Fiber Quality of Iranian Carpet-Wool Sheep Breeds
Media Peternakan, December 2012, pp. 179-184 Online version: http://medpet.journal.ipb.ac.id/
ISSN 0126-0472 EISSN 2087-4634 DOI: 10.5398/medpet.2012.35.3.179 Accredited by DGHE No: 66b/DIKTI/Kep/2011
Fiber Quality of Iranian Carpet-Wool Sheep Breeds
H. R. Ansari-Renani
Animal Science Research Institute P. O. Box. 31585-1483, Karaj I. R. Iran
(Received 03-08-2012; Reviewed 26-11-2012; Accepted 03-12-2012)
ABSTRACT
This experiment was aimed to identify characteristics and comparative merits of Iranian sheepwool breeds. Fiber characteristics of 75 male and 137 female of 1, 2, 3 and 4 yr of age belonging to
Afshari, Zandi, Mehrabani, Lori, and Baluchi sheep breeds were studied. Samples of fiber were
taken from the left midside of sheep and analyzed using standard objective measurements for staple
length (SL), mean fiber diameter (MFD), coefficient of variation of fiber diameter (FDCV), inner coat
fiber ICF, outer coat fiber (OCF), kemp fiber (KF) and yield (Y). A general linear model including sex
and age as fixed effects and breed as random effect was used to analyze the data. The mean (and s.e)
for SL, MFD, FDCV, ICF, OCF, KF and Y were 110.8±0.1 mm, 36.9±0.5 µm, 50.2%±0.8%, 84.2%±0.6%,
9.8%±0.4%, 5.9%±0.4% and 69.3%±0.7% respectively. MFD of 22% of all wool samples was between
22–30 µm. MFD of a further 36% and 42% of wool samples was between 31–37 µm and coarser than
37 µm. SL of 12% of wool samples was shorter than 100 mm and 38% of samples between 100–120
mm and 50% of samples were longer than 120 mm. There is substantial scope to improve the quality
of fiber produced by Iranian sheep breeds through genetic selection.Key words: sheep, wool, staple length, fiber diameter, fiber types
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi karakteristik dan membandingkan keunggulandomba tipe wool Iran. Karakteristik serat dari 75 ekor jantan dan 137 betina umur 1, 2, 3, dan 4 tahun
bangsa domba Afshari, Zandi, Mehrabani, Lori, dan Baluchi diamati pada penelitian ini. Sampel serat
diperoleh dari sisi tengah kiri domba dan dianalisa menggunakan pengukuran secara objektif untuk
panjang serabut (SL), diameter serat tengah (MFD), koefisien keragaman diameter serat (FDCV), serat
lapisan dalam (ICF), serat lapisan luar (OCF), serat kemp (KF), dan perolehan serat (Y). Nilai tengah
(dan standar error) untuk SL, MFD, FDCV, ICF, OCF, KF, dan Y secara berurutan adalah 110,8±0,1
mm, 36,9±0,5 µm; 50,2%±0,8%; 84,2%±0,6%; 9,8%±0,4%; 5,9%±0,4%; dan 69,3%±0,7%. MFD 22% dari se-
luruh sampel wol adalah 22-30 µm. MFD 36% dari sampel wol adalah antara 31–37 µm dan 42% lebih
dari 37 µm. SL dari 12% sampel wol lebih pendek dari 100 mm, 38% sampel antara 100-120 mm, dan
50% sampel lebih panjang dari 120 mm. Karakteristik tersebut merupakan lingkup penting untuk
meningkatkan kualitas serat yang dihasilkan bangsa-bangsa domba Iran melalui seleksi genetik.Kata kunci: domba, wol, panjang serabut, diameter serat, tipe serat
INTRODUCTION More than 1.6 million people are directly involved in sheep breeding with significant role in the economy and Sheep population of Iran was 53.8 million heads livelihood of rural and nomadic societies. th
in 2008 which ranks 5 rank in the world (FAO, 2010) Four major sheep production systems can be dis-
with 27 well defined breeds. This population of sheep tinguished: rural, nomadic, semi-intensive and intensive
produced annually about 400,000 tones of meat, 820,000 systems with major concentration on rural and nomadic
tones of milk, 60,000 tones of wool, 22 million skin pelts systems. Semi-intensive system predominantly includes
and 188,000 tones of guts (Ministry of Agriculture, 2009). fattening of sheep in large farms, whereas in intensive
system, sheep is raised in large agro-industries run by public holdings and cooperatives. On average every rural/nomad household keeps about 95 heads of sheep.- C orresponding author:
More than 96.3% of Iranian sheep population belongs to E-mail: ansarirenani@yahoo.com the fat tailed and the remaining 4% belong to semi-fat
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This procedure was repeated once more but only with warm water. Washed samples were oven-dried and weighed and the percentage of clean wool weight was estimated. The mean fiber diameter of the washed wool sample was measured using a projection microscope. The average staple length for each wool sample (in triplicates) was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm. The number of non-medullated inner coat fiber, medullated outer coat hair fiber and medullated kemp fiber were measured (IWTO, 1952).
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! # $ ! # ! # $ !
# $ !
0#.;5+5 1( 8#4+#0%' 9#5 2'4(14/'& 75+0) # )'0'4#. .+0'#4 /1&'. 1( 2#%-#)' +(('4'0%'5 $'69''0 /'#05 9'4' 6'56'& 75+0) 70%#0=5 0'9 /7.6+2.' 4#0)' 6'56 !*' 56#6+56+%#. /1&'. 75'& (14 %#5*/'4' )1#65 1( &+(('4'06 #)' 5': #0& $4''& 9#5 # " " $
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ANSARI-RENANI Media Peternakan tailed and tailed breeds. “Zel” is the only tailed breed and the semi-fat tailed breeds are Taleshi and Dalagh (Atabai) which live in northern areas near Caspian Sea.
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Statistical Analysis Analysis of variance was performed using a general linear model. Differences between means were tested using Duncan’s new multiple range test. The statistical model used for cashmere goats of different age, sex and breed was:
3 and 0.1% of soap and water and stirred for 15 minutes at a temperature of 52±3 o C.
'56+/#6'& !*' /'#0 (+$'4 &+#/'6'4 1( 6*' 9#5*'& 911. 5#/2.' 9#5 /'#574'& 75+0) # 241,'%6+10 /+%415%12' !*' #8'4#)' 56#2.' .'0)6* (14 '#%* 911. 5#/2.' +0 64+2.+%#6'5 9#5 /'#574'& 61 6*' 0'#4'56 %/ !*' 07/$'4 1( 010 /'&7..#6'& +00'4 %1#6 (+$'4 /'&7..#6'& 176'4 %1#6 *#+4 (+$'4 #0& /'&7..#6'& -'/2 (+$'4 9'4' /'#574'& "!
2
CO0#.;5+5 1( 8#4+#0%' 9#5 2'4(14/'& 75+0) # )'0'4#. .+0'#4 /1&'. 1( 2#%-#)' +(('4'0%'5 $'69''0 /'#05 9'4' 6'56'& 75+0) 70%#0=5 0'9 /7.6+2.' 4#0)' 6'56 !*' 56#6+56+%#. /1&'. 75'& (14 %#5*/'4' )1#65 1( &+(('4'06 #)' 5': #0& $4''& 9#5 # " " $
! # $ ! # ! # $ ! # $ !
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All values were expressed as least square means ± SEM with P<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals and Procedures A total of 212 sheep (75 males and 137 females) of Afshari, Zandi, Mehrabani, Lori and Baluchi breeds respectively from Zanjan, Qom, Hamedan, Lorestan, and South Khorasan provinces were used in this study. The sheep grazed all year but their diets were supplemented during winter with limited amount of forage and grain (containing 15 g N kg
All Iranian sheep breeds are double-coated and produce carpet wools which contain some proportion of hollow or medullated coarse and resilient hair and kemp fibers and are used in the manufacture of carpets. The fleece of sheep grows from specialized follicles in the skin. While primary follicles bear medullated outer coat coarse fiber (hair) and provide mechanical protec- tion, secondary follicles produce non-medullated inner coat fine fiber or true-wool which provides thermal protection. The fiber diameter and staple length are the most important characteristics. Carpet wool quality and its value are primarily determined by fiber diameter and length which reflect the degree of wool growth and fine- ness respectively. Presently, little technical data is avail- able on Iranian sheep fiber characteristics. Accordingly this paper studies wool quality and its variation of dif- ferent sheep breeds in different regions of Iran in order to determine the scope for improvement and future utility.
Sheep are well adapted to local environmental conditions (Yilmaz et al., 2003) and Iranian indigenous breeds are dual purpose in which wool comes second after meat production in the farmer’s priority and sold in the local market. Wool produced by sheep breeds plays an important role both as an important source of income to farmers and as a supply of raw material for hand-woven carpet. Iran has exported 8 million square meters of hand-woven carpets annually during last two decades.
9'+)*'& 9+6* # &+)+6#. 5%#.' 106#/+0#065 57%* #5 &#0&47(( 8')'6#$.' /#66'4 5%74( #0& 51+. 9'4' #.51 5'2#4#6'& !1 &'6'4/+0' 6*' 2'4%'06#)' 1( %.'#0 911. 9'+)*6 0'6 $#)5 %106#+0+0) 5#/2.'5 9+6*176 %106#/+0#065 9'4' 9'+)*'& +//'&+#6'.; +//'45'& +0 6*4'' 5%174+0) $19.5 51.76+10 %106#+0+0) 1( # #0& 1( 51#2 #0& 9#6'4 #0& 56+44'& (14 /+076'5 #6 # 6'/2'4#674' 1( < 1 !*+5 241%'&74' 9#5 4'2'#6'& 10%' /14' $76 10.; 9+6* 9#4/ 9#6'4 "#5*'& 5#/2.'5 9'4' 18'0 &4+'& #0& 9'+)*'& #0& 6*' 2'4%'06#)' 1( %.'#0 911. 9'+)*6 9#5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- 1
Fiber characteristics of raw wool samples were measured in the Animal Science Research Institute Fiber Laboratory in Karaj, Iran. A quarter of each sample was weighed with a digital scale. Contaminants such as dan- druff, vegetable matter, scurf and soil were separated. To determine the percentage of clean wool weight, net bags containing samples without contaminants were weighed immediately, immersed in three scouring bowls solution containing 0.3% of Na
2 close to the skin using regular scissors. Mid-side samples are common when fleece traits are considered (Ahtash, 2005; Cimen, 2006). Each sample was separately packaged and labeled with ear tag number, age, gender and the breed of the sheep.
Wool sampling coincided with the maximum wool growth prior to the shearing of wool. In order to facili- tate sampling, sheep were restrained in a lateral position and about 10 grams of fiber containing hair, kemp (med- ullated) and true wool (non-medullated) from the left mid-side site was cut from a 5 × 5 cm
dry matter and 9.1 MJ) and were housed at night during severe weather conditions. Sheep were grouped into 4 age groups: 1, 2, 3, and 4 yr old.
For the measured wool characteristics total mean and standard errors are provided for different breeds, sexes and ages (Table 1), minimum and maximum values are given (Table 2) and different ranges of fiber are shown (Table 3). Twenty two and 36% of all wool samples had a fiber diameter between 22-30 and 31-37 µm respectively. A further 42% of the wool samples were coarser than 37 µm. All samples were longer than 80 mm but shorter than 147 mm with 12% less than 100 mm, 38% between 100 and 120 mm and 50% longer than 120 mm. 67% of all samples had a percentage of inner coat fiber greater than 80 while 28 and 5% of wool samples had a non-medullated inner coat fiber percent- age of 65-80 and less than 65 respectively.
Yield and Percentage of Wool Types Average yield was 69.3%±0.7% (Table 1) with an in- dividual sheep range of 30.9% to 87.4% (Table 2). Males and one year old sheep had significantly higher percent-
FIBER QUALITY OF IRANIAN CARPET-WOOL
110.8±0.1 36.9±0.5 50.2±0.8 84.2±0.6 9.8±0.4 5.9±0.4 69.3±0.7
Vol. 35 No. 3
age of yield than females and older sheep. Zandi breed had 63.2%±1.6% of yield which was the highest among the breeds.
The average percentages of inner coat, outer coat and kemp fibers were 84.2%±0.6%, 9.8%±0.4%, and 5.9%±0.4% respectively (Table 1). There was no significant difference in the percentage of inner coat fiber between male and female sheep. However one year old sheep with 87.3% had highest inner coat fiber than older sheep. Zandi breed with 93.7%±1.9% had significantly highest inner coat fiber than other sheep breeds.
The 9.8% medullated OCF in the present study is similar to that reported for Arabi (10.9%) (Ashmawi & El-Azzawy, 1980), lower than those in the Awassi sheep in Jordan and Iraq (12%) (Tabbaa et al., 2001), Moghani sheep in Iran (18.36%) (Farahvash et al., 2010) and higher than those in the Ossimi (5.3%) and Rahmani (2.3%) sheep (Maria et al., 1992), Arkhamerino × Ghezel and Arkhamerino × Moghani crossbred sheep (7.1% and 8.1% respectively) (Esfandyari et al., 2011), Ghezel sheep (9.42%) (Farahvash et al., 2010). Proportion of medullat- ed fiber in fine wool breeds is about 0.1%-0.5% (Lupton et al ., 2004). The amount of medullated fibers in current study falls within the range of 5%-25% reported for carpet-wool breeds in Asia (Mehta et al., 2004). No sig- nificant difference in inner coat fiber percentage between males and females of Iranian breeds of the present study was in agreement with the findings of Jordanian Awassi sheep breed. Tabbaa et al . (2001) reported 11% and 10% medullated inner coat fiber for male and female Awassi lambs respectively. One year old sheep had highest per- centage of inner ICF percentage and decreased with age. Tabbaa et al . (2001) also reported that the percentage of inner coat decreased with advancing age in Awassi and Barki sheep breeds. One year old sheep had the lower percentage of kemp fiber than older sheep, a finding in agreement with Awassi sheep (Tabbaa et al., 2001).
Large variation in the percentage of KF was found between breeds of sheep which is in agreement with the findings of Wurzinger et al. (2005), Mokhber (2005) and Safari et al. (2005). Large variation in the percentage of ICF (58.9%-98.6%) and undesirable KF (0%-33.6%) demonstrate the possibility for improving Iranian sheep fleece quality by selection. Farmers need to be trained on selection criteria for breeding rams based on subjective wool assessment to avoid keeping breeding males with high kemp percentage.
Mean Fiber Diameter and Staple Length Wool MFD was 36.9±0.5 µm (Table 1) with an indi- vidual sheep range of 22.7–60.0 µm (Table 2). Zandi and
Balouchi breed had the finest and longest wool while Mehrabani sheep had the coarsest and shortest with 73% of wool samples coarser than 37 µm. While Baluchi and Zandi wool is used in making fine carpets, Mehrabani wool is used in very rough and bulky appearance carpets indicating the need for breeding programs to de- crease the fiber diameter and increase the staple length.
Overall fiber diameter of wool in this study is com- parable to Middle Eastern carpet wool sheep breeds, 36.0 µm for Awassi (Tabbaa et al., 2001), 35.4 µm for Ossimi and 31.5 µm for Rahmani (Maria et al., 1992), 38.4 µm for Barbary (Akraim et al., 2008) and 39.1-40.2 µm for Karakaya (Cimen, 2006). Even though not significant, males had slightly lower fiber diameter than females. One year old sheep had significantly lower fiber diam- eter than older sheep. Zandi, Baluchi and Lori sheep with respective MFD of 30.6±0.7, 31.0±0.4 and 32.8±0.8 µm had the lowest fiber diameter. 22%, 36%, and 42% of
Table 1. Mean (±s.e.) of wool characteristics for different breeds, sexes, and ages
No SL (mm) MFD (µm) FDCV (%)
ICF (%) OCF (%) KF (%) Y (%) Mean
- NS ** NS NS NS ** Sex Male
- NS ** * Age
75 113.7±0.1 a 36.2±0.7 47.4±1.3 a 86.0±1.0 9.4±0.8 4.8±0.6 72.0±1.0 a
- Breed Afshari
21 120.0±0.2 c 30.6±0.7 b 43.4±1.3 c 93.7±1.9 a 6.1±1.9 b 0.8±0.3 b 63.2±1.6 b
Note: * and ** significantly different at P<0.05 and P<0.01 respectively. Y= yield, MFD= mean fiber diameter, FDCV= coefficient of variation of fiber
diameter, SL= staple length, ICF= non-medullated inner coat fiber, OCF= medullated outer coat fiber, KF= medullated kemp fiber.51 130.3±0.1 d 31.0±0.4 b 42.8±1.2 c 92.7±0.6 a 6.1±0.5 b 1.2±0.2 b 75.6±1.3 a
Balouchi
31 120.9±0.2 c 32.8±0.8 b 39.7±1.7 c 91.6±1.5 a 7.4±1.1 b 1.0±0.5 b 74.0±1.8 a
Lori
41 90.1±0.1 a 42.1±1.2 a 60.7±2.2 a 84.8±1.4 b 5.5±0.7 b 9.5±0.9 a 76.5±1.3 a
Mehrabani
68 110.7±0.1 b 39.5±0.6 a 53.6±1.0 b 77.1±0.8 c 14.0±0.5 a 8.7±0.5 a 64.4±1.0 a Zandi
Female 137
56 122.1±0.3 c 37.9±1.0 a 49.3±1.6 ab 83.5±1.4 ab 10.4±0.9 6.2±0.9 a 69.3±1.4 b
4
44 113.3±0.2 b 36.2±1.0 ab 49.2±2.3 ab 85.4±1.7 ab 8.8±1.0 6.1±1.0 a 68.7±1.8 b
3
2 59 112.6±0.2 b 38.1±0.8 a 53.3±1.1 a 82.0±1.0 b 10.5±0.6 7.1±0.6 a 67.0±1.2 b
53 104.7±0.2 a 34.2±0.6 b 47.2±1.5 b 87.3±1.2 a 8.9±0.9 3.8±0.6 b 73.4±1.1 a
116.9±0.2 b 37.1±0.6 51.3±0.9 b 83.5±0.8 10.0±0.5 6.4±0.5 68.3±0.9 b
1
ICF (%) OCF (%) KF (%) Y (%) Sex Male Min
33.6
0.4
2.3
55.7 Max 110.4
60.0
88.6
96.7
17.5
89.6 Lori Min 110.2
27.7
25.9
26.7
67.4
0.4
0.0
52.4 Max 140.4
45.7
75.9
58.9
30.7
23.1
60.0
82.5
95.2
31.8
28.4
86.7 Zandi Min 110.0
25.2
32.7
1.2
80.0
0.0
47.2 Max 140.0
38.9
54.1
99.0
35.1
4.9
74.3 Mehrabani Min
99.6
16.3
39.3 Max 130.8
5 31-37 24 100-120 15 65-80
48 >37 59 >120 40 >80
43 Zandi 22-30 60 <100 <65
5 31-37 35 100-120 62 65-80
5 >37 5 >120 38 >80
90 Mehrabani 22-30
3 <100
85 <65
15 >37 73 >120 >80
5 <100 <65
80 Lori 22-30
35 <100 <65
31-37 52 100-120 10 65-80
13 >37 13 >120 90 >80
87 Baluchi 22-30 43 <100 <65 31-37 55 100-120 4 65-80
4 >37 2 >120 96 >80
96 Table 3. Classification of the incidence (%) of sampled wool based on mean fiber diameter (MFD), staple length (SL) and non-medul- lated inner coat fiber (ICF)
ANSARI-RENANI Media Peternakan
9 31-37 36 100-120 60 65-80
67 Afshari 22-30
88.3 Balouchi Min 120.0
98.9
22.7
28.9
77.9
0.5
0.0
30.9 Max 147.0
42.2
70.4
16.2
28 >37 42 >120 50 >80
7.8
87.4 MFD %
SL %
ICF %
All Breeds 22-30
22 <100
12 <65
5 31-37 36 100-120 38 65-80
60.0
0.5
80.0
60.0
31.8
33.6
88.3 Age
1 Min
80.0
22.7
27.7
0.4
88.6
0.0
50.2 Max 110.2
45.9
81.5
98.9
35.1
18.4
87.1
99.6
60.0
25.2
87.7
26.7
27.7
60.0
0.5
0.0
30.9 Max 133.5
56.9
98.6
39.3 Max 147.0
35.1
19.2
89.6 Female Min 100.9
22.7
26.7
58.9
0.4
0.0
2 Min 100.0
30.6
3.2
60.0
4 Min 109.6
26.7
26.7
58.9
0.4
0.0
39.4 Max 147.0
88.6
21.9
99.6
27.9
33.6
87.4 Breed Afshari
Min 100.0
26.7
28.2
58.9
86.7
24.9
58.9
89.6
0.9
0.0
39.3 Max 120.5
60.0
76.2
99.1
31.8
22.9
3 Min 100.2
99.1
24.2
28.8
59.4
0.5
0.0
30.9 Max 127.3
56.9
87.7
Note: * and ** significantly different at P<0.05 and P<0.01 respectively. Y= yield, MFD= mean fiber diameter, FDCV= coefficient of variation of fiber
diameter, SL= staple length, ICF= non-medullated inner coat fiber, OCF= medullated outer coat fiber, KF= medullated kemp fiber.FIBER QUALITY OF IRANIAN CARPET-WOOL
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Vol. 35 No. 3
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wool samples had a fiber diameter of 22-30, 31-37, and grater than 37 µm respectively (Table 3). The impact of age could be associated with larger body size and re- duced skin follicle density and competition for nutrients and therefore fiber diameter of older sheep increases. In contrast with the present study, increasing age had no significant effect on fiber diameter in Awassi and Arabi sheep (Tabbaa et al., 2001, Ashmawi & El-Azzawy, 1980) possibly because the animals were younger.
The overall coefficient of variation of fiber diameter was 50.2%±0.8% (Table 1) with an individual sheep range of 26.7%–88.6% (Table 2). There was significant difference in the percentage of coefficient of variation of fiber diameter between different sexes, ages and breeds of sheep. A significant effect of sex on coefficient of variation of fiber diameter in sheep of current study is in agreement with the results found in Naeini sheep (Dashab et al., 2006) and Arkhamerino × Ghezel and Arkhamerino × Moghani crossbred sheep (Esfandyari et al ., 2011). The impact of sex on coefficient of variation of fiber diameter could be associated with hormonal differences between both sexes.
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Ansari-Renani, H. R.
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CONCLUSION There are differences between Iranian sheep breeds in the way the fibers they produce which contributes to different fleece characteristics such as fiber diameter, staple length and the level of medullation. Sheep in wool characteristics indicating the potential to improve wool quality and the need for adopting proper management and selection methods.
This sequential, bilaterally-symmetric pattern has been also reported in cashmere goats (Ansari-Renani et al., 2011) and camels (Ansari-Renani, 2008, Ansari-Renani et al ., 2010). Unlike natural shedding, cortisol injected Merino sheep, shedding of fiber starts from rump and belly areas extending to shoulders (Ansari-Renani et al., 2007).
Shedding in Afshari sheep commenced on the neck, chest and shoulders and spread to the back and rump.
It was observed that Afshari sheep was the only breed that had fiber shedding. Shedding is also common is also common in double-coated feral sheep such as Merino breed in Arapawa Island (Orwin & Whitaker, 1984); however the level of shedding which causes complete wool casting in latter breeds is much higher. Smaller secondary follicles which produce finner fibers shutdown prior to larger secondary follicles (Ansari-Renani et al., 2007) which could have a negative impact on fiber diameter.
Fiber Shedding Observation Fiber shedding in Afshari breed was noticeable and started from neck extending to belly and rump areas as a result of follicle shutdown. Structure of fiber, inner root sheath and outer root sheath cells in inactive fol- licles were either absent or disrupted. In such follicles the outer root sheath cells were often columnar and radially or spirally arranged in contrast to the randomly arranged cells in normal follicles.
Average wool staple length was 110.8±0.1 mm (Table 1) with an individual sheep range of 80-147 mm (Table 2). Males had significantly shorter staple length than females and one year old sheep had significantly shorter staple length than older sheep. Twelve percent of wool samples had a staple length lower than 100 mm, 38% in the range of 100-120 mm and 50% longer than 120 mm (Table 3). There was significant difference in the staple length of different breeds. Mehrabani and Balouchi breeds had the shortest and longest staple length respectively. The staple length of Iranian sheep breeds of the present study is lower than that of Awassi sheep in Jordan 140.0 mm (Tabbaa et al., 2001) and Barbary sheep in Libya 120.2 mm (Akraim et al., 2008) but higher than Arabi (Ashmawi & El-Azzawy, 1980), Ossimi and Rahmani sheep (Maria et al., 1992). A significant effect of age and sex on staple length is in agreement with Tabbaa et al. (2001).
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