THE MULTIFACETED DIMENSIONS OF ENGLISH LINGUISTICS, LITERATURE AND EDUCATION

THE MULTIFACETED DIMENSIONS
OF ENGLISH LINGUISTICS,
LITERATURE AND EDUCATION
PROCEEDINGS OF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
ON THE 2nd ENGLISH LINGUISTICS, LITERATURE AND EDUCATION (ELITE)
10 -11 October 2014

English Education Study Program
State Islamic College of Palangka Raya
2014

THE MULTIFACETED DIMENSIONS OF ENGLISH LINGUISTICS, LITERATURE AND EDUCATION
Proceedings of International Conference
on the 2nd English Linguistics, Literature and Education (ELITE)
10 - 11 October 2014
Copyright©2014. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means,
or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of
the publisher and the writers.

Editors:
Santi Erliana
M. Zaini Miftah

Layouter:
@Tazmaneiya

First Published, 2014
ISBN 978-602-71280-1-9
Published by:
English Education Study Program
State Islamic College of Palangka Raya,
Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
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: stainpalangkaraya@kemenag.go.id,
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FOREWORD
The proceedings, The Multifaceted Dimensions of English Linguistics, Literature and Education, are
the selected papers that were presented in the 2nd English Linguistics, Literature and Education
(ELITE) International Conference in Indonesia conducted at the State Islamic College of Palangka
Raya, Central Kalimantan, on 10 -11 October 2014. The title of the proceedings was taken from
the theme of the International Conference.
The conference was organized by English Education Study Program of the State Islamic
College of Palangka Raya in cooperation with the Association of Teachers of English Linguistics,
Literature and Education (ELITE) in Indonesia. English Linguistics, Literature and Education is a
discussion forum that researchers, practitioners (lecturers, teachers and instructors) and teachers
can expose their ideas, researches and products on language teaching of English Linguistics,

Literature and Education. One of the annual activities is international conference which is
aimed at testing out ideas and perspectives of all researchers, practitioners (lecturers, teachers,
instructors) with intellectual bearings that can be different one another and to share a similar
frames of reference. This conference is objected to bring together a broader spectrum of scholars
to have an intellectual conversation.
With the compilation of the conference papers, it is expected that the proceedings will be beneficial
for the practitioners (lecturers, teachers and instructors) participating in the conference. Also, it
is hoped that this proceedings will be useful for those who are interested in the development of
their knowledge in language teaching of English Linguistics, Literature and Education.
The appreciation is addressed to the organization of the conference and the publication of the
proceedings. First, it is addressed to the Chairman of State Islamic College of Palangka Raya (Dr.
Ibnu Elmi A.S. Pelu, SH., MH) as well as the President of ELITE (Dr. Hj. Like Raskova O., M.Ed).
The gratitude is also addressed to the plenary speakers of the conference, Prof. Rodney H Jones
(City University of Hongkong, Hongkong), Prof. Peter Mickan (Adelaide University, Australia),
Prof. Joko Nurkamto, M. Pd (Sebelas Maret State University), and Handoyo Puji Widodo, S. Pd.,
Postgrad. Dipl. Appl. Ling,. MA (University of Adelaide, South Australia). Finally, the deepest
thanks go to the members of the organizing committee, and all lecturers and students of English
Education Study Program of the State Islamic College of Palangka Raya who gave their attention
and time for the success of the international conference.

Palangka Raya, 26 December 2014

Editors

The Multifaceted Dimensions of English Linguistics, Literature, and Education

~ iii

iv ~

The Multifaceted Dimensions of English Linguistics, Literature, and Education

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword ______________________________________________________________________ iii
Table of Contents ________________________________________________________________ v

PART 1 THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING TECHNIQUES
AND STRATEGIES ____________________________________________________ 1
CORRECTIVE FEEDBACK: TEACHING WRITING FOR ESP CLASSROOM
Supiani ________________________________________________________________ 3

DESIGNING MODELS OF MEDIA OF LITERACY
FOR TEACHING ENGLISH FOR YOUNG LEARNERS
Siti Mariam _____________________________________________________________ 9
DEVELOPING A MODEL OF PEER ASSISTANCE WRITING
(A STUDENT NEEDS ANALYSIS)
Masduki and Hartono _____________________________________________________ 17
ENGLISH TEACHERS’ INSTRUCTION FOR THE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
PAREPARE STUDENTS USING CODE MIXING AND CODE SWITCHING
Abdul Haris Sunubi ______________________________________________________ 25
IMPLEMENTING A STUDENT PORTFOLIO IN A GRAMMAR CLASS BY
USING COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH
Rukminingsih and Hartia Novianti __________________________________________ 29
QUESTIONING STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING INTERACTIVE
ENGLISH LEARNING
Huriyah ________________________________________________________________ 37
REVEALING COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING (CLT)
IN TEACHING SPEAKING TO ACCELERATE SPEAKING SKILL
OF ENGLISH LEARNERS
Nasrullah_______________________________________________________________ 43
REVEALING STUDENTS’ EXPRESSIVE WRITING THROUGH

DIALOGUE JOURNAL WRITING
Maida Norahmi __________________________________________________________ 57

The Multifaceted Dimensions of English Linguistics, Literature, and Education

~v

THE APPLICATION OF THREE-MINUTE DESCRIPTIVE SPEECH
TO ENHANCE STUDENTS’ ORAL COMMUNICATION
Amalia Nurhasanah ____________________________________________________ 65
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AUTONOMOUS LEARNING
IN INCREASING READING COMPREHENSION ACHIEVEMENT
TO THE STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM
OF STAIN WATAMPONE
Muhammad Zuhri Dj. __________________________________________________ 71
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ENGLISH LEARNING USING DYNAMIC
DISCUSSION MODEL IN BANJARBARU SENIOR HIGH SCHOOLS
Ridha Fadillah _________________________________________________________ 81
THE INFLUENCE OF INTEGRATIVE THEMATIC
TEACHING TOWARD STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT OF MAN

MODEL PALANGKA RAYA
Halimah ______________________________________________________________ 89
USING BRAINSTORMING TECHNIQUE IN WRITING TIME-ORDER
PARAGRAPH AT THE SECOND SEMESTER ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
STUDENTS OF PALANGKA RAYA STATE ISLAMIC COLLEGE
Sabarun ______________________________________________________________ 107

PART 2

THE ICT-BASED ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING
TECHNIQUES AND STRATEGIES ____________________________________ 123
ARE YOU DARE ENOUGH TO BE A HALF-CYBER TEACHER?
Rr. Dewi Wahyu Mustikasari_____________________________________________ 125
IMPROVING THE LISTENING SKILLS THROUGH
“THE DISCOVERY LISTENING TECHNIQUE” USING PODCAST
Luqman Baehaqi _______________________________________________________ 129
INTEGRATING MULTIMEDIA INTO PRONUNCIATION
CLASS: ENGAGING THE 21ST CENTURY STUDENTS IN USING
THEIR MULTI-LEARNING MODALITIES
Nur Alfa Rahmah and Rini Kurniati _______________________________________ 139

LOCAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN A VIDEO MAKING PROJECT
TO ENHANCE STUDENTS’ SPEAKING SKILL (A CONTEXTUAL
ENGLISH TEACHING AND LEARNING)
Dewi Puspitasari and Isriani Hardini ______________________________________ 149
TEACHING WRITING USING PEER RESPONSE VIA FACEBOOK
M. Zaini Miftah _______________________________________________________ 157

vi ~

The Multifaceted Dimensions of English Linguistics, Literature, and Education

PART 3

THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING STRATEGIES AND PROBLEMS 171
AN ANALYSIS ON STUDENTS’ DIFFICULTIES IN TRANSLATING
ENGLISH SENTENCES INTO INDONESIAN
Nurlaila ______________________________________________________________ 173
ENGLISH PROFICIENCY AND META-COGNITIVE STRATEGIES
USED BY ENGLISH DEPARTMENT STUDENTS AT
IAIN ANTASARI BANJARMASIN

Hidayah Nor __________________________________________________________ 183
GOOD EFL LEARNERS’ COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
TO HANDLE THEIR SEAKING SKILL
Syamsudin____________________________________________________________ 193
INVESTIGATING THE PROBLEMS OF ENGLISH SPEAKING
OF THE STUDENTS OF ISLAMIC BOARDING SCHOOL
PROGRAM AT STATE INSTITUTE OF ISLAMIC STUDIES
(STAIN) SAMARINDA
Siti Hadijah __________________________________________________________ 201
LEARNING STRATEGIES ON ENGLISH ACQUISITION OF JUNIOR
HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS OF DARUL HIJRAH ISLAMIC
BOARDING SCHOOL MARTAPURA, SOUTH KALIMANTAN
Nida Mufidah _________________________________________________________ 207

PART 4

THE INTEGRATION OF ISLAMIC VALUE AND ENGLISH DIMENSION 223
INTEGRATING ISLAMIC VALUES: UNDERSTANDING EXTENSIVE
READING THROUGH ISLAMIC READING COMPREHENSION
AT ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

Dina Destari __________________________________________________________ 225

PART 5

THE ENGLISH LINGUISTICS, LITERATURE, AND EDUCATION _______ 233
AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON STUDENTS’ WRITING BASED
ON SURFACE STRATEGY TAXONOMY
Irawansyah ___________________________________________________________ 235
CROSS-LINGUISTIC INFLUENCE IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY:
THE ROLE OF JAVANESE LANGUAGE ON ENGLISH ORAL PRODUCTION
Khoirul Hasyim and Dedy Fauriza Rosyadi __________________________________ 241
DOES FOSSILIZATION REALLY HAPPEN TO ENGLISH
LANGUAGE LEARNERS?
Iwan Fauzi ___________________________________________________________ 247

The Multifaceted Dimensions of English Linguistics, Literature, and Education

~ vii

ENGLISH CONSONANTS LEARNING PROCESS OF CHILDREN

BY THE AGE OF 4: A CASE STUDY OF INDONESIAN KINDERGARTEN
STUDENTS IN CITA BUNDA SCHOOL
Dellis Pratika _________________________________________________________ 257
INTERPERSONAL FUNCTIONS IN TV PROGRAM OF MARIO
TEGUH’S GOLDEN WAYS
Yuliana Ningsih _______________________________________________________ 263
JAVANESE ADDRESS FORM IN WAYANG SCRIPT PRABU GAMBIR ANOM
Rochmat Budi Santosa __________________________________________________ 277
SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTICS IN CURRICULUM 2013
Tien Rafida ___________________________________________________________ 298
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN DISCOURSE QUALITY AND
READABILITY OF THE ENGLISH READING TEXTS USED IN
THE STATE ISLAMIC SENIOR HIGH SCHOOLS (MANS) JOMBANG
Hari Prastyo __________________________________________________________ 295
WETLAND AND ECOLOGICAL EDUCATION IN ENGLISH TEACHING
Moh. Yamin, Atiek Winarti, and Sarbaini __________________________________ 309

PART 6 CULTURES AND SOCIETY (IN SOSIOLINGUISTIC, SEMANTIC,
AND PRAGMATIC PERSPECTIVES) __________________________________ 315
BODY IN CONSUMER CULTURE: AN ANALYSIS ON
KOREAN POP (K-POP) SONGS
Aris Siswanti _________________________________________________________ 317
LANGUAGE PHENOMENON IN BILINGUAL
AND MULTILINGUAL SITUATION
Farida Repelita Waty Kembaren __________________________________________ 325
LANGUAGE USE OF JAWAREH IN CIREBON
Afi Fadlilah ___________________________________________________________ 335
SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF ETHNOPOETICS OF PANGUNRAUN
IN MARIAGE NEGOTIATIONS OF MAANYAN
DAYAK OF CENTRAL KALIMANTAN
Arnusianto M. Mage ___________________________________________________ 343
TYPES OF CODE MIXING ON THE FACEBOOK STATUS
Sholihatul Hamidah Daulay ______________________________________________ 365

viii ~

The Multifaceted Dimensions of English Linguistics, Literature, and Education

PART 1
THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING
TECHNIQUES AND STRATEGIES
Supiani
Siti Mariam
Masduki and Hartono
Abdul Haris Sunubi
Rukminingsih and Hartia Novianti
Huriyah
Nasrullah
Maida Norahmi
Amalia Nurhasanah
Muhammad Zuhri Dj
Ridha Fadillah
Halimah
Sabarun

2~

The Multifaceted Dimensions of English Linguistics, Literature, and Education

CORRECTIVE FEEDBACK: TEACHING WRITING FOR ESP
CLASSROOM
Supiani
UNISKA Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia
supi_rus@yahoo.com

Abstract: Writing is one of the skills that plays an important role in a daily
international communication. It is being taught according to the specific needs
of the students. However, the situation gets even more complicated when it
comes to the teaching writing as the writing teachers especially those working
in the domains of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) are faced with even
thornier problems—grammar and diction. To overcome the problems, corrective
feedback is an effective way to train students in writing and correct for students’
errors. This paper will address how corrective feedback can mediate students’
writing in ESP classroom. The presenter will begin by discussing the concepts
of corrective feedback and role of ESP teachers to writing. It will step up to the
implementation of corrective feedback in classroom. Additionally, the presenter
will talk the corrective feedback benefits to writing in the ESP classroom.
Thus, corrective feedback is an important tool for guiding, motivating, and
encouraging learning where a teacher can help to provide students with clear
directions for essay improvement, especially for beginning writers or students
who are placed at low to intermediate levels in ESP class.
Keywords: corrective feedback, ESP teachers, writing skill

INTRODUCTION
English is a popular language currently, it is
being taught according to needs of the students.
This situation has contributed to the development
of English for Specific Purposes (ESP). It deals
with the materials that gather their input via the
students’ proposed study courses (Hutchinson
&Waters, 1981). Hutchinson & Waters (1981)
describe the basis of ESP curriculum as underlying
conference and target conference repertoire. Due
to the fact that ESP students have underlying
conference repertoire, their language skills are
affected by them. Among these skills, Kroll (2001)
points out the importance of writing skill, and
emphasizes that writing is the hardest one to get

success when compared with other skills like
reading, comprehending and speaking.
Many suggestions have been drawn to find the
ways to teach writing. Producing a successful piece
of writing can be accomplished on condition that
one has a concurrent control in language systems
(Kroll, 2001). At that point, Hinkel (2006) suggests
that to have success in L2 writing, learners need
to have their grammar taught via explicit ways,
and they require the knowledge of lexicon. Hinkel
adds that L2 writing instruction programs need
to be consisted of grammar and vocabulary.
Frodesen (2001) states that learners need to attach
importance to the form for developing writing
proficiency and adds that “..form is not just about
error but about resources for communicative

The Multifaceted Dimensions of English Linguistics, Literature, and Education

~3

goals. Moreover, Frodesen & Holten also state
that “ESL writing instructors have a role play in
making writers aware of language form.
In addition to teaching through form, the
study of corrective feedback has been viewed
as important. Within this approach, teacher
provision of corrective feedback to learners is
an “analytic teaching strategy” (Lyster & Ranta,
1997:42), which, it is argued, may help learners
pay attention to form when classroom activities
are meaning-focused. Most of the studies found
that corrective feedback are helpful and effective
in improving student writing.

CORRECTIVE FEEDBACK IN WRITING
The study of corrective feedback in L2 writing
is a controversial issue and an important factor
in learning. It is defined as teacher’s input to a
writer’s composition in the form of information
to be used for revision (Keh, 1990). It is also
defined as information provided by teachers to
help students trouble-shoot their performance
(Nicole and Macfarlane, 2006). I would define it
as teacher’s response to students’ writing in the
form of oral or written comments that aim to help
them improve their writing performance.
Corrective feedback may be either written or
oral in form. Written feedback usually takes the
forms of direct correction, indirect correction
and coding. Direct correction is when the teacher
corrects students’ errors on their scripts by writing
the correct structural or lexical form (Lalande, 1982;
Robb et al., 1986; Semke, 1984; Van Beuningen
et al, 2008, 2012). Indirect correction is when the
teacher indicates that there are errors in students’
writing by underlining errors or circling them
without providing corrections (Bitchener and
Knoch, 2010b; Van Beuningen, 2008). Coding
is when the teacher uses codes to indicate the
location and type of error without correcting the
error (e.g. S for spelling, T for tense, WW for word
order). Other forms of teacher written feedback
are marginal comments, content comments and
meta-linguistic explanation.
On the other hand, oral feedback can take many
forms but are mainly: a) one-to-one conferencing

4~

or dialogue (Williams, 2002), b) positive or
negative oral recast where the teacher confirms
an utterance by repeating it, or indicates that it
is inaccurate by reformulating it (Afitska, 2012)
and c) explicit correction by directly indicating
that what the student uttered was wrong (Lyster
& Ranta, 1997).

Roles of ESP Teachers to Writing
As ESP teaching to writing is extremely varied
some authors (Dudley-Evans and St John, 1998)
use the term “practitioner” rather than “teacher”
to emphasize that ESP work involves much more
than teaching. ESP practitioner can have several
roles.

The ESP Practitioner as a Teacher
ESP is a practical discipline with the most
important objective of helping students to
learn. However, the teacher is not the primary
knower of the carrier content of the material. The
students, especially where the course is specifically
oriented towards the subject content or work the
students are engaged in, may know more about
the content than the teacher. The teacher has the
opportunity to draw on students’ knowledge of
the content in order to generate communication
in the classroom. When the teaching is a specific
course on, for example, how to write a business
report, it is vital that the teacher adopts the position
of the consultant who has the knowledge of
communication practices but needs to “negotiate”
with the students on how best to explore these
practices to meet the objective they have. The
relationship is much more of a partnership. In
some situations the role of ESP teacher extends
to giving one-to-one advice to students (e.g., in
non-English speaking countries students will
have to publish in international journals and need
advice in both language and discourse issues).
ESP teachers need to have considerable flexibility,
be willing to listen to learners, take interest in the
disciplines or professional activities the students
are involved in, and to take some risks in their
teaching.

The Multifaceted Dimensions of English Linguistics, Literature, and Education

The ESP Practitioner as Course Designer and
Material Provider
Since it is rarely possible to use a particular
textbook without the need for supplementary
material – sometimes no really suitable published
material exists for identified needs - ESP practitioners
often have to provide the material for the course.
This involves selection of published material,
adapting material if it is not suitable, or writing it.
ESP teachers also need to assess the effectiveness of
the teaching material used whether it is published
or self-produced. However, since the teachers
are encouraged by their employees to write new
material there is a danger of constant re-invention
of the wheel; advantages of published materials
are ignored even when they are suitable for a
given situation.

The ESP Practitioner as Researcher
Research has been particularly strong in
the area of ESP (genre analysis). Regarding the
research into English for Business Purposes, there
is a growing interest in investigating the genres,
the language and the skills involved in business
communication. ESP teachers need to be in touch
with the research. Teachers carrying out a needs
analysis, designing a course, or writing teaching
materials need to be capable of incorporating
the findings of the research, and those working
in specific ESP situations need to be confident
that they know what is involved in skills such
as written communication.

The ESP Practitioner as Collaborator
It is believed that subject-specific work is often
best approached through collaboration with
subject specialist. This may involve cooperation
in which ESP teacher finds out about the subject
syllabus in an academic context or the tasks that
students have to carry out in a work or business
situation. Or it may involve specific collaboration
so that there is some integration between specialist

studies or activities and the language. It might
involve the language teacher specifically preparing
learners for the language of subject lectures or
business presentations. Another possibility is that
a specialist checks and comments on the content
of teaching materials that the ESP teacher has
prepared. The fullest collaboration is where a
subject expert and a language teacher team-teach
classes; in EAP such lessons might help with the
understanding of subject lectures or the writing
of examination answers, essays or theses.

The ESP Practitioner as Evaluator
The ESP practitioner is often involved in various
types of evaluation. It is very common that many
writing teachers in ESP class may act only as
an evaluator whose main role is to evaluate the
quality of students’ writing as an end product of a
writing process (Arndt, 1992) and grade students’
writing based on their evaluation.

The Implementation of Corrective Feedback
to ESP Students
Before starting corrective feedback exercises,
the students must first be introduced to “the
basics of good paragraph writing: coherence,
unity, developing one main topic, and providing
adequate support” (Evans et al. 2010: 454). At an
intermediate level and above in ESP studetns, the
students should already be familiar with these
concepts, but the teacher could review and/
or reinforce these ideas by showing positive
evidence (i.e., correct examples) or having the
students identify those elements by themselves.
Also preferably during the first week of class,
the students must be trained to recognize the
editing codes. After a handful of “editing codes
training” sessions and the students understand
the fundamentals of paragraph writing, the
teacher can begin to work with the six-step, error
correction process illustrated and described in
the figure and paragraphs below:

The Multifaceted Dimensions of English Linguistics, Literature, and Education

~5

Figure 1. Illustration of Corrective
Feedback
Those figure above adapted from “Effects
of Dynamic Written Corrective Feedback on
ESL Writing Accuracy, “by Hartshorn et al.
(2010:90).
Step 1 (Students): At the beginning of class,
students write ten-minute paragraphs. Though
students are encouraged to develop the writing
prompts as they wish, the teacher is generally the
intended audience. The students are reminded to
abide by conventions of good paragraph writing
while making the content as substantive and
linguistically accurate as possible (Evans et al.,
2010:455). In a grammar class, the paragraph
topics, or writing prompts, can come from genres
appropriate to ESP activities or any specific content
area that the students are familiar with, and they
are intentionally one-word or short phrases that
allow for a range of interpretations so as to not
restrict the students creativity: e.g., bussiness, law,
global warming, technology, or crime prevention.
The teacher can favor or exclusively provide
writing prompts the necessitate specific genres of
writing, but in most writing classes the majority
of these ten-minute, one-paragraph prompts will
likely yield descriptive, expository, narrative, or
persuasive writing (Hartshorn, 2012:229).

6~

Step 2 (Teacher): The teacher collects and
marks the paragraphs for lexical and syntactic
accuracy. For treatable errors, i.e., those which can
be corrected with systematic grammar rules, the
teacher uses error-correction codes (i.e., indirect
error correction). The untreatable errors are also
marked with error-correction codes, but the
correction is provided by the teacher (direct error
correction). Before returning the paragraph to the
students, “the teacher then assigns a score using
a rubric that gives a 75 % weighting to linguistic
accuracy and 25% weighting to content (Evans
et al., 2010:455).
Step 3 (Students): with their marked papers, the
students must now engage with “tools designed
to facilitate linguistic awareness” (Hartshorn,
2012:229); error tally sheets and error lists. An error
list is a complete inventory of all errors produced
along with the surrounding text; students must
type the statements exactly as they were originally
written, i.e., in context, and highlight or underline
the error (Evans et al., 2110:229). Then, students
submit their typed and edited paragraphs to the
teacher for a second assessment; students are not
to add new ideas. An error tally sheet is a list of
error frequency counts from each piece of writing;
students must count and record their errors by
type in a spreadsheet. An error tally sheet is a

The Multifaceted Dimensions of English Linguistics, Literature, and Education

valuable tool for identifying, and quantifying, an
individual student’s specific areas for improvement.
The information from an error tally sheet would
likely be appreciated in situations where writing
center tutoring is available.
Step 4 (Teacher): Unless the student has produced
a new error altogether, in which case the teacher
may include an error-correction code, the teacher
marks the error in the second draft simply with
a check mark, circle, or underline to indicate the
location of the error. The paragraphs are returned
to the students for further editing, if necessary,
or for filling in their binders, if the paragraphs
are now error-free (Evans et al., 2010:455).
Step 5 and 6 are repeats of steps 3 and 4, but
they only occur if the students’ drafts still contain
errors. Most students are expected to meet the
objective of an error-free-paragraph within two
drafts. If the class meets daily or even four times
a week, the cycle can be completed with one
week.

The Corrective Feedback Benefits to Writing
in the ESP Classroom
There are three corrective feedback benefits to
writing in espescially ESP class. ESP classroom
requires knowledge of its stages and their specific
form-function correlations.
1. Corrective feedback helps students edit their
writing and improve their performance in
future tasks (Bitchener & Ferris, 2012). Ferris
(2002) argues that it is useful in treating errors
of prepositions and other issues of idiomatic
lexis. She also claims that it is useful in the

final stages of the writing process to help
students focus on the remaining errors in their
texts and refer to them in future tasks.
2. It emphasizes the role of students in
understanding and correcting their errors
rather than being provided with the corrections.
Through underlining students’ writing
errors, students can understand that there
is a problem that should be ‘fixed.’
3. The use of codes that helps teachers provide
effective implicit feedback while maintaining
the positive effects of error correction. Harmer
(1991) claims that the use of codes reduces
the negative psychological effect of red ink
on students’ texts.
CONCLUSION
Using writing skill as a framework of ESP,
ESP teachers are provided with the necessary
knowledge and tools to deal with their own
students’ specializations. Teachers are responsible
for helping students develop students’ ability in
writing to reach their learning goals through teachers’
feedback. Feedback raises students’ awareness of
the informational, rhetorical, linguistic expectations
of the reader (Hedgcock & Lefkowitz, 1994). As
Williams (2005) suggests, feedback in writing can
stimulate explicit knowledge of student writers.
Thus, corrective feedback is an inherent part and
an important element in writing. Teachers and
students gain benefits from sufficient writing
practice and revisions on their drafts to produce
a final piece of writing.

REFERENCES
Afitska, O. (2012). Role of focus-on-form
instruction, corrective feedback and
uptake in second language classrooms:
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Bitchener, J., & Ferrris D.R. (2002). Written
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Bitchener, J., & Knoch, U. (2010). The Contribution
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Investigation. Applied Linguistics, 31
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Dudley-Evans, T., & StJohn, M. (1998). Developments
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Cambridge: CUP.
Evans, N. W., Hartshorn, M.R.M, & Wolfersberger,
M. (2010). Contextualizing corrective

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~7

feedback in second language pedagogy.
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The Multifaceted Dimensions of English Linguistics, Literature, and Education

DESIGNING MODELS OF MEDIA OF LITERACY FOR TEACHING
ENGLISH FOR YOUNG LEARNERS
Siti Mariam
IAIN Walisongo Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
sitmer@yahoo.com

Abstract: Learning activity in early classes namely students of elementary
school are defied activities for teachers. Beside skill of class management,
a teacher should be expected to master materials that will be taught by
him/her. Literacy in early class is a foundation for next literacy skill. The
importance, literacy not only is seen from the skill, but the most important
thing is how students’ attitude towards literacy and how far their motivation
in active participating in literacy activities.To enhance young learners” English
competence is needed good media to support this purpose. Therefore the
researcher is going to create literacy media for teaching English for young
learner. This research is aimed to find the answer to the following research
questions : Exploration Phase. 1) Can media of literacy improve young learners
’ English competence? 2)Which of media of media are potentially be used to
improve young learners’ English competence? 3)To what extent is media of
literacy needed by English teachers? Prototype Development Phase. 4)
How should media of literacy for teaching English for young learners be
constructed? 5) How high is the effectiveness of using media of literacy for
teaching English for young learners? Field Assessment Phase. 6)To what extent
can the models of media of literacydraft be used to enhance young learners’
English competence for young learners? The research method used Research
and Development approach. The product of the reseach are Big Books, Pictures
Media and Story Calender.

Keywords: English language teaching, media of literacy, young learners

INTRODUCTION
Based on critical age theory, teaching English
should be started during the critical age, which
is called as a golden age. People believe that at
this age children can acquire the language better
than when they start learning it at the later age
(after puberty). Indonesian government has also
realized the importance of giving English to young
age children and they have already considered
that English should be given at the elementary
level. However teaching English to children will
be different based on the context. In the society

where English is a second language, it will be
different from teaching English where it as a
foreign language like in Indonesia. Indonesia
is a multi cultural country that gives impacts
such as various dialects, culture and needs. Due
to this fact, any educational institutions should
take some considerations before deciding to
provide English lesson to elementary school
children. They should consider whether they
have made good preparation such as good
models (teachers), teaching materials, teaching
methods, assessment, and the role of multiple

The Multifaceted Dimensions of English Linguistics, Literature, and Education

~9

intelligences. A good model is very important
to give correct input to the children who come
from the multilingual society with different
dialects. The teacher (model) should also know
how to transfer their knowledge not only on
the language itself but also on the culture of the
language. Another important thing to consider is
material. Not all materials which are available in
the market are applicable to Indonesian context
because most of the materials are designed for
ESL context. The next consideration is teaching
method. Even though there are a good model
and applicable materials for teaching English in
Indonesia, without appropriate teaching method
they will be useless. The last consideration is
the role of using media in learning process so
that English learning becomes more effective
and meaningful. All of the considerations
above should be without good preparation
mentioned above teaching English will not
give any contribution to the children as young
learners.
To enhance young learners” English competence
is needed good media to support this purpose.
Therefore the researcher is going to create
literacy media for teaching English for young
learner.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Literacy is the use of socially, historically, and
culturally – situated practices of creating and
interpreting meaning through texts. It entails at
least a tacit awareness of the relationships between
textual conventions and their contexts of use and,
ideally, the ability to reflect critically on those
relationships. Because it is purpose – sensitive,
literacy is dynamic – not static – and variable
across and within discourse communities and
cultures. It draws on a wide range of cognitive
abilities, on knowledge of written and spoken
language, on knowledge of genres, and on
cultural knowledge. Definitions like this one
may be useful as a conceptual starting point,
but they are often difficult to translate into
the concrete realities of classroom teaching
and curriculum design. Seven principles of a
sociocognitive view of literacy

10 ~

1. Literacy involves interpretation. Writers
and readers participate in double acts of
interpretation - the writer interprets the
world (events, experiences, ideas, and so on),
and the reader then interprets the writer’s
interpretation in terms of his or her own
conception of the world.
2. Literacy involves collaboration. Writers
write for an audience, even if they write
for themselves. Their decisions about what
must be said, and what can go without
saying, are based on their understanding
of their audience. Readers in turn must
contribute their motivation, knowledge, and
experience in order to make the writer’s text
meaningful.
3. Literacy involves conventions. How people
read and write texts is not universal, but
governed by cultural conventions that evolve
through use and are modified for individual
purposes.
4. Literacy involves cultural knowledge. Reading
and writing function within particular
systems of attitudes, beliefs, customs, ideas,
and values. Readers and writers operating
from outside a given cultural system risk
misunderstanding or being misunderstood by
those operating on the inside of the cultural
system.
5. Literacy involves problem solving. Because
words are always embedded in linguistic
and situational contexts, reading and writing
involve figuring our relationships between
words, between larger units of meaning,
and between texts and real or imagined
worlds.
6. Literacy involves reflection and self –
reflection. Readers and writers think about
language and its relations to the world and
themselves.
7. Literacy involves language use. Literacy
is not just about writing systems, nor just
about lexical and grammatical knowledge;
it requires knowledge of how language is
used in spoken and written contexts to create
discourse.

The Multifaceted Dimensions of English Linguistics, Literature, and Education

These principles, although here framed in
terms of reading and writing, are not unique to
literacy, but can be applied broadly to human
communication in general. In fact, the seven
principles can be summarized by the macro
principle: literacy involves communication.
This seven – point linkage between literacy and
communication has important implications for
language teaching, as it provides a bridge to
span the gap that so often separates introductory
‘communicative’ language teaching and advanced
‘literary’ teaching. By practicing literary in
a non – native language, students learn not
only about vocabulary and grammar but also
about discourse and the processes by which it
is created. They learn new, alternative ways of
organizing their thought and their expression,
ways which go beyond the learning of facts about
the second culture. Literacy is therefore not only
relevant for students with literary aspirations
–but essential for all language learners, and at
all levels of language study.
Shifting Paradigms in Language Teaching
Foreign language teaching has long relied
on written texts as a source of language input.
Until relatively recently, however, the sentence
has been the privileged unit of meaning and
analysis. The grammar – translation method
of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, for
example, illustrated grammatical principles
via exemplary sentences. The pedagogical
goal was to recode sentences written in the
foreign language into one’s mother tongue,
with heavy emphasis placed on accuracy and
completeness. During the audiolingual era, from
the 1940s to the 1960s, the emphasis shifted to
spoken language and dialogues were used as
language models, but the individual sentence
remained the focus of repetition and drills.
Again, formal accuracy remained paramount.
In the 1960s, with the advent of ‘cognitive code
learning’ theory (following Chomsky’s rejection
of behavioristic models of language learning
in the late 1950s), teachers’ goals gradually
shifted from instilling accurate language habits,
to fostering learners’ mental construction of a

second language system. Rule learning was
reintroduced, but still only at the level of the
individual sentence. Indeed, even today, many
introductory level foreign language courses
are organized around a planned sequence of
grammatical structures that are exemplified in
sample sentences for intensive practice.
It has long been recognized, however, that
communicative language use involves a good
deal more than the ability to understand and
produce structurally – correct sentences. In the
1960s, British linguist Michael Halliday and
American sociolinguist Dell Hymes argued that
the individual sentence was too narrow a lens
to look through if one wanted to understand
language as it is used in social practice. Because
the structure of a given sentence is influenced
by the larger textual structures in which it is
embedded, Halliday argued that texts, not
sentences, ought to be the basic unit of linguistic
analysis. Halliday and Hasan (1976) define
‘text’ as ‘any passage, spoken or written, of
whatever length, that forms a unified whole’.
Therefore a text can range from a single
word (for example, a stop sign ) to a lengthy
novel or report. Hymes, who coined the term
‘communicative competence’, shifted attention
from grammatical well – formedness to the
appropriateness of language use in real social
contexts. His position is aptly expressed in his
well – known remark ‘There are rules of use
without which the rules of grammar would be
useless (Hymes, 1971:10). Halliday’s & Hymes’
contributions to a broader, socially – based view
of language teaching.
During the 1970s and 1980s, language
educators called for a pedagogy that shifted
emphasis away from language usage to language
use (Widdowson, 1978); from language as
code to language as communication in social
context (Breen and Candlin 1980). Indeed, in
the context of teaching literacy, this meant an
exension of focus beyond text (i.e. stretches of
cognitive processes involves in its realization
as an expressive or communicative act ).
Although the influential models of
communicative competence developed by

The Multifaceted Dimensions of English Linguistics, Literature, and Education

~ 11

Canale and Swain (1980), Canale (1983), Savignon
(1983), and Bachman (1990) all included written
as well as oral discourse abilities in their scope,
communicative language teaching has, on the
whole, focused predominantly on face – to –
face, spoken communication. Communicative
teaching programs have largely succeeded in
their goal of promoting learners’ interactive
speaking abilities. They have tended to be
somewhat less successful, however, in developing
learners’ extended discourse competence and
written communication skills – areas of language
ability that are extraordinarily important in
academic settings.
An early and strong proponent of developing
language learners’ ability to handle written
discourse, Widdowson (1978) argued that
interpretation underlies all communicative
language abilities. Because meanings are not
inherent in language itself, but need to be worked
out, learners should have guided experience in
selecting, organizing, and interpreting linguistic
clues through the creation and re – creation of
discourse. Key to Widdowson’s scheme for
developing learners’ interpretative ability was
an integrated approach to reading and writing
: “What the learner needs to know how to do is
to compose in the act of writing, comprehend
in the act of reading, and to learn techniques
of reading by writing and techniques of writing
by reading. Widdowson’sintegrated approach
involved cycles of reading and writing that
relied on two primary exercise types : rhetorical
transformation (for example, reformulating
directions into description and vice versa) and
information transfer (for example, using tables
drawings or other non verbal representations to
mediate a transition from one form of discourse
to another. The aim of these activities was
‘getting the learner to write something based
on his reading and so to represent these two
abilities as aspects of the same underlying
interpreting process.
Many of Widdowson’s ideas are echoed and
extended in two, more recent books, Reading
for Meaning by Janet Swaffar, Katherine Arens,
and Heidi Byrnes, and Context and Culture in

12 ~

Language Teaching by Claire Krammsch. Both
books articulate a vision of foreign language
education that shifts emphasis from sentence
– grammar, structure drills, and information
retrieval to a more thoughtful mode of learning
that involves students’ reflection on language
and language and context, and specifically on
the connections between the details of texts and
students’ personal responses to those texts. Both
books make the point that many approaches to
language teaching have focused on linguistic
form, without a simultaneous focus on the
semantic and pragmatic consequences of form,
leaving the links between discourse and culture
insufficiently explored.
Swaffar et al deal extensively with the
cognitive dimensions of language learning. They
question the teaching profession’s assumption
that practice in speaking about concrete objects
and events will eventually prepare learners to
express and evaluate abstract ideas and concepts
in the new language.
Media play an important role in a teaching
and learning process. Media are needed to reach
the objectives of teaching learning process.
As a teacher, we should use various media
or teaching aids in giving the material to the
students as stated by Harmer that “as a language
teacher, we use a variety of teaching aids to
explain language meaning and construction,
engage students in a topic or as the basis of a
whole activity”.
According Gerlach and Elly, a medium is
any person, material, or event that establishes
conditions which enable learners or students
to acquire knowledge, skills and attitude. In
addition, Brown, defines media as the tools or
physical things used by a teacher to facilitate
the.
From the definition above, the writer makes
a conclusion that media are the tools, materials,
or events that establish conditions used by a
teacher to facilitate the instruction to acquire
knowledge, skill and attitudes, and engage the
learners in a topic or as the basis of a whole
activity.

The Multifaceted Dimensions of English Linguistics, Literature, and Education

The teachers’ creativity in using media will
increase the probability that students will learn
more and the knowledge will retain better in
their mind. Those are many mediathat can be
used in a teaching learning process. Gerlach and
Elly classify media in six general categories :
1. Picture
Picture consists of photographs of any object
or event, which may be larger or smaller
than the object or event it represents.
2. Audio Recording
Recording is made on magnetic tape, discs,
motion picture, and soundtrack. These are
reproductions of actual event or sound.
3. Motion Picture
A motion picture is a moving image in color
or black and white produced from live action
or from graphic representation.
4. Television
This category includes all types of audio
video electronic distribution systems;Which
eventually appear on television monitor.
5. Real things, simulation and model
This category includes people, events, objects
and imitation of real things. Imitation of real
things can be used a substitution for the actual
objects or event. They are, in fact, life itself,
often in its natural settings. Simulation is the
replication of real situation, which has been
instruction designed to be as near the actual
event or process as possible. Many media,
including the computers, tape recordings, and
motion pictures can be used for simulation.
A model is replication or representation
of reality. It is often in scale and may be
miniature, exact size or an enlargement.
6. P r o g r a m a n d C o m p u t e r - A s s i s t e d
Instruction
Programs are sequences of information (
verbal, visual, or audio ) which are designed
to elicit predetermined responses. The most
common examples are programmed textbooks
or instructional programs prepared for
computers.
From the categories above, not all of them
can be applied in the classroom. According
to Gerlach and Elly ( 1980 : 254 ), to select

the appropriate media, the teacher must
consider the characteristics of the students
which directly relate to the learning process,
such as verbal abilities, visual and audio
perception skills, experience, motivation,
personality and social skills.
Roles of Media in Teaching Learning
Process
The use of media in a teaching learning
process is very important. Lacatis & Atkinson
(1984) give a brief explanation on the roles of
media or instructional media as follows :
1. To entertain
Media can be used as recreation and enjoyment.
It includes fictional stories and poem publishes
in books