FINAL PROJECT ANALYSIS OF COCONUT SHELL CHARCOAL Analysis Of Coconut Shell Charcoal Powder Composites With The PVAC Glue To The Impact, Bending And Sound Absorption For Acoustics Wall Application.
FINAL PROJECT
ANALYSIS OF COCONUT SHELL CHARCOAL
POWDER COMPOSITES WITH THE PVAC GLUE TO
THE IMPACT, BENDING AND SOUND ABSORPTION
FOR ACOUSTICS WALL APPLICATION
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Getting
the Bachelor Degree of Engineering in Automotive Department
Arranged by:
NORMAN AGUNG SUHARTONO
D200 090 204
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM
IN AUTOMOTIVE/MOTORCYCLE ENGINEERING
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2014
i
DECLARATION OF RESEARCH AUTHENTICITY
I assert verily that the research entitles:
ANALYSIS OF COCONUT SHELL CHARCOAL POWDER
COMPOSITES WITH THE PVAC GLUE TO THE IMPACT,
BENDING AND SOUND ABSORPTION FOR ACOUSTICS
WALL APPLICATION
That made to fulfill some of requirement to get Bachelor Degree of
Engineering in Automotive Department of Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta, as far as I know is not a plagiarism of research that has been
published, except the information source that to solve the problems.
Surakarta, January 2014
Researcher,
Norman Agung Suhartono
ii
APPROVAL
The Final Project entitles “Analysis of Coconut Shell Charcoal Powder
Composites with The PVAc Glue to The Impact, Bending and Sound
Absorption for Acoustics Wall Application” has been approved by
supervisors and authorized by Secretary of International Program as
partial fulfillment of the requirements for getting the Bachelor Degree of
Engineering in Automotive Department of Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta.
Written by:
Name
: Norman Agung Suhartono
NIM
: D200 090 204
Has approved and legalized on:
Day
:
Date
:
Supervisor I
Supervisor II
(Wijianto, ST.M.Eng.Sc.)
(Ir. Pramuko IP, MT.)
Admitted by,
Secretary of International Program
(Wijianto,ST.M.Eng.Sc.)
iii
LIDATThe Final Project entitles “Analysis of Coconut Shell Charcoal
Powder Composites with The PVAc Glue to The Impact, Bending and
Sound Absorption for Acoustics Wall Application” has been approved
by supervisors and authorized by Secretary of International Program as
partial fulfillment of the requirements for getting the Bachelor Degree of
Engineering in Automotive Department of Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta.
Written by:
Name
: Norman Agung Suhartono
NIM
: D200 090 204
Has approved and legalized on:
Day/Date
:
Team of Examiners
:
Chair Person
:Wijianto, ST.M.Eng.Sc
(
)
Member 1
: Ir. Pramuko IP, MT.
(
)
Member 2
:Dr. Tri Widodo Besar Riyadi (
)
Admitted by,
Dean,
Head of Department
(Ir. Sri Sunarjono, MT, Ph.D.)
(Ir. Sartono Putro, MT.)
iv
MOTTO
[5] For indeed, with hardship [will] be ease, [6] Indeed, with hardship [will
be] ease (Al-Insyirah: 5-6)
[7] Then shall anyone who has done an atom's weight of good, see it! [8]
And anyone who has done an atom's weight of evil, shall see it.
(Al-Zalzalah: 7-8)
[7]“And remember! Your Lord caused to be declared (publicly): “if ye are
grateful, I will add more (favors) unto you; but if ye show ingratitude, truly
My punishment is terrible indeed.” (Q.S. Ibrahim: 7)
Allah will not change the condition of a people until they change what is in
themselves. (Q.S. Ar-Ra’d : 11)
The Prophet (sallallahu alaihi wasallam) said "A single day under a just
ruler (Khaleefah) is better than 60 years of ibadah"
(HR. Bayhaqi/Tabarani)
People are always learning will be very respected and strength not based
on knowledge wills collapse.
(AL-Ghozali)
Anyone who pursue the path to knowledge therein, Allah
paves the way for him to heaven (Narrated by Muslim)
We only have one future, and it will be made of our dreams, if we have the
courage to challenge convention (Soichiro Honda)
Enjoying your work is essential. If your work becomes an expression of
your own ideas, you will surely enjoy it (Soichiro Honda)
v
DEDICATION
This Research paper is dedicated to:
Allah SWT,
Thanks for the best everything that you have given for me and thanks for your
love that always make me to never give up to do the best. I believe that you
will always give me the best for everything.
My beloved Mom and Dad,
Thanks for your prayer, love, support and affection.
You always give me happiness but often I made you disappointed.
I am sorry and I promise to give you the best in the future.
My Siblings ,
Thanks for your supports.
It is make me strong to get something more and more.
My fiancée (Disca Resma Arnita),
Thanks for your love, support, attention, spirit, care, and advice.
As long as I know you, you make me to be better and adult.
All my friends (Automotive Engineering ‘09, etc)
Thanks for your supports and love me.
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Assalamu’alaikum Warohmatullahi Wabarokatuh
Alhamdulillahirobbil’alamiin. Praise and gratitude be to Allah SWT,
The Lord of universe, because of His blessing and guidance The
Research Paper can be done.
The Final Project entitles “Annealing Effect on The Microstructure
Toward Tensile Strength and Fatigue Strength of Motorcycle Wheel Shaft
of Low Carbon Steel” can be done because of chelping and supporting
from other people. Therefore, writer sincerely would like to say thanks and
appreciation to:
1. Ir. Sri Sunarjono, MT, Ph.D., as the Dean of Engineering Faculty of
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
2. Ir. Sartono Putro, MT., as the Head of Mechanical Engineering of
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
3. Wijianto, ST., M.Eng.Sc., as Secretary of International Program of
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
4. Wijianto, ST., M.Eng.Sc., as the first supervisor who has given the
researcher inspiration, spirit, advices, suggestions, and corrections
to the paper completion.
5. Ir. Pramuko IP, MT., as the second supervisor who has given the
researcher guidance, suggestions, and correction wisely.
6. All lectures of Automotive Engineering Department for the guidance
during the study in the university.
vii
7. beloved Mother and Father who always give enormous pray,
biggest support, care, affection and great attention.
8. My Brothers for suggestions and advices.
9. My fiancée “Disca Resma Arnita” thanks for your support and
advices
10. My best friend “Automotive Engineering 2009” thanks for your
laugh, funnies experiences that used to do the experiment.
11. Head of Mechanical laboratory of Gajah Mada University, thanks a
lot for the place and equipments that used to do the experiment.
12. All students of international program of Automotive Department,
thank a lot for the best suggestion and advice, hope we can the
best engineer.
13. My friends and staffs in PESMA K.H. Mas Mansur. Thanks for
accompany him during his study.
14. Those who cannot be mentioned one by one, writer wants to say
his thank and appreciation to all of them.
The writer realizes that this research paper is far from being
perfect, so the writer sincerely welcomes any constructive comment,
criticism, and suggestion from anyone.
Wassalamu’alaikum Warohmatullahi Wabarokatuh
Surakarta, January 2014
The writer
Norman Agung Suhartono
viii
LIST OF CONTENT
Page
TITLE ....................................................................................................
i
DECLARATION OF RESEARCH AUTHENTICITY ...............................
ii
APPROVAL ..........................................................................................
iii
VALIDATION ........................................................................................
iv
MOTTO .................................................................................................
v
DEDICATION ........................................................................................
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ..........................................................................
vii
LIST OF CONTENT ..............................................................................
ix
LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................. xiii
LIST OF SYMBOL ............................................................................... xvi
LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................. xvii
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................... xviii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background .......................................................................
1
1.2. Research Objective ...........................................................
4
1.3. Benefits of Research .........................................................
4
1.4. Experimental Limitation ......................................................
5
CHAPTER II: LITERATURES AND BASIC THEORY
2.1. Literature Review ...............................................................
6
2.2. Basic Theory.......................................................................
8
2.2.1 Composite................................................................
8
2.2.2 Classification and Composite Material Properties ....
10
ix
2.2.2.1 Fibrous Composites ...................................
10
2.2.2.2 Particulate Composites ..............................
11
2.2.2.3 Laminated Composites ..............................
12
2.2.3 Sandwich ................................................................
14
2.2.4 Matrix ......................................................................
14
2.2.5 Fiber Volume Fraction .............................................
16
2.2.6 Water Level Testing ................................................
16
2.2.7 Density Testing .......................................................
17
2.2.8 Impact Testing ........................................................
18
2.2.8.1 Fracture .....................................................
20
2.2.9 Bending Testing (Three Point Load) .......................
22
2.2.10 Sound Absorption Test ...........................................
24
2.2.10.1 Sound Waves ............................................
26
2.2.10.2 Frequency and Period ...............................
26
2.2.10.3 Resonance and Wave Length ...................
27
2.2.10.4 Velocity and Amplitude .............................
27
2.2.10.5 Sound Intensity and Sound intensity level
28
2.2.11 Damping .................................................................
29
2.2.12 Direction of Damping ..............................................
30
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH
3.1 Flowchart of Research .......................................................
31
3.2 Field Study and Literatures Review ...................................
32
3.3 Preparation Material of Composites Manufacturing ............
39
x
3.4 Tools Preparation ..............................................................
35
3.5 Steps of Composites Manufacturing ..................................
39
3.5.1 Dies Making .............................................................
39
3.5.2 Water Content Test ..................................................
39
3.5.3 Volume Fraction Measurement ................................
40
3.5.4 Composite Manufacturing ........................................
40
3.5.5 Specimen Manufacturing .........................................
41
3.5.6 Composite Testing ...................................................
43
3.5.6.1 Charpy Impact Test ....................................
43
3.5.6.2 Bending Test ..............................................
44
3.5.6.3 Sound Absorption Test ..............................
46
CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Impact Test ........................................................................
48
4.1.1. The Data Results of Impact Test .............................
48
4.1.2. Discussion of Impact Test.........................................
50
4.2 Bending Test .....................................................................
51
4.2.1. Data Result of Bending Test ....................................
51
4.2.1. Discussion of Bending Test .....................................
54
4.3 Sound Absorption Test ......................................................
55
4.3.1 Data Result of Sound Absorption Test ......................
55
4.3.2. Discussion of Sound Absorption Test ......................
57
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion .........................................................................
xi
59
5.2 Further Work ......................................................................
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
xii
60
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 1.1 Coconut Shell .....................................................................
3
Figure 1.2 Coconut Shell Charcoal .....................................................
3
Figure 2.1 Continuous fiber composite ...............................................
10
Figure 2.2 Woven fibers composite ......................................................
11
Figure 2.3 Chopped fiber composite ...................................................
11
Figure 2.4 Hybrid composite ...............................................................
11
Figure 2.5 Particulate Composite ........................................................
12
Figure 2.6 Laminated Composites ......................................................
12
Figure 2.7 Sandwich composite structures .........................................
14
Figure 2.8 Measuring the mass and volume .......................................
17
Figure 2.9 Impact testing scheme .......................................................
20
Figure 2.10 Bending Testing Section ..................................................
24
Figure 2.11 Direction of damping .......................................................
30
Figure 2.12 Scheme of Sound Absorption Test ..................................
31
Figure 3.1 Flowchart of Research .......................................................
32
Figure 3.2 Coconut shell charcoal powder ..........................................
33
Figure 3.3 Fox Glue ............................................................................
34
Figure 3.4 Sponge and plywood sheets ..............................................
34
Figure 3.5 Water Content Test Device (Wood Moisture Contain) ........
35
Figure 3.6 Digital scales ......................................................................
35
Figure 3.7 Sound Absorption Dies .........................................................
36
Figure 3.8 Dies of impact and bending test .........................................
36
Figure 3.9 Press Mold tool ...................................................................
37
xiii
Figure 3.10 Tools ................................................................................
37
Figure 3.11 Bending Test Tool ............................................................
38
Figure 3.12 Charpy Impact Test Tool ..................................................
38
Figure 3.13 Sound Absorption Test Tool .............................................
39
Figure 3.14 Specimen of Impact Test .................................................
42
Figure 3.15 Specimen of Bending test ................................................
42
Figure 3.16 Specimen of Sound Absorption Test ................................
43
Figure 3.17 Sound Absorption Test Tool .............................................
39
Figure 3.18 Dimension Drawing of Specimen of Impact Test .............
42
Figure 3.19 Dimension Drawing of Specimen of Bending Test ............
46
Figure 3.20 Dimension drawing of specimen of sound absorption test
47
Figure 4.1 Histogram relationship between the average energy
absorption and the volume fraction of the composite
coconut shell charcoal powder ........................................
49
Figure 4.2 Histogram relationship between the average impact
number and the volume fraction of the composite
coconut shell charcoal powder ........................................
50
Figure 4.3 Histogram relationship between the average bending
stress and the volume fraction of the composite coconut
shell charcoal powder .....................................................
53
Figure 4.4 Histogram relationship between the average modulus of
elasticity and the average volume fraction of the
composite coconut shell charcoal powder ......................
xiv
53
Figure 4.5 Histogram relationship between the ability of sound
absorption composite material and the volume fraction of
the composite coconut shell charcoal powder ................
56
Figure 4.6 Histogram relationship between sound absorption
capabilities of layered composite specimen (sponge and
plywood) with a volume fraction of the composite
coconut shell charcoal powder ........................................
xv
57
LIST OF SYMBOL
Vf
= Volume fraction (gr/cm3)
Wf
= Weigh of fiber (gr)
ρf
= Density of fiber (gr/cm3)
wm
= Weigh of matrix (gr)
ρm
= Density of matrix (gr/cm3)
m
= Mass (gr)
v
= Volume (cm3)
ρ
= Density of specimen (gr/cm3)
Eabsorption = Absorption energy (J)
M
= Pendulum mass (kg)
g
= Gravity (m/s2)
R
= Length of arm or sleeve (m)
α
= Pendulum angel before swayed
β
= Pendulum angel after fracture the specimen
HI
= Impact number (J/mm2)
A0
= Cross section under the notch (mm2)
= Bending strength (MPa)
Eb
= Modulus elasticity (MPa)
P
= Load (N)
L
= Support span (mm)
b
= Specimen width (mm)
d
= Specimen thick (mm)
= Deflection (mm)
Lt
= Average sound intensity (dB)
P
= Sound pressure (dB)
Li
= Interval value average (dB)
xvi
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 4.1 The data of specimen dimension of impact test of
composite of coconut shell charcoal powder with glue
PVAc matrix ASTM D 256-00 ...........................................
Table 4.2
The data of impact test of composite of coconut shell
charcoal powder with glue PVAc matrix ...........................
Table 4.3
52
The result of sound absorption test with the specimen of
composite of coconut shell charcoal powder ....................
Table 4.6
51
The result of bending test of composite of coconut shell
charcoal powder with glue PVAc matrix ...........................
Table 4.5
48
The data of specimen dimension of composite of coconut
shell charcoal powder with glue PVAc matrix ...................
Table 4.4
48
55
The data result of sound absorption test with layered
composite specimen (sponge and plywood) of coconut
shell charcoal powder .......................................................
xvii
55
Abstract
The aims from this study are determine the impact strength of
composite and determine the bending strength of composite coconut shell
charcoal and then find out the sound absorption power of coconut shell
charcoal composite.
In the manufacture of composite materials using coconut shell powder
with an average diameter 11.89
. on 8-10 % of water level and PVAC
matrix glue. The volume of fraction of composites there are 40%. 50%,
60%, and pressed the composites by using press mold method that is
tightening the bolt on the mold. The test were conducted to ASTM and
ANSI standards. For impact test conducted to ASTM D256-00, for bending
test conducted to ASTM 790 and for sound absorption test conducted to
ANSI SI13 by using five second method with one minutes for reading time.
Value of impact result revealed that the highest average at 40%
fraction of 0.0100 j/mm2 with 1.328 j of energy absorption and the lowest
at 60% fraction of 0.0063 j/mm2 with energy absorbing o.885 j. Value of
highest bending strength at 40% fraction is 0.62 MPa to 55.66 MPa
modulus elasticity, whereas for bending strength the lowest result on
fraction 60% that is 0.38 MPa with 22.25 MPa of modulus elasticity. For
sound absorption capability of composites resulted by fraction 60% that is
3.28 dB while sound absorption capability of composites coated (sponge
and plywood) resulted by fraction 60% that is 13.12 dB.
Keywords: composite, coconut shell charcoal powder, sound
absorption
xviii
ANALYSIS OF COCONUT SHELL CHARCOAL
POWDER COMPOSITES WITH THE PVAC GLUE TO
THE IMPACT, BENDING AND SOUND ABSORPTION
FOR ACOUSTICS WALL APPLICATION
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Getting
the Bachelor Degree of Engineering in Automotive Department
Arranged by:
NORMAN AGUNG SUHARTONO
D200 090 204
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM
IN AUTOMOTIVE/MOTORCYCLE ENGINEERING
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2014
i
DECLARATION OF RESEARCH AUTHENTICITY
I assert verily that the research entitles:
ANALYSIS OF COCONUT SHELL CHARCOAL POWDER
COMPOSITES WITH THE PVAC GLUE TO THE IMPACT,
BENDING AND SOUND ABSORPTION FOR ACOUSTICS
WALL APPLICATION
That made to fulfill some of requirement to get Bachelor Degree of
Engineering in Automotive Department of Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta, as far as I know is not a plagiarism of research that has been
published, except the information source that to solve the problems.
Surakarta, January 2014
Researcher,
Norman Agung Suhartono
ii
APPROVAL
The Final Project entitles “Analysis of Coconut Shell Charcoal Powder
Composites with The PVAc Glue to The Impact, Bending and Sound
Absorption for Acoustics Wall Application” has been approved by
supervisors and authorized by Secretary of International Program as
partial fulfillment of the requirements for getting the Bachelor Degree of
Engineering in Automotive Department of Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta.
Written by:
Name
: Norman Agung Suhartono
NIM
: D200 090 204
Has approved and legalized on:
Day
:
Date
:
Supervisor I
Supervisor II
(Wijianto, ST.M.Eng.Sc.)
(Ir. Pramuko IP, MT.)
Admitted by,
Secretary of International Program
(Wijianto,ST.M.Eng.Sc.)
iii
LIDATThe Final Project entitles “Analysis of Coconut Shell Charcoal
Powder Composites with The PVAc Glue to The Impact, Bending and
Sound Absorption for Acoustics Wall Application” has been approved
by supervisors and authorized by Secretary of International Program as
partial fulfillment of the requirements for getting the Bachelor Degree of
Engineering in Automotive Department of Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta.
Written by:
Name
: Norman Agung Suhartono
NIM
: D200 090 204
Has approved and legalized on:
Day/Date
:
Team of Examiners
:
Chair Person
:Wijianto, ST.M.Eng.Sc
(
)
Member 1
: Ir. Pramuko IP, MT.
(
)
Member 2
:Dr. Tri Widodo Besar Riyadi (
)
Admitted by,
Dean,
Head of Department
(Ir. Sri Sunarjono, MT, Ph.D.)
(Ir. Sartono Putro, MT.)
iv
MOTTO
[5] For indeed, with hardship [will] be ease, [6] Indeed, with hardship [will
be] ease (Al-Insyirah: 5-6)
[7] Then shall anyone who has done an atom's weight of good, see it! [8]
And anyone who has done an atom's weight of evil, shall see it.
(Al-Zalzalah: 7-8)
[7]“And remember! Your Lord caused to be declared (publicly): “if ye are
grateful, I will add more (favors) unto you; but if ye show ingratitude, truly
My punishment is terrible indeed.” (Q.S. Ibrahim: 7)
Allah will not change the condition of a people until they change what is in
themselves. (Q.S. Ar-Ra’d : 11)
The Prophet (sallallahu alaihi wasallam) said "A single day under a just
ruler (Khaleefah) is better than 60 years of ibadah"
(HR. Bayhaqi/Tabarani)
People are always learning will be very respected and strength not based
on knowledge wills collapse.
(AL-Ghozali)
Anyone who pursue the path to knowledge therein, Allah
paves the way for him to heaven (Narrated by Muslim)
We only have one future, and it will be made of our dreams, if we have the
courage to challenge convention (Soichiro Honda)
Enjoying your work is essential. If your work becomes an expression of
your own ideas, you will surely enjoy it (Soichiro Honda)
v
DEDICATION
This Research paper is dedicated to:
Allah SWT,
Thanks for the best everything that you have given for me and thanks for your
love that always make me to never give up to do the best. I believe that you
will always give me the best for everything.
My beloved Mom and Dad,
Thanks for your prayer, love, support and affection.
You always give me happiness but often I made you disappointed.
I am sorry and I promise to give you the best in the future.
My Siblings ,
Thanks for your supports.
It is make me strong to get something more and more.
My fiancée (Disca Resma Arnita),
Thanks for your love, support, attention, spirit, care, and advice.
As long as I know you, you make me to be better and adult.
All my friends (Automotive Engineering ‘09, etc)
Thanks for your supports and love me.
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Assalamu’alaikum Warohmatullahi Wabarokatuh
Alhamdulillahirobbil’alamiin. Praise and gratitude be to Allah SWT,
The Lord of universe, because of His blessing and guidance The
Research Paper can be done.
The Final Project entitles “Annealing Effect on The Microstructure
Toward Tensile Strength and Fatigue Strength of Motorcycle Wheel Shaft
of Low Carbon Steel” can be done because of chelping and supporting
from other people. Therefore, writer sincerely would like to say thanks and
appreciation to:
1. Ir. Sri Sunarjono, MT, Ph.D., as the Dean of Engineering Faculty of
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
2. Ir. Sartono Putro, MT., as the Head of Mechanical Engineering of
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
3. Wijianto, ST., M.Eng.Sc., as Secretary of International Program of
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
4. Wijianto, ST., M.Eng.Sc., as the first supervisor who has given the
researcher inspiration, spirit, advices, suggestions, and corrections
to the paper completion.
5. Ir. Pramuko IP, MT., as the second supervisor who has given the
researcher guidance, suggestions, and correction wisely.
6. All lectures of Automotive Engineering Department for the guidance
during the study in the university.
vii
7. beloved Mother and Father who always give enormous pray,
biggest support, care, affection and great attention.
8. My Brothers for suggestions and advices.
9. My fiancée “Disca Resma Arnita” thanks for your support and
advices
10. My best friend “Automotive Engineering 2009” thanks for your
laugh, funnies experiences that used to do the experiment.
11. Head of Mechanical laboratory of Gajah Mada University, thanks a
lot for the place and equipments that used to do the experiment.
12. All students of international program of Automotive Department,
thank a lot for the best suggestion and advice, hope we can the
best engineer.
13. My friends and staffs in PESMA K.H. Mas Mansur. Thanks for
accompany him during his study.
14. Those who cannot be mentioned one by one, writer wants to say
his thank and appreciation to all of them.
The writer realizes that this research paper is far from being
perfect, so the writer sincerely welcomes any constructive comment,
criticism, and suggestion from anyone.
Wassalamu’alaikum Warohmatullahi Wabarokatuh
Surakarta, January 2014
The writer
Norman Agung Suhartono
viii
LIST OF CONTENT
Page
TITLE ....................................................................................................
i
DECLARATION OF RESEARCH AUTHENTICITY ...............................
ii
APPROVAL ..........................................................................................
iii
VALIDATION ........................................................................................
iv
MOTTO .................................................................................................
v
DEDICATION ........................................................................................
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ..........................................................................
vii
LIST OF CONTENT ..............................................................................
ix
LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................. xiii
LIST OF SYMBOL ............................................................................... xvi
LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................. xvii
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................... xviii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background .......................................................................
1
1.2. Research Objective ...........................................................
4
1.3. Benefits of Research .........................................................
4
1.4. Experimental Limitation ......................................................
5
CHAPTER II: LITERATURES AND BASIC THEORY
2.1. Literature Review ...............................................................
6
2.2. Basic Theory.......................................................................
8
2.2.1 Composite................................................................
8
2.2.2 Classification and Composite Material Properties ....
10
ix
2.2.2.1 Fibrous Composites ...................................
10
2.2.2.2 Particulate Composites ..............................
11
2.2.2.3 Laminated Composites ..............................
12
2.2.3 Sandwich ................................................................
14
2.2.4 Matrix ......................................................................
14
2.2.5 Fiber Volume Fraction .............................................
16
2.2.6 Water Level Testing ................................................
16
2.2.7 Density Testing .......................................................
17
2.2.8 Impact Testing ........................................................
18
2.2.8.1 Fracture .....................................................
20
2.2.9 Bending Testing (Three Point Load) .......................
22
2.2.10 Sound Absorption Test ...........................................
24
2.2.10.1 Sound Waves ............................................
26
2.2.10.2 Frequency and Period ...............................
26
2.2.10.3 Resonance and Wave Length ...................
27
2.2.10.4 Velocity and Amplitude .............................
27
2.2.10.5 Sound Intensity and Sound intensity level
28
2.2.11 Damping .................................................................
29
2.2.12 Direction of Damping ..............................................
30
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH
3.1 Flowchart of Research .......................................................
31
3.2 Field Study and Literatures Review ...................................
32
3.3 Preparation Material of Composites Manufacturing ............
39
x
3.4 Tools Preparation ..............................................................
35
3.5 Steps of Composites Manufacturing ..................................
39
3.5.1 Dies Making .............................................................
39
3.5.2 Water Content Test ..................................................
39
3.5.3 Volume Fraction Measurement ................................
40
3.5.4 Composite Manufacturing ........................................
40
3.5.5 Specimen Manufacturing .........................................
41
3.5.6 Composite Testing ...................................................
43
3.5.6.1 Charpy Impact Test ....................................
43
3.5.6.2 Bending Test ..............................................
44
3.5.6.3 Sound Absorption Test ..............................
46
CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Impact Test ........................................................................
48
4.1.1. The Data Results of Impact Test .............................
48
4.1.2. Discussion of Impact Test.........................................
50
4.2 Bending Test .....................................................................
51
4.2.1. Data Result of Bending Test ....................................
51
4.2.1. Discussion of Bending Test .....................................
54
4.3 Sound Absorption Test ......................................................
55
4.3.1 Data Result of Sound Absorption Test ......................
55
4.3.2. Discussion of Sound Absorption Test ......................
57
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion .........................................................................
xi
59
5.2 Further Work ......................................................................
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
xii
60
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 1.1 Coconut Shell .....................................................................
3
Figure 1.2 Coconut Shell Charcoal .....................................................
3
Figure 2.1 Continuous fiber composite ...............................................
10
Figure 2.2 Woven fibers composite ......................................................
11
Figure 2.3 Chopped fiber composite ...................................................
11
Figure 2.4 Hybrid composite ...............................................................
11
Figure 2.5 Particulate Composite ........................................................
12
Figure 2.6 Laminated Composites ......................................................
12
Figure 2.7 Sandwich composite structures .........................................
14
Figure 2.8 Measuring the mass and volume .......................................
17
Figure 2.9 Impact testing scheme .......................................................
20
Figure 2.10 Bending Testing Section ..................................................
24
Figure 2.11 Direction of damping .......................................................
30
Figure 2.12 Scheme of Sound Absorption Test ..................................
31
Figure 3.1 Flowchart of Research .......................................................
32
Figure 3.2 Coconut shell charcoal powder ..........................................
33
Figure 3.3 Fox Glue ............................................................................
34
Figure 3.4 Sponge and plywood sheets ..............................................
34
Figure 3.5 Water Content Test Device (Wood Moisture Contain) ........
35
Figure 3.6 Digital scales ......................................................................
35
Figure 3.7 Sound Absorption Dies .........................................................
36
Figure 3.8 Dies of impact and bending test .........................................
36
Figure 3.9 Press Mold tool ...................................................................
37
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Figure 3.10 Tools ................................................................................
37
Figure 3.11 Bending Test Tool ............................................................
38
Figure 3.12 Charpy Impact Test Tool ..................................................
38
Figure 3.13 Sound Absorption Test Tool .............................................
39
Figure 3.14 Specimen of Impact Test .................................................
42
Figure 3.15 Specimen of Bending test ................................................
42
Figure 3.16 Specimen of Sound Absorption Test ................................
43
Figure 3.17 Sound Absorption Test Tool .............................................
39
Figure 3.18 Dimension Drawing of Specimen of Impact Test .............
42
Figure 3.19 Dimension Drawing of Specimen of Bending Test ............
46
Figure 3.20 Dimension drawing of specimen of sound absorption test
47
Figure 4.1 Histogram relationship between the average energy
absorption and the volume fraction of the composite
coconut shell charcoal powder ........................................
49
Figure 4.2 Histogram relationship between the average impact
number and the volume fraction of the composite
coconut shell charcoal powder ........................................
50
Figure 4.3 Histogram relationship between the average bending
stress and the volume fraction of the composite coconut
shell charcoal powder .....................................................
53
Figure 4.4 Histogram relationship between the average modulus of
elasticity and the average volume fraction of the
composite coconut shell charcoal powder ......................
xiv
53
Figure 4.5 Histogram relationship between the ability of sound
absorption composite material and the volume fraction of
the composite coconut shell charcoal powder ................
56
Figure 4.6 Histogram relationship between sound absorption
capabilities of layered composite specimen (sponge and
plywood) with a volume fraction of the composite
coconut shell charcoal powder ........................................
xv
57
LIST OF SYMBOL
Vf
= Volume fraction (gr/cm3)
Wf
= Weigh of fiber (gr)
ρf
= Density of fiber (gr/cm3)
wm
= Weigh of matrix (gr)
ρm
= Density of matrix (gr/cm3)
m
= Mass (gr)
v
= Volume (cm3)
ρ
= Density of specimen (gr/cm3)
Eabsorption = Absorption energy (J)
M
= Pendulum mass (kg)
g
= Gravity (m/s2)
R
= Length of arm or sleeve (m)
α
= Pendulum angel before swayed
β
= Pendulum angel after fracture the specimen
HI
= Impact number (J/mm2)
A0
= Cross section under the notch (mm2)
= Bending strength (MPa)
Eb
= Modulus elasticity (MPa)
P
= Load (N)
L
= Support span (mm)
b
= Specimen width (mm)
d
= Specimen thick (mm)
= Deflection (mm)
Lt
= Average sound intensity (dB)
P
= Sound pressure (dB)
Li
= Interval value average (dB)
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LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 4.1 The data of specimen dimension of impact test of
composite of coconut shell charcoal powder with glue
PVAc matrix ASTM D 256-00 ...........................................
Table 4.2
The data of impact test of composite of coconut shell
charcoal powder with glue PVAc matrix ...........................
Table 4.3
52
The result of sound absorption test with the specimen of
composite of coconut shell charcoal powder ....................
Table 4.6
51
The result of bending test of composite of coconut shell
charcoal powder with glue PVAc matrix ...........................
Table 4.5
48
The data of specimen dimension of composite of coconut
shell charcoal powder with glue PVAc matrix ...................
Table 4.4
48
55
The data result of sound absorption test with layered
composite specimen (sponge and plywood) of coconut
shell charcoal powder .......................................................
xvii
55
Abstract
The aims from this study are determine the impact strength of
composite and determine the bending strength of composite coconut shell
charcoal and then find out the sound absorption power of coconut shell
charcoal composite.
In the manufacture of composite materials using coconut shell powder
with an average diameter 11.89
. on 8-10 % of water level and PVAC
matrix glue. The volume of fraction of composites there are 40%. 50%,
60%, and pressed the composites by using press mold method that is
tightening the bolt on the mold. The test were conducted to ASTM and
ANSI standards. For impact test conducted to ASTM D256-00, for bending
test conducted to ASTM 790 and for sound absorption test conducted to
ANSI SI13 by using five second method with one minutes for reading time.
Value of impact result revealed that the highest average at 40%
fraction of 0.0100 j/mm2 with 1.328 j of energy absorption and the lowest
at 60% fraction of 0.0063 j/mm2 with energy absorbing o.885 j. Value of
highest bending strength at 40% fraction is 0.62 MPa to 55.66 MPa
modulus elasticity, whereas for bending strength the lowest result on
fraction 60% that is 0.38 MPa with 22.25 MPa of modulus elasticity. For
sound absorption capability of composites resulted by fraction 60% that is
3.28 dB while sound absorption capability of composites coated (sponge
and plywood) resulted by fraction 60% that is 13.12 dB.
Keywords: composite, coconut shell charcoal powder, sound
absorption
xviii