Tensile Strength Properties of Rice Husk-Rice Husk Ash Filled Plastic Drinking Bottle Waste Hybrid Composite with the Addition of Glycerol as Plasticizer

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Introduction Nowadays, material technology has been developed rapidly

  Plastic waste has become main problem society and can in be found various places, especially waste disposal. Plastic in in waste can cause environmental pollution because its low of biodegradability [4 ].

  Plastic polymer material that could not easily decompose is by decomposer microorganism. Therefore, used plastic piling will cause environmental problem [9]. Nowadays, plastic waste has become main problem society and can in be found various places, especially waste disposal. in in Plastic waste can cause environmental pollution because of low biodegradability [4] its

  2. Theory

  C) can be various chemical process [5]. In this study, glycerol was chosen plasticizer because as it was one plasticizers that had been widely use and proved of to reduce internal hydrogen bond effectively that the so intermolecular distance would increase [6]. The objective this study determine the composition of was to effect plastic drinking bottle waste matrix and rice husk- of rice husk ash particle with glycerol addition plastisizer as on tensile strength hybrid composite obtained. of

  o

  value rice husk ash was 96%. this value near in 94 – If or below 90%, was probably cause contamination other it by of substance with low silica composition. Rice husk ash produced from controlled combustion high temperature at (500 600 will produce silica ash that utilize for –

  2

  Paddy was one main agricultural products agricultural of in nations, especially Indonesia. Rice husk was abundant in byproduct from paddy grinding process. was used fuel It as for combusting red stone, cooking disposing such. The or as inappropriate rice husk handling would cause evironmental pollution. Previous research had reported that approximately 20% of 13 29% of paddy weight were rice husk and – the husk composition were rice husk ash which were produced by combusting the husk. Generally, silica (SiO ) composition

  

Volume 5 Issue 5, May 2016

Tensile Strength Properties of Rice Husk-Rice Husk

Ash Filled Plastic Drinking Bottle Waste Hybrid

  

Composite with the Addition of Glycerol as

Plasticizer

Maulida Lubis, Faisal Bukhory Harahap

  It is due to the increase needs materials that can meet of on particular requirement. One the material technology of product polymer composite material. The easy forming is ability, strength and the advantage strength : weight good on ratio, motivate the use polymer composite replacement of as for conventional metal material various products [1]. at Hybrid composite often related with fiber reinforcing material which was based resin raw material. was made on It by joining two kinds fiber into single matrix. This concept of was the simple extention from composite principle which combine two more material optimize the selling price or to by utilizing best quality while reducing the unwanted effects. its The combination various material can also called of be as hybrid [2].

  of waste hybrid composite filled rice husk -rice husk ash with the addition glycerol the ratio 95/5 obtained maximum tensile by of in of strength 2,717 MPa, a Young's modulus value 964 MPa, elongation break 2.603%. Results SEM analysis plastic of of 98 at of of on drinking bottle waste hybrid composite filled rice husk ash-rice husk with addition glycerol the ratio 95/5 shows spread evenly by of in of on of the surface the filler matrix. Keywords: hybrid composite, rice husk ash, rice husk, glycerol, tensile strength 1.

  o

  by drinking bottle waste with 100 mesh particle size rice husk and rice husk ash with the ratio between matrix and filler 95/5, 90/10 and of 85 / 15 (w/w) and glycerol as a plasticizer added as much as 3% of the volume plastic bottle waste on each ratio, and then was it processed using hotpress 265 C for 5 minutes. Results testing the tensile strength properties indicate that plastic drinking bottle at

  o

  Abstract: This study aims determine the tensile strength properties rice husk-rice husk ash filled plastic drinking bottle waste to of hybrid composite with the addition glycerol plasticizer. Hybrid composite was made using extruder 265 C mixing plastic of as at

  Department Chemical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, University of of Sumatera Utara, Jl. Almamater Kampus USU Medan 20155, Indonesia

  Waste was the consequency of human activity. the As population and life style increased, the waste volume produced was also increased. Most the waste produced of were household waste which contained organic and anorganic materials. From the two categories waste, was known of it anorganic waste had more difficult handle than the organic to waste. The anorganic waste could not degraded easily be by nature and could become a serious land pollution problem. One the examples anorganic waste was plastic waste of of [3].

• – Free nitrogen extract 24,70 38,79 –

  06 956 1.847 ml. Then they were put into beaker glass and stirred until homogeneous mixture obtained. The mixture rice of husk and rice husk ash particle was smelted extruder in at 265

  3

  0,10 1,13 – Cl 0,00 0,42 –

  Glycerol the simplest glyceride compound with is hydrophilic and hygroscopic hydroxyl. Glycerol the is component which composes various kinds lipid includes of triglyceride [11 low glycerol content, the constructed ]. At polymer has brittle structure which indicates weak and inflexible characteristics [12]. Theoretically, plasticizer can lower internal force among polymer chains which leads the to decrease stiffness and improvement moisture of of permeability [6]. Extrution continuous manufacture process used form is to long products with fixed sections. This technique used can be for processing most the thermoplastic polymer and some of thermoset polymer. Generally, plastic that processed can be using extrution method has high viscosity that extruded so product maintain its form until fast cooling step achieved can (water bath, air quench atau chill roll) [13].

  3. Methodology

  Materials and Equipment The materials used this research were rice husk and rice in husk ash fillers which ere obtained from Kilang Padi as Ginting Jl. Tanjung selamat, Medan Tuntungan. Plastic drinking bottle waste matrix was obtained from junk as collectors around University Sumatera Utara and Setia of Budi Medan. Glycerol 99,7% plasticizer was obtained as from Rudang Jaya Jl. Dr. Mansyur, Medan, Sumatera UD Utara. The equipment used was Ball Mill, Extruder, Hotpress, Dumbbell Cutter, sieve, tensile strength test equipment, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR). Preparation Hybrid Composite PET Plastic Drinking of Bottle Waste Filled Rice Husk-Rice Husk Ash with by The Addition Glycerol Plasticizer of as Rice husk was milled and sieved until mesh particles 100 obtained. Rice husk was dried the oven C [1] in at 70

  o

  to reduce water content rice husk particles. Rice husk ash in was directly sieved until mesh particles obtained and 100 followed drying process the oven Plastic by in at 70

  o C.

  drinking bottle waste was washed and cut into smaller pieces using scissor. The ratio between rice husk and rice husk ash particle was 1:1 (w/w). The ratio between plastic drinking bottle waste and rice husk- rice husk ash particles was 95:5, 90:10 and 85:15 (w/w). Glycerol addition much the plastic as as 3% of drinking bottle waste volume was 2. ml; 1. ml; dan

  o

  5

  C. The extruded mixture then was formed into specimen according ASTM D . was done placing and to 638-10 It by pressing the filled former hotpress C for 5 minutes. in at 265

  o

  Then the cooling step was carried out C for 5- at 25

  o

  C-30

  o

  10 minutes that the specimen was not too hot when the so composite was released from former. The composite its specimens which were released form the formers were tested and characterized using tensile strength test equipment, SEM and FTIR.

  4. Results and Discussion

  FTIR characteristic rice husk-rice husk ash filled plastic of drinking bottle waste hybrid composite with the addition of glycerol plasticizer seen Figure as can be in 1.

  0,20 2,84 – SO

  2 O

  The purpose hybridization form new material that of is to maintain the advantages its constituent and minimize its of disadvantages. Hybridization provide benefits cost and can in improvement the mechanical properties. Therefore, the of production cost producing -friendly product in eco can be reduced ]. [7 Husk categorized usable biomass for various needs such is as as industrial raw material, animal feed, and fuel energy resources. According the chemical composition data, husk to contains various essential chemical elements shown as in Table 1.

  to of crystalline silica[9]. Silica content rice husk ash in is approximately - dry weight. According chemical 86% 97% to composition data, rice husk ash contains some essential chemical elements shown Table as in 2.

  Table 1: Chemical Composition Rice Husk ] of [8 Component Weight (%)

  Water content 32,40 11,35 – Protein 1,70 7,26 –

  Fat 0,38 2,98

  Fiber 31,37 49,92 – Ash 13,16 29,04 –

  Pentose 16,94 21,95 – Cellulose 34,34 43,80 –

  Lignin 21,40 46,97 – Rice husk ash produced from controlled combustion high at temperature (500- will produce silica ash that 600

  o

  C) can be utilized various chemical process. Controlled combustion in at temperature higher than 1000 C will lead the production

  o

  Table 2: Chemical Composition Rice Husk Ash ] of [8 Component Weight (%)

  0,00 0,54 – P

  SiO

  2

  86,90 97,30 – K

  2 O 0,58 2,50 –

  Na

  2 O 0,00 1,75 –

  CaO 0,20 1,50 – MgO 0,12 1,96 –

  Fe

  2 O

  3

Volume 5 Issue 5, May 2016

• 1
• 1

• 1
• 1
• 1 ring of benzene [ 15].

  

Volume 5 Issue 5, May 2016

[1]

  Figure 1 : FTIR Characterization Rice Husk-Rice Husk of

  Ash Filled Plastic Drinking Bottle Waste Hybrid Composite with t Addition Glycerol Plasticizer he of as Figure 1 shows that the presence wave number of at 3429.43 cm

  indicates hydroxyl (- functional groups from OH) stretched alcohol cellulose chain and lignin. Wave number of at 2 .52 966 cm

  indicates C-H functional groups from stretched alkane and wave number at 1720 50 . cm

  indicates C=O functional groups from stretched carbonyl and acetyl of xylane component from pentose and lignin [14]. Wave number 1 .43 at 099 cm

  indicates C-O-C functional groups from stretched etherof lignin and pentose whereas wave number 7 indicates C-H from bend aromatic at 29 09 . cm

  From Figure also seen that there new 1, it can be is no absorption peak formed comparing the FTIR to characterization PET plastic drinking bottle waste and rice of husk-rice husk ash filled hybrid composite. This condition shows that the hybrid composite did not undergo any chemical reaction. The combination between the matrix and fillers was only achieved by physical reaction. Figure 2 shows the effect rice husk-rice husk ash with of glycerol plasticizer addition into PET plastic drinking as bottle waste matrix the tensile strength hybrid on of composite.

  Figure 2: The Effect Rice Husk-Rice Husk Ash with of Glycerol Plasticizer Addition t Tensile Strength as on he of

  PET Plastic Drinking Bottle Waste Matrix Hybrid Composite From Figure seen that the tensile strength 2, it can be of either hybrid composite glycerol-filled hybrid composite or at all ratio lower than that PET plastic drinking bottle is of waste. due the addition It is to of fillers will cause the decrease tensile strength. The tensile strength of composite's test result shows that the maximum tensile strength obtained for glycerol filled hybrid composite 95/5 ratio 2.717 at is MPa, while hybrid composite without glycerol addition has the maximum tensile strength 90/10 ratio and get the value at of 2.711 MPa. These maximum tensile strength obtained are lower than the tensile strength PET plastic drinking bottle of waste which get value 4.658 MPa. of The decrease tensile strength value hybrid composite of in and glycerol filled hybrid composite due the weak is to bonding between hydrophobic polymer matrix and hydrophilic fillers. The agglomeration fillers are also of create inhomogeneous distribution among matrix [16]. an This condition will make the interphase area weak, thus decreasing the strength composite material receive of to stress. Besides, the addition glycerol hybrid composite of in is also contribute for lowering the tensile strength. due It is to the low molecular weight glycerol (92.02 g/mol) which of enables enter polymer chains easily and improves the it to flexibility hybrid composite [17]. of The same result had ever been reported Shivappa al. by et (2013) [18] for using different matrix and filler reinforcing in the composite tensile strength test. at Figure 3 shows the effect rice husk-rice husk ash filler of with glycerol addition elongation break PET plastic on at of drinking bottle waste and rice husk-rice husk ash filled hybrid composite plastic drinking bottle waste.

  Figure 3: The Effect Rice Husk-Rice Husk Ash with of Glycerol Addition Elongation Break PET Plastic on at of

  Drinking Bottle Waste Hybrid Composite Composite testing results show that elongation break at decreases the filler addition ratio either for hybrid as composite glycerol filled hybrid composite increases. The or elongation break decreasion indicates the reduction at of matrix ability retain stress transfer from polymer material to towards the fillers. due the addition rice husk-rice It is to of husk ash filler into the matrix will make a weak bond, thus reducing the elasticity matrix which will lead the of to stiffness the composite [19]. This condition shows that the of increament fillers will lead the stiffness composite of to of material. Generally, the high elasticity a material can indicated of be from the high elongation break value. Incorporation at of fillers will cause the matrix loss its elasticity. due the It is to restriction of matrix mobility and deformability caused by filler addition [20]. However, glycerol addition into hybrid composite will lead the improvement its elasticity. can to of It be seen in Figure 3 that glycerol filled hybrid composite has higher elongation break value than PET plastic drinking at bottle waste. Glycerol addition will enhance mobility of polymer chain molecular which shown is by the inprovement of composite elasticity, thus the elongation break value at tends increase [21]. to Modulus Young value rice husk-rice husk ash filled hybrid of composite with glycerol addition plasticizer seen as can be in Table Modulus Young a parameter which indicates the 3. is stiffness characteristic a material. Low modulus young of value signify the flexible material, while high modulus young value signify the stiff and rigid material [22].

  Table 3: Modulus Young Value Rice Husk-Rice Husk of Ash Filled Hybrid Composite with The Addition Glycerol of as Plasticizer .

  al Modulus Young [MPa] Hybrid Composite + Glycerol (95/5) 98.964 Hybrid Composite + Glycerol (90/10) 102.039 Hybrid Composite + Glycerol (85/15) 105.134

  Table 3 shows that the rice husk-rice husk filled hybrid composite with the addition of glycerol 95/5 ratio has the at lowest modulus young value, while the hybrid composite at 85/15 ratio has the highest modulus young value. This condition shows that the higher incorporation of rice husk- rice husk ash filler ratio into PET plastic drinking bottle waste matrix will tend increase the stiffness and rigidity to of the composite. On the other hand, glycerol addition can improve the elasticity of composite, thus lowering the

  (c) stiffness and rigidity of the plastic drinking bottle waste matrix composite [21].

  Figure 4: Scanning Electron Microscopy Images for Fractured Morphology Analysis : (a) PET Plastic Drinking of

  Fractured surface morphology characterization can be shown Bottle Waste with 2000x Magnification; (b) Rice Husk-Rice using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis. Figure

  Husk Ash Filled Plastic Drinking Bottle Waste Hybrid 4 shows the fractured morphology of PET plastic drinking Composite with The Addition Glycerol 95/5 Ratio with of at bottle waste, rice husk-rice husk ash filled plastic drinking

  1500x Magnification; (c) Rice Husk-Rice Husk Ash Filled bottle waste hybrid composite with the addition glycerol of as Plastic Drinking Bottle Waste Hybrid Composite with The plasticizer 95/5 and 85/15 ratio with at 1500x magnification.

  Addition Glycerol 85/15 Ratio with of at 1500x Magnification

  It can be seen from Figure 4(a) that tensile strength test- fractured morphology of PET plastic drinking bottle waste has stiff and rigid structure. Figure 4(b) shows that fractured morphology of ice husk-rice husk ash filled PET plastic drinking bottle waste hybrid composite with the addition of glycerol as plasticizer at 95/5 ratio has a good filler distribution, no agglomeration and good interface bond between the matrix and fillers. Figure 4(c) shows that fractured morphology of ice husk-rice husk ash filled PET plastic drinking bottle waste hybrid composite with the addition of glycerol as plasticizer at 85/15 ratio has inhomogeneous filler distribution and the presence of void. Sedangkan Gambar 4(c) menunjukkan morfologi patahan

  (a) dari Komposit Hibrid PET LBPKM- Abu Sekam Padi dan Sekam Padi dengan penambahan gliserol sebagai plasticizer pada rasio 85/15 menunjukkan bahwa penyebaran pengisinya tidak merata dan terdapat fraksi kosong (void) di dalamnya.The void presence can influence the bonding between matrix and the filler particle. The presence void of in particle will cause the matrix unable fill the empty space to in the former. When the load applied is on the composite, stress area will move ro void area, thus decreasing the strength of composite [23].

  5. Conclusion

  FTIR analysis result PET plastic drinking bottle waste and of (b) rie husk-rice husk ash filled PET plastic drinking bottle waste hybrid composite with the addition of glycerol as plasticizer shows no significant changes functional groups due the in to absence of reaction during mixing process. The addition of glycerol as plasticizer still unable to improve the rice husk- rice husk ash filled PET plastic drinking bottle waste hybrid composite all different ratio comparing that PET at to of plastic drinking bottle waste. From the elongation break at analysis result of rice husk-rice husk ash filled PET plastic drinking bottle waste hybrid composite, elongation break at

  

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Shivappa,Dr., Ananda.G.K, Shivakumar.N., 2013

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