Staffsite STMIK PPKIA Pradnya Paramita 5f0c8 modul 02
Module 2:
Understanding Local
1.5 Understand network topologies and access
methods
Area Networks
Agenda
1
Network Topologies
2
Ethernet Standards
3
Peer to Peer vs. Client/Server
Models
Network
Topologies
What is a network topology?
A network topology defines the physical connections of
hosts in a network
• There are multiple types of topologies, including:
•
• Bus
• Star
• Ring
• Mesh
Bus Topology
All devices are connected via
copper cable in a line
Star Topology
•
Each host is connected to a
central connecting device
with twisted-pair cabling
• The central connecting device can be a
hub, a switch, or a SOHO router
This is the most commonly
used topology
• NOTE: two star topologies
can be connected via their
central connecting devices to
form a star-bus topology
•
Ring Topology
Each device is connected to the
LAN using a closed loop
• NOTE: Each device is connected to two
other devices
Mesh Topology
Each computer connects to
every other computer in a
LAN
• No central connecting device
• Setup is fault-tolerant
•
• allows data to be sent via multiple
pathways if one path fails
Ethernet
Standards
What is Ethernet?
A standard that defines how data is sent and received between
devices
• Most widely used standard on the Internet today
•
• Token Ring and FDDI are used when Ethernet is not
•
Standardized by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE) as 802.3
What are frames?
Devices on Ethernet networks
transmit frames
• Sequence of bits containing a detectable
beginning and end of a packet in the
stream of bits
• Include physical address information that
helps switches determine where to send
data
beginning
address
info
dat
a
end
IEEE 802.3
802.3 Version
Data Transfer Rate
Cable Standard
Cabling Used
802.3
10 Mbps
10BASE5
Thick coaxial
802.3a
10 Mbps
10BASE2
Thin coaxial
802.3i
10 Mbps
10BASE-T
Twisted pair (TP)
802.3j
10 Mbps
10BASE-F
Fiber optic
802.3u
100 Mbps
10BASE-TX
100BASE-T4
100BASE-FX
TP using 2 pairs
TP using 4 pairs
Fiber optic
802.3ab
1000 Mbps or
1 Gbps
1000BASE-T
Twisted pair
802.3z
1000 Mbps or
1 Gbps
1000BASE-X
Fiber optic
802.3ae
10 Gbps
10GBASE-SR, 10GBASE-LR,
10GBASE-ER, and so on
Fiber optic
802.3an
10 Gbps
10GBASE-T
Twisted pair
IEEE 802.3
•
Defines carrier sense multiple access with collision
detection (CSMA/CD)
• Devices share a connection
• If they send data at the same time, collisions occur
• So, only one computer can transmit at a time
•
CSMA/CD allows devices to send/receive data by limiting
collisions
CSMA/CD Process
1. Assemble a frame
2. Check if the medium is free
a.
b.
If free, transmit a bit of the frame
If not, don’t transmit and repeat step 2
3. Check if a collision was detected
a.
b.
If so, implement the collision detected procedure
If not, transmit the remaining bits in the frame
What is the collision detected
procedure?
If a collision is detected, then a network adapter will perform the
following steps:
1. Send out a jam signal to stop all communication on the
medium
2. Wait based on the number of collisions detected
3. Starts sending the remaining bits of the frame
Peer to Peer vs.
Client/Server
Models
The Client/Server Model
Servers are computers
dedicated to providing
specific types of services or
data
• A client (a computer) uses
software to ask a server for
data or services
• The server provides the data
or service to the client
•
Hey! Can you
please send
me an HTML
file?
Client
Server
Types of Servers
SERVER TYPE
FUNCTION(S)
File server
Store files, software, or data for access by
computers on a network.
Print server
Allows computers that are connected to a network
to control printers on the network.
Database
server
Houses a relational database made up of multiple
files.
Network
controller
Controls accounts that are domain, as well as the
devices that belong to a network.
Messaging
server
Provide services related to email, fax, instant
messaging and collaboration.
Web server
Provides access to HTML documents for
computers on a network.
CTI-based
server
Responsible for Computer Telephony Integration,
which integrates a network’s telephone and
computer systems.
Client and Server Operating Systems
To ensure functionality of both clients and servers, operating
systems are used
Client Operating Systems
Server Operating Systems
Windows 7
Windows Server 2008
Windows Vista
Windows XP
Windows Server 2003
Windows 2000 Professional
Windows 2000 Server
Windows NT 4.0 Workstation Windows NT 4.0 Server
Windows ME/98/95
The Peer-to-Peer Model
Peer
Peers are clients that have equal
capabilities and responsibilities in
this model
• Ability to serve and request data
• No server in this model
Examples of file sharing networks
• Napster
• Gnutella
• G2
Other technologies also take
advantage of P2P file sharing:
• Skype
• VoIP
Peer
Peer
Summary
1
Network Topologies
2
Ethernet Standards
3
Peer to Peer vs. Client/Server
Models
© 2015 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Understanding Local
1.5 Understand network topologies and access
methods
Area Networks
Agenda
1
Network Topologies
2
Ethernet Standards
3
Peer to Peer vs. Client/Server
Models
Network
Topologies
What is a network topology?
A network topology defines the physical connections of
hosts in a network
• There are multiple types of topologies, including:
•
• Bus
• Star
• Ring
• Mesh
Bus Topology
All devices are connected via
copper cable in a line
Star Topology
•
Each host is connected to a
central connecting device
with twisted-pair cabling
• The central connecting device can be a
hub, a switch, or a SOHO router
This is the most commonly
used topology
• NOTE: two star topologies
can be connected via their
central connecting devices to
form a star-bus topology
•
Ring Topology
Each device is connected to the
LAN using a closed loop
• NOTE: Each device is connected to two
other devices
Mesh Topology
Each computer connects to
every other computer in a
LAN
• No central connecting device
• Setup is fault-tolerant
•
• allows data to be sent via multiple
pathways if one path fails
Ethernet
Standards
What is Ethernet?
A standard that defines how data is sent and received between
devices
• Most widely used standard on the Internet today
•
• Token Ring and FDDI are used when Ethernet is not
•
Standardized by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE) as 802.3
What are frames?
Devices on Ethernet networks
transmit frames
• Sequence of bits containing a detectable
beginning and end of a packet in the
stream of bits
• Include physical address information that
helps switches determine where to send
data
beginning
address
info
dat
a
end
IEEE 802.3
802.3 Version
Data Transfer Rate
Cable Standard
Cabling Used
802.3
10 Mbps
10BASE5
Thick coaxial
802.3a
10 Mbps
10BASE2
Thin coaxial
802.3i
10 Mbps
10BASE-T
Twisted pair (TP)
802.3j
10 Mbps
10BASE-F
Fiber optic
802.3u
100 Mbps
10BASE-TX
100BASE-T4
100BASE-FX
TP using 2 pairs
TP using 4 pairs
Fiber optic
802.3ab
1000 Mbps or
1 Gbps
1000BASE-T
Twisted pair
802.3z
1000 Mbps or
1 Gbps
1000BASE-X
Fiber optic
802.3ae
10 Gbps
10GBASE-SR, 10GBASE-LR,
10GBASE-ER, and so on
Fiber optic
802.3an
10 Gbps
10GBASE-T
Twisted pair
IEEE 802.3
•
Defines carrier sense multiple access with collision
detection (CSMA/CD)
• Devices share a connection
• If they send data at the same time, collisions occur
• So, only one computer can transmit at a time
•
CSMA/CD allows devices to send/receive data by limiting
collisions
CSMA/CD Process
1. Assemble a frame
2. Check if the medium is free
a.
b.
If free, transmit a bit of the frame
If not, don’t transmit and repeat step 2
3. Check if a collision was detected
a.
b.
If so, implement the collision detected procedure
If not, transmit the remaining bits in the frame
What is the collision detected
procedure?
If a collision is detected, then a network adapter will perform the
following steps:
1. Send out a jam signal to stop all communication on the
medium
2. Wait based on the number of collisions detected
3. Starts sending the remaining bits of the frame
Peer to Peer vs.
Client/Server
Models
The Client/Server Model
Servers are computers
dedicated to providing
specific types of services or
data
• A client (a computer) uses
software to ask a server for
data or services
• The server provides the data
or service to the client
•
Hey! Can you
please send
me an HTML
file?
Client
Server
Types of Servers
SERVER TYPE
FUNCTION(S)
File server
Store files, software, or data for access by
computers on a network.
Print server
Allows computers that are connected to a network
to control printers on the network.
Database
server
Houses a relational database made up of multiple
files.
Network
controller
Controls accounts that are domain, as well as the
devices that belong to a network.
Messaging
server
Provide services related to email, fax, instant
messaging and collaboration.
Web server
Provides access to HTML documents for
computers on a network.
CTI-based
server
Responsible for Computer Telephony Integration,
which integrates a network’s telephone and
computer systems.
Client and Server Operating Systems
To ensure functionality of both clients and servers, operating
systems are used
Client Operating Systems
Server Operating Systems
Windows 7
Windows Server 2008
Windows Vista
Windows XP
Windows Server 2003
Windows 2000 Professional
Windows 2000 Server
Windows NT 4.0 Workstation Windows NT 4.0 Server
Windows ME/98/95
The Peer-to-Peer Model
Peer
Peers are clients that have equal
capabilities and responsibilities in
this model
• Ability to serve and request data
• No server in this model
Examples of file sharing networks
• Napster
• Gnutella
• G2
Other technologies also take
advantage of P2P file sharing:
• Skype
• VoIP
Peer
Peer
Summary
1
Network Topologies
2
Ethernet Standards
3
Peer to Peer vs. Client/Server
Models
© 2015 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.