Information Science Reference Encyclopedia Of Multimedia Technology And Networking 2nd Edition Sep 2008 ISBN 1605660140 pdf

  Encyclopedia of

Multimedia Technology

and Networking Second Edition Margherita Pagani Bocconi University, Italy

  I N FORM AT I ON SCI EN CE REFEREN CE Hershey • New York Director of Editorial Content: Kristin Klinger Senior Managing Editor: Jennifer Neidig Managing Editor: Jamie Snavely Assistant Managing Editor: Carole Coulson Cover Design: Lisa Tosheff Printed at: Yurchak Printing Inc.

  Published in the United States of America by Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global) 701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200 Hershey PA 17033 Tel: 717-533-8845 Fax: 717-533-8661 E-mail: cust@igi-global.com Web site: http://www.igi-global.com/reference and in the United Kingdom by Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global)

  3 Henrietta Street Covent Garden London WC2E 8LU Tel: 44 20 7240 0856 Fax: 44 20 7379 0609 Web site: http://www.eurospanbookstore.com

  Copyright © 2009 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher.

  Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only. Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of multimedia technology and networking / Margherita Pagani, editor. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index.

Summary: "This publication offers a research compendium of human knowledge related to the emerging multimedia digital metamarket"--Provided by

publisher.

  ISBN 978-1-60566-014-1 (hardcover) -- ISBN 978-1-60566-015-8 (ebook)

  1. Multimedia communications--Encyclopedias. I. Pagani, Margherita, 1971- TK5105.15.E46 2009 621.38203--dc22 2008030766 British Cataloguing in Publication Data A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library.

  All work contributed to this encyclopedia set is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in this encyclopedia set are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher.

  If a library purchased a print copy of this publication, please go to http //www.igi-global.com/agreement for information on activating the library's complimentary electronic access to this publication. Editorial Advisory Board

  Raymond A. Hackney

  Manchester Metropolitan University, UK

  Leslie Leong

  Central Connecticut State University, USA

  Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann

  University of Geneva, Switzerland

  Lorenzo Peccati

  Bocconi University, Italy

  Nobuyoshi Terashima

  Waseda University, Japan

  Steven John Simon

  Mercer University, USA

  Andrew Targowski

  Western Michigan University, USA

  Enrico Valdani

  Bocconi University, Italy

  List of Contributors

Aljunid, S. A. / Kolej Universiti Kejuruteraan Utara Malaysia (KUKUM), Malaysia ..................................... 1473

Abdullah, M. K. A. / University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia ............................................................................. 1473

Abouaissa, Hafid / Haute Alsace University, France .......................................................................................... 587

Adekoya, Adeyemi A. / Virginia State University, USA .................................................................................... 1423

Affendi Mohd Yusof, Shafiz / Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia ................................................................. 171

Agapiou, George / Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A. (ΟΤΕ), Greece ........................................1112

Ahsenali Chaudhry, Junaid / Ajou University, South Korea ............................................................................. 105

Ainamo, Antti / University of Turku (UTU), Finland .......................................................................................... 496

Akhtar, Shakil / Clayton State University, USA .................................................................................................. 522

Amewokunu, Yao / Laval University, Canada .................................................................................................. 1206

Amoretti, Francesco / Università degli Studi di Salerno, Italy ........................................................................... 224

Anas, S. B. A. / University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia ....................................................................................... 1473

Badidi, Elarbi / United Arab Emirates University, UAE ..................................................................................... 267

Balfanz, Dirk / Computer Graphics Center (ZGDV), Germany .......................................................................... 641

Baralou, Evangelia / ALBA Graduate Business School, Greece ......................................................................... 581

Barreiro, Miguel / LambdaStream Servicios Interactivos, Spain.................................................... 749, 1023, 1464

Belesioti, Maria / OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece; .................................... 149, 195, 1351

Berry, Joanna / Newcastle University, UK .......................................................................................................... 849

Berzelak, Jernej / University of Ljubljana, Slovenia ........................................................................................ 1373

Bhattacharya, Sunand / ITT Educational Services Inc., USA .......................................................................... 1224

Blashki, Kathy / Deakin University, Australia .................................................................................................. 1061

Bocarnea, Mihai C. / Regent University, USA ............................................................................................ 835, 894

Bojanić, Slobodan / Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain ........................................................................ 776

Bose, Indranil / The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong ............................................................................... 655

Boslau, Madlen / Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Germany ...................................................... 247, 1232

Brown-Martin, Graham / Handheld Learning Ltd, UK ....................................................................................... 41

Burgos, Daniel / Open University of The Netherlands, The Netherlands .......................................................... 1100

Cantoni, Lorenzo / University of Lugano, Switzerland ....................................................................................... 349

Carroll, John / The Pennsylvania State University, USA .................................................................................... 782 Cereijo Roibás, Anxo / SCMIS, University of Brighton, UK ............................................................................ 1154

  

Chandran, Ravi / National University of Singapore, Singapore ...................................................................... 1200

Chbeir, Richard / University of Bourgogne, France ........................................................................................... 140

Chen, Kuanchin / Western Michigan University, USA .......................................... 402, 533, 795, 1086, 1345, 1480

Chen, Shuping / Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China ................................................... 513

Chen, Thomas M. / Southern Methodist University, USA ........................................................................... 212, 668

Cheong, Chi Po / University of Macau, China .................................................................................................. 1299

  

Chikova, Pavlina / Institute for Information Systems (IWi), Germany ............................................................. 1537

Chiong, Raymond / Swinburne University of Technology, Malaysia ................................................................. 417

Chochliouros, Elpida / General Prefectorial Hospital “G. Gennimatas”, Greece .................................... 195, 502

Chochliouros, Ioannis / OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece ....................................................

  

............................................................................................149, 195, 324, 341, 391, 451, 502, 854, 921, 1112, 1351

Chochliouros, Stergios P. / Independent Consultant, Greece ....................324, 341, 391, 451, 502, 854, 921, 1112

Chorianopoulos, Konstantinos / Ionian University, Greece ............................................................................ 1142

Cirrincione, Armando / Bocconi University, Italy ............................................................................................ 1017

Clarke, Jody / Harvard University, USA ........................................................................................................... 1033

Cleary, Paul / Northeastern University, USA ...................................................................................................... 648

Cortini, Michela / University of Bari, Italy ......................................................................................................... 128

Cragg, Paul B. / University of Canterbury, New Zealand ................................................................................... 808

Cropf, Robert A. / Saint Louis University, USA ................................................................................................ 1525

Cruz, Christophe / Université de Bourgogne, France ...................................................................................... 1487

Curran, Kevin / University of Ulster, UK ..................................................................................... 1316, 1339, 1573

Czirkos, Zoltán / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary ....................................... 54, 1215

da Silva, Henrique J. A. / Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal ......................................................................... 482

Danenberg, James O. / Western Michigan University, USA ............................................................................... 795

Daniels, David / Pearson Learning Solutions, USA .......................................................................................... 1224

de Abreu Moreira, Dilvan / Stanford University, USA & University of São Paulo, Brazil .............................. 1264

De Amescua, Antonio / Carlos III University of Madrid, Spain ........................................................................... 22

Dhar, Subhankar / San Jose State University, USA ............................................................................................ 950

Dias dos Reis, Samira / Bocconi University, Italy .............................................................................................. 373

Dieterle, Edward / Harvard University, USA .................................................................................................... 1033

Dorn, Jürgen / Vienna University of Technology, Austria ................................................................................. 1327

Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A. (ΟΤΕ), Greece ......................... 451

  Doukoglou, Tilemachos D. /

Du, Jianxia / Mississippi State University, USA .................................................................................................. 619

Dunning, Jeremy / Indiana University, USA ..................................................................................................... 1224

El-Gayar, Omar / Dakota State University, USA .............................................................................................. 1345

Esmahi, Larbi / Athabasca University, Canada .................................................................................................. 267

Eyob, Ephrem / Virginia State University, USA ................................................................................................ 1423

Falk, Louis K. / University of Texas at Brownsville, USA ............................................................... 533, 1086, 1480

Farag, Waleed E. / Indiana University of Pennsylvania, USA .............................................................................. 83

Ferguson, Colleen / University of Ulster, UK .................................................................................................... 1573

Finke, Matthias / Computer Graphics Center (ZGDV), Germany ...................................................................... 641

Freire, Mário M. / University of Beira Interior, Portugal ......................................................................... 482, 1122

Ftima, Fakher Ben / University of Monouba, Tunisia ........................................................................................ 717

Fui-Hoon Nah, Fiona / University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA ......................................................................... 1430

Fulcher, John / University of Wollongong, Australia ........................................................................................ 1493

Galanxhi-Janaqi, Holtjona / University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA ................................................................ 1430

Galinec, Darko / Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Croatia, Republic of Croatia ..................................... 901

Ganoe, Craig / The Pennsylvania State University, USA .................................................................................... 782

Garcia, Luis / Carlos III University of Madrid, Spain .......................................................................................... 22

Georgiadou, Evangelia / OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece ........................... 149, 195, 1351

Ghanem, Hassan / University of Dallas, USA..................................................................................................... 866

Goh, Tiong T. / Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand ........................................................................ 460

Grahn, Kaj J. / Arcada University of Applied Sciences, Finland ..................................................................... 1558

Guan, Sheng-Uei / Brunel University, UK ........................................................................................ 703, 930, 1399

Gulías, Víctor M. / University of A Coruña, MADS Group, Spain ................................................. 749, 1023, 1464

Gunes Kayacik, Hilmi / Dalhousie University, Canada ..................................................................................... 305

Guo, Jiayu / National University of Singapore, Singapore ............................................................................... 1399

  

Gupta, Phalguni / Indian Institute of Technology, India ..................................................................................... 121

Gupta, Sumeet / National University of Singapore, Singapore........................................................... 477, 691, 829

Gurău, Călin / GSCM - Montpellier Business School, France ................................................................. 205, 1453 Hackbarth, Klaus D. / University of Cantabria, Spain....................................................................................... 276

  

Hagenhoff, Svenja / Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Germany .................................................. 113, 1232

Halang, Wolfgang / FernUniversitaet in Hagen, Germany ................................................................................ 972

Hansen, Torben / Institute for Information Systems (IWi), Germany ................................................................ 1537

Hardy, Lawrence Harold / Denver Public Schools, USA ................................................................................... 613

Hartman, Hope / City College of New York, USA ............................................................................................. 1066

Häsel, Matthias / University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany ................................................................................ 299

Hautala, Jouni / Turku University of Applied Science, Finland .......................................................................... 430

Heliotis, George / OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece ............................. 149, 195, 451, 1351

Hentea, Mariana / Excelsior College, USA ................................................................................................ 157, 675

Hirsbrunner, B. / University of Fribourg, Switzerland ..................................................................................... 1008

Hockmann, Volker / Techniker Krakenkasse, Hamburg, Germany .................................................................. 1284

Hofsmann, Cristian / Computer Graphics Center (ZGDV), Germany ............................................................... 641

Holmberg, Kim / Åbo Akademi University, Finland ........................................................................................... 842

Hosszú, Gábor / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary .............. 54, 568, 574, 1215, 1307

Hughes, Jerald / University of Texas Pan-American, USA ................................................................................. 254

Hui, Lin / Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong .................................................................................. 944

Hulicki, Zbigniew / AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland .......................................................... 380

Hürst, Wolfgang / Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany ...................................................................... 98

Huvila, Isto / Åbo Akademi University, Finland .................................................................................................. 842

Indraratne, Harith / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary ......................................... 568

Iossifides, Athanassios C. / Operation & Maintenance Department, Greece ................................. 595, 1178, 1416

Ishaya, Tanko / The University of Hull, UK ...................................................................................................... 1406

Janczewski, Lech / The University of Auckland, New Zealand ......................................................................... 1249

Jiang, Hao / The Pennsylvania State University, USA ......................................................................................... 782

Johnson, Stephen / Mobility Research Centre, UK ........................................................................................... 1154

Jones, Kiku / The University of Tulsa, USA .......................................................................................................... 35

Jovanovic Dolecek, Gordana / Institute for Astrophysics Optics and Electronics, INAOE, Mexico ................. 364 Jullien, Nicolas / LUSSI TELECOM Bretagne-M@rsouin, France .................................................................... 605

  

Jung, In-Sook / Kyungwon University, Korea ..................................................................................................... 286

Kalyuga, Slava / The University of New South Wales, Australia ........................................................................ 218

Kamariah Nordin, Nor / University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia ...................................................................... 1443

Kameas, Achilles / Hellenic Open Univsersity, Italy ......................................................................................... 1093

Kanellis, Panagiotis / National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece .............................................. 1512

Kantola, Mauri / Turku University of Applied Science, Finland ........................................................................ 430

Karlsson, Jonny / Arcada University of Applied Sciences, Finland ................................................................. 1558

Karoui, Kamel / University of Monouba, Tunisia ............................................................................................... 717

Kase, Sue E. / The Pennsylvania State University, USA ...................................................................................... 539

Kaspar, Christian / Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Germany ................................................... 113, 1232

Kaupins, Gundars / Boise State University, USA ............................................................................................... 938

Kaur, Abtar / Open University of Malaysia, Malaysia ..................................................................................... 1224

Keengwe, Jared / University of North Dakota, USA ......................................................................................... 1206

Kelly, Owen / University of Ulster, UK .............................................................................................................. 1316

Kemper Littman, Marlyn / Nova Southeastern University, USA....................................................................... 661

Kettaf, Noureddine / Haute Alsace University, France ...................................................................................... 587

Kettunen, Juha / Turku University of Applied Science, Finland ................................................................. 430, 697

Khadraoui, D. / CRP Henri Tudor (CITI), Luxembourg ................................................................................... 1008

  

Khadraoui, Momouh / University of Fribourg, Switzerland ............................................................................ 1008

Khatun, Sabira / University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia ................................................................................... 1443

Kidd, Terry T. / University of Texas School of Public Health, USA.............................................................. 47, 789

Kim, Bosung / University of Missouri-Columbia, USA ..................................................................................... 1366

Kim, Mi-kying / Chungwoon University, South Korea ....................................................................................... 423

Kinshuk / Athabasca University, Canada ............................................................................................................ 460

Knoell, Heinz D. / University of Lueneburg, Germany ..................................................................................... 1284 Koh, Elizabeth / National University of Singapore, Singapore......................................................................... 1080

  

Kollmann, Tobias / University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany ............................................................................. 299

Kontolemakis, George / National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece ......................................... 1512

Koper, Rob / Open University of The Netherlands, The Netherlands ............................................................... 1100

Kortum, Philip / Rice University, Texas, USA ..................................................................................................... 625

Kovács, Ferenc / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary ...................................... 574, 1307

Kulenkampff, Gabriele / WIK-Consult, Germany .............................................................................................. 276

Kulmala, Riika / Turku University of Applied Sciences, Finland ....................................................................... 697

Kwok, Percy / Logos Academy, China ................................................................................................................. 821

LaBrunda, Andrew / University of Guam, USA ............................................................................................... 1531

LaBrunda, Michelle / Cabrini Medical Center, USA ........................................................................................ 1531

Lalopoulos, George K. / Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A. (OTE), Greece ....................... 324, 854

Large, Andrew / McGill University, Canada ...................................................................................................... 469

Lawson-Body, Assion / University of North Dakota, USA ................................................................................ 1206 Lebow, David G. / HyLighter, Inc., USA ........................................................................................................... 1066

  

Lee, Jeongkyu / University of Bridgeport, USA ................................................................................................ 1506

Lee, Jonathan K. / Suffolk University, USA ........................................................................................................ 240

Lee, Maria R. / Shih-Chien University, Taiwan ................................................................................................. 1148

Lei, Ye / Shanghai GALILEO Industries Ltd., China ........................................................................................... 944

Leiss, Ernst L. / University of Houston, USA .................................................................................................... 1284

Lekakos, George / University of Cyprus, Cyprus .............................................................................................. 1142

Leonard, Lori N. K. / The University of Tulsa, USA ............................................................................................ 35

Leyking, Katrina / Institute for Information Systems (IWi), Germany ............................................................. 1537

Li, Chang-Tsun / University of Warwick, UK ..................................................................................................... 260

Li, Qing / City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong ......................................................................................... 986

Li, Shujun / FernUniversitaet in Hagen, Germany ............................................................................................. 972

Li, Zhong / FernUniversitaet in Hagen, Germany .............................................................................................. 972

Lian, Shiguo / France Telecom R&D Beijing, China .......................................................................................... 957

Lick, Dale / Florida State University, USA ........................................................................................................ 1066

Lietke, Britta / Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany ............................................................... 247, 1232

Lightbody, Gaye / University of Ulster, Northern Ireland ................................................................................ 1436

Lim, John / National University of Singapore, Singapore................................................................................. 1080

Lin, Chad / Curtin University of Technology, Australia ...................................................................................... 489

Lin, Koong / Tainan National University of the Arts, Taiwan ............................................................................. 489

Liu, Jonathan C.L. / Virginia Commonwealth University, USA ............................................................................. 9

Lorenz, Pascal / University of Haute Alsace, France ........................................................................................ 1122

Louvros, Spiros / Maintenance Department, Western Greece Maintenance Division, Greece ...... 595, 1178, 1416

Lozar Manfreda, Katja / University of Ljubljana, Slovenia ............................................................................ 1373 Lumsden, Joanna / National Research Council of Canada IIT e-Business, Canada ......................................... 332

  

Luo, Xin / University of New Mexico, USA ......................................................................................................... 356

Lurudusamy, Saravanan Nathan / Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia ......................................................... 164

Ma, Maode / Nanyang Technological University, Singapore ................................................................................ 67

Maggioni, Mario A. / Università Cattolica, Italy ................................................................................................ 887

  

Magni, Massimo / Bocconi University, Italy ....................................................................................................... 873

Man Chun Thomas, Fong / The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong ............................................................ 655

Manuel Adàn-Coello, Juan / Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, Brazil ..................................... 1293

Maris, Jo-Mae B. / Northern Arizona University, USA ..................................................................................... 1055

Martakos, Drakoulis / National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece ............................................ 1512

Masseglia, Florent / INRIA Sophia Antipolis, France ....................................................................................... 1136

Mazursky, David / The Hebrew University, Jerusalem ....................................................................................... 769

McCullagh, Paul / University of Ulster, UK ...................................................................................................... 1436

McGarrigle, Ronan / University of Ulster, UK ................................................................................................. 1573

McGinley, Ryan / University of Ulster, UK ....................................................................................................... 1316

Mediana-Dominguez, Fuensanta / Carlos III University of Madrid, Spain ........................................................ 22

Meinköhn, F. / Cybercultus S.A., Luxembourg .................................................................................................. 1008

Meißner, Martin / Bielefeld University, Germany ...................................................................................... 880, 978

Melski, Adam / Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany ...................................................................... 1232

Millham, Rich / Catholic University of Ghana, West Africa ............................................................................... 802

Mohd Ali, Borhanuddin / MIMOS BERHAD, Malaysia .................................................................................. 1443

Mokhtar, M. / University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia ........................................................................................ 1473

Monteiro, Paulo P. / Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal ............................................................................ 482, 1122

Mora-Soto, Arturo / University of Madrid, Spain ................................................................................................ 22

Moreau, Éliane M.-F. / Université du Québec à Trois Rivières, Canada ........................................................... 444

Mukankusi, Laurence / University of North Dakota, USA .............................................................................. 1206

Mundy, Darren P. / University of Hull, UK ...................................................................................................... 1130

Murphy, Peter / Monash University, Australia ....................................................................................... 1042, 1194

Narayanan, Kalpana / Multimedia University, Malaysia ................................................................................. 1551

Natale, Peter J. / Regent University, USA ........................................................................................................... 894

Nesset, Valerie / McGill University, Canada ....................................................................................................... 469

Nicolle, Christophe / Université de Bourgogne, France ................................................................................... 1487

Nissan, Ephraim / Goldsmith’s College of the University of London, UK ............................................................ 75

Novak, Dan / IBM Healthcare and Life Sciences, USA ....................................................................................... 835

Noyes, Jan / University of Bristol, UK ............................................................................................................... 1359

O Donnell, Ciaran / University of Ulster, UK ................................................................................................... 1339

O’Hagan, Minako / Dublin City University, Ireland ........................................................................................ 1349

O’Kane, Paul / University of Ulster, UK ........................................................................................................... 1316

O’Dea, Michael / York St. John University, UK .................................................................................................. 436

Omojokun, Emmanuel / Virginia State University, USA .................................................................................. 1423

Orosz, Mihály / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary ................................................. 574

Otenko, Oleksandr / 2Oracle Corporation, UK ............................................................................................... 1130

Pace, Stefano / Università Commerciale Luigi Bocconi, Italy ............................................................................ 912

Pagani, Margherita / Bocconi University, Italy .............................................................................................. 1, 726 Pantelić, Goran / Network Security Technologies – NetSeT, Serbia ................................................................... 776

  

Pantic, Maja / Imperial College London, UK & University of Twente, The Netherlands ............................. 15, 560

Papagiannidis, Savvas / Newcastle University, UK ............................................................................................ 849

Park, Seungkyu / Ajou University, South Korea ................................................................................................. 105

Pasinetti, Chiara / Bocconi University, Italy ........................................................................................................... 1

Poli, Roberto / University of Trento, Italy ......................................................................................................... 1093

Pollock, David / University of Ulster, UK .......................................................................................................... 1573

Poncelet, Pascal / EMA-LGI2P Site EERIE, France ......................................................................................... 1136

Powell, Loreen Marie / Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, USA ........................................................... 1387

Prata, Alcina / Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal (IPS), Portugal ................................................................. 757, 763