CHAPTERI INTRODUCTION - Kinship terms in Mandarin dialect used by the third generation of Chinese Indonesians in Surabaya - Widya Mandala Catholic University Surabaya Repository
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study
Language
language
is
a
means of communication. People use
in social interaction to contact
with
family
members, friends, or strangers-everyone that people meet
in
the
people
various
course of a day. One interesting way
use
language
in daily living is
terminology,
the
to
kinds of kin. It is not surprising;
that there is a considerable
world
in
literature
which
refer
therefore,
on
kinship
describing how people in various parts
refer to brothers, sisters,
to
uncles,
of
aunts,
cousins, and so on. Therefore, each language has its own
kinship terms. Kinship terms are the terms used to
one· s
relatives.
Some language have
terms than some others, for
example
··richer"
the
name
kinship
kinship terms
of Chinese language.
Chinese
people has settled in Java since the
century
(Skin6er,l958:1), but
traders
before
the
Sriwijaya
the
Chinese
Kingdom
of
came
14th
as
Palembang
(Mackie and Coppel 1976). The Chinese people have always
been an urban population because
of
economic and legal
2
factors.
They
came
as
traders
and
have
remained
merchants and traders because their travel, and place of
residence were restricted to the cities by the Dutch.
As
groups:
people
know, Chinese consists of
Foochow,
Cantonese,
Hinghwa,
Hainanese
Hokkien,
and
many
ethnic
Teochew,
Hakka,
Yu-
(Chang
Mandarin
hung.,1979:191). Each ethnic group has its own
dialect;
therefore, it will also have its own kinship terms which
is different from one another. In English, for
to
example,
address one s relatives one simply uses for
example
"uncle'' for his parents'brothers and brothers-in-law and
"aunt"
for his parents 'sisters and
Mandarin
dialect;
terms, which
Chinese
are
however, there are
complicated
dialects,
sisters-in-law.
used
several
In
kinship
and different from other
to address
one s
family
and
relatives. For example, one addresses his father's older
brother
brother.
"a-pek" and "su-suk" for his
fa.ther · s
younger
But he addresses all his mother's brothers
by
using one term ''ciu-ciu''.
this
I~-
thesis, the writer is
in
inter~d
studying
the
curious
Chinese
and
kinship
very
terms,
especially the kinship terms in Mandarin dialect used by
the
third
generation
Surabaya.
The
Mandarin
dialect
reasons
is
of
Chinese
are, first
uncommon
for
Indonesians
of
some
all,
in
because
people
in
3
Indonesia because of
are
the
special characteristics which _
different from other Chinese dialects.
The
second
one is because it is one of the six biggest languages of
the
world (Chinese,
English,
Hindi-Urdu,
Spanish,
Russian, and German) (West,Fred.,l975:42). Mandarin
Putonghua
used
(common language) is the oldest
language
in
the world today. It
or
continuously
also
has
more
speakers than any other language in the world. The third
reason
is
common
because Mandarin has been
spoken
language
(Afendras,Evangelos.,1979:268).
Mandarin
-------
promoted
for
all
The
choice
as
the
Chinese
fell
because the capital of China has been
on
located
several millenia in a Mandarin-speaking region and since
the Sung Dynasty it has been located in Peking. Jhe last
reason
is
Chinese
because nowadays many young
Indonesians
tradition
do
not
keep
generations
the
old
of
Chinese
tightly anymore in using the proper terms
to
address their family members and relatives. For example:
many
of
young generations today
or
sisters
reasons
are,
brothers
by
address
their
using names. They
older
may
have
for doing that, however! whatever
the
reasons
it is inappropriate according to the
old
Chinese
tradition.
4
1.2 Statements of the Problems
The statements of the problems under discussion are
formulated as follows:
1. What
by
are the kinship terms in Mandarin dialect
the
third generation of Chinese
Surabaya
to
address
their
Indonesians
family
used
in
members
and
2. Is there any change of the kinship terms used by
the
relatives up to three generations ?
third
generation
with
the
standard
form
in
the
Chinese dictionary ?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
This
terms
study
in Mandarin
is
d~alect
intended
to find out what kinship
used by the third
generation
of Chinese Indonesians in Surabaya are, to address their
family members and relatives up to three generations and
to
find
terms
out whether there is a change of
used
by the third generation with
the
the
kinship
standard
form in the Chinese dictionary or not.
1.4 Significance of the Study
The findings of this study is expected to give some
contribution to the field of Sociolinguistics. Moreover,
5
the
writer
information
also
to
hopes
Mandarin
that
it
gives some
Chinese
helpful
Indonesians
in
particular.
Through the findings, they will be able
know
proper
the
kinship terms in
Mandarin
dialect
clearly.
Besides that, she hopes that it gives a
picture
to
the
other
ethnic
groups
to
of
clear
Chinese
Indonesians and Non-Chinese too about the proper kinship
terms.
want
Hopefully, they will not be confused
to
address their friends"families who
when
they
belong
to
Mandarin ethnic group.
1.5 Scope and Limitation'of the Study
Being
aware
study
would
limit
it.
Mandarin
of
how
broad the discussion of this
be, the writer finds it
The writer discusses the
is
necessary
kinship
dialect since Mandarin dialect is
language
Supreme
Language, language which is used in the
society
defined by national and
writer
chooses
Chinese
the third
and
the
spoken
The
for
teTms
generation
in
common
considered as
political
to
the
larger
boundaries.
of
Chinese
Indonesians as the subject because many of them tend not
to
use
or do not know the appropriate
kinship
terms
anymore. The writer also limits the setting, that is
Surabaya, since Surabaya is a big city where the
in
amount
6
of Chinese Indonesians is considered many.
1.6 Research Methodology
In
doing
this
study, the
writer
used
the
theories
of
Sociolinguistics research.
1.7 Theoretical Frameworks
This
study
is
Sociolinguistics,
Variables
in
based
on
Language and
the
Dialect,
Sociocultural
Chinese Tradition, Mandarin
Dialect
and
Kinship Terms.
Chaika
study
of
(1982:2)
the
ways
states ''Sociolinguistics
people
use
language
in
is
the
social
interaction.··
Language is a conventional system of habitual vocal
behavior
by
which members of a
community
communicate
with one another (Yuen Ren Chao,1968:1).
A dialect
with
a
is a variety of a
-----
particular
intelligible
with
group
of
other
language
speakers
associated
mutually
and
(Wardhaugh,
varieties
Ronald. , 1972: 22)
Concerning
Tradition,
the
organizations, and
Sociocultural
writer
Variables
chooses
authority
as
in
lineage,
the
Chinese
regional
most fundamental
7
considerations (Chang;1979:221) ..
Mandarin
which
dialect is a variety of Chinese
exists
important
as
in
the
Indonesia. It is by
native speech
of
dialects
far
the
the
most
majority
of
Chinese and the recognized vehicle of oral communication
between
all
Chinese
(Encyclopedia
officials
Britannica,1768:567).
Kinship
542)
Greenberg
(1966:541-
are the terms used to name one's relatives. It
reasonable
to
terms, according to
to distinguish between relatives who
the nuclear family and who don't
is
belong
(Kottak,1991:203).
All languages distinguish at least three characteristics
in relatives: generation, blood relationship, and sex.
1.8 Definition of Key Terms
To
terms
avoid misunderstanding, there are
used
in
this thesis to
define
several
before
key
further
discussion is proceeded.
1. kinship:
defines
cared
Encycopledia Britanica
(1947,vol.13,p.403)
kinship as birth, suckling, and
bestowed
establish
bonds
by the parents
of union
on
the
their
tender
offspring
between the members of
family, both in human and in animal society.
a
8
2. term:
a word or phrase by which something fixed
definite
is
expressed (The
Webster
and
Reference
Dictionary Of The English Language,l983:1217).
3. address:
either
to gneet directly using a
prescribed
form
in speech or in writing (Webster's Third
International
Dictionary
Of The
English
New
Language,
1986:24).
4. dialect:
~nteligb
a variety of a language associated
~articul
group
of
speakers
with other varieties
and
with
a
mutually
(Introduction
To
Linguistics,1972:221).
5. Mandarin
dialect: is a variety of
Chinese
dialects
which exists in Indonesia. It is the variety that has
been
chosen
for some
reasons,
perhaps
political,
social, or economic, or some combination of
to
serve as either the model or the norm
varieties.
called
language
a
As
a result, the standard is
dialect
at all, but is
reasons,
for
often
regarded
itself. One consequence is that
other
not
as
all
the
other
varieties become related to that standard in some way
and
may
be regarded as
dialect~
of
that
standard
(Wardhaugh,Ronald.,1986:36).
6. the first generation of Mandarin Chinese Indonesians:
are those Mandarin Chinese Indonesians who were
born
in Indonesia but their parents were born in China.
9
7. the
second
Indonesians:
who
generation
of
Mandarin
are those Mandarin Chinese
were born in Indonesia and their
Chinese
Indonesians
parents
were
also
born in Indonesia, but their grandparents
born
in
were
China.
8. the third generation of Mandarin Chinese Indonesians:
are those Mandarin Chinese Indonesians who were
born
in Indonesia and their parents and grandparents
were
also born in Indonesia.
1.9 Organization of the Thesis
This
thesis consists of five chapters.
The
chapter is Introduction which explains about
first
Background
of the Study, Statements of the Problems, Objectives
the
study,
Limitation
Significance
of
the
Study,
Theoretical
Frameworks,
Organization
of
with
The
Earlier
Review
Studies
discusses
of
the
Study,
Research
Definition
of
the Thesis. The second
of the Related
of Kinship Terms.
Scope
and
Methodology,
Key
Terms,
chapter
Literature
The
deals
and
Some
third
chapter
The Research Methodology. The fourth
chapter
is Data Analysis and the last chapter is Conclusion
Suggestion.
of
and
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study
Language
language
is
a
means of communication. People use
in social interaction to contact
with
family
members, friends, or strangers-everyone that people meet
in
the
people
various
course of a day. One interesting way
use
language
in daily living is
terminology,
the
to
kinds of kin. It is not surprising;
that there is a considerable
world
in
literature
which
refer
therefore,
on
kinship
describing how people in various parts
refer to brothers, sisters,
to
uncles,
of
aunts,
cousins, and so on. Therefore, each language has its own
kinship terms. Kinship terms are the terms used to
one· s
relatives.
Some language have
terms than some others, for
example
··richer"
the
name
kinship
kinship terms
of Chinese language.
Chinese
people has settled in Java since the
century
(Skin6er,l958:1), but
traders
before
the
Sriwijaya
the
Chinese
Kingdom
of
came
14th
as
Palembang
(Mackie and Coppel 1976). The Chinese people have always
been an urban population because
of
economic and legal
2
factors.
They
came
as
traders
and
have
remained
merchants and traders because their travel, and place of
residence were restricted to the cities by the Dutch.
As
groups:
people
know, Chinese consists of
Foochow,
Cantonese,
Hinghwa,
Hainanese
Hokkien,
and
many
ethnic
Teochew,
Hakka,
Yu-
(Chang
Mandarin
hung.,1979:191). Each ethnic group has its own
dialect;
therefore, it will also have its own kinship terms which
is different from one another. In English, for
to
example,
address one s relatives one simply uses for
example
"uncle'' for his parents'brothers and brothers-in-law and
"aunt"
for his parents 'sisters and
Mandarin
dialect;
terms, which
Chinese
are
however, there are
complicated
dialects,
sisters-in-law.
used
several
In
kinship
and different from other
to address
one s
family
and
relatives. For example, one addresses his father's older
brother
brother.
"a-pek" and "su-suk" for his
fa.ther · s
younger
But he addresses all his mother's brothers
by
using one term ''ciu-ciu''.
this
I~-
thesis, the writer is
in
inter~d
studying
the
curious
Chinese
and
kinship
very
terms,
especially the kinship terms in Mandarin dialect used by
the
third
generation
Surabaya.
The
Mandarin
dialect
reasons
is
of
Chinese
are, first
uncommon
for
Indonesians
of
some
all,
in
because
people
in
3
Indonesia because of
are
the
special characteristics which _
different from other Chinese dialects.
The
second
one is because it is one of the six biggest languages of
the
world (Chinese,
English,
Hindi-Urdu,
Spanish,
Russian, and German) (West,Fred.,l975:42). Mandarin
Putonghua
used
(common language) is the oldest
language
in
the world today. It
or
continuously
also
has
more
speakers than any other language in the world. The third
reason
is
common
because Mandarin has been
spoken
language
(Afendras,Evangelos.,1979:268).
Mandarin
-------
promoted
for
all
The
choice
as
the
Chinese
fell
because the capital of China has been
on
located
several millenia in a Mandarin-speaking region and since
the Sung Dynasty it has been located in Peking. Jhe last
reason
is
Chinese
because nowadays many young
Indonesians
tradition
do
not
keep
generations
the
old
of
Chinese
tightly anymore in using the proper terms
to
address their family members and relatives. For example:
many
of
young generations today
or
sisters
reasons
are,
brothers
by
address
their
using names. They
older
may
have
for doing that, however! whatever
the
reasons
it is inappropriate according to the
old
Chinese
tradition.
4
1.2 Statements of the Problems
The statements of the problems under discussion are
formulated as follows:
1. What
by
are the kinship terms in Mandarin dialect
the
third generation of Chinese
Surabaya
to
address
their
Indonesians
family
used
in
members
and
2. Is there any change of the kinship terms used by
the
relatives up to three generations ?
third
generation
with
the
standard
form
in
the
Chinese dictionary ?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
This
terms
study
in Mandarin
is
d~alect
intended
to find out what kinship
used by the third
generation
of Chinese Indonesians in Surabaya are, to address their
family members and relatives up to three generations and
to
find
terms
out whether there is a change of
used
by the third generation with
the
the
kinship
standard
form in the Chinese dictionary or not.
1.4 Significance of the Study
The findings of this study is expected to give some
contribution to the field of Sociolinguistics. Moreover,
5
the
writer
information
also
to
hopes
Mandarin
that
it
gives some
Chinese
helpful
Indonesians
in
particular.
Through the findings, they will be able
know
proper
the
kinship terms in
Mandarin
dialect
clearly.
Besides that, she hopes that it gives a
picture
to
the
other
ethnic
groups
to
of
clear
Chinese
Indonesians and Non-Chinese too about the proper kinship
terms.
want
Hopefully, they will not be confused
to
address their friends"families who
when
they
belong
to
Mandarin ethnic group.
1.5 Scope and Limitation'of the Study
Being
aware
study
would
limit
it.
Mandarin
of
how
broad the discussion of this
be, the writer finds it
The writer discusses the
is
necessary
kinship
dialect since Mandarin dialect is
language
Supreme
Language, language which is used in the
society
defined by national and
writer
chooses
Chinese
the third
and
the
spoken
The
for
teTms
generation
in
common
considered as
political
to
the
larger
boundaries.
of
Chinese
Indonesians as the subject because many of them tend not
to
use
or do not know the appropriate
kinship
terms
anymore. The writer also limits the setting, that is
Surabaya, since Surabaya is a big city where the
in
amount
6
of Chinese Indonesians is considered many.
1.6 Research Methodology
In
doing
this
study, the
writer
used
the
theories
of
Sociolinguistics research.
1.7 Theoretical Frameworks
This
study
is
Sociolinguistics,
Variables
in
based
on
Language and
the
Dialect,
Sociocultural
Chinese Tradition, Mandarin
Dialect
and
Kinship Terms.
Chaika
study
of
(1982:2)
the
ways
states ''Sociolinguistics
people
use
language
in
is
the
social
interaction.··
Language is a conventional system of habitual vocal
behavior
by
which members of a
community
communicate
with one another (Yuen Ren Chao,1968:1).
A dialect
with
a
is a variety of a
-----
particular
intelligible
with
group
of
other
language
speakers
associated
mutually
and
(Wardhaugh,
varieties
Ronald. , 1972: 22)
Concerning
Tradition,
the
organizations, and
Sociocultural
writer
Variables
chooses
authority
as
in
lineage,
the
Chinese
regional
most fundamental
7
considerations (Chang;1979:221) ..
Mandarin
which
dialect is a variety of Chinese
exists
important
as
in
the
Indonesia. It is by
native speech
of
dialects
far
the
the
most
majority
of
Chinese and the recognized vehicle of oral communication
between
all
Chinese
(Encyclopedia
officials
Britannica,1768:567).
Kinship
542)
Greenberg
(1966:541-
are the terms used to name one's relatives. It
reasonable
to
terms, according to
to distinguish between relatives who
the nuclear family and who don't
is
belong
(Kottak,1991:203).
All languages distinguish at least three characteristics
in relatives: generation, blood relationship, and sex.
1.8 Definition of Key Terms
To
terms
avoid misunderstanding, there are
used
in
this thesis to
define
several
before
key
further
discussion is proceeded.
1. kinship:
defines
cared
Encycopledia Britanica
(1947,vol.13,p.403)
kinship as birth, suckling, and
bestowed
establish
bonds
by the parents
of union
on
the
their
tender
offspring
between the members of
family, both in human and in animal society.
a
8
2. term:
a word or phrase by which something fixed
definite
is
expressed (The
Webster
and
Reference
Dictionary Of The English Language,l983:1217).
3. address:
either
to gneet directly using a
prescribed
form
in speech or in writing (Webster's Third
International
Dictionary
Of The
English
New
Language,
1986:24).
4. dialect:
~nteligb
a variety of a language associated
~articul
group
of
speakers
with other varieties
and
with
a
mutually
(Introduction
To
Linguistics,1972:221).
5. Mandarin
dialect: is a variety of
Chinese
dialects
which exists in Indonesia. It is the variety that has
been
chosen
for some
reasons,
perhaps
political,
social, or economic, or some combination of
to
serve as either the model or the norm
varieties.
called
language
a
As
a result, the standard is
dialect
at all, but is
reasons,
for
often
regarded
itself. One consequence is that
other
not
as
all
the
other
varieties become related to that standard in some way
and
may
be regarded as
dialect~
of
that
standard
(Wardhaugh,Ronald.,1986:36).
6. the first generation of Mandarin Chinese Indonesians:
are those Mandarin Chinese Indonesians who were
born
in Indonesia but their parents were born in China.
9
7. the
second
Indonesians:
who
generation
of
Mandarin
are those Mandarin Chinese
were born in Indonesia and their
Chinese
Indonesians
parents
were
also
born in Indonesia, but their grandparents
born
in
were
China.
8. the third generation of Mandarin Chinese Indonesians:
are those Mandarin Chinese Indonesians who were
born
in Indonesia and their parents and grandparents
were
also born in Indonesia.
1.9 Organization of the Thesis
This
thesis consists of five chapters.
The
chapter is Introduction which explains about
first
Background
of the Study, Statements of the Problems, Objectives
the
study,
Limitation
Significance
of
the
Study,
Theoretical
Frameworks,
Organization
of
with
The
Earlier
Review
Studies
discusses
of
the
Study,
Research
Definition
of
the Thesis. The second
of the Related
of Kinship Terms.
Scope
and
Methodology,
Key
Terms,
chapter
Literature
The
deals
and
Some
third
chapter
The Research Methodology. The fourth
chapter
is Data Analysis and the last chapter is Conclusion
Suggestion.
of
and