REHABILITASI TEMPAT PEMROSESAN AKHIR SAMPAH DENGAN SISTEM CONTROLLED LANDFILL DI TPA SUMUR BATU, KELURAHAN SUMUR BATU, KECAMATAN BANTAR GEBANG, KOTA BEKASI, JAWA BARAT - Eprints UPN "Veteran" Yogyakarta

  

DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL ................................................................................................. i

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN .................................................................................. ii

KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................................................... iii

PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN PENULISAN ........................................................ iv

DAFTAR ISI .............................................................................................................. v

DAFTAR TABEL ...................................................................................................... viii

DAFTAR GAMBAR ................................................................................................ ix

DAFTAR PETA ........................................................................................................ xi

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ............................................................................................. xii

  

INTISARI .................................................................................................................. xiii

ABSTRACT

   ................................................................................................................ xiv

  

BAB I. PENDAHULUAN ........................................................................................ 1

1.1. Latar Belakang ............................................................................................... 1 1.1.1. Perumusan Masalah ........................................................................................ 2

  1.1.2. Keaslian Penelitian .......................................................................................... 3 1.2.

  Maksud, Tujuan, dan Manfaat ......................................................................... 8 1.2.1.

  Maksud Penelitian ........................................................................................... 9 1.2.2. Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................................ 9 1.2.3. Manfaat Penelitian .......................................................................................... 9 1.3. Peraturan Perundang-Undangan ....................................................................... 10 1.4. Tinjauan Pustaka................................................................................................ 11 1.4.1.

  Sampah............................................................................................................. 11 1.4.1.1.

  Jenis-Jenis Sampah .................................................................................... 11

  1.4.2. Tempat Pembuangan Akhir (TPA) ................................................................ 12 1.4.2.1.

  Metode Pemrosesan Sampah di TPA........................................................ 13 1.4.2.2. Persyaratan Lokasi TPA ............................................................................ 15 1.4.3. Ketentuan Teknis Penataan Ruang Kawasan Sekitar TPA Sampah ............ 16 1.4.3.1.

  Ketentuan Kegiatan dan Penggunaan Lahan ............................................ 16 1.4.3.2. Ketentuan Prasarana dan Sarana Minimal ................................................ 18 1.4.3.3. Ketentuan Tambahan ................................................................................. 20 1.4.4. Pengelolaan TPA Sampah ............................................................................. 21 1.5. Lingkup Daerah Penelitian .............................................................................. 25 1.5.1.

  Daerah Penelitian ............................................................................................ 25 1.5.1.1.

  Lokasi, Letak Administrasi, dan Luas Daerah Penelitian ...................... 25 1.5.1.2. Kesampaian Daerah Penelitian ................................................................. 26 1.5.2. Batas Daerah Penelitian ................................................................................. 28 1.5.2.1.

  Batas Permasalahan Penelitian ................................................................. 28 1.5.2.2. Batas Ekologis ........................................................................................... 28 1.5.2.3. Batas Sosial ............................................................................................... 29

  

BAB II. RUANG LINGKUP PENELITIAN......................................................... 31

2.1. Lingkup Kegiatan Penelitian ............................................................................ 31

  2.1.1. Jenis Kegiatan Penelitian ............................................................................... 34 2.2.

  Kriteria, Indikator, dan Asumsi Objek Penelitian .......................................... 36 2.3. Kerangka Alur Pikir Penelitian ........................................................................ 39

  

BAB III. CARA PENELITIAN ............................................................................... 40

3.1. Jenis Metode Penelitian dan Parameter yang Digunakan ............................... 40 3.1.1. Metode Survei dan Pemetaan Lapangan........................................................ 40 3.1.2. Metode Laboratorium ..................................................................................... 41 3.1.3. Metode Pengharkatan (scoring) ..................................................................... 41 3.1.4. Metode Wawancara......................................................................................... 42

  3.2. Teknik Sampling dan Penentuan Lokasi Sampling ......................................... 42 3.3.

  Perlengkapan Penelitian .................................................................................... 43 3.3.1.

  Foto Perlengkapan Penelitian ........................................................................ 45 3.4. Tahapan Penelitian ............................................................................................ 48 3.4.1.

  Tahap Persiapan .............................................................................................. 50 3.4.2. Tahap Lapangan 1 ........................................................................................... 51 3.4.3. Tahap Studio.. ................................................................................................. 54 3.4.4. Tahap Lapangan 2 .......................................................................................... 54 3.4.5. Tahap Uji Laboratorium ................................................................................. 60

  3.4.6. Tahap Akhir ..................................................................................................... 61 3.4.6.1.

  Cara Penentuan Model Pengelolaan Rehabilitasi ................................... 64 3.4.6.2. Kerja Untuk Sajian Arahan Pengelolaan Rehabilitasi ............................. 65

  

BAB IV. RONA LINGKUNGAN HIDUP ............................................................ 68

4.1. Komponen Geofisik – Kimia ........................................................................... 68 4.2.3. Iklim ................................................................................................................ 68 4.2.4. Bentuk Lahan ................................................................................................. 70

  4.2.5. Tanah .............................................................................................................. 75 4.2.6.

  Satuan Batuan ................................................................................................. 78 4.2.7. Tata Air ........................................................................................................... 80 4.2.8. Bencana Alam ................................................................................................ 82 4.2. Komponen Biotis .............................................................................................. 84 4.3.3.

  Flora ................................................................................................................ 84 4.3.4. Fauna ............................................................................................................... 86 4.3. Komponen Sosial .............................................................................................. 85 4.3.1.

  Demografi ....................................................................................................... 86 4.3.2. Ekonomi .......................................................................................................... 86 4.3.3. Budaya ............................................................................................................ 87 4.3.4. Kesehatan Masyarakat ................................................................................... 88 4.3.5. Penggunaan Lahan ......................................................................................... 88

  

BAB V. EVALUASI HASIL PENELITIAN ......................................................... 91

5.1. Evaluasi Terhadap Kualitas Lingkungan TPA ............................................... 91

  5.1.1. Evaluasi Kriteria Tempat Pemrosesan Akhir ............................................... 93 5.1.2.

  Evaluasi Karakteristik Sampah di TPA ........................................................ 98 5.1.3. Evaluasi Karakteristik Lindi .......................................................................... 99

  5.2. Arahan Teknis Rehabilitasi .............................................................................. 100 5.2.1.

  Penambangan Lahan Urug (Pra-Rehabilitasi) .............................................. 102 5.2.2. Desain Rehabilitasi ........................................................................................ 103

  

BAB VI. ARAHAN PENGELOLAAN .................................................................. 108

6.1. Pendekatan Teknologi ...................................................................................... 108 6.1.1. Pelaksanaan Penambangan Lahan Urug ....................................................... 109 6.1.2. Lapisan dasar (liner) ...................................................................................... 114 6.1.3. Jaringan Pengendali Gas ................................................................................ 115 6.1.4. Sistem Pengumpul Lindi ............................................................................... 116

  6.1.5. Instalasi Pengolah Lindi (IPL) ...................................................................... 117 6.1.6.

  Saluran Drainase ............................................................................................ 118 6.1.7. Zona Penyangga ............................................................................................. 119 6.1.8. Fasilitas Penunjang ........................................................................................ 120 6.1.9. Sel Sampah Baru ............................................................................................ 120 6.2. Pendekatan Sosial Ekonomi ............................................................................. 124 6.3. Pendekatan Institusi .......................................................................................... 125

  

BAB VII. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN............................................................... 126

7.1. Kesimpulan ........................................................................................................ 126

  7.2. Saran .................................................................................................................. 127

  

PERISTILAHAN ..................................................................................................... 128

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................................................................................................ 130

LAMPIRAN

  

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 1.1. Beberapa Penelitian Tentang Tempat Pemrosesan Akhir (TPA) ......... 4Tabel 1.2. Peraturan Perundang-Undangan ............................................................. 10Tabel 1.3. Perbedaan dari Lahan Urug Terkendali dengan Lahan Urug Saniter... 14Tabel 2.1. Kriteria, Asumsi dan Keterkaitan Dengan Parameter Penelitian .......... 37Tabel 3.1. Perlengkapan Penelitian, Keguanaan, dan Hasil yang didapat ............ 44Tabel 3.2. Parameter, Jenis Data, dan Sumber Data yang Dibutuhkan ................ 50Tabel 3.3. Penilaian Indeks Resiko TPA Sampah .................................................. 62Tabel 3.4. Kriteria Evaluasi Tingkat Bahaya Berdasarkan Nilai Indeks Resiko ... 64Tabel 4.1. Data Curah Hujan Daerah Penelitian .................................................... 68Tabel 4.2 Data Jumlah Bulan Basah dan Bulan Kering Daerah Penelitian ......... 70Tabel 4.3. Hasil Pengujian Permeabilitas Tanah .................................................... 75Tabel 4.4. Hasil Pengujian Tekstur Tanah .............................................................. 76Tabel 4.5. Hasil Pengujian Airtanah Sekitar TPA .................................................. 81Tabel 4.6. Hasil Pengujian Air Lindi TPA ............................................................. 82Tabel 4.7. Jenis Flora Daerah Penelitian ................................................................. 84Tabel 4.8. Jenis Fauna Daerah Penelitian ............................................................... 85Tabel 4.9. Profesi Masyarakat Daerah Penelitian .................................................. 86Tabel 4.10. Fasilitas Kesehatan Daerah Penelitian .................................................. 88Tabel 5.1. Hasil Analisis Indeks Resiko TPA Sumur Batu ................................... 91Tabel 5.2. Klasifikasi TPA Sumur Batu Berdasarkan Nilai Indeks Resiko .......... 99Tabel 5.3. Kriteria Desain Rehabilitasi ................................................................... 101Tabel 6.1. Kriteria Desain Konstruksi Sistem Pengumpul Lindi .......................... 116Tabel 6.2. Ketentuan Bangunan IPL ....................................................................... 117Tabel 6.3. Kriteria Desain Sel Sampah Baru .......................................................... 120Tabel 6.4. Rencana Desain Sel Sampah Baru TPA Sumur Batu ........................... 121

  

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 2.1. Kondisi Eksisting TPA Sumur Batu ................................................. 31Gambar 2.2. Genangan Air Lindi di Tengah TPA Sumur Batu ........................... 32Gambar 2.3. Saluran Drainase TPA Sumur Batu .................................................. 32Gambar 2.4. Kondisi Instalasi Pengolahan Lindi di TPA Sumur Batu ................ 33Gambar 2.5 Kolam Effluen di IPL TPA Sumur Batu .......................................... 33Gambar 2.5. Kerangka Alur Pikir Penelitian .......................................................... 39Gambar 3.1. GPS (Global Positioning System) ..................................................... 45Gambar 3.2. Roll meter ........................................................................................... 45Gambar 3.3. Plastik sampel .................................................................................... 45Gambar 3.4. Sekop .................................................................................................. 45Gambar 3.5. Infiltrometer Single Ring ................................................................... 46Gambar 3.6. Paralon ................................................................................................. 46Gambar 3.7. Spuit dan needle .................................................................................. 46Gambar 3.8. Venoject ............................................................................................... 46Gambar 3.9. Botol sampel ...................................................................................... 46Gambar 3.10. Timbangan........................................................................................... 47Gambar 3.11. Alat tulis .............................................................................................. 47Gambar 3.12. Kalkulator ........................................................................................... 47Gambar 3.13. Kamera handphone ............................................................................ 47Gambar 3.14. Diagram Alir Tahapan Kerja Penelitian ............................................ 49Gambar 3.15. Ilustrasi pengukuran kedalaman dan ketinggian MAT .................... 53Gambar 3.16. Pengukuran kedalaman MAT ........................................................... 54Gambar 3.17. Segitiga Tekstur Tanah ...................................................................... 55Gambar 3.18. Pengambilan sampel air lindi ............................................................ 56Gambar 3.19. Pengambilan sampel sampah ............................................................. 57Gambar 3.20. Pengamatan karakteristik sampah...................................................... 57Gambar 3.21. Penentuan arah angina dominan ....................................................... 58Gambar 3.22. Pengambilan sampel udara ambien .................................................. 59Gambar 3.23. Menyimpan udara ambien ke dalam venoject .................................. 59Gambar 3.24. Menghitung laju infiltrasi untuk penentuan permeabilitas tanah..... 59Gambar 3.25. Pengambilan sampel tanah dengan paralon ..................................... 59Gambar 3.24. Wawancara dengan warga sekitar TPA ............................................ 60Gambar 4.1. Grafik rata-rata curah hujan daerah penelitian ................................. 69Gambar 4.2. Bentuklahan dataran alluvial .............................................................. 71Gambar 4.3 Penampang Sayatan Peta Topografi ................................................. 73Gambar 4.4. Tanah Latosol di lokasi penelitian .................................................... 75Gambar 4.5. Endapan Aluvial dengan fragmen tuff ............................................. 78Gambar 4.6. Sungai Kali Asem .............................................................................. 80Gambar 4.7. Sungai kering akibat perubahan cuaca ............................................. 82Gambar 4.8. Flora daerah penelitian ...................................................................... 84Gambar 4.9. Fauna daerah penelitian ..................................................................... 85Gambar 4.10. Profesi Masyarakat daerah penelitian ................................................ 87Gambar 4.11. Fasilitas Ibadah di daerah penelitian ................................................ 87Gambar 4.12. Fasilitas kesehatan daerah penelitian ................................................ 88Gambar 4.13. Penggunaan Lahan daerah penelitian ............................................... 89Gambar 5.1. Lapisan Dasar Liner ........................................................................... 104Gambar 5.2. Sistem Pengumpul Lindi Pola Tulang Ikan ..................................... 105Gambar 6.1. Konstruksi Lapisan Dasar TPA (liner) .............................................. 115Gambar 6.2. Skema Instalasi Pengolahan Lindi (IPL) ........................................... 118Gambar 6.3. Model Saluran Drainase ..................................................................... 119Gambar 6.4. Dimensi Sel Sampah I ....................................................................... 122

  

DAFTAR PETA

  Peta 1.1. Peta Administrasi Daerah Penelitian ................................................. 27 Peta 1.2. Peta Batas Penelitian ......................................................................... 30 Peta 2.1 Peta Denah Eksisting TPA Sumur Batu ........................................... 35 Peta 3.1. Peta Lintasan Daerah Penelitian ........................................................ 67 Peta 4.1. Peta Topografi Daerah Penelitian ...................................................... 72 Peta 4.2. Peta Bentuk Lahan Daerah Penelitian ............................................... 74 Peta 4.3. Peta Jenis Tanah Daerah Penelitian ................................................... 77 Peta 4.4. Peta Satuan Batuan Daerah Penelitian .............................................. 79 Peta 4.5. Peta Flownet Daerah Penelitian ........................................................ 83 Peta 4.6. Peta Penggunaan Lahan Daerah Penelitian ....................................... 90 Peta 6.1. Peta Arahan Landfill Mining TPA Sumur Batu ............................... 113 Peta 6.2. Peta Arahan Pengelolaan TPA Sumur Batu ..................................... 123