AMBIGUITY FOUND IN BACKPACK 4 ENGLISH TEXTBOOK Ambiguity Found In Backpack 4 English Textbook.
AMBIGUITY FOUND IN BACKPACK 4
ENGLISH TEXTBOOK
RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Department
by:
MELTYSARI RISCAHYANTI
A320100193
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2014
i
APPROVAL
AMBIGUITY FOTTND IN BACKPACK
ENGLISH TEXTBOOK
4
Presented by:
MP,LTYSARI RISCAI{YANTI
A320100193
Approved by Consultant to be Examined:
Consultant
II
v9**
Maulv Halwat H. Ph.D.
NIK:274
NIK:
727
ACCEPTANCE
AMBIGUITY FOUND IN BACKPACK 4 ENGLISII TEXTBOOK
By:
Meltlzsari Riscahyanti
A.320100193
Accepted and Approved by the Board of Examiners
School of Teacher Training and Education
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
on February 2AM
Team examiner:
1.
Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M. Hurn.
(Chair Person)
2.
wry
Mauly Halwat H. Ph. D.
(Member I)
J.
(M
Dra. Malikatul Laila, M.Hum.
(Member II)
Surakarta, 11 February 2014
Muharnmadiyah University of Surakarta
School of Teacher Training and Education
1
965048 1 9q303001
ltl
TESTIMONY
Here, the writer testifies that in this study, there is no plagiarism of earlier
literature, opinions and works that have been written or published by another
person, except those referenced in script writing and mentioned in a review of
literature and bibliography.
Therefore, if it is proves that there are some mistakes in this testimony, she
will be fully responsible.
Surakarta, 11 February 2014
Researcher
MELTYSARI RISCAHYANTI
A320100193
iv
MOTTO
Don’t Lose Hope
"Life’s tough handle it with prayer."
“...And never give up hope of Allah’s Mercy. Certainly no one despairs of Allah’s
Mercy, except the people who disbelieve.”
(QS. Yusuf 12:87)
"Stop waiting for things to happen. Just go and make them happent."
"Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance, you must keep moving.”
(Albert Einstein)
"You can never cross the ocean until you have the courage
to lose the sight the shore”
(Christopher Columbus)
v
DEDICATION
With love this research is dedicated to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The greatest creator of this universe, Allah SWT
My beloved prophet, Muhammad SAW
My beloved father and mother, Tri Mulyana and Sri Harjanti
My beloved brother, Ro’in Febriansyah
My beloved grandparents
My consultants, Mrs. Endang Fauziati and Mrs. Mauly Halwat Hikmat
My precious friends (Nimas, Wahyu, Intan, Dwi, Riza, Desi, Agni, etc.)
All my dearest friends
vi
ACKNOWLEDMENT
Bismillahirahmanirrahim
Assalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh
Alhamdulillahirabbil’alamin, praise be to Allah Lord of the worlds
First of all, the writer would like to thank Allah SWT who has given
blessings to the writer so that she can finish this research paper without a hitch.
She also likes to thank the people who have helped her over the times. Their help
and kindness will always be reflected in this research. On this very special
occasion, the writer wants to express her gratitude to those who helped her
completing this research paper. Thanks to:
1. Drs. H. Sofyan Anif, M.Si., the Dean of School of Teacher Training and
Education of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
2. Titis Setyabudi, S.S., M.Hum., the Head of English Education Department.
3. Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M. Hum., the first consultant, thanks for her
patience in providing continuous guidance, advice, suggestion and correction
till the end of this research.
4. Mauly Halwat H. Ph.D., the second consultant, thanks for her guiding and
advicing in the process of doing this research paper.
5. Dra. Malikatul Laila, M.Hum., as the third consultantwho has given the writer
guidance and correction and suggestion wisely.
vii
6. All lectures of English Department who had given their knowledge to the
writer.
7. Her beloved parents: her father (Tri Mulyana) and her mother (Sri Harjanti)
who are patient to see her finishing in this research paper soon and also for
their love, pray, support, motivation and everything.
8. Her Brother: Ro’in Febriansyah who gives her the color of life and supports
her to finish this study.
9. Her precious friends, Nimas, Wahyu, Dwi, Desi, Riza, Agni, etc.
10. All her dearest friends in English Department 2010, and
11. Last but not least, those who cannot be mentioned one by one have supported
to reach her dream.
She realizes that this research paper is far from being perfect because of
limited capability. Thus, revision, suggestion and structural criticism are hoped
for the perfection of this work. She wishes this research paper would be useful
and helpful to all readers.
Wassalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh
Surakarta, 11 February 2014
Researcher
MELTYSARI RISCAHYANTI
viii
ABSTRACT
MELTYSARI RISCAHYANTI. A320100193. AMBIGUITY FOUND IN
BACKPACK 4 ENGLISH TEXTBOOK. RESEARCH PAPER.
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA, 2014.
This study deals with the ambiguity which is found in Backpack 4 English
textbook. The aims of this study are (1) to describe the types of ambiguity found
in Backpack 4 English textbook, (2) to describe the frequency of each type of
ambiguity, (3) to describe the dominant type of ambiguity, (4) to describe the
causes of ambiguity, and (5) to describe the way to disambiguate ambiguity.
The type of this research is descriptive qualitative research. The data
source of this research is ambiguous words, phrases and sentences found in
Backpack 4 English textbook. The data collection technique is documentation.
The technique of data analysis are descriptive qualitative. The writer uses the
theories from Fauziyati, Kreidler, Robert, Roadman and Hyme to analyze the
types of ambiguity.
The result of this study shows that (1) the writer found three from four
types of ambiguity namely: lexical ambiguity, referential ambiguity, and surface
structure ambiguity; (2) the frequency of each type of ambiguity are 43 lexical
ambiguity (24,57%), 74 referential ambiguity (42,29 %), 58 surface structure
ambiguity (33,14 %), and 0 deep structure ambiguity (0%); (3) the dominat types
of ambiguity is referential ambiguity; there are 74 ambiguous sentences or
42,29%; (4) the causes of ambiguity are without context, ambiguous word order,
improper or missing punctuation, faulty sentence construction, ambiguous words,
and faulty pronoun reference; and (5) the way to disambiguate ambiguity are
using paraphrasing, truth conditional sentences, adding preposition, moving
sentence construction, adding additional context, adding correct punctuation and
using picture.
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE
i
APPROVAL
ii
ACCEPTANCE
iii
TESTIMONY
iv
MOTTO
v
DEDICATION
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
vii
ABSTRACT
ix
TABLE OF CONTENT
x
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1
A. Background of the Study
1
B. Limitation of the Study
6
C. Problem Statement
7
D. Objective of the Study
7
E. Benefit of the Study
8
F. Research Paper Organization
8
CHAPTER II : RIVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
10
A. Previous Study
10
B. Underlying Theory
18
1. Notion of Ambiguity
19
2.
21
Types of Ambiguity
x
a. Lexical Ambiguity
22
b. Referential Ambiguity
26
c. Surface Structure Ambiguity
28
d. Deep Structure Ambiguity
31
3. Comprehension of Ambiguous Sentence
33
4. Causes and Factors of Ambiguity
36
a. Causes of Ambiguity
36
b. Some factors that lead to Ambiguity
39
5. Ways to Disambiguate the Ambiguous Sentences 41
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD
46
A. Type of the Study
46
B. Data and data source of the research
47
C. Object of the study
47
D. Data Collection Technique
47
E. Data Analysis Tecnique
48
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION
50
50
A. Research Finding
1. Types of Ambiguity
50
a. Lexical Ambiguity
50
b. Referential Ambiguity
62
c. Surface Structure Ambiguity
78
2. Frequentcy of each Types of Ambiguity
105
3. Dominant Type of Ambiguity
108
xi
4. Causes of Ambiguity
109
5. Ways to Disambiguate the Ambiguity
120
B. Discussion of the Research Findings
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
132
141
A. Conclusion
141
B. Pedagogical Implication
144
C. Suggestion
144
BIBLIOGRAPHY
147
APPENDIXES
150
xii