project also

To date, more than 30 univer-

most experience in ICM in

inaugural National Coastal Conference

Pesisir supported the Agenda 21 Inter-

At the provincial level, Proyek Pesisir conducted an inaugural ICM training course

Increased capacity through education and training.

cance to the annual Coastal Zone confer-

for 27 provincial officials from Lampung,
and conducted four short courses for
provincial and local government officials,

ence series in the United States); published

Lack of professional capacity is a serious

industry and community groups in North

one thousand copies of the nation’s first

constraint to advancing ICM in Indonesia.

Sulawesi.

directory of coastal managers, with details

Despite substantial investments by multilat-

on more than 1,500 professionals; began

eral agencies, there are few ICM-experi-

At the local community level, Proyek

work on a coastal management library and

enced professionals, particularly at senior

Pesisir staff conducted 26 training and

World Wide Web site; and published the

levels of organizations.

awareness-raising courses. These courses

24

C o ast al Reso u r ces C en t er U n i v e r s i t y o f R h o d e I s l a n d

Proyek Pesisir’s
work in field sites is
helping shape national coastal policy for
Indonesia’s future.

covered topics ranging

reclamation issues.

The Worldwide Web site–

from enterprise develop-

Perhaps the single most

Indomarine.or.id– was launched officially at

ment to mangrove map-

significant initiative has

the National Coastal Conference in March

ping, and substantially

been to support BANGDA

1998, and is

improved partner capacity

to develop a Presidential

Indonesian and global sites

to contribute to the ongo-

Directive on Spatial

ing ICM process at

Control of Territorial Seas.

Proyek Pesisir field sites.

When adopted, the poten-

Proyek Pesisir also produced 84 publica-

Importantly, training

tial for local government

tions which document and promote replica-

‘graduates’ are now advo-

to better manage coastal

tion of lessons and best practices derived

cates and trainers for

resources will substantially

from project experience. These are distrib-

Proyek Pesisir.

increase. The directive is

uted throughout Indonesia and globally.

currently undergoing final
review with the goal of

Proyek
Pesisir

implementation in 1999.

attracted

Improved policy and
enabling conditions.

linked

with

numerous

.

considerable
Despite the economic and political instabili-

Dissemination of lessons learned.

media attention with

ty of the past year, there is potential for
unprecedented policy and governance

Proyek Pesisir emphasizes development of

more than 15

reform. As the first coastal project to work

educational materials and facilitating access

articles pub-

simultaneously at local, provincial and

to information. A standardized publications

lished in local

national levels, and the first to commence

system for print and electronic media was

media,

implementation of coastal