The type of love as seen in Dickens` short stories ``Agnes`` and ``The Parish Clerk`` - USD Repository
THE TYPE OF LOVE AS SEEN IN DICKENS’ SHORT STORIES “AGNES” AND “THE PARISH CLERK”
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By:
LAKSMI PERWITASARI
Student Number: 994214016 NIRM: 990051120106120016
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2007
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This undergraduat e t hesis is dedicated t o : ♥
M y L ovely H usband and M y Sons ♥
M y Beloved Parent s
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all I would like to thank my Lord for His love, kindness, and forgiveness as long as I am with Him. I dedicate this thesis to my lovely husband, Dwi Irwanto.
Thank you for the prayer, love, and supports. Thanks to my sons, Dafa and Rayhan, who gives me the best moment, joy, and love. I also thank my beloved parents and brothers for being my best supporters in finishing this thesis.
On this occasion, I would like to thank Dra. Th. Enny Anggraini, M.A. for all of the attention, patience, guidance, great support, and suggestion from the beginning to the end of the thesis writing. My deepest gratitude goes to M. Luluk
Artika W., S.S as my co-advisor who has given her valuable guidance, support and
suggestion on this thesis.Then, I am thankful to my best friend, Angga for the sharing and togetherness we have. For Citra, Wiwied, Desy, Kristin, Lenny, Dinna, Novi, I thank them for the happiness, sadness, and laughter, “Keep our relationships”.
I also give my regard to all of the English Letters’ staff because without their help I will not be able to finish my study here.
The last gratitude goes for those whose names cannot be mentioned here, thanks for all your advice, attention and support.
Laksmi Perwitasari v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE.......................................................................................................... i APPROVAL PAGE ............................................................................................... ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ......................................................................................... iii DEDICATION PAGE ........................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... vi ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... viii ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................. ix
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................... 1
A. Background of the Study................................................................. 1 B. Problem Formulation ...................................................................... 2 C. Objectives of the study ....................................................................3 D. Definition of Terms ......................................................................... 3
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW.....................................................
5 A. Review or Related Studies ..............................................................
5 B. Review of Related Theories............................................................
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1. Theme .......................................................................................... 6
2. Character ..................................................................................... 10
3. Plot ............................................................................................... 12
4. Love ............................................................................................. 14
C. Theoretical Framework ................................................................... 17 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ..................................................................
18 A. Object of the Study.......................................................................... 18
B. Approach of the Study .................................................................... 18
C. Method of the Study........................................................................ 20 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS................................................................................
22 A. The Similarity and the Differences of Plot and Characters of the Short Stories.................................................................................... 22
1. The Plot ....................................................................................... 22
2. The Characters ............................................................................ 28
B. The Similarity and the Differences of the Theme of the Short Stories ............................................................................................
32 C. The Similarity and the Differences Reflection of Love in the Short Stories .................................................................................... 33 vi
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CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION .........................................................................
48 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................
52 APPENDIX ..........................................................................................................
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ABSTRACT
LAKSMI PERWITASARI (2007). The Type of Love as Seen in Dickens’ Short
Stories “Agnes” and “The Parish Clerk”. Yogyakarta: Department of English
Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University.Human life is full of many miracles, and one of them was love. Love can bring the happiness and sadness in human life. That is why many authors get inspired on the history of love. Literature is a creative work of art and the reflection of human’s life. Literary works show the realities of human condition, feeling and relationship, communicating ideas of intellectual, and social significance, one of them is love. That is why this thesis describes how love exists in Dickens’ short stories.
This thesis wants to describe the difference of characters, plot and theme in the “Agnes” and “The Parish Clerk”. And reveals the difference of description love term by the author in “Agnes” and “The Parish Clerk” and will describe the term of love by Erich Fromm.
The object in this study is Charles Dickens short stories “Agnes” and “The Parish Clerk”. The method that is used to collect data for this thesis is library research. Using objective approach of Abrams theory in this analysis, the writer discovers that the term of love is reflected in the short stories.
The result of the research reveals that picture of love are founds in the short stories. The reflection of love is described in theme, plot, and characters of the short stories. The plot in “Agnes” and “The Parish Clerk” says good story about human being in love. The plot shows how a human can exist in his life when they falling in love. “The Parish Clerk” story tells how Pipkin struggles to get his love. Three kinds of love that exist in Pipkin characterization is an erotic love, brotherly love and Love of God. Theme of “The Parish Clerk” is about love is blind. Love in the world is a gift from God it comes to everyone without knowing about social status and age. In “Agnes” the story about Trotwood’s feeling after his wife died. He feels that only one girl that can bring happiness in his life, but he cannot say it to her, that is why theme in this short story is hidden love. In “Agnes”, Trotwood feels that his duty to make happy Agnes although he feels old but he realized that Agnes is the right woman to replace his wife. In “Agnes” kind of love that found is Erotic Love. It is love to a person in equal position. In this short story, Dickens wants to say that love is beautiful, fabulous, and exciting feeling. Love is the way of expressing life. He believes love becomes a great gift from God for human being, so human can forbid a love. Dickens described four type of love in his story. viii
ABSTRAK
LAKSMI PERWITASARI (2007). The Type of Love as Seen in Dickens’ Short
Stories “Agnes” and “The Parish Clerk”. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris,
Fakultas Sastra Universitas Sanata Dharma.Kehidupan manusia penuh dengan keajaiban, salah satunya adalah cinta. Cinta mampu memberikan kebahagiaan dan kesedihan dalam kehidupan manusia. Oleh sebab itu banyak pengarang mendapatkan inspirasi dari cerita cinta. Karya Sastra merupakan karya kreatif seni dan merupakan refleksi kehidupan manusia. Karya sastra menunjukkan realita kondisi manusia, permasalahan hidup, perasaan dan hubungan antar sesama, pengungkapan ide, nilai-nilai sosial, dan cinta termasuk di dalamnya.
Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan perbedaan penokohan, dan plot dalam cerpen “Agnes” dan “The Parish Clerk”. Dan mengungkapkan perbedaan tema dalam “Agnes” dan “The Parish Clerk”. Selain itu, skripsi ini mendeskripsikan perbedaan pengertian cinta berdasarkan teori cinta Erich Fromm dalam cerpen “Agnes” and “The Parish Clerk”.
Objek studi skripsi ini adalah cerpen dari Charles Dickens berjudul “Agnes” and “The Parish Clerk”. Metode pengumpulan data yang dilakukan adalah studi pustaka. Analisa dalam penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan objektif .
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan gambaran cinta yang begitu menarik dan mengesankan. Gambaran cinta muncul dalam tema, plot, dan penokohan kedua cerpen ini. Plot dalam kedua cerpen ini bercerita tentang keindahan cinta dalam kehidupan manusia. Plot cerpen ini juga menunjukkan bagaimana manusia dapat mengetahui keberadaannya dunia oleh karena dia sedang jatuh cinta. Hidup adalah perjuangan oleh karenanya Pipkin dalam cerita ini berjuang untuk mendapatkan cintanya. Tema “The Parish Clerk” adalah cinta buta. Cinta adalah pemberian dari Tuhan tanpa memperhatikan keberadaan status social dan usia. Jenis cinta yang muncul dalam karakter ini adalah cinta erotik, cinta persaudaraan dan cinta Tuhan. Cerpen “Agnes” merupakan cerita cinta dari tokoh Trotwood yang telah ditingal oleh istrinya. Trotwood merasa hidupnya kembali setelah menyadari cintanya kepada Agnes. Dia merasa bahwa Agnes adalah seorang yang tepat sebagai pengganti istrinya. Oleh karenanya tema dalam cerpen ini adalah cinta. Pengarang merefleksikan cinta sebagai kritik social terhadap kehidupan sosial pada jamannya. Dalam kedua cerpen ini Dickens bercerita bagaimana cinta sebagai sebuah perasaan yang penuh dengan keindahan, dan mengesankan. Cinta adalah salah satu cara mengekspresikan kehidupan. Dia percaya bahwa cinta merupakan pemberian Tuhan kepada manusia oleh karenanya manusia tidak bisa melarang cinta manusia lainnya. Dickens mengungkapkan empat tipe cinta dalam cerpennya. ix
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Human life is full of many miracles, and one of them is love. Love can
bring happiness and sadness in human life. That’s why many authors get inspired
on the history of love. Wellek (1954) said Literature is a creative work of art and
the reflection of human’s life. It shows the realities of human condition problems,
feeling, relationship, communicating ideas of intellectual, social significance, and
one of them is love.Literature is a part of art, which is expressed, in any writing forms; it has a
power to move the reader’s heart or to stir the reader’s emotion by the author. The
most important aim of literature work for the writer is to move the sense and
reader’s feeling to the fact, help them to make decision and if it necessary an
action whenever face problems. Literature as the artistic expression of life and
truth contains universal ideas of human interest and it can be said that literature is
artistic, permanent, and universal. Fiction is one of the literary works.
Structuralism said that fiction was new literary works that present human life in
construction words and autonomy.A good writer will try to get closer to the meaning of life to make their
work meaningful and to give benefits to people (Subhan, 2000). Usually literature
can be divided into three genres, namely prose, poetry, and drama or play. Prose
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consists of several kinds of literary work, one of them is short story. One of genre
of the fiction is short story. Nurgiyantoro (1998) said that short story has an
element builder such as intrinsic and extrinsic. That is why the short story can be a
subject for the literary analysis.One of the short story authors is Charles Dickens. He was probably the
best known and the greatest English novelist of the 19th century. He is a moralist,
satirist, and social reformer. Dickens crafted complex stories and striking
characters that capture the panorama of English society. In his works he criticized
the injustices of his time, especially the brutal treatment of the poor in the society
sharply divided by differences of wealth. But he presents this criticism through
the lives of characters that seem to live and breathe. Paradoxically, they often do
so by being flamboyantly larger than life (www.victorianweb.org, 2004)Two of his short stories are Agnes and The Parish Clerk. Agnes talks
about the character who is falling in love with woman named Agnes. The Parish
Clerk talks about the poor character who is falling in love with rich girl. There are
many things described in this short story especially love. So, it is interesting to
analyze this short story, especially about love in the literary works.B. Problem Formulation
Considering the backgrounds the problem of the research can be formulated as follows:
1. What are the similarities and the differences of characters, and plots in
Agnes and The Parish Clerk?
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2. What are the similarities and the differences of themes in Agnes and
The Parish Clerk ?
3. How do the similarities and the differences describe love term in Agnes and The Parish Clerk?
C. Objectives of the Research
With reference to the title of this research. The objective of this study are:
1. To describe the similarity and the difference of characters, and plot in Agnes and The Parish Clerk.
2. To describe the similarity and the difference theme in Agnes and The Parish Clerk.
3. To describe how the similarity and the difference of description love term by the author in Agnes and The Parish Clerk.
D. Definition of Terms There are some terms that must be explained to avoid misunderstanding.
Poe (1998) said that short story was a literary work that can be read while we are
sitting. It has intrinsic and extrinsic elements like novel. Short story has an
intrinsic element like plot, character, and theme. Short story has advantage, it can
reveal more than the story by implicit way. The advantage of short story was the
reader more easily to find the intrinsic elements. To learn and analyze a literary
work such short story the writer should know the theme, character, and plot. After
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that the writer can analyze the connection of the elements to describe the short
story. That is why this thesis analyze the short story Wikipedia defines love as a deep, tender, ineffable feeling of affection andsolicitude toward a person, such as that arising from kinship, recognition of
attractive qualities, or a sense of underlying oneness. These nouns denote feelings
of warm personal attachment or strong attraction to another person
(http://enwikipedia.com/def.love.html updated January 2005).5 CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Review of Related Studies Criticism appears in order to give reaction through the literary work itself.
The criticism form can be disagreement of the expression, serious examination
and judgment or comment or argument of the literary work. Therefore criticism is
very important as the fact that people pay their attention to the presence of the
literary work and the work itself attracts people to read or see it.One of critics in Dickens literary work about love was “New Life, Old Love
in Charles Dickens Great Expectations ”. These critics written by Zoe Ripple in
2005, according to Ripple there are good romance and new life in Dickens literary
work.As the novel concludes, Dickens again establishes the landscape as a symbol of what is happening between or to the characters. In the highly romanticized finale, Pip describes how he and Estella "went out of the ruined place," emblematic of their moving on from their old relationship into a new, more mature one. Moving from ruin, they focus on "the broad expanse of tranquil light" (433), which contrasts with the "stranded and still landscape" (392) that has up until this point defined Pip's life. The new light is dazzling, as their future shall be, and tranquil, as the new couple is. Grasping her hand, Pip sees "no shadow" of parting from Estella, and with this confirms that together they will remain. (http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/dickens/ge/ripple17.html) In some ideas the writer is standing on the same position with the critics
opinion that there are good love stories in Dickens works. So, in this study the
writer wants to describe how does love exist in Dickens’ short stories "The Parish
6 Clerk" and "Agnes". But it was different with Ripple analysis because this study wants to reveal term of love by Fromm in the Dickens’ short stories.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theme
In literature, a theme is a broad idea in a story, or a message conveyed by a
work. This message is usually about life, society or human nature. Themes are
usually implied rather than explicitly stated. Deep thematic content is not required
in literature; however, some readers would say that all stories inherently project
some kind of outlook on life that can be taken as a theme, regardless of whether or
not this is the intention of the author. Analysis of changes in dynamic characters
can provide insight into a particular theme. A theme is not the same as the subject
of a work. It is also important to note that subjects may be stated in one word,
whereas the theme is a full phrase or sentence, yet not a moral (Subhan, 2003).In fiction, the theme is not intended to teach or preach. In fact, it is not
presented directly at all. You extract it from the characters, action, and setting that
make up the story. In other words, you must figure out the theme yourself. The
writer's task is to communicate on a common ground with the reader. Although
the particulars of your experience may be different from the details of the story,
the general underlying truths behind the story may be just the connection that both
you and the writer are seeking. Theme represent the elementary idea of public
sustaining a fiction which is consisted in text as semantically structure and which
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is concerning equation or difference (Hartoko and Rahmanto, 1986:142). Shipley
(1962:417) describes fiction theme into five levels:
a. Theme about the physical. It looks at human being as molecule, this theme
more refers to physical activity of human than psychologically.
b. Organic Story. This theme looks human being as protoplasm. It refers to
sexuality problem which is activity that only human being can do it.
c. Social Story. This theme looks human being as social being. It relate to the
human relation with his society.
d. Theme about the egoist. It looks human being as individual, this theme relate
to the problem of person as an individual human being, like egoists, prestige, self regard or nature of other dissimilar human being.
e. Theme mount the divine, it looks human being as high level being. This theme
refers to the problem of human being with God as the most Creator.Theme is the main central idea or the central meaning existed in the story.
Stanton (1965) said that a theme is a matter for the author, because it described
the insight view, life world or the author’s idea, how he saw a problem and how
he was ended and solved it. A theme is often defined as what the story about
(Subhan, 2003:22). Theme is the main idea or main opinion as principle of the
content of the story (Nurgiyantoro, 1998:25). The theme is always related to the
experience of life.To identify the theme of the novel there are some criteria that should be described.
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a. Conspicuous event that is found in the story; this part describe the main
character that is different from others or sub character and the situation or condition of the story described by the writer that influence the event or the occasions in the story.
b. Conflicts in the story; there can always be found many conflicts in the
sequence of the story because of protagonist and antagonist character. The conflict happened in the story quantitatively. The writers describe the conflict attractive, sometimes the conflict make the readers hate antagonist character and have sympathy with protagonist character. Because of many differences in way of life in associate, there can arise many conflicts between the people themselves. It is related to the moral aspects as stated in the topic (http://www.notesinthemargin.org/glossary.html#t).Every literary work consists or offers a theme. But to grasp what the content
of theme it self is not easy. It should be grasped and interpreted through the whole
story and the other data and it is not as simple as we think. In effort to find and
interpret the theme in a literary work, In effort to find and interpret the theme in a
novel, Stanton (1965) said that a reader should make interpretation a novel shall
consider the all of detail story, theme interpretation a novel should not oppose
every story detail, and theme interpretation in a novel based on the story it self.
Subhan (2003:20) said that steps, which can be followed, are reader should read a
novel critically and should pay attention to important events, images, and symbols
in the novel.9 Some ways to uncover the theme in a story: Check out the title. Sometimes it tells you a lot about the theme. Notice repeating patterns and symbols.
Sometimes these lead you to the theme. What allusions are made throughout the
story? What are the details and particulars in the story? What greater meaning
may they have? Remember that theme, plot, and structure are inseparable, all
helping to inform and reflect back on each other. Also, be aware that a theme we
determine from a story never completely explains the story. It is simply one of the
elements that make up the whole (www.notesinthemargin.org/glossary:2000).Themes are expressed and emphasized by the way the author makes us feel.
By sharing feelings of the main character you also share the ideas that go through
his mind. Themes are presented in thoughts and conversations. Authors put words
in their character’s mouths only for good reasons. One of these is to develop a
story’s themes. The things a person says are much on their mind. Look for
thoughts that are repeated throughout the story. Themes are related with the
characters. The main character usually illustrates the most important theme of the
story. A good way to get at this theme is to ask your self the question, what does
the main character learn in the course of the story. The actions or events in the
story are used to suggest theme. People naturally express ideas and feelings
through their actions. One thing authors think about is what an action will "say".
In other words, how will the action express an idea or theme
(www.notesinthemargin.org/glossary.html.)10
2. Character
The characters of fiction are as varied and exciting as the characters of
people in the real life. Many of them enter into the permanents landscape of the
reader own world. Characters are the life in fiction and develop with art and
humanity. Character is clear picture portraying about somebody presented in a
story (Jones, 1968), while story character, according to Abrams (1981:20) is
people that presented in an narrative masterpiece, or drama, what is by reader
interpreted to own the quality of certain tendency and moral such as those which
expressed in utterance and what done in action.Character basically can be distinguished in two: the major and the minor
character. A major character is generally present during a substantial portion of
the story and involves in the main plot. He usually discussed at considerable
length and the analyst is usually attack importance to his actions and their
consequences. He or she almost always round or three-dimensional characters.
They have good and bad qualities. Their goals, ambitions and values change. A
round character changes as a result of what happens to him or her. A character
who changes inside as a result of what happens to him is referred to in literature as
a dynamic character. A dynamic character grows or progresses to a higher level of
understanding in the course of the story (Subhan, 2003).Major character also can be dividing into three groups: a. The protagonist or the very central character.
b. The antagonist (the enemy of the protagonist).
c. The companion of the protagonist character.
11 Minor character who also many times enter and depart from the action with
considerable frequency and they are often entertain or dramatic but they less
important to the total significance of the work. Minor character often server as a
‘link’ between major character and they also often extremely function in terms of
developing the plot (Subhan, 2003).With the above congeniality, inferential that character includes; cover
whose problem story figure, characterization and how it is portraying in the story.
In character identifying in fiction story can be relied on a consistency behavioral,
morality, and opinion in solving, looking into, and behaving in face of every event
(Fananie. 2000: 87).Characterization it was the methods by which writers create, reveal, or
develop their characters. Writers can focus on the external reality of their
characters by describing their appearance, actions, or manner of speech. They can
also portray the inner reality of their characters by revealing their thoughts and
feelings. "The creation of imaginary persons so that they seem lifelike.There are three fundamental methods of characterization : (1) the explicit
presentation by the author of the character through direct exposition, either in an
introductory block or more often piecemeal throughout the work, illustrated by
action; (2) the presentation of the character in action, with little or no explicit
comment by the author, in the expectation that the reader can deduce the attributes
of the actor from the actions; and (3) the representation from within a character,
without comment by the author, of the impact of actions and emotions on the
character's inner self (www.notesinthemargin.org/glossary).12 Regardless of the method by which a character is presented, the author
may concentrate on a dominant trait to the exclusion of other aspects of
personality, or the author may attempt to present a fully rounded creation. If the
presentation of a single dominant trait is carried to an extreme, not a believable
character but a caricature will result. On the other hand, the author may present so
convincing a congeries of personality traits that a complex rather than a simple
character emerges; such a character is three-dimensional
(http://www.notesinthemargin.org/glossary.html#c).Furthermore, a character may be either static or dynamic. A static character
is one who changes little if at all. Things happen to such a character without
things happening within. A dynamic character, on the other hand, is one who is
modified by actions and experiences, and one objective of the work in which the
character appears is to reveal the consequences of these actions (Source : Harmon
& Holman, 893. Plot
Stanton (1965) said that plot is the story which has an order of event, but
every event are only connected reciprocally. One event caused another events
(time). According to Mieke (in Zaimar, 1990) plot represent the indicator
chronologically event that logically interconnected and causes an action. A plot is
more than a story, a plot is something, which is higher and more complex than a
story.13 To determine the plot needs elements of story. In the fiction semantic
network can be made many units that is call sequences. Sequence formed by
lingual unit that have one meaning. Others sequences can be expressed with the
sentence that set as a super ordinate for definition sequence in plot determination,
Todorov (Zaimar, 1990) described it as follows:
a. Sequence shall be focus to one attention, that is perceived to the single object
and equal: same event, same idea, same figure, and same opinion area.
b. Sequence has to confine a coherence range of time and space: something
happens in certain time or placec. Sometimes sequence can be marked by things outside language: empty paper
in the middle of text, writing, the position of text writing and others.Tennyson (1967:21) says that the plot has a structure. The structure of plot
usually contains five parts: 1) exposition, elements of the plot. In written fiction,
the term is additionally used to indicate giving information by exposition rather
than revelation through action and dialogue; if such passages are well-written and
intriguing, they may be described as "info-dumping" with no pejorative intent. 2)
rising action, this structure of story find that the main character will find another
character (antagonist) and find a problem with them. 3) crisis, in another word it
can say climax, the character find that the problems will destroy their life or the
exist of character. 4) falling action, this element of plot that describes how the
main character solve the problems and 5) catastrophe, it describe how the story
end.14 Narrative tradition calls for developing stories with particular pieces plot
elements in place. Exposition is the information needed to understand a story. The
introductory material which gives the setting, creates the tone, presents the
characters, and presents other facts necessary to understanding the story.
Complication is the catalyst that begins the major conflict The essence of fiction.
It creates plot. The conflicts we encounter can usually be identified as one of four
kinds (Man versus…Man, Nature, Society, or Self). Climax is the turning point in
the story that occurs when characters try to resolve the complication The conflict
reaches a turning point. At this point the opposing forces in the story meet and the
conflict becomes most intense. The crisis occurs before or at the same time as the
climax. The climax is the result of the crisis. It is the high point of the story for the
reader. Frequently, it is the moment of the highest interest and greatest emotion.
The point at which the outcome of the conflict can be predicted
(http://notesinthemargin.org/glossary.html.c. 2004)4. Love
Love is a deep, tender, ineffable feeling of affection and solicitude toward a
person, such as that arising from kinship, recognition of attractive qualities, or a
sense of underlying oneness. These nouns denote feelings of warm personal
attachment or strong attraction to another person (Wikipedia, 2004). Love is the
most intense: marrying for love. Affection is a less ardent and more unvarying
feeling of tender regard: parental affection. Devotion is earnest, affectionate
dedication and implies selflessness: teachers admired for their devotion to
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children. Fondness is strong liking or affection: a fondness for small animals.
Infatuation is foolish or extravagant attraction, often of short duration: lovers
blinded to their differences by their mutual infatuation
(www.BaronsLove.com/dict.html).Fromm (1968:38-39) said that love is not primarily a relationship to a
specific person; it is an attitude, an orientation of characters which determines the
relatedness of a person to the world as a whole, not toward one object of love.
There are many kinds of object love, it was: a) Brotherly love, b) Motherly love,
c) Erotic love, and d) Love of God.a. Brotherly love This love is the most fundamental kind of love. In this love everything is
equal. It was an experience of union of all men, of human solidarity, of human at
one moment (Fromm, 1968:39). Brotherly love is universal sense that human
being have, we can create our world in peace if we can share our brotherly love to
all of human being in any condition.b. Motherly love Motherly love is unconditional affirmation of the child’s life and his needs.
Fromm said affirmation of the child has two aspects; one is the care and
responsibility absolutely necessary for the preservation of the child’s life and his
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growth. The other aspect goes further than mere preservation. It is the attitude
which instills in the child a love for living, which gives him the feeling: it is good
to be alive, it is good to be a little boy or girl, it is good to be in this earth. The
relationship of mother and child is by its very nature one of inequality, where one
needs all the help and the other gives it. The motherly love is the highest kind of
love and the most sacred of all emotional bond.c. Erotic love This love different from two love above, in this love there is an exclusiveness
which is lacking in brotherly love and motherly love. It is love to a person in
equal position. This love mostly show by sexual desire. Fromm (1968:46) said
that erotic love is exclusive, but it loves in the other person all of mankind, all that
is alive. It is exclusive only in the sense of erotic fusion, full commitment in all
aspects of life. In this love the affection and feeling of love can show by the
marriage.d. Love of God The basic for our need to love lies in the experience of separateness by the
experience of union. The religious form of love that which called the love of God
(Fromm, 1956:53). It springs from the need to overcome separateness and to
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achieve union. In fact, the love of God has as many different qualities and aspects
as the love of man has and to a large extent we find the same differences.C. Theoretical Framework
In the previous sub chapter the writer stated some theories that will be used
to analyze the significant value of love on objects of Dickens short stories The
Parish Clerk and Agnes. A good writer will try to get closer to the meaning of live
to make their work meaningfully and to give benefits to people (Subhan, 2000).
Usually literature can be divided into three genres, namely prose, poetry, and
drama or play. Prose consists of several kinds of literary works, one of them is
short story. One of genre fiction is short story. The theories are divided into two
theories, namely theories of intrinsic elements of literary work and theory of love.
All theories are needed in order to support the analysis to answer the question in
the problem formulation.The first theory is some theories of theme, character, and plot. According to
the theories there are many ways to learn intrinsic elements in literary work. The
writer put the theories of theme, character, and plot, on the first point because to
learn and analyze a literary work such short story the writer should know the
theme, character, and plot.The second theory is theory of love. It is very useful to understand what
love is actually about. After we know the character of love, we can compare them
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to the theme, character, and plot, about love in the short stories. Then we can find
out whether the perception of love in the short stories is founded or not.In order to have better understanding about the significance of love and to
answer the question in the problem formulation, the writer will combine the two
theories.19 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
A. Objects of the Study Object in this study was Charles Dickens’ short stories “Agnes and The
Parish Clerk”. The short stories are in book with the title The Great Love Stories.
It was published in 1998 by the Crest Publishing House New Delhi. “Agnes” tells
about the character name Trotwood who falling in love with his friend named
Agnes. He felt that Agnes was a special friend that always bring a happiness to his
life. He believed that she is the one the right woman whom can replace his wife
that died before. “The Parish Clerk” tells a story of love a parish clerk in small
country town name Nathaniel Pipkin, he was a smart man and only give his time
for the church. He is falling in love with a rich girl named Maria Lobbs. He must
struggle to reach his love. It was forbidden love because of different status
between him and her.B. Approach of the Study To understand a literary work, there are some approaches to be applied.
One is Abrams theory. Abrams (1953:6) said that there are four elements that
related with work of art. First, is the work, the artistic product it self. Second, is
the artist or the author who create the work. Three, is universe, there are many
ideas, actions, feelings of people in the world that related with the art work. Four,
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is the audience, the reader to whom work is addressed. It can be described in
diagram below:UNIVERSE
WORK
ARTIST AUDIENCEDiagram 1.
Four Element Coordination of Art Work (Abrams, 1953:6)
Related to some views of profitable reading a literary work and practicalway to analyzed it is Abrams reveals that there are four approaches. Abrams
(2003:30) states that a literary critic tends to derive from one of the four
approaches for defining, classifying, and analyzing a work of art. Abrams argued