Manajemen | Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Maritim Raja Ali Haji joeb.83.1.19-26

Journal of Education for Business

ISSN: 0883-2323 (Print) 1940-3356 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/vjeb20

Service Learning: Applications and Research in
Business
Christine P. Andrews
To cite this article: Christine P. Andrews (2007) Service Learning: Applications and Research in
Business, Journal of Education for Business, 83:1, 19-26, DOI: 10.3200/JOEB.83.1.19-26
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/JOEB.83.1.19-26

Published online: 07 Aug 2010.

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Service฀Learning:฀Applications฀and฀
Research฀in฀Business
CHRISTINE฀P.฀ANDREWS฀
FLORIDA฀GULF฀COAST฀UNIVERSITY฀
FORT฀MYERS,฀FLORIDA฀

ABSTRACT.฀Researchers฀have฀described฀
service฀learning฀as฀an฀ideal฀way฀to฀integrate฀
experiential฀education฀into฀coursework฀
while฀meeting฀community฀needs฀and฀imbuing฀students฀with฀civic฀responsibility.฀They฀
have฀advocated฀service฀learning฀in฀business฀
as฀a฀method฀to฀implement฀course฀concepts฀

and฀increase฀student฀understanding฀of฀the฀
external฀environment.฀In฀this฀article,฀the฀
author฀briefly฀summarizes฀institutional฀and฀
program฀characteristics฀that฀are฀associated฀
with฀successful฀service-learning฀programs.฀
She฀reviews฀research฀publications฀related฀
to฀service-learning฀implementations฀in฀
business.฀The฀author฀found฀that฀the฀fields฀
of฀information฀systems,฀management,฀and฀
marketing฀have฀more฀service-learning฀
applications฀tied฀to฀course-earning฀objectives฀than฀have฀the฀fields฀of฀accounting฀and฀
finance.฀Further,฀she฀suggests฀that฀service฀
learning฀may฀fit฀best฀in฀business฀courses฀
where฀skilled฀interaction฀with฀users฀is฀a฀key฀
learning฀goal.฀
Keywords:฀business฀education,฀management,฀service฀learning
Copyright฀©฀2007฀Heldref฀Publications

฀

R

esearchers฀ endorse฀ integration฀ of฀
service฀learning฀(SL)฀into฀higher฀
education฀ as฀ a฀ way฀ to฀ improve฀ the฀ relevance฀ of฀ education฀ and฀ address฀ community฀ needs฀ (Zlotkowski,฀ 1996).฀ SL฀
is฀ increasingly฀ applied฀ in฀ business฀ disciplines.฀ However,฀ assimilating฀ structural฀ changes฀ in฀ the฀ curriculum฀ is฀ not฀
easy,฀ and฀ an฀ examination฀ of฀ related฀
research฀ reveals฀ institutional฀ and฀ program฀characteristics฀that฀are฀associated฀
with฀successful฀SL฀implementations.฀In฀
addition,฀SL฀applications฀are฀not฀found฀
evenly฀ across฀ all฀ disciplines฀ in฀ business.฀In฀this฀article,฀I฀briefly฀summarize฀
institutional฀ and฀ program฀ characteristics฀ that฀ are฀ associated฀ with฀ successful฀ SL฀ programs฀ and฀ review฀ published฀
research฀related฀to฀SL฀implementations฀
in฀ business,฀ focusing฀ on฀ the฀ discipline,฀
course,฀and฀particular฀SL฀application.฀I฀
conclude฀with฀suggestions฀about฀where฀
SL฀ implementation฀ may฀ fit฀ best฀ in฀ a฀
business฀curriculum.
SL฀ has฀ a฀ broad฀ basis฀ of฀ support฀ in฀
the฀ United฀ States.฀ The฀ presidents฀ of฀

Brown฀ University,฀ Stanford฀ University,฀
Georgetown฀University,฀and฀the฀Education฀ Commission฀ of฀ the฀ United฀ States฀
started฀Campus฀Compact฀in฀an฀effort฀to฀
create฀service฀opportunities฀for฀students฀
and฀address฀the฀perceived฀moral฀decline฀
of฀ college฀ students฀ (Morton฀ &฀Troppe,฀
1996).฀ Campus฀ Compact฀ and฀ its฀ Project฀ on฀ Integrating฀ Service฀ With฀ Academic฀ Study฀ has฀ grown฀ from฀ an฀ initial฀

membership฀ of฀ 23฀ schools฀ in฀ 1985฀ to฀
over฀ 1,000฀ two-year฀ and฀ four-year฀ colleges฀and฀universities฀at฀the฀present฀time฀
(Campus฀Compact,฀2006).฀SL฀educators฀
use฀experiential฀education฀that฀engages฀
students฀ in฀ a฀ curriculum฀ connected฀ to฀
their฀community.
Combining฀ community฀ service฀ and฀
academic฀ courses฀ and฀ successfully฀
accomplishing฀ service฀ goals฀ while฀
achieving฀ learning฀ outcomes฀ is฀ challenging,฀ particularly฀ in฀ undergraduate฀
business฀courses฀whose฀curriculum฀content฀is฀frequently฀technical฀and฀standardized.฀Integration฀into฀business฀curricula฀
is฀also฀challenging฀because฀institutions’฀

achievement฀of฀academic฀goals฀is฀critical฀to฀maintaining฀their฀business฀accreditation฀ and฀ enabling฀ them฀ to฀ succeed฀
with฀ the฀ requisite฀ technical฀ skills฀ in฀
placing฀ students฀ in฀ professional฀ positions.฀Accomplishment฀of฀service฀goals฀
can฀ come฀ at฀ the฀ sacrifice฀ of฀ learning฀
outcomes฀ and฀ vice฀ versa.฀ The฀ authors฀
of฀studies฀referred฀to฀in฀this฀article฀frequently฀offer฀creative฀strategies฀for฀integrating฀ SL฀ into฀ business฀ curricula฀ and฀
accomplishing฀course฀goals.฀
Institutional฀and฀Program฀
Characteristics
Theoretical฀ research฀ can฀ be฀ related฀
to฀ institutional฀ characteristics,฀ instructional฀methods,฀personal฀development,฀or฀
academic฀ outcomes฀ in฀ SL.฀ Institutional฀
September/October฀2007฀

19

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TABLE฀1.฀Publications฀on฀Conceptual฀and฀General฀Business฀Service฀
Learning฀(SL)

Authors

Year

Organization

Godfrey,฀Illes,฀&฀
Berry

2005

Brigham฀Young฀
University

Illustrates฀how฀SL฀broadens฀
business฀education,฀focusing฀
on฀its฀holistic,฀problemsolving฀nature.

Godfrey

1999

Brigham฀Young฀
University

Makes฀an฀argument฀for฀
compassionate฀citizenry.

Kolenko฀et฀al.

1996

Kennesaw฀State฀
College,฀Rutgers฀
University,฀
University฀of฀West฀
Florida,฀Marymount฀
Manhattan฀College

Analyzes฀curriculum฀issues,฀

barriers,฀and฀faculty฀issues฀
related฀to฀teaching฀SL.

Lamb฀et฀al.

1998

Montana฀State฀
University

Describes฀SL฀integration฀
throughout฀4-year฀education.

Lester฀et฀al.

2005

University฀of฀
Wisconsin–Eau฀
Clair,฀Simmons฀

School฀of฀
Management

Uses฀empirical฀data฀to฀
evaluate฀SL฀for฀students,฀
recruiters,฀and฀community฀
by฀using฀structural฀equation฀
modeling.

Papamarcos

2002

St.฀John’s฀
University

Advocates฀the฀use฀of฀
team-based฀projects฀in฀SL฀
for฀client฀organizations฀
illustrating฀key฀people,฀project,฀and฀process฀issues.

Papamarcos

2005

St.฀John’s฀
University

Reexamines฀experiential฀
learning฀advocating฀university–community฀partnerships฀
and฀student฀leadership.

McCarthy฀&฀
Tucker

2002

University฀of฀
Baltimore,฀Ohio฀
University

Uses฀empirical฀data฀to฀
measure฀the฀likelihood฀of฀
involvement฀in฀community฀
service฀after฀participation฀in฀
SL฀in฀business฀classes.

Morton฀&฀Troppe

1996

Providence฀College,฀
Campus฀Compact฀
Providence

Provides฀history฀of฀SL฀and฀
discussion฀of฀effects฀on฀student฀values.

Rama฀et฀al.

2000

Texas฀A&M฀
International฀
University,฀Iowa฀State฀
University,฀Wolcott฀
Lynch฀Associates,฀
Bentley฀College

Summarizes฀academic฀and฀
personal฀student฀SL฀outcomes฀and฀how฀accounting฀
researchers฀can฀contribute.

Salimbene฀et฀al.

2005

Bentley฀College

Describes฀Bentley’s฀Service฀
Learning฀Center,฀their฀Alliance฀for฀Ethics฀and฀Social฀
Responsibility,฀and฀SL฀integration.

Taylor

2005

University฀of฀
Missouri

Interviews฀experienced฀SL฀
experts฀who฀have฀insights฀
based฀on฀research฀and฀
experience.

Zlotkowski

1996

Bentley฀College

Advocates฀use฀of฀SL฀to฀
broaden฀student฀perspectives฀
and฀increase฀understanding฀
of฀external฀environment.

20฀

Journal฀of฀Education฀for฀Business

Comment

characteristics฀ refer฀ to฀ dimensions฀ of฀
the฀institution฀that฀promote฀or฀inhibit฀the฀
integration฀ of฀ service฀ learning.฀ Instructional฀ methodology฀ refers฀ to฀ characteristics฀ of฀ SL฀ implementation฀ related฀ to฀
programmatic฀ features฀ that฀ support฀ the฀
achievement฀of฀learning฀outcomes,฀but฀I฀
do฀not฀address฀that฀issue฀฀in฀this฀article.฀
Researchers฀ liken฀ building฀ an฀
engaged฀ campus฀ to฀ a฀ maturation฀ process฀ (American฀Association฀ for฀ Higher฀
Education฀[AAHE],฀2004)฀that฀involves฀
not฀ only฀ developing฀ a฀ shared฀ language฀
and฀ shared฀ learning฀ but฀ also฀ building฀
infrastructure,฀ expanding฀ collaboration,฀ instituting฀ policies,฀ and฀ assessing฀ effects.฀ Implementation฀ of฀ SL฀ into฀
universities฀ broadly฀ takes฀ one฀ of฀ three฀
forms฀ including฀ (a)฀ implementation฀
by฀ course฀ section,฀ (b)฀ creation฀ of฀ an฀
office฀of฀SL,฀or฀(c)฀formation฀of฀an฀SL฀
consortium฀ (Strand,฀ Marullo,฀ Cutforth,฀
Stoecker,฀&฀Donohue,฀2003).
Lamb,฀ Swinth,฀ Vinton,฀ and฀ Lee฀
(1998)฀ attributed฀ much฀ of฀ the฀ resistance฀ to฀ the฀ successful฀ integration฀ of฀
SL฀to฀the฀absence฀of฀infrastructure฀for฀
sustaining฀service฀efforts.฀They฀pointed฀ out฀ that฀ the฀ operational฀ aspects฀
of฀ SL,฀ including฀ identifying฀ and฀ nurturing฀ agency฀ connections,฀ assisting฀
faculty฀ with฀ designing฀ activities,฀ and฀
assisting฀ students,฀ require฀ infrastructure฀ and฀ financial฀ commitment฀ from฀
the฀institution.
In฀ a฀ presentation฀ to฀ the฀ National฀
Service฀ Learning฀ Conference,฀ Andrew฀
Furco฀(2004)฀from฀the฀Service฀Learning฀
Research฀ and฀ Development฀ Center฀ at฀
the฀University฀of฀California฀at฀Berkeley฀
confirmed฀ the฀ need฀ for฀ infrastructure฀
and฀proposed฀a฀list฀of฀indicators฀of฀the฀
engaged฀campus,฀including฀institutional฀
structure,฀administrative฀support,฀financial฀ and฀ development฀ support฀ for฀ faculty,฀ and฀ community฀ opportunities฀ and฀
mechanisms฀ supporting฀ engagement.฀
Lamb฀ et฀ al.฀ (1998)฀ cited฀ lack฀ of฀ connection฀ to฀ mission฀ as฀ a฀ barrier฀ to฀ the฀
successful฀integration฀of฀SL฀into฀a฀college฀of฀business.฀Battaglia฀(1995)฀found฀
that฀ the฀ degree฀ of฀ community฀ development฀ was฀ correlated฀ with฀ institutional฀
mission฀ in฀ a฀ study฀ of฀ 2-year฀ colleges.฀
Morton฀and฀Troppe฀(1996)฀summarized฀
survey฀ results฀ of฀ SL฀ implementations฀
that฀ indicated฀ that฀ campuses฀ achieved฀
the฀ most฀ success฀ when฀ SL฀ was฀ con-

TABLE฀2.฀฀Publications฀on฀Service-Learning฀(SL)฀Applications฀in฀฀
Business฀Core฀Areas฀
Authors

Year

Organization

Comment

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฀฀฀฀Accounting
Gujarathi฀&฀
McQuade฀

2002

Bentley฀College

Uses฀optional฀SL฀assignment฀in฀an฀intermediate฀
accounting฀course.

McPhail฀

2005

University฀of฀
Glasgow

Uses฀a฀visit฀to฀unemployment฀and฀community฀centers฀to฀demonstrate฀accounting฀pro฀bono฀services฀an฀
introduction฀to฀the฀profession฀seminar.฀

Rose,฀Rose,฀&฀
Norman฀

2005

Lincoln฀University,฀
Southern฀Illinois฀
University,฀Virginia฀
Commonwealth฀
University

Reports฀result฀of฀experiment฀in฀graduate฀accounting฀
information฀systems฀course฀
using฀SL฀as฀the฀independent฀
variable.

Strupeck฀&฀Whitton฀

2004

Indiana฀University฀
Northwest,฀Purdue฀
University฀North฀
Central

Reviews฀use฀of฀Volunteer฀
Income฀Tax฀Assistance฀
program฀for฀both฀for-credit฀
elective฀course฀and฀noncredit฀
volunteer฀opportunity.

Tschopp฀

2004

Damien฀College

Non-course-based฀requirement฀to฀design฀a฀business฀
plan฀for฀community฀project฀
using฀AICPA฀core฀competencies฀for฀a฀framework.

Dahlquist฀

1998

St.฀Mary’s฀University

gruent฀ with฀ a฀ broadly฀ understood฀ and฀
accepted฀mission฀and฀was฀articulated฀in฀
the฀language฀of฀the฀campus.
Several฀ researchers฀ have฀ demonstrated฀ that฀ faculty฀ are฀ reluctant฀ to฀
participate฀ in฀ SL.฀ SL฀ courses฀ typically฀
take฀ more฀ time฀ to฀ manage฀ than฀ do฀ traditional฀ courses.฀ Morton฀ and฀ Troppe฀
(1996)฀found฀that฀faculty฀viewed฀course฀
development฀grants฀and฀release฀time฀as฀
the฀ most฀ important฀ means฀ for฀ motivating฀ faculty฀ to฀ undertake฀ SL.฀ Berman฀
(1999),฀ Bergkamp฀ (1996),฀ and฀ Euster฀
and฀ Weinbach฀ (1994)฀ also฀ emphasized฀
the฀importance฀of฀faculty฀reward฀in฀successful฀ implementation฀ of฀ SL฀ partnerships.฀ Kolenko,฀ Porter,฀ Wheatley,฀ and฀
Colby฀ (1996)฀ advocated฀ the฀ use฀ of฀ SL฀
in฀teaching฀business฀ethics฀and฀provided฀
an฀ analysis฀ of฀ curriculum฀ and฀ faculty฀
issues฀ relating฀ to฀ maximization฀ of฀ success.฀ Although฀ some฀ of฀ those฀ issues฀
may฀still฀influence฀faculty฀participation,฀
the฀ continued฀ growth฀ of฀ SL฀ and฀ the฀
absence฀ of฀ more฀ current฀ publications฀
regarding฀ faculty฀ issues฀ could฀ indicate฀
decreased฀ importance฀ of฀ the฀ issue฀ as฀
faculty฀explore฀the฀ability฀of฀SL฀to฀help฀
them฀accomplish฀course฀objectives.

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀Finance
Illustrates฀use฀of฀a฀SL฀project฀in฀finance฀course.

Information฀Systems
Lazar฀&฀Lidtke฀

2002

Towson฀University

Describes฀several฀SL฀applications฀in฀information฀systems฀curriculum.

Preiser-Huey฀&฀
Navarette฀

2006

California฀State฀
Polytechnic฀฀
University

Uses฀a฀case-study฀SL฀application฀in฀a฀Web-based฀systems฀development฀course.

฀฀฀Management
Angelidis,฀Tomic,฀
&฀Ibrahim฀

2004

St.฀John’s฀฀
University,฀Augusta฀
State฀University

Provides฀comprehensive฀strategic฀analysis฀of฀community฀
business฀or฀organization฀in฀a฀
strategic฀management฀course.

Crowe฀

2003

St.฀Louis฀University

Develops,฀through฀empirical฀
research,฀an฀assessment฀protocol฀for฀SL฀in฀management฀
education.

Kenworthy-U’Ren฀

2005

Bentley฀College

Provides฀discussion฀by฀
experts฀on฀crossdisciplinary฀
issues฀with฀SL฀and฀their฀
impact฀on฀management฀
education.

Madsen฀&฀Turnbull฀

2006

Utah฀Valley฀State฀
College

Measures฀effect฀of฀SL฀project฀
on฀student฀learning฀in฀compensation฀and฀benefits฀course.
(table฀continues)

฀

Research฀on฀SL฀in฀Business
The฀literature฀on฀SL฀reflects฀its฀interdisciplinary฀ nature฀ and฀ is฀ a฀ relatively฀
recent฀integration฀into฀business฀research.฀
Some฀ disciplines฀ have฀ little฀ or฀ no฀ published฀ research฀ relative฀ to฀ SL฀ in฀ their฀
field.฀ If฀ faculty฀ are฀ not฀ reading฀ general฀
business฀ journals,฀ then฀ it฀ is฀ highly฀ likely฀ that฀ they฀ know฀ nothing฀ about฀ applications฀ of฀ SL฀ in฀ business.฀ I฀ compiled฀
researches฀ cited฀ in฀ this฀ review฀ from฀ a฀
search฀for฀words฀“business”฀and฀“service฀
learning”฀in฀Proquest—an฀online฀search฀
engine.฀ I฀ also฀ conducted฀ a฀ review฀ of฀
online฀resources฀available฀from฀Campus฀
Compact,฀ the฀ Corporation฀ for฀ National฀
and฀Community฀Service,฀and฀the฀National฀ Service฀ Learning฀ Clearinghouse.฀ I฀
scanned฀ the฀ bibliographies฀ of฀ relevant฀
research฀ articles฀ on฀ business฀ and฀ SL.฀ I฀
read฀the฀articles฀in฀their฀entirety฀to฀obtain฀
detailed฀information฀on฀SL฀implementation.฀It฀is฀important฀to฀note฀that฀there฀is฀
a฀ large฀ body฀ of฀ research฀ related฀ to฀ attitudes,฀ behavior,฀ and฀ learning฀ that฀ is฀ not฀
business฀ specific,฀ and฀ I฀ do฀ not฀ address฀
those฀issues฀in฀this฀article.
September/October฀2007฀

21

TABLE฀2.฀(Continued)
Author

Year

Organization

Comment

Salimbene฀et฀al.฀

2005

Bentley฀College

Summarizes฀experience฀in฀
integrating฀SL฀and฀reports฀
on฀the฀application฀of฀management฀concepts฀to฀social฀
problems.

Weber฀&฀Sleeper฀

2003

St.฀Cloud฀State฀
University

Describes฀SL฀approaches฀in฀
organizational฀behavior฀and฀
legal฀environment฀courses.

SL฀Applications฀in฀Business฀Core฀Areas

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฀฀฀฀฀Marketing
Easterling฀&฀
Rudell฀

1997

Bentley฀College,฀
Iona฀College

Describes฀SL฀integration฀
possibilities฀in฀marketing,฀
including฀learning฀outcomes.

Hagenbuch

2006

Messiah฀College

Describes฀a฀SL฀sales฀project฀in฀a฀nonprofit฀organization฀and฀the฀positive฀benefits฀for฀both฀students฀and฀
the฀organization.

Klink฀&฀Athaide฀฀

2004

Sellinger฀School฀of฀
Business฀and฀
Management,฀
Loyola฀College

Provides฀an฀SL฀implementation฀for฀a฀principles฀of฀marketing฀course฀with฀assessment฀outcomes.

Petkus฀

2000

Boise฀State฀University

Provides฀examples฀of฀SL฀
applications฀to฀several฀marketing฀courses.฀Emphasizes฀
importance฀of฀marketing฀to฀
nonprofits.

In฀ this฀ article,฀ I฀ group฀ and฀ summarize฀ SL฀ business฀ research฀ into฀ one฀ of฀
four฀groups:฀(a)฀conceptual฀and฀general฀
business฀SL,฀(b)฀SL฀applications฀in฀business฀core฀courses,฀(c)฀SL฀applications฀in฀
graduate฀ business฀ courses,฀ and฀ (d)฀ SL฀
applications฀ in฀ courses฀ related฀ to฀ business฀programs.
Tables฀1–4฀follow฀a฀discussion฀of฀the฀
articles฀in฀each฀group.฀I฀conclude฀with฀a฀
vision฀for฀SL฀in฀business.
Conceptual฀and฀General฀Business฀
Research
Theoretical฀ or฀ conceptual฀ research฀ on฀
business฀ethics฀published฀in฀business฀journals฀appeared฀earliest฀(see฀Table฀1).฀Zlotkowski฀(1996)฀advocated฀the฀use฀of฀SL฀to฀
broaden฀student฀perspectives฀while฀demonstrating฀course฀concepts฀and฀providing฀
a฀link฀to฀the฀external฀environment.฀Rama,฀
Ravenscroft,฀ Wolcott,฀ and฀ Zlotkowski฀
(2000)฀ provided฀ a฀ summary฀ of฀ research฀
on฀academic฀and฀personal฀student฀SL฀outcomes฀ that฀ was฀ drawn฀ primarily฀ from฀
22฀

Journal฀of฀Education฀for฀Business

Those฀examples฀of฀SL฀implementations฀
are฀great฀starting฀points฀for฀learning฀from฀
the฀ experts.฀ Conceptual฀ SL฀ researchers฀
in฀ business฀ addressed฀ the฀ same฀ issues฀
found฀ in฀ SL฀ in฀ general,฀ emphasizing฀
the฀opportunity฀to฀(a)฀put฀business฀skills฀
into฀ practice,฀ (b)฀ strengthen฀ ties฀ with฀
the฀ community,฀ and฀ (c)฀ capitalize฀ on฀
experiential฀education.฀In฀the฀discussion฀
that฀ follows,฀ I฀ address฀ SL฀ applications฀
in฀business฀core฀areas.฀

research฀ from฀ outside฀ of฀ business฀ disciplines฀ but฀ provided฀ valuable฀ information฀
on฀ the฀ effect฀ of฀ SL฀ on฀ student฀ academic฀
and฀personal฀outcomes.฀Other฀researchers฀
emphasized฀ the฀ problem-solving฀ nature฀
of฀ SL฀ projects฀ (Godfrey,฀ Illes,฀ &฀ Berry,฀
2005)฀and฀advocated฀the฀use฀of฀universitycommunity฀projects฀(Papamarcos,฀2005).
฀ I฀ have฀ included฀ research฀ articles฀
whose฀ authors฀ provided฀ descriptions฀
of฀ SL฀ integration฀ at฀ their฀ universities.฀
Business฀ educators฀ at฀ Montana฀ State฀
University฀ integrate฀ SL฀ in฀ the฀ business฀ curriculum฀ throughout฀ all฀ 4฀ years฀
(Lamb฀ et฀ al.,฀ 1998).฀ Bentley฀ College฀
has฀a฀comparatively฀long฀history฀of฀SL,฀
and฀ Salimbene,฀ Buono,฀ LaFrage,฀ and฀
Nurick฀ (2005)฀ have฀ provided฀ an฀ excellent฀ description฀ of฀ Bentley฀ College’s฀
Alliance฀for฀Ethics฀and฀Social฀Responsibility฀ and฀ SL฀ integration฀ throughout฀
the฀ campus.฀ Bentley฀ College฀ (2006)฀
now฀ offers฀ a฀ service-learning฀ certificate,฀which฀includes฀an฀SL฀notation฀on฀
student฀ diplomas฀ attesting฀ to฀ student฀
leadership฀and฀community฀engagement.฀

Educators฀achieve฀curriculum฀integration฀ such฀ as฀ that฀ found฀ at฀ Bentley฀ College฀ and฀ the฀ Montana฀ State฀ University฀
after฀ many฀ years฀ of฀ investment.฀ Most฀
integrations฀start฀with฀an฀SL฀application฀
in฀ a฀ specific฀ course.฀ The฀ majority฀ of฀
researchers฀describe฀how฀SL฀gives฀them฀
an฀opportunity฀to฀apply฀course฀concepts฀
and฀ provide฀ community฀ service.฀ In฀ the฀
present฀discussion,฀I฀focus฀on฀what฀areas฀
in฀ the฀ business฀ core฀ areas฀ are฀ reporting฀ SL฀ implementations฀ and฀ how฀ SL฀
is฀ implemented.฀ Accounting,฀ finance,฀
management,฀ marketing,฀ and฀ information฀ systems฀ report฀ SL฀ applications.฀ I฀
review฀each฀of฀these฀areas฀separately.
A฀quick฀scan฀of฀the฀publication฀years฀
in฀accounting฀indicates฀a฀relatively฀recent฀
integration฀ into฀ accounting฀ curriculum฀
(see฀ Table฀ 2).฀ In฀ addition,฀ the฀ majority฀ of฀ the฀ SL฀ implementations฀ are฀ not฀
course฀based.฀Using฀an฀optional฀assignment฀(Gujarathi฀&฀McQuade,฀2002),฀visiting฀an฀unemployment฀center฀(McPhail,฀
2005),฀ providing฀Volunteer฀ Income฀ Tax฀
Assistance฀ for฀ elective฀ credit฀ (Strupeck฀
&฀Whitton,฀2004),฀and฀designing฀a฀business฀ plan฀ as฀ part฀ of฀ a฀ non-course-based฀
requirement฀ (Tschopp,฀ 2004)฀ are฀ not฀
related฀ to฀ classic฀ accounting฀ learning฀
objectives.฀ Those฀ experiences฀ instead฀
provide฀ excellent฀ opportunities฀ to฀
involve฀students฀in฀extracurricular฀activities฀ of฀ value฀ to฀ the฀ accounting฀ profession.฀ Rose,฀ Rose,฀ and฀ Norman฀ (2005)฀
reported฀an฀improvement฀in฀the฀achievement฀of฀learning฀objectives฀from฀the฀use฀
of฀ an฀ SL฀ experience฀ in฀ an฀ accounting฀
information-systems฀ course.฀ The฀ richness฀ and฀ complexity฀ introduced฀ by฀ a฀
live฀client฀in฀an฀accounting฀information-฀
systems฀ course฀ vividly฀ demonstrates฀
a฀ major฀ learning฀ objective฀ of฀ systems฀
development.฀ The฀ accounting฀ examples฀

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TABLE฀3.฀Publications฀on฀Service-Learning฀(SL)฀Applications฀in฀
Graduate฀Business฀Courses฀
Author

Year

Organization

Bies

1996

Georgetown฀
University

Describes฀graduate฀SL฀project฀that฀focused฀on฀social฀
reality฀of฀powerlessness.฀

Brown

2000

University฀of฀
Washington

MBA฀students฀learn฀project฀
management฀skills฀while฀
managing฀development฀
projects฀for฀low-income฀
seniors.

Collins

1996

University฀of฀
Wisconsin–Madison

Describes฀MBA฀team฀
projects฀in฀business฀and฀
society฀ethics฀class฀aimed฀at฀
improving฀living฀conditions฀
in฀low-income฀communities.

Friedman

1996

Wharton฀School,
University฀of฀
Pennsylvania

Describes฀graduate฀team฀
projects฀including฀community฀service฀in฀a฀leadership฀
course

Graham

1996

Loyola฀University฀
Chicago฀

Describes฀strategic-management฀capstone฀course฀in฀
which฀students฀prepare฀a฀
business฀plan฀to฀address฀a฀
community฀need.

Mercer

1996

University฀of฀
Michigan

Describes฀2-day฀actionlearning฀model฀applied฀
during฀orientation฀in฀which฀
students฀worked฀on฀community฀projects.

Wittmer

2004

University฀of฀
Denver

Core฀MBA฀course฀known฀as฀
Values฀in฀Action฀connects฀
SL฀to฀ethics,฀law,฀and฀public฀policy.฀Assessment฀also฀
included.

may฀ indicate฀ that฀ faculty฀ feel฀ less฀ free฀
to฀ experiment฀ with฀ alternative฀ learning฀
strategies฀when฀course฀content฀is฀closely฀
tied฀ to฀ a฀ national฀ exam.฀ Alternatively,฀
the฀ majority฀ of฀ students฀ in฀ an฀ accounting฀class฀may฀not฀have฀gained฀sufficient฀
technical฀skills฀to฀be฀useful฀in฀a฀live฀setting฀and฀may฀actually฀create฀liability฀for฀
the฀ institution฀ or฀ require฀ an฀ inordinate฀
amount฀of฀training฀by฀the฀company.฀
Finance฀is฀conspicuous฀for฀a฀comparative฀lack฀of฀SL฀implementations฀and,฀like฀
accounting,฀ may฀ represent฀ the฀ depth฀ of฀
knowledge฀ required฀ for฀ a฀ student฀ to฀ be฀
useful฀as฀a฀professional.฀Achievement฀of฀
finance-course฀ learning฀ objectives฀ may฀
not฀be฀well฀served฀by฀SL฀experience.฀
Information-systems฀ SL฀ applications฀
are฀ also฀ relatively฀ recent฀ and฀ derive฀
the฀ same฀ benefits฀ as฀ do฀ the฀ accounting฀
information฀ systems฀ explained฀ earlier.฀
฀

Comment

The฀researchers฀included฀systems฀analysis,฀design฀and฀implementation฀projects฀
(Lazar฀&฀Lidtke,฀2002)฀and฀Web฀design฀
(Preiser-Huey฀ &฀ Navarette,฀ 2006).฀ In฀
the฀latter฀two฀SL฀applications,฀SL฀had฀a฀
positive฀and฀direct฀effect฀on฀the฀achievement฀of฀a฀major฀learning฀objective.
Management฀ also฀ has฀ a฀ variety฀ of฀
recent฀SL฀applications.฀Experiential฀learning฀ appears฀ to฀ support฀ achievement฀ of฀
management฀learning฀objectives.฀Angelidis,฀Tomic,฀and฀Ibrahim฀(2004)฀reported฀
on฀the฀use฀of฀SL฀to฀provide฀experience฀in฀
preparing฀a฀strategic฀analysis฀for฀a฀community฀business฀or฀organization.฀Madsen฀
and฀ Turnbull฀ (2006)฀ illustrated฀ an฀ SL฀
application฀in฀a฀compensation฀and฀benefits฀course.฀Other฀applications,฀including฀
application฀ of฀ management฀ concepts฀ to฀
social฀problems฀(Salimbene฀et฀al.,฀2005)฀
and฀ SL฀ approaches฀ used฀ in฀ organiza-

tional฀behavior฀(Weber฀&฀Sleeper,฀2003)฀
are฀ good฀ examples฀ and฀ perhaps฀ more฀
appropriate฀for฀students฀taking฀introductory฀ courses฀ in฀ their฀ major.฀ Use฀ of฀ SL฀
to฀provide฀a฀strategic฀analysis฀would฀be฀
appropriate฀ for฀ a฀ capstone฀ experience,฀
requiring฀a฀variety฀of฀skills฀learned฀over฀
the฀years฀in฀college.
Last,฀reported฀marketing฀implementations฀appear฀to฀benefit฀from฀the฀experiential฀aspect฀of฀SL.฀In฀1997,฀Easterling฀
and฀ Rudell฀ provided฀ several฀ possible฀
opportunities฀ for฀ integration฀ of฀ SL฀ in฀
marketing฀ courses.฀ Klink฀ and฀ Athaide฀
(2004)฀ provided฀ an฀ SL฀ application฀ in฀
an฀ introductory฀ marketing฀ course฀ on฀
developing฀ a฀ marketing฀ plan฀ for฀ nonprofit฀ organizations.฀ Several฀ of฀ those฀
researchers฀ emphasized฀ the฀ importance฀
of฀marketing฀to฀nonprofit฀organizations฀
and฀ how฀ this฀ skill฀ is฀ frequently฀ underrepresented฀in฀employees฀of฀nonprofits.
Overall,฀the฀results฀of฀published฀studies฀indicate฀that฀SL฀applications฀improve฀
the฀achievement฀of฀learning฀objectives฀in฀
information฀ systems,฀ management,฀ and฀
marketing.฀SL฀in฀these฀settings฀may฀better฀address฀an฀important฀course฀goal฀not฀
easily฀covered฀in฀the฀classroom.฀The฀SL฀
applications฀ in฀ accounting฀ were฀ related฀
to฀ peripheral฀ skills฀ and฀ were฀ not฀ directly฀ tied฀ to฀ core฀ coursework฀ in฀ accounting.฀ I฀ identified฀ only฀ one฀ application฀ in฀
finance.฀At฀this฀level,฀interpersonal฀skills฀
are฀ more฀ highly฀ ranked฀ in฀ information฀
systems,฀ management,฀ and฀ marketing฀
than฀in฀finance฀and฀accounting.
SL฀Applications฀in฀Graduate฀Business฀
Courses
Several฀ SL฀ applications฀ appeared฀ in฀
1996,฀ including฀ (a)฀ Master฀ of฀ Business฀
Administration฀ (MBA)฀ team฀ projects฀ to฀
improve฀ the฀ living฀ conditions฀ in฀ lowincome฀communities฀(Collins,฀1996),฀(b)฀
community฀service฀as฀leadership฀(Friedman,฀1996),฀(c)฀a฀strategic฀management฀
capstone฀ course฀ that฀ addresses฀ a฀ community฀need฀(Graham,฀1996),฀and฀(d)฀an฀
action-oriented฀ learning฀ model฀ (Mercer,฀
1996).฀ In฀ another฀ research฀ application,฀
Brown฀ (2000)฀ discussed฀ project฀ management฀ for฀ low-income฀ seniors.฀ Last,฀
Wittmer฀(2004)฀discussed฀one฀more฀core฀
MBA฀course฀in฀which฀there฀is฀a฀“Values฀
in฀Action”฀SL฀component.
On฀ the฀ basis฀ of฀ this฀ list,฀ I฀ conclude฀
that฀SL฀applications฀got฀off฀to฀a฀strong฀
September/October฀2007฀

23

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TABLE฀4.฀Publications฀on฀Service-Learning฀(SL)฀Applications฀in฀฀
Business-Related฀Courses
Authors

Year

Organization

Comment

Dallimore฀&฀
Souza

2002

Northeastern฀
University,฀
Humboldt฀State฀
University

Pedagogical฀issues฀related฀
to฀use฀of฀SL฀in฀business฀
communications฀class.

Fielding

2003

Penn฀State฀
University

Describes฀assignments฀that฀
integrated฀cross-cultural฀and฀
socially฀conscious฀issues฀
into฀business฀communications฀and฀advanced฀business฀
writing฀courses.฀

Fleckenstein

1997

Catholic฀University

Argues฀for฀use฀of฀SL฀pedagogy฀to฀educate฀students฀in฀
business฀ethics.

Hogner

1996

Florida฀International฀
University

Reports฀on฀business฀environment฀project฀feeding฀
homeless฀that฀has฀spread฀
across฀the฀university.

Kenworthy

1996

Bentley฀College

Summarizes฀SL฀projects฀
involving฀over฀25%฀of฀
business฀faculty฀and฀3,000฀
students.

Kohls

1996

Gonzaga฀University

Describes฀the฀use฀of฀student฀
reflection฀in฀student฀journals฀
in฀an฀ethics฀course.

Middleton

2005

Texas฀A&M฀
University

Uses฀an฀SL฀project฀to฀demonstrate฀leadership฀characteristics.

Smith

1996

North฀Central฀
College

Describes฀service฀internship฀to฀demonstrate฀ethical฀
values.

Stevens

2001

University฀of฀
Michigan

Describes฀use฀of฀SL฀as฀
joint฀project฀between฀
American฀and฀Russian฀
students฀assisting฀nonprofit฀
organizations฀in฀organizational฀communications.

Tucker฀et฀al.

1998

Ohio฀University,฀
University฀of฀
Baltimore,฀Colorado฀
State฀University

Describes฀use฀of฀community฀SL฀in฀communications฀
course฀to฀improve฀student฀
social฀skills฀and฀communications฀skills.

start฀in฀business฀and฀then฀either฀tapered฀
off฀ or฀ stayed฀ flat.฀ However,฀ my฀ examination฀ of฀ three฀ university฀ Web฀ sites฀
revealed฀ impressive฀ activity.฀ Stanford฀
University’s฀ Graduate฀ School฀ of฀ Business฀ includes฀ the฀ Center฀ for฀ Social฀
Innovation.฀The฀instructors฀at฀the฀center฀
engage฀students฀and฀alumni฀in฀social฀and฀
environmental฀issues฀(Stanford฀University฀Graduate฀School฀of฀Business,฀2007)฀
and฀ encompasses฀ thought฀ leadership,฀
student฀ engagement,฀ and฀ community฀
24฀

Journal฀of฀Education฀for฀Business

engagement฀ in฀ the฀ School฀ of฀ Business.฀
Harvard฀ Business฀ School฀ offers฀ a฀ fullimmersion฀ program฀ (Harvard฀ Business฀
School฀Immersion฀Program,฀2007)฀that฀
includes฀a฀New฀Orleans฀Service฀Immersion฀ that฀ focuses฀ on฀ education,฀ redevelopment,฀ and฀ rebuilding,฀ and฀ gives฀
students฀ a฀ chance฀ to฀ use฀ management฀
skills.฀The฀focus฀of฀Colorado฀State฀University’s฀College฀of฀Business฀Center฀for฀
Business฀Ethics฀and฀Social฀Issues฀is฀on฀
the฀ application฀ of฀ marketing฀ principles฀

and฀techniques฀to฀social฀problems฀(Colorado฀State฀University฀College฀of฀Business,฀ 2007).฀ Although฀ publications฀ on฀
integration฀ of฀ SL฀ are฀ not฀ readily฀ available฀in฀business฀literature,฀the฀important฀
innovations฀ of฀ some฀ of฀ the฀ universities฀
that฀were฀mentioned฀earlier฀may฀reflect฀
a฀ shift฀ in฀ business฀ education฀ and฀ an฀
integration฀of฀SL฀into฀the฀curriculum฀at฀
a฀program฀level฀(see฀Table฀3).
SL฀Applications฀in฀Business-Related฀
Courses
I฀ found฀ many฀ SL฀ applications฀ in฀
courses฀ related฀ to฀ business,฀ including฀
business฀communications฀(Dallimore฀&฀
Souza,฀ 2002;฀ Fielding,฀ 2003;฀ Stevens,฀
2001;฀and฀Tucker,฀McCarthy,฀Hoxmeier,฀
&฀ Lenk,฀ 1998),฀ ethics฀ (Fleckenstein,฀
1997;฀Kohls,฀1996),฀and฀other฀areas฀(see฀
Table฀ 4).฀ Communication฀ is฀ a฀ good฀ fit฀
for฀ SL฀ projects฀ because฀ of฀ the฀ opportunities฀ it฀ provides฀ students฀ to฀ explore฀
cross-cultural฀ issues฀ and฀ build฀ social฀
skills.฀ Ethics฀ is฀ also฀ a฀ good฀ choice฀ for฀
SL฀ applications฀ because฀ those฀ experiences฀can฀offer฀students฀an฀opportunity฀
to฀exercise฀ethical฀judgment.
Vision฀of฀SL฀in฀the฀Business฀
Curriculum
Integration฀of฀SL฀in฀the฀business฀curriculum฀ can฀ help฀ universities฀ and฀ colleges฀ achieve฀ their฀ objectives.฀ SL฀ can฀
create฀stronger฀ties฀between฀school฀and฀
community฀ and฀ provide฀ students฀ with฀
experiential฀learning฀and฀an฀opportunity฀
to฀ exercise฀ new฀ skills.฀ My฀ examination฀of฀published฀literature฀on฀SL฀indicated฀ that฀ SL฀ is฀ not฀ integrated฀ evenly฀
throughout฀ the฀ business฀ curriculum.฀
Some฀content฀areas฀appeared฀to฀be฀able฀
to฀accommodate฀an฀SL฀application฀with฀
greater฀facility฀than฀others฀were.฀Therefore,฀ coordination฀ of฀ SL฀ implementation฀at฀the฀college฀level฀may฀be฀the฀best฀
way฀ to฀ derive฀ maximum฀ benefits฀ from฀
SL฀ experiences.฀ The฀ question฀ is฀ what฀
learning฀ objectives฀ do฀ faculty฀ and฀ colleges฀ hope฀ to฀ achieve฀ and฀ what฀ is฀ the฀
best฀way฀to฀achieve฀them.
Leaders฀in฀this฀area฀(Stanford฀University’s฀Center฀for฀Social฀Innovation,฀University฀of฀California฀at฀Berkley’s฀Service฀
Learning฀ Research฀ and฀ Development฀
Center,฀ Colorado฀ State฀ University฀ College฀ of฀ Business’s฀ Center฀ for฀ Business฀

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Ethics฀ and฀ Social฀ Issues)฀ create฀ entities฀ with฀ broad฀ umbrellas฀ that฀ provide฀
focus฀and฀coordination,฀supporting฀participants฀and฀serving฀as฀liaisons฀between฀
the฀ campus฀ and฀ community.฀ Educators฀
at฀the฀Colorado฀State฀University฀College฀
of฀ Business’s฀ Center฀ for฀ Business฀ Ethics฀ and฀ Social฀ Issues฀ conduct฀ research,฀
training,฀and฀service฀projects฀that฀address฀
social฀ issues.฀ This฀ center฀ operates฀ as฀
more฀ than฀ an฀ umbrella฀ for฀ SL฀ implementation฀ and฀ provides฀ very฀ specific฀
strategic฀ focus฀ and฀ direction.฀ Many฀ of฀
the฀ center’s฀ researchers฀ focus฀ on฀ social฀
marketing฀ to฀ unsell฀ ฀ harmful฀ behaviors฀
(Colorado฀State฀University,฀2007).฀Those฀
unifying฀concepts฀serve฀as฀a฀framework,฀
with฀ the฀ objective฀ of฀ engaging฀ students฀
and฀alumni฀in฀social฀and฀environmental฀
issues.฀ The฀ goal฀ is฀ the฀ development฀ of฀
people฀ who฀ are฀ engaged฀ in฀ their฀ community฀and฀world.฀Although฀interesting฀
innovations฀ can฀ arise฀ from฀ individual฀
course฀ SL฀ applications,฀ SL฀ implementations฀ may฀ not฀ be฀ evenly฀ effective฀ or฀
applicable฀ across฀ business฀ disciplines;฀
therefore,฀ coordination฀ of฀ SL฀ efforts฀ at฀
the฀ college฀ level฀ can฀ provide฀ strategic฀
direction฀ to฀ assist฀ the฀ achievement฀ of฀
desired฀student฀outcomes฀and฀coordinate฀
SL฀experiences฀in฀the฀college.
SL฀ has฀ increased฀ because฀ it฀ provides฀
desired฀academic฀and฀personal฀outcomes.฀
However,฀researchers฀and฀educators฀have฀
to฀determine฀where฀SL฀best฀applies฀and฀
how฀ it฀ should฀ be฀ implemented.฀ Additional฀ research฀ to฀ determine฀ the฀ variables฀critical฀for฀successful฀implementation฀ and฀ learning฀ objectives฀ best฀ served฀
by฀ SL฀ experience,฀ and฀ additional฀ study฀
about฀ the฀ relationship฀ of฀ SL฀ to฀ the฀ college฀as฀a฀whole,฀would฀help฀clarify฀and฀
strengthen฀the฀role฀of฀SL฀in฀business.฀
NOTES
Dr.฀Christine฀P.฀Andrews’฀research฀focuses฀on฀
the฀relation฀between฀business฀process฀knowledge฀
and฀evaluation฀and฀accounting฀for฀environmental฀
impacts.
Correspondence฀ concerning฀ this฀ article฀ should฀
be฀addressed฀to฀Dr.฀Christine฀P.฀Andrews,฀College฀
of฀Business,฀Florida฀Gulf฀Coast฀University,฀10501฀
FGCU฀Blvd.,฀S.,฀Fort฀Myers,฀FL฀33965.
E-mail:฀candrews@fgcu.edu
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