2006 Leaflet Kejahatan perang RKUHP
Pe n d a h u lu a n
Kitab Un d an g-u n d an g Hu ku m Pid an a (KUHP) ad alah atu ran yan g
berisi laran gan m elaku kan p erbu atan kejah atan d an p elan ggaran
b es er t a s a n k s i-s a n k s in ya . KUHP ya n g a d a s a a t in i s eb en a r n ya
t elah ad a s ejak jam an kolon ial Belan d a, s eh in gga b an yak p as alp as aln ya s u d ah t id ak p as d en gan p erkem b an gan kejah at an d an
p e la n g g a r a n ya n g t e r j a d i d i In d o n e s ia . Ole h k a r e n a it u ,
p em er in t a h k em u d ia n m en gelu a r k a n s eb u a h r a n ca n ga n ya n g
berisi u su lan p eru bah an terh ad ap Kitab Un d an g-Un d an g Hu ku m
Pid a n a ya n g b a r u (d is eb u t RUU KUHP). Di d a la m RUU KUHP,
d im asu kkan m ateri-m ateri baru yan g sebelu m n ya tid ak tercan tu m
d i d a la m KUHP, d i s a m p in g m e la k u k a n p e r b a ik a n t e r h a d a p
r u m u s a n ya n g s u d a h a d a , s u p a ya le b ih k o n t e k s t u a l. Na m u n
RUU KUHP ya n g t e la h a d a in i p u n m a s ih p e r lu d ik a ji d a n
d ip e r t im b a n gk a n a ga r r u m u s a n n ya m e n ja d i le b ih t e p a t d a n
b er m an faat b agi p en cap aian kead ilan .
Sa la h s a t u ya n g p e r lu d ik a ji u la n g d a la m RUU KUHP a d a la h
p elet akkan Pelan ggaran Hak As as i Man u s ia Berat d i d alam RUU
KUHP, ya it u Ge n o s id a , Ke j a h a t a n t e r h a d a p Ke m a n u s ia a n ,
Kejah atan Peran g d an Pen yiksaan (Tortu re). Peletakkan kejah atan k eja h a t a n t er s eb u t d i d a la m RUU KUHP b is a d ia n gga p s eb a ga i
ca r a ya n g b a ik u n t u k m en ga n gk a t m a s a la h p ela n gga r a n HAM
b e r a t d a n m e n g in g a t k a n p a r a a p a r a t h u k u m u n t u k
m en in d a k la n ju t i s et ia p p ela n gga r a n HAM b er a t ya n g t er ja d i.
Nam u n d i s is i lain , p eru m u s an d an p elet akkan n ya m as ih b elu m
s em p u r n a, b ah kan d ian ggap t id ak t ep at d im as u kkan ke d alam
RUU KUHP d a n h a r u s m e n ja d i a t u r a n k h u s u s ya n g t e r p is a h
d en gan RUU KUHP.
Sek ilas ten tan g Kejah atan Peran g d alam Hu k u m
In t e r n a s io n a l
Is t ila h k e ja h a t a n p e r a n g s u d a h la m a
d ik e n a l d a la m p e r b in ca n ga n h u k u m
in t er n a s io n a l, ya it u k h u s u s n ya d a la m
h u ku m h u m an iter – yan g serin g d isebu t
ju ga sebagai h u ku m p eran g (law of war)
a t a u h u k u m k o n flik b er s en ja t a (la w o f
a r m e d c o n f l i c t ). D a l a m h u k u m
h u m a n it e r , is t ila h k e ja h a t a n p e r a n g
d ih u bu n gkan d en gan tin d akan -tin d akan
t e r t e n t u ya n g d ila k u k a n o le h p a r a
p elaku p er an g at au p ih ak yan g t er lib at
d a la m p er a n g ya n g m ela n gga r k a id a h
h u k u m h u m a n it er . Tin d a k a n t er t en t u
d ap at d ikategorikan ke d alam p elan ggaran berat (graves breach es)
t e r h a d a p h u k u m h u m a n it e r d a n p e la n gga r a n la in n ya (ya n g
b u kan d ikat ego r ikan b er at ).
Ha l in i s e c a r a j e la s t e r c a n t u m p a d a
Ko n ve n s i Je n e wa 1 9 4 9 d a n k e m u d ia n
d ile n g k a p i d e n g a n d u a p r o t o k o l
t a m b a h a n n y a . Me s k i p a d a a w a ln y a
k e j a h a t a n p e r a n g s e la lu d it a f s ir k a n
ban yak p ih ak h an ya d im aksu d kan u n tu k
k e ja h a t a n ya n g d ila k u k a n a t a s
p e p e r a n g a n a n t a r Ne g a r a , n a m u n
p e r k e m b a n g a n n y a , t e r le b ih d e n g a n
a d a n ya Pr o t o k o l Ta m b a h a n II Ko n ven s i
Jen ewa 1979, p en gatu ran ten tan g p eran g
ju ga m elip u t i p ep er a n ga n ya n g t er ja d i
d i d alam Negara (in tern al arm ed con flict).
Dalam p erkem ban gan n ya, d en gan ad an ya
Pen ga d ila n Pid a n a In t er n a s io n a l u n t u k
kas u s Negar a Bekas Yu gos lavia d an Rwan d a, kejah at an p er an g
s e m a k in m e n d a p a t p e r h a t ia n in t e r n a s io n a l s e ca r a s e r iu s .
Per kem b an gan m u t akh ir d en gan ad an ya St at u t a Rom a t en t an g
Mah kam ah Pid an a In t er n as ion al, kejah at an p er an g d in yat akan
s eb agai kejah at an yan g lu ar b ias a (ext ra-ord in ary crim es ), yait u
s eb a ga i p ela n gga r a n b er a t h a k a s a s i m a n u s ia (h u m a n r igh t s
gross violation s). Han ya saja Statu ta Rom a m em asu kkan elem en
“m elu as” atau “sistem atis” sebagai elem en p en tin g d i d alam n ya.
St at u t a Rom a p u n m en gkat egor ikan kejah at an p er an g s eb agai:
1) Pelan ggaran berat sebagaim an a d iatu r d alam Kon ven si Jen ewa
yan g d it u ju kan kep ad a o r an g d an h ar t a b en d a; 2 ) Pelan ggar an
s eriu s lain n ya t erh ad ap h u ku m d an keb ias aan yan g d it erap kan
d a la m k o n flik b er s en ja t a in t er n a s io n a l; 3 ) Pela n gga r a n s er iu s
t e r h a d a p Ko n ve n s i Je n e wa d a la m k a it a n k o n flik b e r s e n ja t a
b u k a n in t er n a s io n a l; 4 ) Pela n gga r a n s er iu s la in n ya t er h a d a p
h u k u m d a n k eb ia s a a n ya n g b er la k u d a la m k o n flik b er s en ja t a
yan g b u kan b er s ifat in t er n as io n al.
Pe n g a t u r a n t e n t a n g Ke ja h a t a n Pe r a n g d a la m
RUU KUHP
Secara kh u s u s , kejah at an p eran g at au kon flik b ers en jat a d ap at
d it e m u k a n p e n ga t u r a n n ya p a d a Pa s a l 3 9 6 s a m p a i 3 9 3 RUU
KUHP. Sela in it u , k eja h a t a n p er a n g t er k a it ju ga d en ga n Pa s a l
4 0 1 -4 0 2 RUU KUHP. Se ca r a u m u m RUU KUHP m e n ga d o p s i
k a t ego r i p en ga t u r a n t en t a n g k eja h a t a n p er a n g d a la m St a t u t a
Rom a, d i m an a kejah at an p er an g d ib agi d alam em p at kat egor i
s e b a ga im a n a t e r t e r a d i a t a s . De n ga n d e m ik ia n , RUU KUHP
m elin gku p i kejah at an p er an g, b aik u n t u k kon flik yan g b er s ifat
in tern asion al m au p u n kon flik yan g bersifat in tern al. Di sam p in g
it u , RUU KUHP ju ga m e n ga n u t k e ja h a t a n p e r a n g d a la m a r t i
lu a s ; p ela n gga r a n b er a t ya n g t er ja d i d a la m m a s a p er a n g d a n
p e la n g g a r a n s e r iu s t e r h a d a p h u k u m d a n k e b ia s a a n ya n g
d it er ap kan d alam p er an g.
Ha n ya s a j a p e le t a k a n p o s is i RUU KUHP ya n g d e m ik ia n
m e n im b u lk a n b a n ya k k e le m a h a n d a la m u p a ya m e n gh u k u m
p ela k u k eja h a t a n p er a n g d i m a s a d ep a n d a n d a la m k o n t ek s
In d on es ia. Per t am a, St at u t a Rom a d ap at d ip akai s eb agai acu an
t e n t a n g p e la n gga r a n HAM Be r a t , n a m u n s e h a r u s n ya b u k a n
s at u -s at u n ya acu an . Seb ab , St at u t a Ro m a m em an g m em b at as i
yu r is d ik s in ya u n t u k k eja h a t a n p er a n g t er t en t u ya n g d is eb u t
s e b a ga i e xt r a -o r d in a r y cr im e s . Pa d a h a l, jik a m e n ga cu p a d a
Ko n ven s i Jen ewa d a n Pr o t o k o l Ta m b a h a n n ya , a d a k eja h a t a n
la in (b r ea ch es ) ya n g t id a k d ik a t ego r ik a n s eb a ga i p ela n gga r a n
b erat (grave b reach es ) n am u n t et ap s eb agai laran gan (p roh ib it )
ya n g t id a k
b o l e h
d iab aikan oleh
p ih a k ya n g
bersen gketa.
S e b a g a i
Ne g a r a ya n g
s u d a h
m engaksesi
Ko n ve n s i
Je n e w a m a k a
In d o n e s ia
pun
p er lu
m em a s u k k a n
la r a n ga n la r a n ga n la in
yan g
juga
d a p a t
d i a n g g a p
s e b a g a i
p e la n gga r a n
t er h a d a p
Ko n v e n s i
J e n e w a .
Be r h u b u n g a n
d e n g a n p o in
d i atas, m aka
RUU KUH P
k e m u d ia n
m e n j a d i
ran cu m eru m u s kan s iap a yan g p erlu d it in d ak d alam kejah at an
p eran g. Istilah “setiap oran g” berbed a d en gan kon teks Kon ven si
Jen ewa yan g m em b at as in ya d en gan “p ih ak-p ih ak yan g t erlib at
d alam ko n flik.”
Ked u a , d en ga n h a n ya m en ga t u r p ela n gga r a n b er a t Ko n ven s i
Jen ewa d an p elan ggaran s eriu s t erh ad ap h u ku m d an kebias aan
p er a n g, m a k a b a n ya k p r in s ip p er lin d u n ga n t er h a d a p k o r b a n
p e r a n g d ia b a ik a n o le h RUU KUHP. Mis a ln ya d i d a la m Pa s a l
3 9 7 (d ): m e la k u k a n p e n ye r a n ga n ya n g d ik e t a h u in ya b a h wa
s er an gan t er s eb u t m en yeb ab kan kem at ian at au lu ka t er h ad ap
o r a n g-o r a n g s ip il a t a u k er u s a k a n t er h a d a p o b jek -o b jek s ip il
a t a u k e r u s a k a n ya n g h e b a t , m e lu a s , d a n b e r ja n gk a p a n ja n g
t erh ad ap lin gku n gan h id u p yan g berkelebih an d alam kait an n ya
d en ga n k es elu r u h a n k eu n t u n ga n m ilit er ya n g b er s ifa t n ya t a
d an lan gs u n g yan g d ian t is ip as i;
Den gan d em ikian , m aka p en yeran gan yan g t id ak m en yeb abkan
kem atian atau lu ka terh ad ap oran g sip il (walau p u n m en im bu lkan
t r a u m a ) a t a u k er u s a k a n (n a m u n t id a k h eb a t d a n m elu a s d a n
b er ja n gk a p a n ja n g) m a k a t id a k d ik en a k a n s a n k s i p id a n a . Ha l
in i berten tan gan d en gan p rin sip p erlin d u n gan terh ad ap p op u lasi
s ip il (in d is cr im in a t e a t t a ck ) d i m a n a s e r a n ga n t id a k b o le h
d ila k u k a n t er h a d a p p o p u la s i d a n o r a n g s ip il a t a u o b jek s ip il
la in n ya w a la u p u n s e r a n g a n it u t id a k b e r d a m p a k b e r a t .
Selain it u , lih at p u la p ad a Pas al 3 9 7 (j) d an Pas al 3 9 9 (k )
Pa s a l 3 9 7 (j) m elip u t i: “m en ja d ik a n s eb a ga i o b jek o r a n go r a n g ya n g b er a d a d a la m p en ga wa s a n p ih a k la wa n u n t u k
d ij a d ik a n o b j e k p e m o t o n g a n a t a u m u t ila s i f is ik a t a u
p e n g o b a t a n a t a u p e r c o b a a n ilm ia h ya n g t id a k d a p a t
d iben arkan baik oleh ked okteran , ked okteran gigi m au p u an
ru m ah sakit tersebu t, m au p u n d ilaku kan u n tu k kep en tin gan
ya n g m e n ye b a b k a n k e m a t ia n a t a u s e c a r a s e r iu s
m em bah ayakan keseh atan oran g atau oran g-oran g tersebu t”.
Pas al 3 9 9 (k): “m en jad ikan or an g-or an g yan g b er ad a d alam
keku as aan p ih ak lain yan g t er lib at kon flik s eb agai s as ar an
m u t ilas i fis ik at au p er cob aan m ed is at au ilm iah yan g t id ak
d ap at d ib en ar kan b aik at as t in d akan m ed is , p em elih ar aan
gigi, ru m ah s akit terh ad ap yan g bers an gku tan m au p u n atas
d a s a r k ep en t in ga n n ya , d a n ya n g m en yeb a b k a n k em a t ia n
a t a u b a h a ya ya n g b e s a r t e r h a d a p k e s e h a t a n a r a n g a t a u
o r an g-o r an g t er s eb u t ”.
Ked u a ru m u san tersebu t sesu n ggu h n ya m en d egrad asi u p aya
p erlin d u n gan terh ad ap korban . Men gap a h aru s m en yebabkan
k e m a t ia n a t a u m e m b a h a ya k a n k e s e h a t a n o r a n g b a r u
d ian ggap s eb u ah kejah at an ?
Ket iga, b eb erap a ru m u s an d alam RUU KUHP b ert en t an gan
d e n g a n p r in s ip h a k a s a s i m a n u s ia d a n p r in s ip
p e r t a n g g u n g ja w a b a n d a la m h u k u m h u m a n it e r :
a)
b)
RUU KUHP t en t an g k ejah at an p er an g m en ggu n ak an
h u ku m an m at i, h al m an a b er t en t an gan d en gan p r in s ip
h ak as as i m an u s ia. Bah k an d alam St at u t a Ro m a t id ak
ad a at u r an t en t an g h u k u m an m at i.
RUU KUHP Pas al 401 berbu n yi: “Seoran g bawah an yan g
m elaku kan t in d ak p id an a d alam Bab in i s es u ai d en gan
p er in t ah at as an t id ak d ap at d ip er t an ggu n gjawab k an
ap ab ila p er in t ah it u d iyak in in ya d en gan it ik ad b aik
t elah d ib er ikan d en gan s ah d an p elak s an aan p er in t ah
it u t er m as u k r u an g lin gk u p wewen an gn ya s eb agai
b awah an “.
Pas al in i bert en t an gan d en gan p rin s ip p ert an ggu n gjawaban
in d ivid u al d ari siap ap u n yan g terlibat d alam p eran g. Perin tah
at as an b u kan m en jad i alas an u n t u k d ap at t er jad in ya
p elan ggar an t er h ad ap Ko n ven s i Jen ewa.
Keem p at, ban yak istilah yan g d ip akai tid ak tep at. Misaln ya,
is t ilah ‘t ah an an ’ yan g s eh aru s n ya m en ggu n akan ‘t awan an ’
k a r e n a a n t a r a t a h a n a n d a n t a wa n a n je la s m e m p u n ya i
p erbed aan arti. Dem ikian ju ga istilah ‘h arta kekayaan ’ yan g
s e h a r u s n ya m e n ggu n a k a n is t ila h ‘h a r t a b e n d a ’, is t ila h
‘k e p e r lu a n m ilit e r ’ ya n g le b ih t e p a t m e n ja d i ‘p r in s ip
k e p e n t in ga n m ilit e r ’ d a n is t ila h ‘k e k u a s a a n p e n d u d u k ’
y a n g h a r u s n y a m e n j a d i ‘p e n g u a s a p e n d u d u k a n ’.
Ke lim a , b a n ya k is t ila h -is t ila h ya n g d is e b u t d a la m RUU
KUHP t id a k t er s ed ia a t a u t id a k m em a d a i p en jela s a n n ya .
Misaln ya istilah ‘cu ran g’ d alam Pasal 399(i) p erlu d ijelaskan .
Meru ju k p ad a h u ku m h u m an iter m isaln ya, ad a yan g d isebu t
d en gan ‘p erfid y’ yan g d ilaran g d ilaku kan , n am u n ad a yan g
d is eb u t d en ga n ‘r u s e o f wa r ’ ya n g d ip er b o leh k a n . Per lu
ju ga d ip er jela s a p a ya n g d im a k s u d d en ga n “d a er a h ya n g
d id em ilit er is a s i”, “p r in s ip k ep en t in ga n m ilit er (m ilit a r y
n ecessity)”, “sasaran m iliter”, ru an g lin gku p d ari “seran gan ”
ya n g d i d a la m k o n t ek s h u k u m h u m a n it er b is a t er m a s u k
p u la “p en d u d u k an ” (o cu p acy).
Re k o m e n d a s i
Ru m u s a n RUU KUHP t e n t a n g k e ja h a t a n p e r a n g m a s ih
s an gat lem ah . Kelem ah an u t am a ad alah RUU KUHP h an ya
m elet akkan kejah at an p er an g d alam lin gku p p elan ggar an
b er a t (gr a ves b r ea ch es ) d a n p ela n gga r a n s er iu s (s er io u s
b r e a ch e s ) s e m e n t a r a p e la n gga r a n la in t id a k t e r ca k u p .
Seh aru s n ya RUU KUHP ju ga m en gatu r p elan ggaran lain n ya
s em en t ara p elan ggaran b erat n ya d iat u r d alam p en gat u ran
k h u s u s m en gin ga t k eja h a t a n t er s eb u t s a n ga t lu a r b ia s a .
ELSAM 2 0 0 6 . Pen u lis : Sr i Wiyan t i Ed d yo n o
Su m b e r In f o r m a s i: Ko n ve n s i Je n e w a 1 9 4 9 , Pr o t o k o l
Tam bah an I d an II 1977, Statu ta Rom a, RUU KUHP, Lap oran
Ko m n a s HAM t en t a n g m a s u k a n u n t u k RUU KUHP, 2 0 0 6 .
Ke j a h a t a n Pe r a n g
d a l a m RUU KUHP
Kitab Un d an g-u n d an g Hu ku m Pid an a (KUHP) ad alah atu ran yan g
berisi laran gan m elaku kan p erbu atan kejah atan d an p elan ggaran
b es er t a s a n k s i-s a n k s in ya . KUHP ya n g a d a s a a t in i s eb en a r n ya
t elah ad a s ejak jam an kolon ial Belan d a, s eh in gga b an yak p as alp as aln ya s u d ah t id ak p as d en gan p erkem b an gan kejah at an d an
p e la n g g a r a n ya n g t e r j a d i d i In d o n e s ia . Ole h k a r e n a it u ,
p em er in t a h k em u d ia n m en gelu a r k a n s eb u a h r a n ca n ga n ya n g
berisi u su lan p eru bah an terh ad ap Kitab Un d an g-Un d an g Hu ku m
Pid a n a ya n g b a r u (d is eb u t RUU KUHP). Di d a la m RUU KUHP,
d im asu kkan m ateri-m ateri baru yan g sebelu m n ya tid ak tercan tu m
d i d a la m KUHP, d i s a m p in g m e la k u k a n p e r b a ik a n t e r h a d a p
r u m u s a n ya n g s u d a h a d a , s u p a ya le b ih k o n t e k s t u a l. Na m u n
RUU KUHP ya n g t e la h a d a in i p u n m a s ih p e r lu d ik a ji d a n
d ip e r t im b a n gk a n a ga r r u m u s a n n ya m e n ja d i le b ih t e p a t d a n
b er m an faat b agi p en cap aian kead ilan .
Sa la h s a t u ya n g p e r lu d ik a ji u la n g d a la m RUU KUHP a d a la h
p elet akkan Pelan ggaran Hak As as i Man u s ia Berat d i d alam RUU
KUHP, ya it u Ge n o s id a , Ke j a h a t a n t e r h a d a p Ke m a n u s ia a n ,
Kejah atan Peran g d an Pen yiksaan (Tortu re). Peletakkan kejah atan k eja h a t a n t er s eb u t d i d a la m RUU KUHP b is a d ia n gga p s eb a ga i
ca r a ya n g b a ik u n t u k m en ga n gk a t m a s a la h p ela n gga r a n HAM
b e r a t d a n m e n g in g a t k a n p a r a a p a r a t h u k u m u n t u k
m en in d a k la n ju t i s et ia p p ela n gga r a n HAM b er a t ya n g t er ja d i.
Nam u n d i s is i lain , p eru m u s an d an p elet akkan n ya m as ih b elu m
s em p u r n a, b ah kan d ian ggap t id ak t ep at d im as u kkan ke d alam
RUU KUHP d a n h a r u s m e n ja d i a t u r a n k h u s u s ya n g t e r p is a h
d en gan RUU KUHP.
Sek ilas ten tan g Kejah atan Peran g d alam Hu k u m
In t e r n a s io n a l
Is t ila h k e ja h a t a n p e r a n g s u d a h la m a
d ik e n a l d a la m p e r b in ca n ga n h u k u m
in t er n a s io n a l, ya it u k h u s u s n ya d a la m
h u ku m h u m an iter – yan g serin g d isebu t
ju ga sebagai h u ku m p eran g (law of war)
a t a u h u k u m k o n flik b er s en ja t a (la w o f
a r m e d c o n f l i c t ). D a l a m h u k u m
h u m a n it e r , is t ila h k e ja h a t a n p e r a n g
d ih u bu n gkan d en gan tin d akan -tin d akan
t e r t e n t u ya n g d ila k u k a n o le h p a r a
p elaku p er an g at au p ih ak yan g t er lib at
d a la m p er a n g ya n g m ela n gga r k a id a h
h u k u m h u m a n it er . Tin d a k a n t er t en t u
d ap at d ikategorikan ke d alam p elan ggaran berat (graves breach es)
t e r h a d a p h u k u m h u m a n it e r d a n p e la n gga r a n la in n ya (ya n g
b u kan d ikat ego r ikan b er at ).
Ha l in i s e c a r a j e la s t e r c a n t u m p a d a
Ko n ve n s i Je n e wa 1 9 4 9 d a n k e m u d ia n
d ile n g k a p i d e n g a n d u a p r o t o k o l
t a m b a h a n n y a . Me s k i p a d a a w a ln y a
k e j a h a t a n p e r a n g s e la lu d it a f s ir k a n
ban yak p ih ak h an ya d im aksu d kan u n tu k
k e ja h a t a n ya n g d ila k u k a n a t a s
p e p e r a n g a n a n t a r Ne g a r a , n a m u n
p e r k e m b a n g a n n y a , t e r le b ih d e n g a n
a d a n ya Pr o t o k o l Ta m b a h a n II Ko n ven s i
Jen ewa 1979, p en gatu ran ten tan g p eran g
ju ga m elip u t i p ep er a n ga n ya n g t er ja d i
d i d alam Negara (in tern al arm ed con flict).
Dalam p erkem ban gan n ya, d en gan ad an ya
Pen ga d ila n Pid a n a In t er n a s io n a l u n t u k
kas u s Negar a Bekas Yu gos lavia d an Rwan d a, kejah at an p er an g
s e m a k in m e n d a p a t p e r h a t ia n in t e r n a s io n a l s e ca r a s e r iu s .
Per kem b an gan m u t akh ir d en gan ad an ya St at u t a Rom a t en t an g
Mah kam ah Pid an a In t er n as ion al, kejah at an p er an g d in yat akan
s eb agai kejah at an yan g lu ar b ias a (ext ra-ord in ary crim es ), yait u
s eb a ga i p ela n gga r a n b er a t h a k a s a s i m a n u s ia (h u m a n r igh t s
gross violation s). Han ya saja Statu ta Rom a m em asu kkan elem en
“m elu as” atau “sistem atis” sebagai elem en p en tin g d i d alam n ya.
St at u t a Rom a p u n m en gkat egor ikan kejah at an p er an g s eb agai:
1) Pelan ggaran berat sebagaim an a d iatu r d alam Kon ven si Jen ewa
yan g d it u ju kan kep ad a o r an g d an h ar t a b en d a; 2 ) Pelan ggar an
s eriu s lain n ya t erh ad ap h u ku m d an keb ias aan yan g d it erap kan
d a la m k o n flik b er s en ja t a in t er n a s io n a l; 3 ) Pela n gga r a n s er iu s
t e r h a d a p Ko n ve n s i Je n e wa d a la m k a it a n k o n flik b e r s e n ja t a
b u k a n in t er n a s io n a l; 4 ) Pela n gga r a n s er iu s la in n ya t er h a d a p
h u k u m d a n k eb ia s a a n ya n g b er la k u d a la m k o n flik b er s en ja t a
yan g b u kan b er s ifat in t er n as io n al.
Pe n g a t u r a n t e n t a n g Ke ja h a t a n Pe r a n g d a la m
RUU KUHP
Secara kh u s u s , kejah at an p eran g at au kon flik b ers en jat a d ap at
d it e m u k a n p e n ga t u r a n n ya p a d a Pa s a l 3 9 6 s a m p a i 3 9 3 RUU
KUHP. Sela in it u , k eja h a t a n p er a n g t er k a it ju ga d en ga n Pa s a l
4 0 1 -4 0 2 RUU KUHP. Se ca r a u m u m RUU KUHP m e n ga d o p s i
k a t ego r i p en ga t u r a n t en t a n g k eja h a t a n p er a n g d a la m St a t u t a
Rom a, d i m an a kejah at an p er an g d ib agi d alam em p at kat egor i
s e b a ga im a n a t e r t e r a d i a t a s . De n ga n d e m ik ia n , RUU KUHP
m elin gku p i kejah at an p er an g, b aik u n t u k kon flik yan g b er s ifat
in tern asion al m au p u n kon flik yan g bersifat in tern al. Di sam p in g
it u , RUU KUHP ju ga m e n ga n u t k e ja h a t a n p e r a n g d a la m a r t i
lu a s ; p ela n gga r a n b er a t ya n g t er ja d i d a la m m a s a p er a n g d a n
p e la n g g a r a n s e r iu s t e r h a d a p h u k u m d a n k e b ia s a a n ya n g
d it er ap kan d alam p er an g.
Ha n ya s a j a p e le t a k a n p o s is i RUU KUHP ya n g d e m ik ia n
m e n im b u lk a n b a n ya k k e le m a h a n d a la m u p a ya m e n gh u k u m
p ela k u k eja h a t a n p er a n g d i m a s a d ep a n d a n d a la m k o n t ek s
In d on es ia. Per t am a, St at u t a Rom a d ap at d ip akai s eb agai acu an
t e n t a n g p e la n gga r a n HAM Be r a t , n a m u n s e h a r u s n ya b u k a n
s at u -s at u n ya acu an . Seb ab , St at u t a Ro m a m em an g m em b at as i
yu r is d ik s in ya u n t u k k eja h a t a n p er a n g t er t en t u ya n g d is eb u t
s e b a ga i e xt r a -o r d in a r y cr im e s . Pa d a h a l, jik a m e n ga cu p a d a
Ko n ven s i Jen ewa d a n Pr o t o k o l Ta m b a h a n n ya , a d a k eja h a t a n
la in (b r ea ch es ) ya n g t id a k d ik a t ego r ik a n s eb a ga i p ela n gga r a n
b erat (grave b reach es ) n am u n t et ap s eb agai laran gan (p roh ib it )
ya n g t id a k
b o l e h
d iab aikan oleh
p ih a k ya n g
bersen gketa.
S e b a g a i
Ne g a r a ya n g
s u d a h
m engaksesi
Ko n ve n s i
Je n e w a m a k a
In d o n e s ia
pun
p er lu
m em a s u k k a n
la r a n ga n la r a n ga n la in
yan g
juga
d a p a t
d i a n g g a p
s e b a g a i
p e la n gga r a n
t er h a d a p
Ko n v e n s i
J e n e w a .
Be r h u b u n g a n
d e n g a n p o in
d i atas, m aka
RUU KUH P
k e m u d ia n
m e n j a d i
ran cu m eru m u s kan s iap a yan g p erlu d it in d ak d alam kejah at an
p eran g. Istilah “setiap oran g” berbed a d en gan kon teks Kon ven si
Jen ewa yan g m em b at as in ya d en gan “p ih ak-p ih ak yan g t erlib at
d alam ko n flik.”
Ked u a , d en ga n h a n ya m en ga t u r p ela n gga r a n b er a t Ko n ven s i
Jen ewa d an p elan ggaran s eriu s t erh ad ap h u ku m d an kebias aan
p er a n g, m a k a b a n ya k p r in s ip p er lin d u n ga n t er h a d a p k o r b a n
p e r a n g d ia b a ik a n o le h RUU KUHP. Mis a ln ya d i d a la m Pa s a l
3 9 7 (d ): m e la k u k a n p e n ye r a n ga n ya n g d ik e t a h u in ya b a h wa
s er an gan t er s eb u t m en yeb ab kan kem at ian at au lu ka t er h ad ap
o r a n g-o r a n g s ip il a t a u k er u s a k a n t er h a d a p o b jek -o b jek s ip il
a t a u k e r u s a k a n ya n g h e b a t , m e lu a s , d a n b e r ja n gk a p a n ja n g
t erh ad ap lin gku n gan h id u p yan g berkelebih an d alam kait an n ya
d en ga n k es elu r u h a n k eu n t u n ga n m ilit er ya n g b er s ifa t n ya t a
d an lan gs u n g yan g d ian t is ip as i;
Den gan d em ikian , m aka p en yeran gan yan g t id ak m en yeb abkan
kem atian atau lu ka terh ad ap oran g sip il (walau p u n m en im bu lkan
t r a u m a ) a t a u k er u s a k a n (n a m u n t id a k h eb a t d a n m elu a s d a n
b er ja n gk a p a n ja n g) m a k a t id a k d ik en a k a n s a n k s i p id a n a . Ha l
in i berten tan gan d en gan p rin sip p erlin d u n gan terh ad ap p op u lasi
s ip il (in d is cr im in a t e a t t a ck ) d i m a n a s e r a n ga n t id a k b o le h
d ila k u k a n t er h a d a p p o p u la s i d a n o r a n g s ip il a t a u o b jek s ip il
la in n ya w a la u p u n s e r a n g a n it u t id a k b e r d a m p a k b e r a t .
Selain it u , lih at p u la p ad a Pas al 3 9 7 (j) d an Pas al 3 9 9 (k )
Pa s a l 3 9 7 (j) m elip u t i: “m en ja d ik a n s eb a ga i o b jek o r a n go r a n g ya n g b er a d a d a la m p en ga wa s a n p ih a k la wa n u n t u k
d ij a d ik a n o b j e k p e m o t o n g a n a t a u m u t ila s i f is ik a t a u
p e n g o b a t a n a t a u p e r c o b a a n ilm ia h ya n g t id a k d a p a t
d iben arkan baik oleh ked okteran , ked okteran gigi m au p u an
ru m ah sakit tersebu t, m au p u n d ilaku kan u n tu k kep en tin gan
ya n g m e n ye b a b k a n k e m a t ia n a t a u s e c a r a s e r iu s
m em bah ayakan keseh atan oran g atau oran g-oran g tersebu t”.
Pas al 3 9 9 (k): “m en jad ikan or an g-or an g yan g b er ad a d alam
keku as aan p ih ak lain yan g t er lib at kon flik s eb agai s as ar an
m u t ilas i fis ik at au p er cob aan m ed is at au ilm iah yan g t id ak
d ap at d ib en ar kan b aik at as t in d akan m ed is , p em elih ar aan
gigi, ru m ah s akit terh ad ap yan g bers an gku tan m au p u n atas
d a s a r k ep en t in ga n n ya , d a n ya n g m en yeb a b k a n k em a t ia n
a t a u b a h a ya ya n g b e s a r t e r h a d a p k e s e h a t a n a r a n g a t a u
o r an g-o r an g t er s eb u t ”.
Ked u a ru m u san tersebu t sesu n ggu h n ya m en d egrad asi u p aya
p erlin d u n gan terh ad ap korban . Men gap a h aru s m en yebabkan
k e m a t ia n a t a u m e m b a h a ya k a n k e s e h a t a n o r a n g b a r u
d ian ggap s eb u ah kejah at an ?
Ket iga, b eb erap a ru m u s an d alam RUU KUHP b ert en t an gan
d e n g a n p r in s ip h a k a s a s i m a n u s ia d a n p r in s ip
p e r t a n g g u n g ja w a b a n d a la m h u k u m h u m a n it e r :
a)
b)
RUU KUHP t en t an g k ejah at an p er an g m en ggu n ak an
h u ku m an m at i, h al m an a b er t en t an gan d en gan p r in s ip
h ak as as i m an u s ia. Bah k an d alam St at u t a Ro m a t id ak
ad a at u r an t en t an g h u k u m an m at i.
RUU KUHP Pas al 401 berbu n yi: “Seoran g bawah an yan g
m elaku kan t in d ak p id an a d alam Bab in i s es u ai d en gan
p er in t ah at as an t id ak d ap at d ip er t an ggu n gjawab k an
ap ab ila p er in t ah it u d iyak in in ya d en gan it ik ad b aik
t elah d ib er ikan d en gan s ah d an p elak s an aan p er in t ah
it u t er m as u k r u an g lin gk u p wewen an gn ya s eb agai
b awah an “.
Pas al in i bert en t an gan d en gan p rin s ip p ert an ggu n gjawaban
in d ivid u al d ari siap ap u n yan g terlibat d alam p eran g. Perin tah
at as an b u kan m en jad i alas an u n t u k d ap at t er jad in ya
p elan ggar an t er h ad ap Ko n ven s i Jen ewa.
Keem p at, ban yak istilah yan g d ip akai tid ak tep at. Misaln ya,
is t ilah ‘t ah an an ’ yan g s eh aru s n ya m en ggu n akan ‘t awan an ’
k a r e n a a n t a r a t a h a n a n d a n t a wa n a n je la s m e m p u n ya i
p erbed aan arti. Dem ikian ju ga istilah ‘h arta kekayaan ’ yan g
s e h a r u s n ya m e n ggu n a k a n is t ila h ‘h a r t a b e n d a ’, is t ila h
‘k e p e r lu a n m ilit e r ’ ya n g le b ih t e p a t m e n ja d i ‘p r in s ip
k e p e n t in ga n m ilit e r ’ d a n is t ila h ‘k e k u a s a a n p e n d u d u k ’
y a n g h a r u s n y a m e n j a d i ‘p e n g u a s a p e n d u d u k a n ’.
Ke lim a , b a n ya k is t ila h -is t ila h ya n g d is e b u t d a la m RUU
KUHP t id a k t er s ed ia a t a u t id a k m em a d a i p en jela s a n n ya .
Misaln ya istilah ‘cu ran g’ d alam Pasal 399(i) p erlu d ijelaskan .
Meru ju k p ad a h u ku m h u m an iter m isaln ya, ad a yan g d isebu t
d en gan ‘p erfid y’ yan g d ilaran g d ilaku kan , n am u n ad a yan g
d is eb u t d en ga n ‘r u s e o f wa r ’ ya n g d ip er b o leh k a n . Per lu
ju ga d ip er jela s a p a ya n g d im a k s u d d en ga n “d a er a h ya n g
d id em ilit er is a s i”, “p r in s ip k ep en t in ga n m ilit er (m ilit a r y
n ecessity)”, “sasaran m iliter”, ru an g lin gku p d ari “seran gan ”
ya n g d i d a la m k o n t ek s h u k u m h u m a n it er b is a t er m a s u k
p u la “p en d u d u k an ” (o cu p acy).
Re k o m e n d a s i
Ru m u s a n RUU KUHP t e n t a n g k e ja h a t a n p e r a n g m a s ih
s an gat lem ah . Kelem ah an u t am a ad alah RUU KUHP h an ya
m elet akkan kejah at an p er an g d alam lin gku p p elan ggar an
b er a t (gr a ves b r ea ch es ) d a n p ela n gga r a n s er iu s (s er io u s
b r e a ch e s ) s e m e n t a r a p e la n gga r a n la in t id a k t e r ca k u p .
Seh aru s n ya RUU KUHP ju ga m en gatu r p elan ggaran lain n ya
s em en t ara p elan ggaran b erat n ya d iat u r d alam p en gat u ran
k h u s u s m en gin ga t k eja h a t a n t er s eb u t s a n ga t lu a r b ia s a .
ELSAM 2 0 0 6 . Pen u lis : Sr i Wiyan t i Ed d yo n o
Su m b e r In f o r m a s i: Ko n ve n s i Je n e w a 1 9 4 9 , Pr o t o k o l
Tam bah an I d an II 1977, Statu ta Rom a, RUU KUHP, Lap oran
Ko m n a s HAM t en t a n g m a s u k a n u n t u k RUU KUHP, 2 0 0 6 .
Ke j a h a t a n Pe r a n g
d a l a m RUU KUHP