Information Science Reference Encyclopedia Of Multimedia Technology And Networking 2nd Edition Sep 2008 ISBN 1605660140 pdf
Encyclopedia of
Multimedia Technology
and Networking Second Edition Margherita Pagani Bocconi University, ItalyI N FORM AT I ON SCI EN CE REFEREN CE Hershey • New York Director of Editorial Content: Kristin Klinger Senior Managing Editor: Jennifer Neidig Managing Editor: Jamie Snavely Assistant Managing Editor: Carole Coulson Cover Design: Lisa Tosheff Printed at: Yurchak Printing Inc.
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Summary: "This publication offers a research compendium of human knowledge related to the emerging multimedia digital metamarket"--Provided by
publisher.ISBN 978-1-60566-014-1 (hardcover) -- ISBN 978-1-60566-015-8 (ebook)
1. Multimedia communications--Encyclopedias. I. Pagani, Margherita, 1971- TK5105.15.E46 2009 621.38203--dc22 2008030766 British Cataloguing in Publication Data A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library.
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If a library purchased a print copy of this publication, please go to http //www.igi-global.com/agreement for information on activating the library's complimentary electronic access to this publication. Editorial Advisory Board
Raymond A. Hackney
Manchester Metropolitan University, UK
Leslie Leong
Central Connecticut State University, USA
Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann
University of Geneva, Switzerland
Lorenzo Peccati
Bocconi University, Italy
Nobuyoshi Terashima
Waseda University, Japan
Steven John Simon
Mercer University, USA
Andrew Targowski
Western Michigan University, USA
Enrico Valdani
Bocconi University, Italy
List of Contributors
Aljunid, S. A. / Kolej Universiti Kejuruteraan Utara Malaysia (KUKUM), Malaysia ..................................... 1473
Abdullah, M. K. A. / University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia ............................................................................. 1473
Abouaissa, Hafid / Haute Alsace University, France .......................................................................................... 587
Adekoya, Adeyemi A. / Virginia State University, USA .................................................................................... 1423
Affendi Mohd Yusof, Shafiz / Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia ................................................................. 171
Agapiou, George / Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A. (ΟΤΕ), Greece ........................................1112
Ahsenali Chaudhry, Junaid / Ajou University, South Korea ............................................................................. 105
Ainamo, Antti / University of Turku (UTU), Finland .......................................................................................... 496
Akhtar, Shakil / Clayton State University, USA .................................................................................................. 522
Amewokunu, Yao / Laval University, Canada .................................................................................................. 1206
Amoretti, Francesco / Università degli Studi di Salerno, Italy ........................................................................... 224
Anas, S. B. A. / University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia ....................................................................................... 1473
Badidi, Elarbi / United Arab Emirates University, UAE ..................................................................................... 267
Balfanz, Dirk / Computer Graphics Center (ZGDV), Germany .......................................................................... 641
Baralou, Evangelia / ALBA Graduate Business School, Greece ......................................................................... 581
Barreiro, Miguel / LambdaStream Servicios Interactivos, Spain.................................................... 749, 1023, 1464
Belesioti, Maria / OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece; .................................... 149, 195, 1351
Berry, Joanna / Newcastle University, UK .......................................................................................................... 849
Berzelak, Jernej / University of Ljubljana, Slovenia ........................................................................................ 1373
Bhattacharya, Sunand / ITT Educational Services Inc., USA .......................................................................... 1224
Blashki, Kathy / Deakin University, Australia .................................................................................................. 1061
Bocarnea, Mihai C. / Regent University, USA ............................................................................................ 835, 894
Bojanić, Slobodan / Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain ........................................................................ 776
Bose, Indranil / The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong ............................................................................... 655
Boslau, Madlen / Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Germany ...................................................... 247, 1232
Brown-Martin, Graham / Handheld Learning Ltd, UK ....................................................................................... 41
Burgos, Daniel / Open University of The Netherlands, The Netherlands .......................................................... 1100
Cantoni, Lorenzo / University of Lugano, Switzerland ....................................................................................... 349
Carroll, John / The Pennsylvania State University, USA .................................................................................... 782 Cereijo Roibás, Anxo / SCMIS, University of Brighton, UK ............................................................................ 1154
Chandran, Ravi / National University of Singapore, Singapore ...................................................................... 1200
Chbeir, Richard / University of Bourgogne, France ........................................................................................... 140
Chen, Kuanchin / Western Michigan University, USA .......................................... 402, 533, 795, 1086, 1345, 1480
Chen, Shuping / Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China ................................................... 513
Chen, Thomas M. / Southern Methodist University, USA ........................................................................... 212, 668
Cheong, Chi Po / University of Macau, China .................................................................................................. 1299
Chikova, Pavlina / Institute for Information Systems (IWi), Germany ............................................................. 1537
Chiong, Raymond / Swinburne University of Technology, Malaysia ................................................................. 417
Chochliouros, Elpida / General Prefectorial Hospital “G. Gennimatas”, Greece .................................... 195, 502
Chochliouros, Ioannis / OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece ....................................................
............................................................................................149, 195, 324, 341, 391, 451, 502, 854, 921, 1112, 1351
Chochliouros, Stergios P. / Independent Consultant, Greece ....................324, 341, 391, 451, 502, 854, 921, 1112
Chorianopoulos, Konstantinos / Ionian University, Greece ............................................................................ 1142
Cirrincione, Armando / Bocconi University, Italy ............................................................................................ 1017
Clarke, Jody / Harvard University, USA ........................................................................................................... 1033
Cleary, Paul / Northeastern University, USA ...................................................................................................... 648
Cortini, Michela / University of Bari, Italy ......................................................................................................... 128
Cragg, Paul B. / University of Canterbury, New Zealand ................................................................................... 808
Cropf, Robert A. / Saint Louis University, USA ................................................................................................ 1525
Cruz, Christophe / Université de Bourgogne, France ...................................................................................... 1487
Curran, Kevin / University of Ulster, UK ..................................................................................... 1316, 1339, 1573
Czirkos, Zoltán / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary ....................................... 54, 1215
da Silva, Henrique J. A. / Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal ......................................................................... 482
Danenberg, James O. / Western Michigan University, USA ............................................................................... 795
Daniels, David / Pearson Learning Solutions, USA .......................................................................................... 1224
de Abreu Moreira, Dilvan / Stanford University, USA & University of São Paulo, Brazil .............................. 1264
De Amescua, Antonio / Carlos III University of Madrid, Spain ........................................................................... 22
Dhar, Subhankar / San Jose State University, USA ............................................................................................ 950
Dias dos Reis, Samira / Bocconi University, Italy .............................................................................................. 373
Dieterle, Edward / Harvard University, USA .................................................................................................... 1033
Dorn, Jürgen / Vienna University of Technology, Austria ................................................................................. 1327
Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A. (ΟΤΕ), Greece ......................... 451
Doukoglou, Tilemachos D. /
Du, Jianxia / Mississippi State University, USA .................................................................................................. 619
Dunning, Jeremy / Indiana University, USA ..................................................................................................... 1224
El-Gayar, Omar / Dakota State University, USA .............................................................................................. 1345
Esmahi, Larbi / Athabasca University, Canada .................................................................................................. 267
Eyob, Ephrem / Virginia State University, USA ................................................................................................ 1423
Falk, Louis K. / University of Texas at Brownsville, USA ............................................................... 533, 1086, 1480
Farag, Waleed E. / Indiana University of Pennsylvania, USA .............................................................................. 83
Ferguson, Colleen / University of Ulster, UK .................................................................................................... 1573
Finke, Matthias / Computer Graphics Center (ZGDV), Germany ...................................................................... 641
Freire, Mário M. / University of Beira Interior, Portugal ......................................................................... 482, 1122
Ftima, Fakher Ben / University of Monouba, Tunisia ........................................................................................ 717
Fui-Hoon Nah, Fiona / University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA ......................................................................... 1430
Fulcher, John / University of Wollongong, Australia ........................................................................................ 1493
Galanxhi-Janaqi, Holtjona / University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA ................................................................ 1430
Galinec, Darko / Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Croatia, Republic of Croatia ..................................... 901
Ganoe, Craig / The Pennsylvania State University, USA .................................................................................... 782
Garcia, Luis / Carlos III University of Madrid, Spain .......................................................................................... 22
Georgiadou, Evangelia / OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece ........................... 149, 195, 1351
Ghanem, Hassan / University of Dallas, USA..................................................................................................... 866
Goh, Tiong T. / Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand ........................................................................ 460
Grahn, Kaj J. / Arcada University of Applied Sciences, Finland ..................................................................... 1558
Guan, Sheng-Uei / Brunel University, UK ........................................................................................ 703, 930, 1399
Gulías, Víctor M. / University of A Coruña, MADS Group, Spain ................................................. 749, 1023, 1464
Gunes Kayacik, Hilmi / Dalhousie University, Canada ..................................................................................... 305
Guo, Jiayu / National University of Singapore, Singapore ............................................................................... 1399
Gupta, Phalguni / Indian Institute of Technology, India ..................................................................................... 121
Gupta, Sumeet / National University of Singapore, Singapore........................................................... 477, 691, 829
Gurău, Călin / GSCM - Montpellier Business School, France ................................................................. 205, 1453 Hackbarth, Klaus D. / University of Cantabria, Spain....................................................................................... 276
Hagenhoff, Svenja / Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Germany .................................................. 113, 1232
Halang, Wolfgang / FernUniversitaet in Hagen, Germany ................................................................................ 972
Hansen, Torben / Institute for Information Systems (IWi), Germany ................................................................ 1537
Hardy, Lawrence Harold / Denver Public Schools, USA ................................................................................... 613
Hartman, Hope / City College of New York, USA ............................................................................................. 1066
Häsel, Matthias / University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany ................................................................................ 299
Hautala, Jouni / Turku University of Applied Science, Finland .......................................................................... 430
Heliotis, George / OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece ............................. 149, 195, 451, 1351
Hentea, Mariana / Excelsior College, USA ................................................................................................ 157, 675
Hirsbrunner, B. / University of Fribourg, Switzerland ..................................................................................... 1008
Hockmann, Volker / Techniker Krakenkasse, Hamburg, Germany .................................................................. 1284
Hofsmann, Cristian / Computer Graphics Center (ZGDV), Germany ............................................................... 641
Holmberg, Kim / Åbo Akademi University, Finland ........................................................................................... 842
Hosszú, Gábor / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary .............. 54, 568, 574, 1215, 1307
Hughes, Jerald / University of Texas Pan-American, USA ................................................................................. 254
Hui, Lin / Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong .................................................................................. 944
Hulicki, Zbigniew / AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland .......................................................... 380
Hürst, Wolfgang / Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany ...................................................................... 98
Huvila, Isto / Åbo Akademi University, Finland .................................................................................................. 842
Indraratne, Harith / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary ......................................... 568
Iossifides, Athanassios C. / Operation & Maintenance Department, Greece ................................. 595, 1178, 1416
Ishaya, Tanko / The University of Hull, UK ...................................................................................................... 1406
Janczewski, Lech / The University of Auckland, New Zealand ......................................................................... 1249
Jiang, Hao / The Pennsylvania State University, USA ......................................................................................... 782
Johnson, Stephen / Mobility Research Centre, UK ........................................................................................... 1154
Jones, Kiku / The University of Tulsa, USA .......................................................................................................... 35
Jovanovic Dolecek, Gordana / Institute for Astrophysics Optics and Electronics, INAOE, Mexico ................. 364 Jullien, Nicolas / LUSSI TELECOM Bretagne-M@rsouin, France .................................................................... 605
Jung, In-Sook / Kyungwon University, Korea ..................................................................................................... 286
Kalyuga, Slava / The University of New South Wales, Australia ........................................................................ 218
Kamariah Nordin, Nor / University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia ...................................................................... 1443
Kameas, Achilles / Hellenic Open Univsersity, Italy ......................................................................................... 1093
Kanellis, Panagiotis / National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece .............................................. 1512
Kantola, Mauri / Turku University of Applied Science, Finland ........................................................................ 430
Karlsson, Jonny / Arcada University of Applied Sciences, Finland ................................................................. 1558
Karoui, Kamel / University of Monouba, Tunisia ............................................................................................... 717
Kase, Sue E. / The Pennsylvania State University, USA ...................................................................................... 539
Kaspar, Christian / Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Germany ................................................... 113, 1232
Kaupins, Gundars / Boise State University, USA ............................................................................................... 938
Kaur, Abtar / Open University of Malaysia, Malaysia ..................................................................................... 1224
Keengwe, Jared / University of North Dakota, USA ......................................................................................... 1206
Kelly, Owen / University of Ulster, UK .............................................................................................................. 1316
Kemper Littman, Marlyn / Nova Southeastern University, USA....................................................................... 661
Kettaf, Noureddine / Haute Alsace University, France ...................................................................................... 587
Kettunen, Juha / Turku University of Applied Science, Finland ................................................................. 430, 697
Khadraoui, D. / CRP Henri Tudor (CITI), Luxembourg ................................................................................... 1008
Khadraoui, Momouh / University of Fribourg, Switzerland ............................................................................ 1008
Khatun, Sabira / University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia ................................................................................... 1443
Kidd, Terry T. / University of Texas School of Public Health, USA.............................................................. 47, 789
Kim, Bosung / University of Missouri-Columbia, USA ..................................................................................... 1366
Kim, Mi-kying / Chungwoon University, South Korea ....................................................................................... 423
Kinshuk / Athabasca University, Canada ............................................................................................................ 460
Knoell, Heinz D. / University of Lueneburg, Germany ..................................................................................... 1284 Koh, Elizabeth / National University of Singapore, Singapore......................................................................... 1080
Kollmann, Tobias / University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany ............................................................................. 299
Kontolemakis, George / National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece ......................................... 1512
Koper, Rob / Open University of The Netherlands, The Netherlands ............................................................... 1100
Kortum, Philip / Rice University, Texas, USA ..................................................................................................... 625
Kovács, Ferenc / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary ...................................... 574, 1307
Kulenkampff, Gabriele / WIK-Consult, Germany .............................................................................................. 276
Kulmala, Riika / Turku University of Applied Sciences, Finland ....................................................................... 697
Kwok, Percy / Logos Academy, China ................................................................................................................. 821
LaBrunda, Andrew / University of Guam, USA ............................................................................................... 1531
LaBrunda, Michelle / Cabrini Medical Center, USA ........................................................................................ 1531
Lalopoulos, George K. / Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A. (OTE), Greece ....................... 324, 854
Large, Andrew / McGill University, Canada ...................................................................................................... 469
Lawson-Body, Assion / University of North Dakota, USA ................................................................................ 1206 Lebow, David G. / HyLighter, Inc., USA ........................................................................................................... 1066
Lee, Jeongkyu / University of Bridgeport, USA ................................................................................................ 1506
Lee, Jonathan K. / Suffolk University, USA ........................................................................................................ 240
Lee, Maria R. / Shih-Chien University, Taiwan ................................................................................................. 1148
Lei, Ye / Shanghai GALILEO Industries Ltd., China ........................................................................................... 944
Leiss, Ernst L. / University of Houston, USA .................................................................................................... 1284
Lekakos, George / University of Cyprus, Cyprus .............................................................................................. 1142
Leonard, Lori N. K. / The University of Tulsa, USA ............................................................................................ 35
Leyking, Katrina / Institute for Information Systems (IWi), Germany ............................................................. 1537
Li, Chang-Tsun / University of Warwick, UK ..................................................................................................... 260
Li, Qing / City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong ......................................................................................... 986
Li, Shujun / FernUniversitaet in Hagen, Germany ............................................................................................. 972
Li, Zhong / FernUniversitaet in Hagen, Germany .............................................................................................. 972
Lian, Shiguo / France Telecom R&D Beijing, China .......................................................................................... 957
Lick, Dale / Florida State University, USA ........................................................................................................ 1066
Lietke, Britta / Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany ............................................................... 247, 1232
Lightbody, Gaye / University of Ulster, Northern Ireland ................................................................................ 1436
Lim, John / National University of Singapore, Singapore................................................................................. 1080
Lin, Chad / Curtin University of Technology, Australia ...................................................................................... 489
Lin, Koong / Tainan National University of the Arts, Taiwan ............................................................................. 489
Liu, Jonathan C.L. / Virginia Commonwealth University, USA ............................................................................. 9
Lorenz, Pascal / University of Haute Alsace, France ........................................................................................ 1122
Louvros, Spiros / Maintenance Department, Western Greece Maintenance Division, Greece ...... 595, 1178, 1416
Lozar Manfreda, Katja / University of Ljubljana, Slovenia ............................................................................ 1373 Lumsden, Joanna / National Research Council of Canada IIT e-Business, Canada ......................................... 332
Luo, Xin / University of New Mexico, USA ......................................................................................................... 356
Lurudusamy, Saravanan Nathan / Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia ......................................................... 164
Ma, Maode / Nanyang Technological University, Singapore ................................................................................ 67
Maggioni, Mario A. / Università Cattolica, Italy ................................................................................................ 887
Magni, Massimo / Bocconi University, Italy ....................................................................................................... 873
Man Chun Thomas, Fong / The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong ............................................................ 655
Manuel Adàn-Coello, Juan / Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, Brazil ..................................... 1293
Maris, Jo-Mae B. / Northern Arizona University, USA ..................................................................................... 1055
Martakos, Drakoulis / National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece ............................................ 1512
Masseglia, Florent / INRIA Sophia Antipolis, France ....................................................................................... 1136
Mazursky, David / The Hebrew University, Jerusalem ....................................................................................... 769
McCullagh, Paul / University of Ulster, UK ...................................................................................................... 1436
McGarrigle, Ronan / University of Ulster, UK ................................................................................................. 1573
McGinley, Ryan / University of Ulster, UK ....................................................................................................... 1316
Mediana-Dominguez, Fuensanta / Carlos III University of Madrid, Spain ........................................................ 22
Meinköhn, F. / Cybercultus S.A., Luxembourg .................................................................................................. 1008
Meißner, Martin / Bielefeld University, Germany ...................................................................................... 880, 978
Melski, Adam / Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany ...................................................................... 1232
Millham, Rich / Catholic University of Ghana, West Africa ............................................................................... 802
Mohd Ali, Borhanuddin / MIMOS BERHAD, Malaysia .................................................................................. 1443
Mokhtar, M. / University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia ........................................................................................ 1473
Monteiro, Paulo P. / Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal ............................................................................ 482, 1122
Mora-Soto, Arturo / University of Madrid, Spain ................................................................................................ 22
Moreau, Éliane M.-F. / Université du Québec à Trois Rivières, Canada ........................................................... 444
Mukankusi, Laurence / University of North Dakota, USA .............................................................................. 1206
Mundy, Darren P. / University of Hull, UK ...................................................................................................... 1130
Murphy, Peter / Monash University, Australia ....................................................................................... 1042, 1194
Narayanan, Kalpana / Multimedia University, Malaysia ................................................................................. 1551
Natale, Peter J. / Regent University, USA ........................................................................................................... 894
Nesset, Valerie / McGill University, Canada ....................................................................................................... 469
Nicolle, Christophe / Université de Bourgogne, France ................................................................................... 1487
Nissan, Ephraim / Goldsmith’s College of the University of London, UK ............................................................ 75
Novak, Dan / IBM Healthcare and Life Sciences, USA ....................................................................................... 835
Noyes, Jan / University of Bristol, UK ............................................................................................................... 1359
O Donnell, Ciaran / University of Ulster, UK ................................................................................................... 1339
O’Hagan, Minako / Dublin City University, Ireland ........................................................................................ 1349
O’Kane, Paul / University of Ulster, UK ........................................................................................................... 1316
O’Dea, Michael / York St. John University, UK .................................................................................................. 436
Omojokun, Emmanuel / Virginia State University, USA .................................................................................. 1423
Orosz, Mihály / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary ................................................. 574
Otenko, Oleksandr / 2Oracle Corporation, UK ............................................................................................... 1130
Pace, Stefano / Università Commerciale Luigi Bocconi, Italy ............................................................................ 912
Pagani, Margherita / Bocconi University, Italy .............................................................................................. 1, 726 Pantelić, Goran / Network Security Technologies – NetSeT, Serbia ................................................................... 776
Pantic, Maja / Imperial College London, UK & University of Twente, The Netherlands ............................. 15, 560
Papagiannidis, Savvas / Newcastle University, UK ............................................................................................ 849
Park, Seungkyu / Ajou University, South Korea ................................................................................................. 105
Pasinetti, Chiara / Bocconi University, Italy ........................................................................................................... 1
Poli, Roberto / University of Trento, Italy ......................................................................................................... 1093
Pollock, David / University of Ulster, UK .......................................................................................................... 1573
Poncelet, Pascal / EMA-LGI2P Site EERIE, France ......................................................................................... 1136
Powell, Loreen Marie / Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, USA ........................................................... 1387
Prata, Alcina / Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal (IPS), Portugal ................................................................. 757, 763